Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
and super-duplex
stainless steels
Printed from
Welding in the World, Vol. 31, no. 5, 1993,
with the permission of the International Institute of Welding
NiDI
NICKEL DEVELOPMENT INSTITUTE
NiDI Reprint Series NQ 14 036
2
Le Soudage dans Ie Monde. Vol. 31, No.5, pp. 323--343, 1993 0043-2288/93 $6.00 + .00
Imprime en Grande Bretagne Pergamon Press Ltd © 1993 lIS
3
324 WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
(c) 250/0 Cr (0-2.50/0 Cu) duplex stainless steel!Duplex a 250/0 Cr (0-2,50/0 Cu)
Bohler A 905 25.5 3.7 2.3 0.37 Mn: 5.8 39 Plate, forgings/Toles,
pieces forgees
Carpenter 7-Mo Plus 27.5 4.5 1.5 0.25 36.5
Creusot Ind. UR 47N 25 7 3.0 0.16 0.2 37.5 Plate, bars/Toles, barres
UR 52N 25 7 3.0 0.16 1.5 37.5 Forgings/Pieces forgees
Langley Ferralium 255 26 5.5 3.3 0.17 2.0 38.5 Castings/Moulages
Mather & Platt Zeron 25 25 4 2.5 0.15 35.5 Castings/Moulages
Sumitomo DP 3 25 6.5 3.0 0.2 0.5 W: 0.3 38 Plate, bars, wire, pipe/Toles,
barres, fils, tubes
2.3 Mechanical properties indicated may not be directly relevant to the conditions
The mechanical properties in the classification depend on encountered in practice. The particular condition of the
product type (rolled, cast) and final heat treatment. The material and environmental factors have to be recognized.
limits as published in VdTOV Werkstoffblatt 418 and ASTM
Standards are listed in Table 3. 2.5 Physical properties
2.4 Corrosion properties Table 5 gives the main physical properties of base materials,
for the purpose of engineering work.
Duplex and super-duplex grade base materials have similar
pitting and crevice corrosion resistance compared to austeni- 2.6 Forming
tic grades of similar alloying content, but generally have
superior stress corrosion cracking resistance and resistance to Welded structures are built up from flat or formed plate or
organic acids. The ranking of pitting corrosion resistance on parts. Shaping can be by hot or cold forming. Solution
the basis of the pitting corrosion index PRE N is generally annealing followed by a water quench will be applied on hot
accepted by industry. A brief summary of typical corrosion formed and cold formed material, the latter if the deforma-
data is listed in Table 4. Details must be obtained from the tion exceeds 10-15 depending on the parent material grade
%
,
It has to be emphasized that the standard corrosion tests Welded parts may also be subjected to these mechanical
4
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
*Mn various max. levels (1.0--2.0%); Si various max. levels (0.75-1.0 o/0)./Diverses teneurs maxi en Mn (1,0--2,0%) et en Si
(0,75-1 ,0%
) •
Pour structurer la terminologie, on peut distinguer les II convient de noter que les essais de corrosion normalises
familles d'aciers inoxydables duplex suivantes: mentionnes dans Ie tableau ne sont pas toujours representa-
tifs des conditions specifiques rencontrees dans la pratique.
(a) acier duplex a 23% Cr, sans Mo PRE N env. 25 L'etat du materiau et les facteurs lies a l'environnement
(b) acier duplex a 22% Cr 30-36 doivent etre pris en compte.
(c) acier duplex a 25% Cr (0-2,5% Cu) 32-40
(d) acier superduplex a 25% Cr >40.
2.5 Propriefes physiques
Les principales nuances commercialisees en Europe sont
presentees au Tableau 1. Le Tableau 5 indique les principales proprietes physiques des
metaux de base.
2.2 Compositions chimiques normalisees
5
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
Table 3. Material mechanical properties at room temperature and elevated temperatures/Tableau 3. Proprietes mecaniques des
materiaux it l'ambiante et it hautes temperatures
Steel grade/Nuance d'acier 23% Cr, Mo-free duplex! 22% Cr duplex! 250/0 Cr (0-2.5 % Cu) 25% Cr super-duplex!
Corrosion phenomenal Duplex a 23% Cr, sans Mo Duplex a 22% Cr duplex/Duplex a 250/0 Superduplex a 25% Cr
Conditions de corrosion Cr (0-2,5 % Cu)
*Critical crevice temperature ~25°C below CPT.lTemperature critique de crevasses: env. 25°C en-dessous de TCP (Temperature Critique de
Piquration).
6
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
Table 6. Variation in chemical composition in the weld metal structure components austenite and
ferrite (approx. wtOlo )/Tableau 6. Variations dans 13 composition chimique de la structure ferritique
et austenitique du metal fondu (°/0 en poids approx.)
Table 7. Results of EDX phase analysis on MMA welds in 13 mm UN8 831803 steel made
with overalloyed (Ni) weld metal under varying arc energy conditions [5]/Tableau 7.
Resultats de la microanalyse X it dispersion d'energie de soudures sur acier UN8 831803 de
13 mm realisees it Parc avec electrode enrobee avec differents apports d'energie, it metal
fondu surcharge en Ni [5]
*Root and fill passes at 0.7 kJ/mm./Passes de fond et de remplissage avec une energie de 0,7 kJ/mm.
tRoot at 0.5 kJ/mm, fill passes at 3.2 kJ/mm./Passes de fond avec une energie de 0,5 kJ/mm, passes de
remplissage avec une energie de 3,2 kJ/mm.
7
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
+
Cold forming of weldments at up to 5% strain is acceptable U
V)
but causes some deterioration of weld metal toughness ~
The pseudobinary Fe, Cr, Ni constitution diagram for 70 and The Welding Research Council (USA) published a constitu-
60% Fe [2, 3] shows the solidification mode (Fig. 1). tion diagram [6], based upon more than 900 determinations of
Solidification of weld metal reflects the heat flow direction chemical composition and the associated Ferrite Number
and solidification rate. The structure obtained after solidifica- (FN) of various weld metal grades in the state "as solidified to
tion to room temperature can be predicted with the use of a room temperature". This WRC 1988 Diagram, and its
constitution diagram (see Section 3.2 and Fig. 2). revision to include the effect of Cu [7], the WRC 1992
Diagram (Fig. 2), provides good accuracy for the estimate of
In weld metal a dendritic microstructure develops in fast the structural balance of weld metal and can be seen as a
cooling conditions, and a more globular mode is observed in development of the Schaeffler and DeLong diagrams.
areas with a lower cooling rate and with a less pronounced
heat flow direction. Segregation of alloying elements is The use of FN, to be determined in accordance with the A WS
associated with solidification at cooling rates typical of Standard A4.2-91, provides the best means for the determina-
welding, and the effect may be important for corrosion tion of a value, representative of the ferrite content.
