SPE 10127

SPE
Society of PetroIeLm Engineers of AIME

A Method to Determine K·Values From Laboratory Data

and Its Applications

by Jose L. 8ashbush, * PEMEX·National University of Mexico

'Member SPE·AIME

©Copyright 1981, Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME

This paper was presented at the 56th Annual Fall Technical Conference and Exhibition of the Society of Petroleum Engineers of AIME, held in
San Antonio, Texas, October 5·7, 1981. The material is subject to correction by the author. Permission to copy is restricted to an abstract of
not more than 300 words. Write: 6200 N. Central Expressway, Dallas, Texas 75206.

ABSTRACT Equilibrium Ratios. Various nomograms and

Retrograde condensate reservoirs and
volatile oil reservoirs are not amenable to
be studied using traditional material
balance methods and simulation techniques.
To analize these "variable composition
reservoirs", it is necessary to obtain a
consist~nt and reliable set of K-values
which might be capable of reproducing the
phase behavior of the fluids within the
reservoir.
This paper presents a simple and practi
cal material balance method by which liquid
compositions, K-values and molecular
weights of the heavy fraction in the liquid
at different pressures are calculated, based
on the data available in a constant volume
depletion lab analysis. Results of the
analyses of three PVT studies are discussed
along with guidelines to evaluate the
goodness of reported experimental data and
ways to correct inconsistencies commonly
found in the reports.
The corrected K-value table generated
with the method can be directly used in a
compositional study to predict the reservoir
behavior. Another use involves the applica
tion of the method as a necessary preambl~
to the adjustment of the parameters of an
equation of state. This practice will avoid
the great deal of time spent in unsuccess
ful attempts to match inconsistent informa
tion
INTRODUCTION
Several artic1es 1 ,2,3,4 and books 5,6 have
dealt with the problem of predicting the
behavior of reservoirs containing variable
composition fluids (volatile oils and
retrograde condensate gases). The end
result of all the predictions is the obtai~
ment of a consistent set of K-va1ues or
References and illustrations at end of paper.
correlations have been developed, modified
and refined to simplify the voluminous
calculations implied in the proposed trial
and error precedures.
As the result of drilling deeper and hotter
horizons, the number of variable composition
reservoirs has increased considerably during
the last few years. These reservoirs, often
found at temperatures near the critical
temperature of the mixture of hydrocarbons
they contain, present a behavior that pre
vents the use of traditional methods common
ly applied in most reservoirs. The need for
better precision in the forecasting of the
behavior of these kinds of reservoirs compo
sitional material balance methods 7 and com-
positional finite difference simulators were
developed.
The fluids of these reservoirs are
characterized by having considerable amounts
of intermediate hydrocarbons (C2-C6)' Tables
1 and 2 present the consolidated composition
a1 analysis of 19 of these reservoirs. The
composition of these fluids and the tempe~
ature of the reservoirs they are found in,
are the reasons for obtaining large retro
grade condensations from the gases and high
shrinkage in liquid volumes from the oils.
Figure 1 depicts the retrograde
condensate curves obtained in the lab for
several of the fluids of Table 1. Figure 2
includes the liquid phase volume curves (r~
1ated to the volume occupied at the bubble
point) for seven of the volatile oils of
Table 2. The curve of a light black oil
with a bubble point formation volume factor
of 1.6 is also included for comparison. The
difference between this fairly light black
oil and the volatile oils is quite evident.
The increased sophistication in the
predictive techniques for these kinds of
reservoirs, underlines the need for a
2 A METHOD TO DETERMINE K-VALUES FROM LABORATORY DATA AND ITS APPLICATIONS
procedure that is able to determine K-values
capable of reproducing the observed behavior
of fluid samples in the laboratory. Dykstra
and MuellerBpublished a method that corre-
lates K-values versus pressure and the char
acterization factor of each component. Thi~
method was successfully used for the
prediction of phase behavior in gas injection
processes in spite that the correlating
equation assumes an ideal solution behavior
and also that the vapor phase follows the
perfect gas law 9 . Subsequent modifications
to this methodlO,II have made it suitable
for its use in the simulation of variable
composition reservoirs.
Jones and Erbar12 presented a computer
oriented algorithm that adjusts an initially
estimated set of K-values by means of trans
lation and/or rotation of the curves. The
initial estimate is made through the use of
polynomial approximations to published data I3.
Normal boiJ.ing points of the heavy components
are also required in the characterization
process.
In a more rigorous way, several methods
based upon the use of two and three-parameter
equations of state (EOS) have been developed.
The most commonly used EOS are the numerous
modifications to the Redlich-Kwong I4 EOS
and the Peng-Robinson 1S EOS. A recent publi
cation 16 summarizes most of these equations.
The use of EOS in phase behavior calcu
lations presents several advantages over -
other methods by reducing the use of emp
cal correlations and allowing the calcula
tion of a consistent set of physical proper
ties. Furthermore, once the parameters of -
