Do Now pg.

389
1. #’s 1-3

2. #’s 4-6

3. #’s 7-8

4. #’s 9-10

5. #’s 11-12
 The What and the Why?
• DCI: 7.LS3: Heredity
• SEP: Obtaining, Evaluating, and
Communicating Information.
• CCC: Structure and Function
• Learning Outcome for Today: Hypothesize
the impact of structural changes to genes
(ie mutation) located on chromosomes that
may be harmful or beneficial to the
structure and function of an organism.
• Assessment: Checks for Understanding
(CFU’s) and Quiz.
What is DNA?
 So, what is DNA then?
(pgs. 328-329)
• DNA is a nucleic acid
• DNA stands for Deoxyribonucleic Acid
• DNA – is the genetic material inside the
nucleus of
eukaryotic cells.

IT ACTUALLY WINDS UP
REALLY TIGHTLY AND FITS
INTO CHROMOSOMES!!!
It is made of
DNA!
 Chromosomes

• Our genes are on

our
chromosomes.
• Chromosomes
are made up of a
chemical called
DNA.
6
 Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Segment of DNA

NUCLEUS CHROMOSOMES GENES SEGMENTS

OF DNA
Which cell organelle is DNA
found in (for eukaryotes)?
THE NUCLEUS!

Do prokaryotes even have DNA??? OF COURSE! But, it is

not protected by a
nucleus!
Discovering the Structure of DNA
Structure was discovered in 1953 by James
Watson and Francis Crick
They were only able to
complete the model
after x rays taken of
DNA through a
microscope by a
woman named
Rosalind Franklin
revealed the key to
determining the true
shape….she was
never officially credited
with the discovery 

Watch this!:
DNA ANIMATION!
What is the purpose, or function, of
DNA?
• Stores the genetic information that instructs
the cell on which proteins to make.
• So, DNA makes PROTEINS
(both are biomolecules!)
• Responsible for determining all organism’s
traits such as eye color, body structure, and
enzyme production.
Proteins are
responsible for
most of these
traits!
 The Components of DNA
(pgs. 330-331)
• DNA is a long molecule made up
of repeating individual units of
monomers called nucleotides.
– Nucleotides are made up of three
parts that are held together by
covalent bonds:
1. Sugar Phosphate
2. Phosphate Group
3. Nitrogenous Base
Deoxyribose Nitrogenous
Sugar Base
 Nitrogenous Bases
DNA contains four
nitrogenous bases:
Adenine (A)
Guanine (G)
Cytosine (C)
Thymine (T)
 In DNA, Which Bases Pair?
• Adenine (A) always pairs
with Thymine (T)
• Guanine (G) always pairs
with Cytosine (C) Covalent
bonds

Watch this!:
COMPOSITION OF DNA
In the diagram, what substance
is represented by the letter x?

A. Ribose sugar
B. Deoxyribose sugar
C. Phosphate
D. Adenine
In your notes, write in the base pairs for the following:
X makes up the backbone along
with which other molecule?

A. Ribose sugar
B. Deoxyribose sugar
C. Base-pairs
D. Adenine
• DNA is a
DOUBLE
HELIX or a
twisted
ladder.
Pictures Of The Double Helix
 How is DNA replicated during growth? (pg. 332)
When an organism grows its cells divide by MITOSIS.
During this process the DNA needs to be copied and
transferred to the new daughter cell. The process of
DNA replication can be broken down into 3 steps.

Parent
DNA
DNA for
daughter
cells

BiologyGuy©
Summary of How DNA is replicated for growth:
Step 1. The DNA is unzipped

Step 2: DNA polymerase is used to

Parent DNA
create a complimentary strand to the
original strand.

Step 3: The complementary strand 1

and original strand zip together,
forming DNA that is identical to the
parent DNA 2

The daughter DNA contains one new strand Daughter

(complementary strand) and one old strand DNA
which came from the parent 3
BiologyGuy©
Summary of How DNA is replicated for growth:

PARENT CELL
Once the cell
has a copy of
the DNA it is
ready to divide
and produce a
new daughter
cell. This is
called
MITOSIS.

DAUGHTER CELLS
BiologyGuy©
 WHAT ARE MUTATIONS? (pg. 333)
changes in the DNA
Can you guess
who I am? base.

How did Peter Spider mutation

Parker’s DNA change
to give him spider
ability?

The spider that bit

him changed/mutated Super
his DNA. The DNA protein
then coded for
different proteins,
this made him have
super powers. BiologyGuy©
 How are Proteins Made? (pg. 334-335)
Proteins are found throughout cells and cause most of
the differences that you can see among organisms.
Proteins help determine what color you can see, what
color your eyes are and whether your hair is curly or
straight.
Proteins are made by following a genetic code, the code
is found in the genes.
Our genes determine our characteristics such as; will we
have curly or straight hair? This genetic information is
expressed by PROTEINS which are made using the DNA
sequence that codes for that particular gene.

DNA GENES Characteristic is

PROTEIN
expressed.
EX. Curly/Straight
BiologyGuy©