properties. Of more significance, transformation to austenite However, it must be understood that this value is not
is associated with partitioning of chromium, nickel, molybde- identical with the real volumetric percentage. Other methods
num and nitrogen between ferrite and austenite, as indicated for this determination have not yet been proven as accurate.
in Table 6 [4]. Table 7 [5] indicates the variation of the Work in the International Institute of Welding is ongoing
chemical composition of phases (Cr, Ni, Mo) in the root and with the objective of providing methods to calibrate industrial
heat affected zone under varying arc energy conditions. The instruments for the determination of ferrite.
variation of alloying elements in the final structure differs
from the original segregation pattern due to transformation Due to the limitations of the FN determination in the HAZ of
and diffusion over a temperature range of perhaps 1300- weldments, optical methods (including point counting,
300°C. It will be noted that the degree of partitioning depends according to ASTM, and scanning) with limited accuracy are
critically on the total thermal cycle experienced during specified and applied in industrial practice.
welding. Because of the high temperatures reached close to
the fusion boundary during welding, the heat affected zone 3.3 High temperature transformation
will show a largely ferritic structure at peak temperature, but
again with solid state transformation to austenite on cooling. After solidification, during cooling or during a reheating
This will result in partitioning of alloying elements analogous period in the range of 1300-300°C, various transformation
to that in the weld metal. and precipitation reactions may occur. The local chemical
composition and microstructure, temperature, time, as well
Representative microstructures are shown in Fig. 3. as factors such as level of supersaturation and applied strain,
(a) 70% Fe (b) 60% Fe determine the transformation reactions.
1600 1600-----------...
Information on various transformation or precipitation reac-
~
5 tions for various material compositions and structural condi-
u tions is not complete. For 22% Cr duplex grades, reference is
ef!
'4,)
usually made to the TIT diagram (Fig. 4) for parent material
[8]. In addition to the indicated phases - carbides and
a-
u
f-I nitrides, sigma (FeCr), chi (Fe36CrlZMolO) - formation of
secondary austenite yz in particular is reported for super-
~
.su duplex material. Figure 5 shows a tentative evaluation of
ongoing investigations (TTT) on the embrittlement of weld
B
~ metal, due to the high temperature formation of sigma and in
i
f-I
particular chi-phase [9].
8
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
9
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
rated. In high N-alloyed parent material, the HAZ is more The formation of alpha prime causes severe embrittlement in
stable (due to the higher austenite content) which results in a parent material as well as in weld metal at room temperature.
lower sensitivity for nitride precipitation. For this reason, application of welded structures is limited to
a maximum temperature of 250°C, at least for usual service
3.4. Ageing lives.
. .· (L ·,···f.1·······.··c··········vig> 2).
S
Fig. 3. Microstructure of duplex stainless steel weldments. (a) Base material 22% Cr duplex, solution annealed at l050°C/water quenched,
NaOH electr.; (b) Weld metal structure, as-welded, filling pass, SMAW, E 22 9 3L, NaOH, electr.; (c) Weld metal structure, capping pass,
as-welded, SMAW, E 22 9 3L, NaOH electr.; (d) Weld metal structure, as-welded, root run, GTAW, ER 22 9 3L, NaOH, electr.; (e) Heat
affected zone structure, free from precipitation and secondary austenite, NaOH electr.; (f) Heat affected zone structure of 22% Cr duplex with
secondary austenite, NaOH, electr./Microstructures d'assemblages soudes en acier duplex. (a) Metal de base en acier duplex a 22% Cr,
hypertrempe a l050°C/trempe a l'eau, electr. NaOH; (b) Structure du metal fondu, brut de soudage, passe de remplissage electrode enrobee,
E 22 9 3L, electr. NaOH; (c) Structure du metal fondu, passe terminale, brut de soudage electrode enrobee, E 22 9 3L, electr. NaOH; (d)
Structure du metal fondu, brut de soudage, passe de fond TIG, ER 22 9 3L, electr. NaOH; (e) Structure de la ZTA, sans precipitation ni
austenite secondaire, electr. NaOH; (f) Structure de la ZTA de l'acier duplex a 220/0 Cr, avec austenite secondaire, electr. NaOH
10
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
11
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
- N affects the pitting corrosion index PRE N as PRE N process characteristics are determining. (The main factors are
%Cr + 3.3 % Mo + 16 % N. listed in Table 8.)
- nitride formation, in a predominantly ferritic matrix.
Cr2N can be observed in the ferrite grains and/or at grain GTAW, GMAW, FCAW and PAW, applied to duplex and
boundaries when little austenite is present, i.e. in the super-duplex stainless steels, are gas shielded open arc
HAZ. welding processes. Full protection for arc radiation (eyes,
- porosity, due to supersatu~ationof solidifying weld metal. ozone inhalation) is required.
The solubility level of N in these types of weld metal
depends on the total chemical composition, but may be as SMAWand GTAWare the most versatile processes, but the
high as '"'-'0.35% N in 25.5% Cr, 3.7% Ni, 2.30/0 Mo and welder's duty cycle is lowest (15-25 % ), whereas other manual
5.8% Mn steel and 0.2-0.30/0 N in 1-20/0 Mn alloyed processes achieve higher levels (20-40 % ). Only mechanized/
duplex and super-duplex grades. automated processes achieve duty cycles > 50 % .
- pick-up and emission of nitrogen. Nitrogen from the
shielding gas, dissociated in the arc, can actively be Fume emission from the arc area, in particular when open arc
dissolved in the weld metal when it is below its saturation processes are applied, including air-borne metal and non-
level. metallic particles, require protection of human breathing
systems and environment.
In practice, with the aim of alloying the weld metal with N,
shielding gases as Ar + 2% or 5% N 2 are used for GTA- Weld metal deposition rates vary between zero (GTAW
welding of thin duplex material. without filler supply) and approx. 6 kgjh (SAW).
Nitrogen present in the backing gas (whether in part or Filler material shall be used in weldments, including the root
100 % ) may show some effect on the root run weld metal run. Root runs can be made without filler material, only if
nitrogen content, in particular with deposits with N-content po.stweld solution annealing will be applied.
> 0.20 % . Especially for high N-alloyed super-duplex stain-
4.2. Welding consumables
less steel, root runs may be protected against a loss of 0.01-
0.05% N (i.e. an effect of -0.16 to -0.80 in PRE N ) when 4.2.1. Filler materials
backing and shielding gases contain approx. 5% N2. Depend-
ing on the N2 partial pressure in the gas, loss of nitrogen from The standardization of welding consumables designed for
the molten pool is more or less effectively hindered. welding duplex and super-duplex stainless steel is limited. In
this guide, reference can only be made to the following drafts
High nitrogen levels in the shielding gas cause degradation of of national and international standards or working documents
tungsten electrodes. for covered electrodes:
- AWS A 5.4-92
Hydrogen in duplex stainless steel weld metal is responsible - AWS A5.9-93
for delayed crack formation in those cases where the weld - CEN (TC121 prEN ... )
metal is charged with hydrogen (e.g. in fused metal> 4 ppm), - IIW (Subcomm.IIE, doc. II-E-118-91)
has a predominantly ferritic structure (FN > 85 = approx. 60
These drafts refer primarily to the all-weld metal properties.
vol. % ferrite) and straining is applied. Only 5% plastic
deformation has proved to be sufficient to produce cracking
A summary of identifications with their corresponding limits
[11].
for chemical composition and mechanical properties is given
in Table 9.