the equation are adjusted, it is theoretical
possible to calculate the whole two-phase
envelope knowing only the initial fluid
composition. The problem arises during the
adjustment of the equation to experimental
lab data. The large number of parameters
and the ample range of variation of some of
them, makes it difficult to know if the match
is unique or if it applies to the whole range
of interest.
A simple and practical method for the
exact calculation of K-values of a hydro car
bon mixture with nitrogen, carbon dioxide -
and/or hydrogen sulfide is presented. The
information required is available in a
routine constant volume PVT compositional
analysis, that is:
Initial fluid composition at the
saturation pressure,
Composition of the gas effluent
displaced during each pressure
decrement,
Gas deviation factor,
Amount of gas displaced in each step,
and
Volume of the liquid phase in the
SPE 10127
PVT cell.
For volatile oils it is also necessary
to know the molecular weight of the original
fluid, as well as its density at the bubble
point pressure.
The analysis of the set of K-values
obtained in this manner provides the follow
ing additional advantages:
By plotting the K-values versus pressure
it is possible to analize the quality of
the experimental data. Incorrect mea
surements will show as "humps" or -
"inflections" in the K-value curves.
The method allows to correct the experi
mental errors by visually altering the
K-values or, in a more adequate form,by
selectively altering the compositions
reported by the lab.
Even if an equation of state is utilized
the method allows to first check if the
PVT results are internally consistent.
If the~ are not, the application o~ the
procedure will render a consistent set
of K-values. This precaution will avoid
the great deal of time and difficulty
involved in useless or impossible match
es to incorrect data. -
The first stage of a constant volume
depletion test will be briefly reviewed,
since this test is the basic source of info~
mation for the method.
CONSTANT VOLUME DEPLETION TEST
A constant volume depletion test consis~
of a series of expansions at constant composi
tion, equilibrations at constant presure and-
then withdrawals again at constant pressure,
all of them carried out at reservoir tempera
ture. The gas withdrawn from the ~ell is -
analized and its amount and composition
measured.
Figure 3 schematically presents the
first step of a test performed on a sample
of the Gas Condensate "A". Figure 3a, shows
the initial conditions of the cell at the
dew point pressure of 6720 psig. The Volume
V occupied by the sample at the saturation
l
pressure serves as the basis for the entire
test. Figure 3b represents the end of the
first expansion. In this case the pressure in
the cell has decreased to 5800 psig. The
volume of the sample in the cell V2 is pr~
portional to the p/z relationships:
p z
(1)
1.0656 VI (2 )
SPE 10127 JOSE L. BASHBUSH
The two-phase deviation factors are used
in this calculation since there are two
phases present in the cell below the satur~
tion pressure. The first stage is concluded
with a constant pressure production of the
gas phase G2, until the volume of the sample
is reduced to the original volume VI' See
Figure 3c. In this test the retrograde
condensate occupies 7.80% of VI' and cons~
quently the gas G2 occupies 92.20% of VI'
The moles of G gas produced are 6;193% of
2 J
the moles orig~nally present in the cell at
the saturation pressure.
The procedure is repeated in succesive
stages until a minimum test pressure is
reached (generally 700 psig). For this
pressure, the composition of the gas phase as
well as the composition of the retrograde
liquid remaining in the cell are reported.
Table 3 contains the corrected composi
tional analysis of a depletion study perfo£
med on a sample of Gas Condensate A.
For a volatile oil, the procedure is
identical, but in this case the initial
pressure is the bubble point pressure and the
cell contains liquid and not gas.
DESCRIPTION OF THE METHOD
The equations are developed in Appendix
A.
The method consists on the application
of a material balance to the moles of fluid
originally present in the cell at the satur~
tion pressure, (bubble point for an oil or
dew point for a gas). The objective is to
obtain the liquid composition in the cell
wich can be used, along with the gas composi
tion obtained in the lab, to calculate the
K-values.
The procedure is divided into eight
steps:
1. In the first step the total number of
moles N in the system is obtained. This
number Is a function of the initial cell
volume VI' However, during the calcul~
tion procedure the volume cancels out
and does not enter into the equations.
For a volatile oil it is necessary to
know the density at the bubble point and the
apparent molecular weight of the original
reservoir fluid. For a retrograde condensate,
the dew point and the deviation factor sui
fice, since the real gas law can be applied.
Steps 2 through 6 are repeatedly
applied for each depletion level for which an
analysis of the produced gas is available.
2. The number of moles remaining in the
cell N. are obtained as a function of
the am~unt of mass produced up to a
given depletion level (WSP.).
J known. Therefore it is possible to calc~
3
3. The number of moles of the vapor phase
Ng. is calculated by the application of
thJ real gas law. The volume of the
gaseous phase is the difference between
the initial cell volume VI and the volume
occupied by the liquid (RLV.) at the
corresponding pressure. J
The number of moles of the liquid phase
(Nt.) is the difference between N. and
Ng.~ J
