FORCES AND MACHINES ( UNIT 12)

1-FORCES

They can :

put an object into motion stop an object change the way that it moves deform or break an object.

Types:

1- Contact forces

They act through physical contact

2- Non-contact forces

They act without making physical contact

The force of gravity is a non-contact force that attracts objects towards the centre of the Earth.

It can be stronger or weaker depending on an object’s mass and its distance from the Earth:

It’s stronger on objects with more mass and objects that are near the Earth
2-SIMPLE MACHINES

A machine is an instrument that multiplies force to make work faster and easier.

Types of machines:

Simple machines Complex machines

Have usually got one or two parts are combinations of two or more simple machines

The inclined plane the pulley the lever

 Inclined planes

Ramps are inclined planes that we use to go up and down, or to move heavy loads more easily

Long ramps: easier to use but longer distance

Short ramps: faster to use but more effort

 Pulleys

A pulley is a wheel with an axle in the centre and a rope that runs around the outside. We use it to change the direction of a force that we
are applying
  Levers

A lever consists of a rigid bar that turns on a fixed point called the fulcrum

The elements are:

The fulcrum
The resistance
The effort

The classes of levers:

Class 1: the fulcrum is between the effort and the resistance

Class 2: the resistance is between the effort and the fulcrum

 Class 3: the effort is between the fulcrum and the resistance

3-COMPLEX MACHINES

It is a combination of two or more simple machines

A mechanism is a combination of moving parts that perform a specific action

Ex. Clock, bicycles, food mixers, door handles (they have gears that are metal wheels with teeth that fit together)

4-TECHNOLOGY

Is the art of applying scientific knowledge to solve practical problems.It includes designing and building the necessary equipment

Science and technology are connected. They have changed society in many ways.

Some important inventions are: the wheel, the jet turbine and the steam engine