Hydrogen in the shielding gas must be avoided. Backing gas
with hydrogen can be recommended only under fully con-
Welding consumables for duplex and super-duplex stainless
trolled conditions (see also Section 4.2).
steel grades are manufactured and marketed by most leading
welding consumable manufacturers. Appendix 1 provides an
4. Welding procedures overview of available products.
4.1. Welding processes Covered electrodes are available with a rutile or basic
Depending on process and economy related conditions, the covering. Basic electrodes are somewhat easier for all
following welding processes can be applied: position welding but rutile (sometimes called rutile/basic)
- SMAW Shielded Metal Arc Welding (welding with electrodes perform well in almost all practical applications.
(MMA) covered electrodes)
- GTAW Gas Tungsten Arc Welding Weld metal deposits, obtained with filler wires applied in the
- GMAW Gas Metal Arc Welding other welding processes (GTAW, GMAW, SAW), have
- FCAW Flux Cored Arc Welding similar chemical compositions.
- SAW Submerged Arc Welding
- PAW Plasma Arc Welding. For application in welded structures intended for service in
the as-welded condition, weld metal is overalloyed, compared
For pipe welding, current practice involves root welding with to the parent material. This is to assure a balanced ferrite/
GTAW, whereas completion of the weldment is carried out austenite ratio. The all-weld metal deposit in the as-welded
with SMAW (MMA), GTAW or GMAW. Butt welds in plate condition must have a composition producing a ferritic matrix
are carried out with SMAW (MMA), SAW or FCAW. in which the austenitic phase (at a level of FN 30-70) has been
formed homogeneously, directly after solidification. A weld
For repair welding of castings and other structures, SMAW metal composition which matches the parent material (Ni =
(MMA) is usually selected. 5.5-7.0 % ) is selected when the weldment is to be annealed at
1050-1100°C. In this procedure, the originally predominantly
PAW is applied in thin section welding and root runs in ferritic matrix transforms to a balanced ferritic/austenitic
longitudinal pipe welding. In selecting the welding process, duplex structure.
12
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
Process/Procede Characteristics/Caracteristiques
SMAW (MMA)/Manuel avec electrode enrobee Readily available, all positions, slag on weld surface to be removed, low deposition rate/
Procede tres courant, toutes positions, laitier a eliminer, faibles vitesses de depot
GTA W/TIG Requires good skill, most suitable for pipe welding, high effect of dilution in root runs, low
deposition rate, can be mechanized/automated, i.e. orbital welding systems/Exige de
l'habilete, convient tres bien pour les tubes, forte dilution dans la passe de fond, faibles
vitesses de depot, automatisable (soudage orbital)
GMAW/MIG-MAG Requires good skill, more set-up work, metal transfer depends on wire quality
(spattering), commonly only for filling of joints, high deposition rate, can be mechanized!
automated/Exige de I'habilete, preparation plus soigneuse, Ie transfert de metal depend
de la qualite du fil (projections), couramment utilise pour les passes de remplissage,
grandes vitesses de depot, automatisable
FCA\V/Soudage avec fil fourre Limited availability of consumables, only for filling of joints, limited positional welding,
high deposition rate, slag protection/Produits d'apport moins disponibles, uniquement
pour passes de remplissage, peu de possibilites en soudage en position, grandes vitesses de
depot, protection par Ie laitier
SAW/Soudage sous flux Only mechanized, requires set-up arrangements, only downhand (flat) welding, high
dilution affects weld properties, highest deposition rate, slag removal in joint may be
difficult/Toujours mecanise, exige d'importants preparatifs, uniquement soudage aplat,
forte dilution affectant les propietes des soudures, vitesses de depot maximales, laitier
parfois difficile a eli miner
PAW/Soudage au plasma Requires complex equipment, only mechanized welding, no filler metal added: plate
composition determines weld properties, high welding speed/Exige un materiel complexe,
uniquement soudage automatique, pas de produit d'apport: c'est uniquement la
composition du metal de base qui determine les proprietes des soudures, grande vitesse de
soudage
d'utilisation est Ie plus faible (15-250/0); d'autres procedes Les produits d'apport pour Ie soudage des aciers duplex et
manuels ont des facteurs d'utilisation atteignant 20-40 % • superduplex sont commercialises par la plupart des grands
Seuls les procedes mecanises ou automatises permettent fabricants de produits consommables. L'Annexe 1 donne une
d'atteindre des facteurs de marche superieurs a 50 %
• vue d'ensemble des produits disponibles.
Les emissions de fumees dans la zone de l'arc (notamment en Les electrodes enrobees sont disponibles avec un enrobage
soudage avec arc visible) et les aerosols metalliques et non basique ou au rutile. Les electrodes basiques sont un peu plus
metalliques exigent une protection du systeme respiratoire faciles a utiliser en toutes positions mais les electrodes au
des soudeurs et une protection de l'environnement. rutile (parfois appelees rutilo-basiques) ont un comportement
satisfaisant dans presque toutes les applications pratiques.
Les vitesses de depot de metal varient de zero (soudage TIG
sans metal d'apport) a environ 6 kg/h (soudage sous flux). Les metaux fondus obtenus avec les fils d'apport utilises dans
les autres procedes (TIG, MIG, sous flux) ont des composi-
Un metal d'apport doit etre utilise, y compris pour les passes tions chimiques similaires.
de fond. Ces dernieres ne peuvent etre executees sans metal
d'apport que si une hypertrempe est appliquee apres soud- Dans les structures soudees destinees a etre mises en service a
age. l'etat brut de soudage, Ie metal fondu est plus charge en
elements d'alliage que Ie metal de base. Ceci permet
4.2. Produits consommables d'obtenir un bon rapport entre la ferrite et l'austenite. Le
metal fondu non dilue a l'etat brut de soudage doit avoit une
4.2.1. Produits d'apport composition donnant une matrice ferritique dans laquelle la
phase austenitique (avec un FN de 3D-70) s'est formee de
La normalisation des produits consommables destines au fa~on homogene, aussitot apres solidification. On choisit une
soudage des aciers duplex et superduplex est limitee. Dans Ie composition de metal fondu comparable a celle du metal de
present Guide, il ne peut etre fait reference qu'aux projets de base (Ni = 5,5-7,0 %
lorsque l'assemblage soude doit etre
)
normes nationales ou internationales ou aux documents de recuit a 105D-1100°C. Grace a cette methode, la matrice qui
travail suivants, concernant les electrodes enrobees: etait essentiellement ferritique a l'origine, se transforme en
- AWS A 5.4-92 structure duplex austeno-ferritique equilibree.