As a way of checking the accuracy of the
experimental data, it is convenient to
calculate the two-phase deviation factor
(Z2 c) commonly reported in the PVT
ana~yses for condensates.
4. The number of moles withdrawn in each
depletion stage S. is obtained as a
function of the a~ount of mass produced
in two succeeding stages.
The following two steps are applied to each
component or pseUdo-component included inthe
PVT analysis:
5. A material balance for each one of the
components renders the equation:
Initial moles of Moles of ith comp~
ith component nent in the vapor
phase
Moles of ith compo Moles produced
+ nent in the liquid + of the ith
phase component (3 )
The above equation is solved in terms of
the mol fraction of the ith component in
the liquid phase x., that is the only
unknown remaining.1
6. The eq~ilibrium ratio of the ith comp~
nent K. at the corresponding pressure is
obtain~d dividing the mol fraction of
the ith component in the vapor phase
(reported in the PVT analysis) by the mol
fraction of the ith component in the
liquid phase calculated in step 5 above.
7. Once all the equilibrium ratios have been
calculated it is convenient to extrapo
late the curves to obtain the K-values
corresponding to the saturation pressure
(either bubble point or dew point). The
extrapolated values can be then corrected
to satisfy the corresponding limitation
at this pressure, i.e.:
The sum of the mole concentrations for
the first drop of dew (for gases) or for
the first bubble of gas (for oils) should
be exactly one.
8. The last step consist of the calculation
of the molecular weight of the C7+ fra~
tion in the liquid. The molecular weight
and the number of moles of the fluid at
the saturation pressure (step 1) are
4 A METHOD TO DETERMINE K-VALUES FROM LABORATORY DATA AND ITS APPLICATIONS
late the mass originally in the cell.
This mas is partitioned into a vapor
and liquid phases, with the molecular
weight of the vapor phase being measured
in the test. Then it is possible to
calculate the molecular weight and the
mass of the vapor phase.
Subtracting the mass of the vapor phase
from the total mass in the cell at the
beginning of the corresponding depletion
stage, the mass of the liquid phase is
obtained. Finally, with the composition
(step 5), number of moles (step 3), and
mass of the liquid phase in the cell
known, it is possible to calculate both,
the molecular weight of the liquid, and
the molecular weight of the C + fraction
7
in the liquid.
CONSISTENCY OF THE EXPERIMENTAL DATA
The consistency of the experimental
data can be revised in several ways.
The first check can be easily done by
plotting* the composition of the produced gas
versus pressure. Smooth curves should be the
norm. Humps in the plot will usually be an
indication of experimental error.
For gas-condensate fluids this plot can
be extended to the dew point pressure utiliz
ing the composition of the fluid at the dew-
point. However, for volatile oils the plot
can not be extended to the bubble point by
means of the composition of the fluid at the
bubble point (a very common mistake). The
composition of the first "bubble" of gas
(consistent with the rest of the data in the
plot) is very different from the composition
of the oil in the cell at the bubble point.
This is the case even for oils near the
critical conditions. Therefore, the gas comp~
sition obtained in the extrapolation of the
K-values (step 7) should be used in this case
A second check applicable to retrograde
condensate gases is by means of the two
-phase deviation factor. The calculated
values (step 3) should not differ in
more than a unit in the third decimal
place in all instances. This condition
is not severe, therefore, satisfying it
is not a conclusive proof of consistency
of the experimental data.
All of the compositional PVT reports,
include the analysis of the liquid
remaining in the cell at the end of the
las depletion stage. This composition
should be compared against the calcul~
ted composition (step 5). For most
components with initial mole conce~
trations greated than 0.4 percent, the
difference between the calculated and
the measured compositions should be less
* semilog coordinate paper
SPE 10127
than about one percent.
Another useful plot* can be generated
with the calculated liquid compositions
versus pressure. Again, unexpected humps
in the curves would be indicative of
experimental errors.
The most important and sensitive check
on the consistency of the experimental
data is a plot of the K-values obtained
through this procedure (step 6) versus
pressure. The curves should plot in a
parallel-like trend with no humps or
crossings. The upper curve (higer K-val
ues) should correspond to nitrogen, -
followed by the curves of methane and
carbon dioxide. Then, either the curve
of ethane or the curve of hydrogen suI
fide (depending on the fluid composition
and reservoir temperature). Underneath,
the curves of the rest of the components
should plot, in order of their molecular
weights. The K-values of isobutane and
iso-pentane should always be higher than
the ones corresponding to the "normal"
components.
APPLICATIONS
To illustrate the utilization of the
method, a discussion of the characterization
of three of the fluids in Tables 1 and 2
follows.
CASE 1 GAS SA>J:E 'A
Gas-Condensate "A" is in a hot (273°F),
deep (15 000') reservoir with an original
pressure over 1 000 psi above the dew point
pressure. Bottom hole samples were collected
and analized. The maximum retrograde condensa
tion of 19.4 percent of hydrocarbon pore -
space occurred at a pressure of 3100 psig.
Table 3 contains the corrected compositional