- AWS A 5.9-93
- CEN (TC 121 GT3, doc. N151) Un rechauffage ulterieur par les passes de soudage peut
- lIS (Sous-Commission II-E, doc. II-E-118-91). produire une plus grande quantite d'austenite a partir de la
ferrite (austenite secondaire), mais d'autres phases telles que
Ces projets se rapportent essentiellement aux proprietes du la phase sigma ou chi peuvent egalement se former [12].
metal fondu non dilue.
4.2.2. Gaz de protection a l'endroit et a l'envers
Un resume des designations avec leurs limites respectives en
ce qui concerne la composition chimique et les proprietes Les gaz destines a proteger I'endroit et I'envers des soudures
mecaniques est presente au Tableau 9. sont presentes au Tableau 10.
13
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
Table 9. Chemical composition and mechanical properties, specified for all weld metal samples/Tableau 9. Compositions
chimiques et proprietes mecaniques specifiees pour Ie metal fondu non dilue
Mechanical properties/
Process/Standard/ Chemical composition wtO/o/Composition chimique, °10 en poids Proprietes mecaniques
Procede/N orme C Mn Si Cr Ni Mo N Cu Other/Autres RpO.2 Rm A5/A4
(N/mm 2 ) (N/mm 2 ) (010)
Further reheating by subsequent weld runs may form more 4.3 Joint preparation
austenite from ferrite (secondary austenite), but other phases
as sigma and chi-phase may precipitate as well [12]. Weldments in plate, pipes, fittings, etc. require a JOInt
preparation suitable for the selected welding processes and
4.2.2. Shielding and backing gases plate thickness. A selection of joint preparations is shown in
Table 11.
Shielding gases suitable for the various gas shielded processes
are listed in Table 10. 4.4 Welding in practice
Backing gases for internal protection of one sided welded In welding duplex and super-duplex stainless steel, consider-
pipes can be either industrial pure argon (Ar 99.996%) or ations valid for standard stainless steel are most relevant.
high purity nitrogen (99.996 % ) . Some manufacturers recom- They include:
mend the use of ~~Formier" gas with 90% N 2 + 10% H 2 as - similar joint preparation and cleaning;
backing gas. The advantages include improved prevention - prevention of arc strikes outside the joint;
against oxidation and improved weld appearance (better - allowance for high workpiece displacements, due to
wetting). A warning concerns the presence of hydrogen shrinking or distortion effects;
which, if picked up by the shielding gas, may embrittle - prevention of overheating of in particular root zones and
weldments containing high ferrite levels. thin sections by limiting the interpass temperature and
heat input;
In all cases, gases shall be dry (prEN 439: all gases except - protection of weld and parent material against excessive
CO 2 moisture max. 40 ppm, dew point max. -50°C; CO 2 : oxidation;
moisture max. 200 ppm, dew point max. -35°C). Precautions - prevention of residual slag and excessive oxidation on the
shall be taken to avoid moisture penetration into the gas; side exposed to the corrosive environment.
usage of gas tight tubes (high quality rubber tubes or metal
piping) is recommended. Weld metal shall fulfil a FN (Ferrite Number) requirement of
FN = 30--100 (approximately 22-70 % ) in GTA weldments.
The volume of the area to be purged shall be limited. For this With other processes and at locations exposed to the
purpose, special clamping systems and close-in systems are corrosive environment and/or where diffusible hydrogen and
available. strain may initiate hydrogen cracking, restriction to FN =
30--85 (approximately 22-60 % ) may be required. Higher
Shielding and backing gas have an influence on the nitrogen ferrite contents are usually associated with low toughness.
content of the weld metal. Emission of N 2 from the weld Single bead remelted parent material, or similar conditions,
pool, due to the low N2 partial pressure in the protecting gas, depending on parent material dilution may show a higher FN
may take place, giving a decrease up to 0.05% N. Where level (FN > 100). Postweld annealing is usually applied when
critical, shielding and backing gas with 5% N 2 must be very high ferrite levels can not be prevented in the as-welded
applied to prevent loss of nitrogen from the weld metal. condition (e.g. longitudinal pipe welds).
14
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
Table 10. Shielding gases (depending on recommendation of - proteger Ie metal fondu et Ie metal de base contre une
the manufacturer)/Tableau 10. Gaz de protection (tenir oxydation excessive;
compte des recommandations des fabricants) - eviter Ie laitier residuel et l'oxydation excessive sur la
surface exposee au milieu corrosif.
Welding process/ Gas types/
Procede Types de gaz Le metal fondu non dilue doit satisfaire aux exigences d'un
indice de ferrite FN = 3D-100 (environ 22-70%). Une
limitation a FN = 3D-S5 (environ 22-60 % ) peut etre exigee
GTAW/TIG Ar 99.996 % * Ar + 2% N 2 t Ar + 5% N2 t
GMAW/MIG-MAG Ar + 1% O 2 Ar + 30 % He + 1% O 2 aux endroits exposes a un milieu corrosif et/ou lorsque
Ar + 2% CO 2 Ar + 15 0/0 He + 20/0 CO 2 l'hydrogene diffusible et les deformations peuvent provoquer
FCA W/Avec fil fourre Ar + 1% O 2 Ar + 20% CO 2 la fissuration a froid. Le metal de base refondu par un cordon
Ar + 2 % CO 2 CO 2 unique, ou des conditions comparables dependant de la
PAW/Plasma Ar 99.996 % * dilution du metal de base, peuvent presenter un indice de
ferrite plus eleve (FN > 100). Un recuit apres soudage est
*Quality II DIN 32526/Qualite II DIN 32526. habituellement applique lorsque de tres fortes teneurs en
tSee also Section 3.5/Voir aussi la Section 3.5. ferrite a l'etat brut de soudage sont inevitables (par exemple:
soudures longitudinales sur tubes).
Dans tous les cas, les gaz doivent etre secs (prEN 439: tous les Pour Ie choix des produits consommables, il est necessaire de
gaz, sauf melanges CO 2 : humidite maximale 40 ppm, point de consulter la documentation fournie par .les fabricants. Les
rosee -50°C maxi; CO 2 : humidite maximale 200 ppm, point recommandations relatives aux aciers duplex reprennent les
de rosee - 35°C maxi). Des precautions doivent etre prises principes generaux presentes au Tableau 12.
pour eviter l'intrusion d'humidite dans Ie gaz; il est recom-
mande d'employer des canalisations etanches (tubes en metal Certains procedes de soudage peuvent presenter des limites
ou en caoutchouc de haute qualite). en ce qui concerne les positions de soudage.
Le volume de la zone a purger doit etre limite. A cet effet, il Le reglage des parametres doit s'effectuer dans les limites
existe des systemes speciaux de serrage et de cloisonnement. indiquees par Ie fabricant de produits consommables.
Les gaz de protection a l'endroit et a l'envers influent sur la Le prechauffage des aciers duplex et superduplex n'est pas
teneur en azote dans Ie metal fondu. Une emission d'azote en exige, sauf lorsque des effets de bridage severe sur des
provenance du bain de fusion, due a la faible pression structures a fortes teneurs en ferrite (soudure, ZTA) peuvent
partielIe d'azote dans Ie gaz de protection peut se produire, et provoquer la fissuration (par 1'hydrogene). Dans de tels cas,
entrainer une reduction d'azote pouvant atteindre 0,05 % . un prechauffage jusqu'a 150°C est recommande. Pour les
Lorsque les circonstances l'exigent, on peut utiliser un gaz de aciers duplex a 23% Cr sans Mo et duplex a 22% Cr, la
protection (endroit ou envers) contenant 5% d'azote afin temperature entre passes ne doit pas depasser 200°C. Pour les
d'eviter toute perte d'azote dans Ie metal fondu. nuances duplex et superduplex a 25% Cr, elle ne doit pas
depasser 150°C, une temperature maximale de 100°C etant
4.3. Preparation des joints recommandee pour obtenir des proprietes optimales pour Ie
metal fondu. Lorsqu'une hypertrempe doit etre appliquee
Les assemblages soudes executes sur des toles, des tubes, apres soudage, les temperatures entre passes n'ont aucune
raccords, etc. exigent une preparation de joint adaptee aux limite particuliere.
procedes de soudage et a l'epaisseur des pieces. Des exemples
de preparations sont presentes au Tableau 11. II est necessaire d'accorder une attention particuliere aux
aspects critiques lies au chauffage lors du soudage. L'assem-
4.4. Execution du soudage blage soude doit etre realise avec une bonne sequence des
passes afin d'eviter les defauts de soudures et une exposition
Pour Ie soudage des aciers duplex et superduplex, on prend excessive des zones thermiquement affectees aux tempera-
generalement les memes mesures que pour Ie soudage des tures elevees. Tout defaut, ou structure comportant de
aciers inoxydables classiques, notamment: nombreux produits de transformation, peut degrader les
- meme preparation des joints et meme nettoyage; caracteristiques mecaniques et la resistance a la corrosion. En
- eviter les morsures d'arc hors du joint; particulier, lors du rechauffage de la structure austeno-
- prevoir d'importants mouvements de la piece, dus au ferritique avec de longues expositions (> I minute) a des
retrait ou aux deformations; temperatures de SOD-IOOO°C, les zones thermiquement
- eviter les surchauffes, notamment de la racine et sur les affectees du metal de base et Ie metal fondu peuvent etre Ie
faibles epaisseurs, en limitant les temperatures entre siege d'une formation de phases intermetalliques (sigma, chi)
passes et l'apport d'energie; et d'autres phases telles que les nitrures.
15
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
Table 11. Joint Preparation and weld geometry [12]/Tableau 11. Examples de preparations de joints [12]
Welding procelle./ Pro~de.
Pipe/ Platel Joint / materi.l thickneu / Welding .equence / po.ition / SMAW/ mAW/ CJMAW/ ~W/ SAW/ PAW
Tubes Toles Ep.illeur du joint 00 du mat6riau Sequence / Poaition de .oudage electrode no-' MIO Fil So1ll PI.ma
enrob6e MAO £On Bux
2-Smm One lidel 10-60
X X
D'un .eul cOt6
1 X X
~
: I :-!
t 2-3
~
X X X
1 X x x X
r=:s::-l
2-3 X X X X
~
DLJ43
1
M
• -:-::> ,
X X X
Dei]
2 X X X X
-t-W+ 3
3-top/ 10
De la 3e
CYJ
pu.e lla X X X X X
demiere I ••• J
I I
3-top/ 2G-60 X X X X
De la 3e
~
puse lla
demi~re
~!
1 X X X
~2+3 • I
DLJ4J
I ..
,~
2-top X (X) X X X
I ." •
-t-W+ 3 I ,
~ X (X) X X X
CE
Back
90°
~
cill
1
X (X) (X)
!~ ~
'R4 ' 2
! X X X X X
·2.~S·
.. 3-top
[WJ
X X >10 Both .ido. / IG-30
Do. 2 cote.
60 + 70° X (X) X X X
~
1-2
[XJ
DG~ W
I I
2-top, aido A X X X X X
' I
.t.U+ 3 I . I
!
x-top, aide B [XJI
i, .. /
X X X X X
, f
16
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
Table 12. Welding consumable grade selection (all welding processes)/Tableau 12. Choix des produits consommables pour Ie
soudage (par tous procedes)
25% Cr duplex!
Welding consumable CEN Steel grade 23% Cr 22% Cr duplex! Acier duplex a
classification/Produits Mo-free duplex!Acier Acier duplex a 25% Cr Cu: 1.0-2.5%/ 25% Cr super-duplex!
consommable, classif. CEN duplex a 23% Cr, sans Mo 22% Cr Cu free/Sans Cu Cu: 1,0-2,5 % Acier a 25% Cr
2293 L +* +
25 7 2 +
25 9 3 Cu L (+)t +
25 9 4 L + + + +
*Not for welded structures for HN0 3 service.!Sauf pour structures soudees pour service avec HN0 3 .
tDepends on required minimum CPT.!Depend de la Temptrature Critique de Piquration minimale exigee.
En particulier, les zones de soudures de faible epaisseur et les 4.5. Traitements thermiques apres soudage
parois des tubes ne doivent pas etre surchauffees. L'energie
de I' arc doit etre choisie en fonction de I' epaisseur du Les structures soudees sont, de preference, mises en service a
materiau a souder. l'etat brut de soudage. Les assemblages soudes qui sont
fortement deformes ou deteriores par suite de transforma-
Vne technique de soudage en passes froides comportant une tions de phases defavorables se traduisant par une faible
passe de fond avec des parametres de soudage normaux resistance a la corrosion et une faible ductilite doivent etre
(apport d'energie: 1,2-2,0 kJ/mm) suivie d'une ou deux hypertrempes. Les aciers duplex a 23% Cr sans Mo ou a 22%
passes avec energie moderee (1,5 kJ/mm maxi) s'est revelee Cr doivent etre traites a 1050-1100°C, alors que les nuances
efficace pour prevenir l'exposition prolongee de la passe de duplex et superduplex a 25% Cr exigent un recuit entre 1070
fond et la ZTA correspondante (voir la Section 3.3) [12]. et 1120°C [13]. Les temperatures doivent etre choisies dans la
Cette methode convient tres bien pour Ie soudage des tubes limite superieure pour des assemblages soudes dont Ie metal
par un seul cote. fondu est plus charge en elements d'alliage (Ni = 8-10%). Le
Table 13. Weld metal properties; weldments in 22% Cr duplex stainless steel type; typical values [12, 14]/Tableau 13. Proprietes
du metal fondu; assemblages soudes en acier duplex (a 22% Cr; valeurs typiques) [12, 14]
Type of weld/dimensions/ Girth weld U-prep.! Girth weld U-prep.! Plate butt weld!