analysis of a constant volume depletion study
at the reservoir temperature. Table 4 has the
concentrations, modified in Table 3, that
were originally reported by the lab.
When the procedure was applied to the
original data and the K-values were plotted,
a few inconsistencies were apparent. Figure
4 shows the K-value curves that were thought
to indicate errors in the experimental infor
mation. The most notorious are the crossovers
shown by the curves for iso-butane and normal
butane, and the ones shown by the curves of
ethane and hydrogen sulfide.
To correct those curves the concentra
tios originally reported by the lab were -
modified until a set of smooth K-value curves
was obtained. It was necessary to make 19
changes of which 12 were beyond the experi
mental occuracy. Of the other seven, only
four resulted in changes greater than one
SPE 10127 JOSE L. BASHBUSH
percent (and less than one and a half percen~
of the original concentrations.
Table 5 and Figure 5 contain the calcu
lated compositions of the retrograde liquid
condensed in the cell for each pressure
level. Included in Table 5 is a list ot the
calculated two-phase deviation factors.
Evidently there is an excellent match
between the values measured in the lab and
the ones calculated by this procedure. The
composition of the first drop of dew, is
shown in Table 5 as the composition of the
liquid at the dew point of 6720 psig.
Table 6 shows the calculated equilibrium
ratios graphically displayed in Figure 6. The
K-values at the dew point are extrapolations
of the trend shown by the rest of the curves.
Actually, four different extrapolating
equations combined with four different ways
of forcing the extrapolated values to sat-
isfy the dew point condition were used.
Therefore, the numbers on the second columns
of Tables 5 and 6 were chosen out of 16
possible sets.
Figure 7 shows the behavior of the
molecular weight of the heptanes plus fra~
tion. As pressure decreases from the dewpoint
the molecular weight of this fraction de-
creases up to a minimum at around 1300 psig.
Beyond that, there is a slight increase. As
a result of this decrease and of the calc~
lated liquid compositions, the apparent m~
lecular weight of the retrograde liquid,
first decreases showing a minimum at about
4800 psig, and then increases.
Once the PVT data has been analized in
this manner, it is possible to either use
the information directly into a model, or to
attempt to calibrate the parameters of an
equation of state with the knowledge that
the experimental information is consistent
throughout. Even having fairly good experi
mental data, as it is the case for Gas
Condensate "A", serious difficulties could
have arisen in trying to match the behavior
of the butanes for example, using an
equation of state.
CASE 2. VOLATILE OIL "c"
Figure 8 shows the equilibrium ratios
calculated from a PVT analysis for Volatile
Oil "C". The K-value curves only required
three very slight modifications to plot in a
smooth way. The similarity between the
measured composition of the liquid left in
the cell at 700 psig, and the composition
calculated by the method is remarkable. The
maximum difference between any two compos
itions is less than 0.3 percent (Table 7),
The consistency shown by the Volatile
Oil "c" data has been the best shown out of
28 PVT analyses characterized to date.
5
CASE 3. GAS CONDENSATE liB"
As a contrast to the former two instances
this case is presented to show the usefulness
of the procedure not only in the characteriza
tion of a fluid but also in correcting experT
mental information inadequately obtained or -
reported.
As the basis for an urgent simulation
study, a first attempt to characterize the
fluid of Gas Condensate liB" by the method
presented in this paper failed. Several of
the calculated compositions for the retrogr~e
liquid were negative and consequently, the
K-values as well. A thorough analysis of the
information and the calculations, pointed out
that the major source of error was probably
the original fluid composition. (First column
of Table 8). The method was applied in
several instances until a consistent set of
K-value curves was obtained. The calculated
initial composition after seven trials is
shown in the second column of Table 8. With
these numbers and the calculated K-values
(Figure 9) it was possible to continue the
reservoir study.
The third column of Table 8, has the
composition modified by the service company
that performed the PVT study, several weeks
after they were notified of the error. With
these modifications still several humps were
present in the K-value curves.
The compositions of columns 2 and 3 are
very similar, nonetheless, the composition
calculated with the outlined procedure
resulted in a consistent set of K-values and
allowed the reservoir study to continue in a
matter of hours.
CONCLUSIONS
A method that allows to obtain the
equilibrium ratios, liquid compositions and,
the molecular weight of the liquid and of
the C 7 + fraction in the liquid for a variable
composition fluid has been presented. The
data required is obtained from a constant
volume depletion test.
The method is practical and efficient
even for a desk calculator. The procedure can
cut down significantly the time required to
characterize a fluid. Furthermore, the
method permits to:
Detect experimental errors
Correct such errors
Adjust the parametersof an equation of
state with the certainty that the base
informatio is consistent
utilize the calculated K-value table
directly into compositional simulation
packages.
6 A METHOD TO DETERMINE K-VALUES FROM LABORATORY DATA AND ITS APPLICATIONS SPE 10127