Type de soudure/dimensions Soudure circonf. prep. en U Soudure circonf. prep en U Soudure bout a bout sur tole
U-prep.; t = 50 mm! U-prep.; t = 50 mm! 112 V-prep.; t = 25 mm!
Prep en U; e = 50 mm Prep en U; e = 50 mm Prep 1/2 V; e = 50 mm
Chemical composition wt %/Composition chimiques, % en poids
C 0.021 0.015 0.025
Cr 22.9 22.5 23.1
Ni 9.6 8.4 8.5
Mo 3.1 3.0 3.0
N 0.12 0.12 0.09
PRE N * 35.0 34.3 34.4
Ferrite/Ferrite FN 40-50 55-65 60-70
Mechanical properties/Proprietes
mecaniques
Condition/Etat As-welded/Brut de soudage As-welded/Brut de soudage As-welded/Brut de soudage
Rp 0.2 (N/mm 2 ) 645 668 535
Rm (N/mm 2 ) 791 810 740
AS COlo) 18 20 36
CVN (J/-20°C) 45-61 113-146 41-60
CTOD (mm!-20°C) 0.27-0.31 0.80-0.95 n.d.
HV10 242-317 242-285 256-322
HRc 22-24 18-23 18-24
Corrosion properties ASTM G48A */Tenue a la corrosion ASTM G48A *
CPT/TCP °C > 24 20-30 > 24
*Weld"surface cleaned, cross-sections machined and ground to 500 mesh; followed by pickling and passivation.!Surface de soudure nettoyee,
sections transversales usinees et meulees a 500 mesh, puis decapees et passivees.
tTCP = Temperature Critique de Piquration.
17
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
Table 14. Weld metal properties; weldments in 25% Cr super-duplex stainless steel; typical values [12]!Tableau 14. Proprietes
du metal fondu; assemblages soudes en acier superduplex a 25% Cr; valeurs typiques [12]
Type of weld/dimensions/ Plate butt weld/Soudure bout Plate butt weld/Soudure bout Plate butt weld/Soudure bout
Type de soudure/dimensions a bout sur tole a bout sur tole a bout sur tole
V2 V-prep.; t = 20 mrn/ 1/2 V-prep.; t = 13 mm/ 1/2 V-prep.; t = 20 mrn/
*Weld surface cleaned, cross-sections machined and ground to 500 mesh; followed by pickling and passivation./Surface de soudure nettoyee,
sections transversales usinees et meulees a 500 mesh, puis decapees et passivees.
tTCP = Temperature Critique de Piquration.
Sound weldments may very well be produced with more than where postweld solution annealing will be applied, no
one welding process. limitations in interpass temperatures are required.
18
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
Table 15. Applications of duplex and super-duplex welded structures in various segments of industry/Tableau 15. Structures
soudees en aciers duplex et superduplex dans divers secteurs industriels
Chemical process/Genie Pi ping/Tuyau teries Pumps, fans, centrifuges, Urea strippers and reactors, Salt evap. tubing!
chimique sulphur melting coils, agitators/Colonnes de Tuyauteries d'evap. de sel
chemical tankers/Pompes, fractionnement et reaeteurs
ventilateurs, centrifugeuses, d'uree, agitateurs
serpentins de fusion de
soufre, citernes
PetrochemicallPetrochemie Tubular reactors with C Desalting, desulphurization Desulphurization Tubes and pipes CI- or HCI
steel shell/Reacteurs and distillation units/Unites equipment, pump casings/ environments/Tubes pour
tubulaires a enveloppe en de dessalement, Materiel de desulfuration, environnements CI- ou HCI
acier au C desulfuration et distillation corps de pompes
Pulp and paper/Pate a papier Digesters, preheaters and Sulphate and sulphite plant Digesters and digester Chloride cont. bleaching
evaporators/digesteurs, digesters/Digesteurs pour preheaters/Digesteurs et equipment/Materiels de
prechauffeurs et sulfate et sulfite prechauffeurs de digesteurs blanchiment avec chlorures
evaporateurs
Power generation (nuclear, Reheaters, feed water High velocity injection pipe Heat exchangers and
fossil )/Production d' energie heaters/Rechauffeurs, in geothermal wells/Tuyaux systems in geothermal
(nucleaire ou acombustibles rechauffeurs d'eau d'injection rapide de puits conditions or saline brines/
fossiles) d'alimentation geothermiques Echangeurs de chaleur et
systemes utilises en
c9nditions geothermiques
ou dans la saumure
Oil and gas (on- and Coolers, piping, flow lines, Flare boom framework, Sour gas transportation Seawater cooling systems,
offshore)/Petrole et gaz (en tensioning systems/ slotted oil liners (H 2S + pumps, seawater injection fire water piping proc.
mer ou a terre) Refroidisseurs, tuyauteries, CO 2)/Structures de pumps, diving bells/Pompes equipm., pumps, separator
conduites d'ecoulement, torcheres, liners perfores de transport de gaz acides, pressure vessels, Xmas tree
systemes tendeurs (H 2S + CO 2 ) pompes d'injection d'eau de valve blocks/Systemes de
mer, cloches a plongeurs refroidissement a eau de
mer, tuyauteries d'eau
d'incendie, pompes,
recipients a pression pour
separateurs, soupapes de
tetes d'eruption
chauffage doit etre aussi rapide que possible, et Ie recuit doit observees. II convient de veiller a ce que Ie produit de
etre immediatement suivi de la trempe a l'eau. C'est Ie decapage soit completement elimine apres Ie traitement.
chauffage par induction qui est Ie plus efficace.
La passivation des structures soudees ne doit etre effectuee
La duree de sejour a la temperature de recuit est de 5 a 30 que si ce traitement peut etre suivi d'un rin~age complet. La
minutes; elle doit etre suffisante pour restaurer l'equilibre des solution de passivation contient 20% HN0 3 en volume.
phases, y compris la mise en solution des phases intermetalli-
ques (sigma et chi, notamment).
5. Proprietes des assemblages soudes
Les aciers duplex et superduplex se deforment facilement aux
temperatures de recuit. II convient d'accorder une attention
5.1. Proprietes mecaniques
particuliere a la preservation des dimensions de la piece
traitee.
Les proprietes les plus caracteristiques d'un certain nombre
d'assemblages soudes executes avec divers produits con-
Ces aciers s'oxydent fortement. II faut envisager l'emploi
sommables et procedes de soudage ont ete determinees. Les
d'une atmosphere inerte.
Tableaux 13 et 14 presentent un resume des resultats d'essais
effectues sur des assemblages realises dans la pratique sur des
4.6. Nettoyage et passivation
epaisseurs comprises entre 12 et 50 mm [12, 14].
Les methodes de nettoyage utilisees pour les aciers inoxyda-
bles classiques conviennent bien, par exemple l'elimination
du laitier residueI par un meulage fin. Le nettoyage a la 5.2. Tenue a fa corrosion
brosse rotative ne doit pas etre utilise, a cause de la
deterioration excessive de la surface (fines crevasses). La resistance des assemblages soudes vis-a-vis de la corrosion
uniforme et de la corrosion sous tension est comparable a la
Les structures soudees ayant une surface de soudure lisse resistance du metal de base. La tenue a la corrosion
mais legerement oxydee ou contaminee peuvent etre efficace- caverneuse et par piqures depend beaucoup plus de la
ment nettoyees avec des pates ou des liquides de decapage du structure locale et est, de ce fait, inferieure dans Ie cas des
type courant. Les instructions des fabricants doivent etre joints soudes se trouvant a l'etat brut de soudage.
19
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
4.5. Post weld heat treatment Numerous other corrosion tests at ambient pressure and in
autoclaves, with and without measurements of electrochemi-
By preference, welded structures are put in service in the "as- cal potential, have been executed. The following tests with
welded" condition. Weldments, highly strained or deterio- weldments in regular duplex stainless steel showed satisfac-
rated due to detrimental phase transformations resulting in tory results in welded 22% Cr duplex stainless steel struc-
low corrosion resistance and low ductility, are to be solution- tures:
annealed. 23 % Cr Mo-free and 22 % Cr duplex stainless steel
grades shall be heat treated at 105Q-1100°C, whereas the 25% - U-bend tests and dynamic slow strain rate tests in 90 gil
Cr duplex and super-duplex grades require an annealing NaCI solution, saturated with 1 bar CO 2 at 106°C: no
temperature in the range 107Q-1120°C [13]. This higher end stress corrosion at deformations below 25% [15];
of the temperature ranges given shall be selected for - test loop, chlorinated natural seawater, ------0.1 mis, 7-18°C,
weldments with overmatching weld metal composition (Ni = 6 months, very little attack at intentionally defective welds
8-100/0). The heating shall be as fast as possible, and the [16];
annealing is immediately followed by water quenching. Most - artificial seawater, 70°C, pitting potential Ep = 350 mV H
effective is inductive heating. [17].
Duration at the annealing temperature shall be 5 to 30 With super-duplex weldments, substantially higher corrosion
minutes and shall be sufficient to restore phase equilibrium, resistance could be demonstrated:
including solution of intermetallic phases (sigma and chi - NACE TM 0177 at ambient and elevated temperatures
phase in particular). (up to 90°C) and pressure p = 16 bar, > 30 days at stress
levels 0.9-1.1 of the proof strength: no stress corrosion
Duplex and super-duplex grades deform easily at the anneal- [18];
ing temperature. Special attention is needed to maintain - ASTM G36: 500 h at 150°C in 45% MgCl 2 at a stress of
product dimensions. 262 N/mm 2 : no stress corrosion [19];
- ASTM 030: U bends at 8Q-110°C at pressures of 5Q-300
The material oxidizes substantially. Application of an inert bar in different conditions as: CO 2 52 bar, H 2 S 0.25 bar,
atmosphere shall be co~sidered. CI- 46000 ppm during 30 days: no stress corrosion [20];
- no sensitivity to pitting on the basis of electrochemical
4.6 Cleaning and passivation measurements in an aqueous solution with 50000 ppm
CI-, pH = 2 at 60°C [21];
Standard stainless steel cleaning practice can be applied. This - no susceptibility to crevice corrosion in seawater at 20°C,
includes cleaning of welded joints from residual slag by fine provided that the surface is properly treated [22].
grinding. Rotating brushing (power brushing) shall not be - exposure of most super-duplex steels to heated seawater
applied, due to excessive surface deterioration (fine crevices). at up to 70°C does not appear to be a problem to fully
Welded structures with a smooth weld surface, but lightly wetted parts [23].
oxidized or contaminated, are successfully cleaned by pick-
ling with common pickling pastes or liquids. Instructions of Limitations are indicated to be:
the manufacturers are to be followed. Attention shall be paid - using 4-point load tests, ASTM 639-73, 40% CaCl 2
to complete removal of the pickling agent after treatment. solution at 100°C can cause stress corrosion cracking in
low nitrogen 22% Cr duplex stainless steel, loaded at 75%
Passivation of welded structures shall only be carried out if of the yield strength [24];
the treatment can be followed by complete rinsing. The - dynamic straining in acidified 3% NaCI solutions (pH 2)
aqueous passivation solution contains 20 vol. % HN0 3 . results in stress corrosion cracking (demonstrated for
super-duplex stainless steel grades) [25];
50 Properties of weldments - the critical partial pressure of H 2 S at a stress of 1.0 x yield
strength is 0.02 bar and the threshold stress at higher
5.1. Mechanical properties pressure of H 2 S is 0.6 x yield strength in 5% NaCI (pH 4
by acetic acid) under 15 bar [26];
For a nu;mber of weldments, executed with various welding - cold deformation can decrease the stress corrosion crack-
consumables and welding processes, characteristic properties ing resistance [27].
have been determined. Tables 13 and 14 give a summary of
test results in practical joints in material with 12-50 mm
thickness [12, 14]. 6. Applications (examples)
5.2. Corrosion properties Due to their favourable mechanical and corrosion properties,
duplex and super-duplex stainless steel grades are applied in a
General corrosion and stress corrosion resistance of weld- wide scope of applications. In general the two main reasons
ments are on a level similar to the parent material. Pitting and are the higher strength properties for weight savings which
crevice corrosion resistance depend much more on local reduce fabrication costs and enable lighter support structures
structure and are, consequently, lower for welded joints in to be used, and the higher corrosion resistance, in particular
the "as-welded" condition. against stress corrosion cracking, compared to standard
stainless steel grades such as AISI 304L/316L resulting in a
The reference corrosion test according to ASTM G48A, using longer life-cycle.
10% FeCI:r 6H2 0 has been applied to specimens from
weldments with all weld metal surfaces and a machined In all industrial sectors heat exchangers made from various
specimen cross-section exposed to the corrosion test medium. duplex stainless steel grades are in operation [28].
The test has limitations as the specimen preparation and test
examination procedures may influence the result. Further- In Table 15, an attempt has been made to exemplify typical
more, the test conditions may not be directly relevant to real applications of the four main duplex stainless steel groups as
service conditions. defined above, specified for different areas of industry.