M,ATURE for Prediction of Recovery from Volatil

Oil Depletion Drive Reservoirs", Trans.
K equilibrium ratio, dimensionless AIME, v. 210, 1957.

N mass, moles 4. Jacoby, R.H. y Koeller R.C.: "Effect of

Composition and Temperature on Phase
p absolute pressure, psia Behavior and Depletion Performance of
Rich Gas Condensate Systems", Trans.
RLV liquid volume in the cell, % of VI AIME, v.216, 1959.

S amount of mass produced in a 5. Standing, M.B.: "Volumetric and Phase

depletion stage, moles Behavior of Oil Field Hydrocarbon
Systems", SPE-AIME 1977. (Published
T absolute temperature, °Rankine originally in 1952).

WSP total mass produced, % of initial 6. Eilerts C.K. et al.: "Phase Relations
moles of Gas Condensate Fluids", Monograph 10,
Vols. 1 and 2; Bureau of Mines-American
x mol fraction in the liquid phase, Gas Association, 1959.
dimensionless
7. Lohrenz, J., Clark G.C. y Francis R.J.:
y mol fraction in the gas phase, "A Compositional Material Balance for
dimensionless Combination Drive Reservoirs with Gas
and Water Injection", Trans. AIME, 1963.
z deviation factor, dimensionless
8. Dykstra, H. Y Mueller, T.D.: "Calcula
tion of Phase Compositions and Prope;
SUBSCRIPTS
ties for Lean or Enriched Gas Drive"-;-
SPEJ, Sep. 1965.
saturation pressure conditions
9. Hoffmann, A.E., Crump, J.S. y Hocott C.
2 any other pressure
R.: "Equilibrium Constants for a Gas
Condensate System", Trans. AIME, v. 198,
c calculated
1953.
D dew point
10. Scientific Software Corporation, N-COMP
User's Manual.
g gas
11. Abel, W., Jackson, R.F. y Wattenbarger,
i i-th component
R.A.: "Simulation of a Partial Pressure
Maintenance Gas Cycling Project with a
i iso-
Compositional Model, Carson Creek Field,
Albert'a", JPT, Jan. 1970.
j j-th depletion stage,
j = 1 at the saturation pressure 12. Jones, D.M. y Erbar J.: "Computer
Determination of Data Matched Equilib
liquid rium Ratios", JPT, Aug. 1970. -

n normal- 13. NGSMA, "Engineering Data Book" Tulsa,

r reservoir conditions
T total
REFERENCES
1. Jacoby, R.H. y V.J. Berry: "A method
for Predicting Depletion Performance of
a Reservoir Producing Volatil Crude
Oil". Trans.AIME, v. 210, 1957.
2. Jacoby, R.H. y V.J. Berry: "A Method
for Predicting Pressure Maintenance
Performance for Reservoirs Producing
Volatil Crude Oil". Trans. AIME, v.213,
1958.
3. Reudelhuber, F.O. Y Hinds R.F.: " A
Compositional Material Balance Method
Okla, 1957.
14. Redlich, O. Y Kwong, J.N.: "On the
Thermodynamics of Solutions, V. A Equ~
tion of State. Fugacities of Gaseous
Solutions", Chern. Rev., v. 44, 1949.
15. Peng, D.Y. y Robinson, D.B.: "A New
Two-Constant Equation of State", Ind.
Eng. Chern. Fund., v. 15, 1976.
16. Sanchez, J.C. y Leyva M.A.: "Estudio
Comparativo de Ecuaciones de Estado",
IMP, vol. XII, Abril 1980.
APPENDIX A
The equations of the appendix follow
the order delineated in the paper.
1. Obtainment of NT (for gases):
SPE 10127 JOSE L. BASHBUSH 7

'D
• •• (A. 1)
10.732 zD T

2. Moles of fluid remaining in the j th

depletion stage

N. = NT (l - WSP./100) (A. 2)
J J

3. Moles of gas, moles of liquid and

calculated two-phase deviation factor

p. (l - RLV/IOO)
J · " (A. 3)
(N ). =
g J 10.732 z. T
J r

(Ni'.). = N - (N ). (A. 4)
J j g J

Pj (A. 5)
(Z 2 ).
pc J 10.732N.T
J r

4. Number of moles withdrawn in the j-th

depletion stage

i - i-I • •. (A. 6)
S.
J 100

5. Material balance for the i-th component

in the j-th depletion stage

(y.). (N). + (x.).(N o ).