20
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX 341
L'essai de corrosion de reference selon ASTM G4SA effectue fissurante de l'acier duplex a 22% Cr et a faible teneur en
avec une solution a 10% FeCI 3 .6H 2 0 a ete utilise sur des azote, charge a 75% de la limite d'elasticite [24];
eprouvettes prelevees dans des assemblages soudes ayant des - la deformation dynamique dans des solutions a 3% NaCI
surfaces en metal fondu non dilue et la section transversale acidifiees (pH 2) entraine la corrosion fissurante (mise en
usinee exposee au milieu corrosif. L'essai presente des limites evidence sur des aciers superduplex) [25];
liees au fait que la preparation des eprouvettes et les - la deformation a froid peut reduire la resistance a la
methodes d'examen peuvent influer sur les resultats. Par corrosion fissurante [26];
ailleurs, les conditions d'essai peuvent ne pas etre directe- - la deformation a froid peut entrainer une diminution de la
ment transposables aux conditions reelles de service. resistance a la corrosion sous tension [27].
Parmi les limites, nous pouvons citer: Les auteurs remercient egalement la Societe Lincoln
- les essais sous charge 4 points ASTM 639-73 en solution a Norweld/Smitweld pour tout Ie temps et Ie materiel qu'elle a
40% CaCl 2 a 100°C peuvent provoquer la corrosion aimablement mis a leur disposition.
21
WELDING DUPLEX AND SUPER-DUPLEX STAINLESS STEELS
2. P. Schafmeister, R. Ergang: Arch. f. Eisenh. wesen, Vol. 20. Brochure Rolf Lycke on ZERON 100.
12, pp. 459-464, 1983.
21. Weir Materials Ltd. Report A1S/SE/AS21, Dec. 1988.
3. E. Folkhard: Mettalurgie der Schweissung nichtrostender
Stiihle, Vienna, Austria/Autriche, Springer-Verlag, 1984. 22. K. Krougman: Final report: NIL Project "Duplex Stain-
less Steel" (phase 2), NIL, 1991.
4. T. Ogawa, T. Koseki: IIS/IIW Doc. IIC-853-90.
23. P. Gallagher, R. E. Malpas: Cont. Corrosion 89, NACE,
5. T.G. Gooch: Cont. Duplex Stainless Steel '91, Beaune, New Orleans, USA/Etats-Unis, 1989, paper 113.
France, 1991, pp. 325-335.
24. P. Rademakers, 1. Vuik, E.W. Schuring: Final report:
6. T.A. Siewert et al.: Weld. J. Res. Supply., pp. 273s-278s, Project "Duplex Stainless Steel", NIL, The Netherlands/
October 1986. Pays-Bas, 1991, DSS88.06.
7. D.l. Kotecki, T.A. Siewert: Weld. J. Res. Suppl., pp. 25. Final report: NIL Project "Duplex Stainless Steel"
171s-178s, May 1992. (phase 2), NIL, The Netherlands/Pays-Bas, 1991.
8. G. Herbsleb, R. Schwaab: Proc. Cont. Duplex Stainless 26. A. Tawnba, et al., Proc. Cont. Corrosion 87, NACE, San
Steels, ASM, Houston, USAIEtats-Unis, 1983. Francisco, USAIEtats-Unis, 1987, paper 289.
9. Smitweld R&D, internal communication. 27. 1. Sakai, et al., Proc. Cont. Corrosion 87, NACE, San
Francisco, USAIEtats-Unis, 1987, paper 289.
10. P. Rademakers, 1. Vuik, E.W., Schuring: Final report:
Project "Duplex Stainless Steel", NIL, The Netherlands/ 28. D. Fruytier: Proc. Conf. Duplex Stainless Steel '91,
Pays-Bfls, 1991, DSS88.06. Beaune, France, 1991, pp. 497-509.
22
LE SOUDAGE DES ACIERS INOXYDABLES DUPLEX ET SUPERDUPLEX
Appendix 1. Welding consumables from European manufacturers for welding duplex and super-duplex stainless steel grades/
Annexe 1. Produits consommables proposes par des fabricants Europeens pour Ie soudage des aciers duplex et superduplex
Bohler SMA WI Avec electrode enrobee Fox CN 22/9N Fox Duplex Cu Fox CN 26/10 Nt
GTAW/TIG CN 22/9-1G 3.0
GMA W/MIG-MAG CN 22/9-1G
SA W*/Sous flux* CN 22/9-UP
Metrode SMA W/Avec electrode enrobee Supermet 2205 Supermet 2507 Cu Supermet 2507
2205 KS Zeron 100XKS:j:
GTAW/TIG ER329N Zeron 100X:j:
GMAW/MIG-MAG ER329N Zeron 100X:j:
SAW/Sous flux
Lincoln Smitweld SMA WI Avec electrode enrobee Arosta 4462 1ungo 4462 Cu lungo Zeron 100x
GTAW/TIG LNT 4462 LNT Zeron 100X:j:
GMA W/MIG-MAG LNM 4462 LNM Zeron 100X:j:
FCAW/Fil foune Cor-A-Rosta 4462
SA W*/Sous flux* LNS 4462 LNS Zeron 100X:j:
Soudometal SMA WI Avec electrode enrobee Soudinox S 4462 Soudinox S 52 Soudinox S 100
Soudinox S 47
GTAW/TIG Soudotig 22 9 3L
GMA W/MIG-MAG Soudor G 22 9 3L
SAW*/Sous flux* Soudor 22 9 3L
23
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Members of NiDI New Delhi 110049
India
Companhia Nfquel Tocantins Telephone 91 11 6865631
Fax 91 11 686 3376
Empresa de Desenvolvimento
de Recursos Minerals "CODEMIN" S.A. Australasia
Nickel Development Institute
Falconbridge Limited P.O. Box 28, Blackburn South
Inco Limited Victoria 3130, Australia
Telephone 613 9878 7558
Morro do Nfquel S.A. Fax 61398943403
Nippon Yakin Kogyo Co., Ltd. South Korea
Outokumpu Oy Nickel Development Institute
Olympia Building, Room 811
P.T. International Nickel Indonesia 196-7 Jamsilbon-Dong, Songpa-Ku
Seoul 138 229, South Korea
Pacific Metals Co., Ltd. Telephone 82 2 419 6465
Fax 8224192088
QNI Limited
Sherritt International Corporation Inc. China
Nickel Development Institute
Shimura Kako Company, Ltd. Room 677, Poly Plaza Office Building
14 Dongzhimen Nandajie
Sumitomo Metal Mining Co., Ltd. Beijing, China 100027
Tokyo Nickel Company Ltd. Telephone 86 10 6500 1188
(ext. 3677)
WMC Limited Fax 86 10 6501 0261
Aug 97/5.5
Printed on recycled paper in Canada Oct 97/5.0