lJ gJ lJ-LJ

· .• (A.7)

solving for xi

(y i) 1 N T - (y i) j [( N g) j + S j] (A. 8)
(x.) .
l J
(N i'.) j

6. Equilibrium Ratios

K.l
[ xi 1 (A. 9)

Steps 5 and 6 are applied for every

component in each one of the depletion stages

7. Extrapolation of the K-value curves

8. Mass balance to obtain the molecular

weight of the liquid and the molecular
weigh: o~ the heavy fraction (C +) in
7
the llquld.
 TABLE 1

CONSOLIDATED ANALYSES OF SEVERAL GAS CONDENSATE FLUID SYSTE;-1S

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7) (8) (9) (10)

GC"DII GC"E" GCtlp" GC"B'I GC"G" GC"A" GC"H" GenI" GC"J" GC"K"

C 69.93 70.60 77.22 74.96 71. 68 74.51 69.79 67.55 71. 02 70.20
1 - N2

C2 C
6
24.05 22.80 15.71 17.87 20.77 17.83 22.14 23.59 19.23 19.74
CO - H S
2 2

C7 + 6.02 6.60 7.07 7.17 7.55 7.66 8.07 8.86 9.75 10.06

Reservoir
~I.'emperature 160 271 314 266 266 273 264 237 277 274
(oF)

TABLE 2

CONSOLIDATED ANALYSES OF SEVERAL VOLATILE OILS

(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6 ) (7) (8) (9)

VO"LII VO"M" VO"N" VO"O" VO"C" VO"P" VO"Q" VO"R" VO"S"

C 65.01 50.43 62.13 59.81 56.38 49.58 51. 79 48.76 30.90

1 N2

C. C
L 6
22.~~ 35.37 23.3[; 23.72 23.58 29.43 26.25 25.80 39.80
CO -H S
2 2

12.01 14.20 14.49 16.47 20.04 20.99 21. 96 25.44 29.30

C7+

Reservoir
Temperature 241 276 279 270 266 318 275 261 286
(oF)
 TABLE 3
CORRECTED COMPOSiTIONAL ANALYSES FOR GAS CONDENSATE "Au (MOL. PERCENT)

COMPONENT 6720. 5800. ~ ~ 3100. 2200. ~ .2Q.Q.:. .2Q.Q.:.

H?S .110 .110 .111 .112 .113 .114 .117 .120 .060
CO 2.600 2.630 2.666 2.700 2.730 2.760 2.780 2.790 .710
2
N2 1. 590 1. 640 1. 690 1.720 1. 750 1. 750 1. 710 1. 650 .100
C 72.920 74.450 76.020 77.360 78.329 73.690 78.370 76.950 12.430
1
C 7.300 7.260 7.226 7.236 7.260 7.420 7.740 8.240 3.280
2
C 3.360 3.310 3.259 3.220 3.210 3.260 3.450 3.720 2.880
3
iC 4 .830 .800 .770 .760 .760 .780 .830 .900 1. 030
nC 1. 410 1. 355 1. 300 1. 280 1. 280 1. 300 1. 380 1. 490 2.070
4
iC .700 .660 .610 .582 .570 .579 .620 .730 1. 620
5
nC .730 .680 .630 .600 .588 .587 .630 .740 1. 850
5
C .790 .700 .613 .570 .550 .550 .600 .680 3.190
6
C7+ 7.660 6.405 5.105 3.860 2.860 2.210 1. 773 1. 990 70.780

MW OF C7+ 174 153 141 132 124 118 113 111 196
SG OF C7+ .814 .799 .788 .779 .771 .765 .760 .757 .830

Z-FACTOR
EQ. GAS 1.213 1.108 1. 021 .954 .917 .912 .936 .962
TWO-PHASE 1. 213 1.116 1. 033 .964 .910 .863 .804 .710

WELL STREAt\j
PRODUCED
CUM.% OF INIT. .000 6.193 14.359 25.021 38.349 53.801 70.557 81. 868

RETROGRADE
LIQUID .000 7.800 14.900 18.200 19.400 19.300 18.100 17 .100
VOLUME

NOTE: The last column contains the equilibrium liquid phase

composition corresponding to the last pressure.

TABLE 4

REPORTED LAB CONCENTRATIONS MODIFIED IN TABLE 3. GAS CONDENSATE IIA"

(r10L. PERCENT)

RESERVOIR PRESSURE (PSIG)

C';)MPOlJEN~'
~ 4900 4000 3100 2200 1300

H S
2
.11 .11 .11 .11 .12

CO 2.6G
2

C 7.24 7.23
2

iC .78
4

nC 1. 36 1. 32
4

iC .59 .58
5

nC .59 .59
5

C .62
6

C7 + 6.40 5.06 1. 77
 TABLE 5
CALCULATED COf1POS IT IONS OF RETROGRADE LI QU ID CONDENSED IN THE CELL,CONDENSATE "A"
(MOL. PERCENT)

RESERVOIR PRESSURE (PSIG)

~()NEN~ ~ 5800. 4900::. 4000. 3100. 220.12..::.. ~300. 2'!.9...:.

H S .106 .104 .103 .098 .092 .085 .065 .043
2
CO 2.238 2.179 2.128 1. 984 1.795 1. 532 1.139 .715
2
N2 .906 .889 .873 .775 .574 .419 .259 .102
C 52.299 51.471 50.702 45.379 38.815 31.915 21. 609 12.545
1
C 7.896 7.361 7.832 7.724 7.027 6.931 5.434 3.291
2
C 4.034 4.061 4.084 4.231 4.334 4.250 3.681 2.877
3
iC 1.238 1. 251 1.260 1. 274 1. 300 1.279 1.189 1.052
4
nC 2.158 2.181 2.199 2.233 2.282 2.322 2.233 2.087
4
iC 5 1.157 1. 261 1. 343 1. 436 1.541 1. 628 1.713 1.625
nC 1. 405 1. 431 1.447 1. 545 1.654 1. 800 1. 918 1. 876
5
C 2.013 2.052 2.1)(,0 2.176 2.360 2.599 2.896 3.191
6
C7 + 24.551 25.259 25.969 31.143 37.623 45.241 57.864 70.596

MW OF C7+ 292* 248.6 221.5 201.8 199.2 197.4 198.9

MW OF LIQUID 91.1 82.2 76.8 93.7 106.5 128.6 152.1

T\'cO-PHASE Z
EAPQR_C!iE.~K

LABORATORY 1.213 1.116 1. 033 .964 .910 .863 .804 .710

CALCULATED 1.116 1.034 .964 .910 .863 .804 .710

* EXTRAPOLATED

TABLE G
CALCULATED EQUILIBRIUM RATIOS-FOR GAS CONDEi~SATE "At:

PRESSURE (PSIG)

COMPONENT 6720. ~ ~ 4000. 3100. 2200. 1300. 700.

1. 0361 1. 058 1. 079 1.143 1. 226 1. 345 1.811 2.823

CO 1.1616 1. 207 1. 253 1.361 1. 521 1.801 2.439 3.902
2
N2 1. 7558 1.845 1. 936 2.218 3.046 4.175 6.611 16.128
C 1. 3943 1. 446 1. 499 1. 705 2.018 2.466 3.627 6.134
l
C 0.92457 0.9236 0.9226 0.9368 0.9518 1.071 1. 424 2.504
2
C 0.83292 0.8151 0.7980 0.7610 0.7406 0.7671 0.9373 1.293
3
iC 0.67045 0.6397 0.61l0 0.5965 0.5844 0.6100 0.6983 0.8559
4
nC 0.65353 0.6213 0.5912 0.5731 0.5608 0.5599 0.6179 0.7138
4
iC 0.60514 0.5235 0.4543 0.4052 0.3698 0.3557 0.3618 0.4492
5
nC 0.51971 0.4752 0.4354 0.3884 0.3555 0.3262 0.32,,5 0.3945
5
C 0.39236 0.3412 0.2976 0.2619 0.2330 0.2115 0.20'/2 0.2131
6
C7 + 0.31200 0.2536 0.1966 0.1239 0.07602 0.04885 0.03064 0.02819
 TABLE 7

CALCULATED AND MEASURED COMPOSITIONS FOR THE

LIQUID AT 700PSIG. VOLATILE OIL lIei!

MEASURED CALCULATED
COl·1POSITION C0I1POSITION DIFFERENCE
COMPONENT (Nolo %) (Ho1.%) (% )

H2 S ~31 .31
CO .. 65 .65
2
I.J~ .12 .12

C1 11. 02 11. 05 0.27

C 5.01 5.02 0.20
2
C 4.79 4.80 0.21
3
iC 4 1.32 1.32
nC 3.30 3.30
S
iC 5 1. 81 1. 81

nC 2.42 2.42
5
Cli 3.96 3.96

C7+ 65.29 65.23 0.09

100.00 1',0.00

TABLE 8
COMPARISON BETWEEN ORIGINAL COMPOSITIC~S
FOR GAS CONDENSATE nen

ORIGINALLY CALCUI·ATED MODIFIED

REPORTED COMPOSITION COMPOSITION
COMPONENT COMPOSITION
(Mol. %) (Mol. %) (Mol. %)

H S 1. 27 1. 27 1.27
2
CO 2 2.33 2.33 2.33

N2 0.40 0.40 0.40

C1 74.56 74.57 74.56
C 7.38 7.38 7.38
2
C3 3.07 3.07 3.07
iC 4 0.61 0.61 0.61
nC 1.25 1. 25 1. 25
4
iC 5 0.43 0.43 0.43
nC 5 0.62 0.62 0.62
C 0.91 0.91 0.91
6
----------------------------------------------------------
C7 0.48 1. 00 0.98

C8 0.66 1. 21 1. 23

C 1. 21 1. 03 1. 02
9
C10 0.93 0.76 0.76

Cll 0.69 0.55 0.55

C12 + 3.20 2.61 2.63

100.00 100.00 100.00

 32r-----~----_,------._----_;------~------------------_,

RETROGRADE
CONDENSATE
28 GASES

...J
0
> CD
"-
w
0::
it ..
1,±
~
w
::;
w ::>
::; ...J
::> 0
...J
0
>
> u.
LU 0
I-
«
<J) ~
z
w
C
Z w
0 ::;
U I ::>
W ...J
c 0
<t >
0::

"
0
0::
I-
W

'"
«
:L
LU
0::
4---' -- ---_. CL
40
'"
:3
0
::::;
8000

PRESSURE (PSI G )

Fig. 1 - Retrograde condensation curves

ZO~O------710~O~O~----~Z~OO~O~----~3~OO~O~----74±OO~O~--~5~O~O------~6±OO~0~~
PRESSURE (PSIG

Fig. 2 - Liquid phase volume curves

P
[psig] 6720 5800 5800 3.0,----,------,----,-----,-----,-----.,-----.,
G! produced

r r r
[%] ["!oj ["!oj and

I r'~"~" 2.0

GAS CONDENSATE "AU

100 V 10656 9220 V
G, G, G,

j J1 1.
7.80
T
L 780
T
>~ 2.... % I 1.0

::<

-
--------------
::>
(0 ) ( b) (c) 1E .....
'"
:::; 0.5

~ .......:..c~ _____ _ ...-"'-"'"

::>
o
Fig. 3 - Constant volume depletion test w

- ---- ...... .....

0.2 --=~-------
--- ...... 6720

o 7000

PRESSURE (PSIG)

Fig. 4 - Selected K·value curves. Original data

 1OQ.0

10.0
C2

::-e
0

...J
0
::::i!: C3

Z
0
l-
V)
0
0..
nC 5
::::i!: C6
0 LC 5
U

c
::::>
1.0 i C4
0
...J
N2

672

GAS CONDENSATE IIAII

0.1 L---1.L-L_...L_L_L---1_---1._...L_.l...-....db::::::=±==±==±LJ
o 1 000 2 000 3 000 4 000 5 000 6 000 7 000

PRESSU RE PSI)

Fig. 5 - Compositon of the retrograde liquid condensed in the cell

 10.0 . - - -........,.--.,.--.,.--.,--.,--.,--.,---,--..,--..,--..,--..,----,

p
0

::.X
~ 1.0

en
0 nC,
t-
<I .iCs
0::

n C,
::E
::> C.
a:
'"
...J
:;
0
w 0,1

GAS CONDENSATE 'fl.'

0,02 L_-,-_,o..loo--'--2-000i..---'--3-0"'00---''--4-0J.,0-0-.L.-,.s-"00'-0---L.-6,-0,!,0'-'0'--.L7=-0"'o:-!o

PRESS URE (PSIG I

Fig. 6- Equilibrium ratios for gas condensate "A"

200 300

0
S
0
::::;
GAS CONDENSATE 'A"
""'"<I '"
:;
0
0:: ::::;
0'" w
ex: J:
t;; '50 250 t-
0::
~
"-
0
t-
U
...+
J:
<!)

W "-
0
;I:
t-
a: J:
<I ~
...J
::;) 100 200 w
u ;I:
W
...J
0
ex:
<I
::E -'
::>
u
6720 w
-'
0
::E

50 150

PRESSURE ( PSIG )

Fig. 7 - Molecular weight behavior

x
., 1.0
......
"-I,
>-

CJ)
0 0.5
l-
e::{
a::
:E
:::>
-a::
CD
..J
:::>
0
w

0.1

0.05

ll
VOLATILE OIL ·C

PRESSU RE (PSIG)

Fig. 8 - Equilibrium ratios for volatile oil "e"

 'o.o.--------.------.--.-------.---------r--------r-------~--------

GAS CONDENSATE II 8"

5.0

1.0

.~

X
""-
>:~
II 0.5
:::.c"""

~
~
a::
~
::::>
a::
CO
~
::::>
o
w
0.1

0.05

QO,~ ______ ~ ________- L______ _L~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~_ _ _ _ _ _~ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ~_ _ _ _ _ _ ~

o 1000 6000 7000

PRESSURE (PSIG)

Fig. 9 - Equilibrium ratios for gas condensate "8"