1

Internship Report
Of
Northern Power Generation Company
Limited
Thermal Power Station Muzaffar Garh(Phase-11)
(Genco-III)
 2

Introduction
A thermal power station is a power plant in which the prime mover is steam driven.
Water is heated, turns into steam and spins a steam turbine which either drives an
electrical generator or does some other works, like ship propulsion. After it passes
through the turbine, the steam is condensed in a condenser and recycled to where
it was heated. , this is known as a Rankine cycle. The greatest variation in the
design of thermal power stations is due to the different fuel sources. Some prefer
to use the term energy center because such facilities convert forms of heat energy
into electrical energy.

Commercial electric utility power stations are m9ost usually constructed on a very
large scale and designed for continuous operation. Electric power plants typically
use three phase or individual phase electrical generators to produce alternating
current (AC) electric power at a frequency of 50Hz or 60Hz depending on its
location on the world. Other large companies or institutions may have their own
usually smaller power plants to supply heating or electricity to their facilities
especially if heat or stem is created anyway for other purposes.
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Table of contents
1 Introduction 7
2 TPS Muzffar Garh 8
2.1 Installed capacity 8
2.2 Introduction to phase#1 8
2.3 Introduction to phase#2 9
3 Boiler 11
3.1 Water tube boiler 11
3.2 Boiler parameter 11
3.3 Main part of boiler 12
3.4 Boiler protection 16
4 Steam turbine 17
4.1 HP (High pressure) turbine 18
4.2 IP (Intermediate pressure) turbine 18
4.3 LP (Low pressure) turbine 18
4.4 Steam turbine specification 18
4.5 Turbine protection 19
5 FSSS 19
5.1 Decanting area 20
5.2 Fuel oil tanks 20
5.3 First lift pump 20
5.4 Main heaters 21
5.5 Second lift pump 21
6 The generator 22
6.1 Working principle 22
6.2 Main generator parameters 23
6.3 Cooling system of turbo-generator 24
6.4 Protections of generator 27
7 Cycles 29
7.1 Steam cycle 29
7.2 Fuel oil cycle 30
7.3 Air flow cycle 31
7.4 Condensate cycle 32
7.5 Feed water cycle 33

1. T.P.S Muzaffar Garh

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1.1 Installed capacity

This power station is a vital and major thermal power generating
installation connected with national grid system in Pakistan. This power
station was constructed in different phases having total capacity of
1370MW. It consists of:
 Three Russian units of 210MW each
 Two Chinese units of 210MW
 One Chinese unit of 320MW
 Fuel
Dual fuel combustion provision gas & furnace oil has been made for all the
machines. Furnace oil is transported through railway wagons and tank
Lorries.

Unit# Installed Working Constru Construct- Fuel

capacity capacity cted By ion Date Type

ST-1 210MW 170MW Russian Sep.1993 P. Gas,

F. oil
ST-2 210MW 175MW Russian Mar.1994 P. Gas,
F. oil
ST-3 210MW Shutdown Russian Feb.1995 P. Gas,
F. oil
ST-4 320MW 280MW China Dec.1996 P. Gas,
F. oil
ST-5 210MW Shutdown China Dec.1995 P. Gas,
F. oil
ST-6 210MW Shortage of China Dec.1995 P. Gas,
fuel oil F. oil
Total 1370MW 625MW

Table 1.1 brief views of TPS units

2.2 Phase#1 (Unit 1, 2 & 3)

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This phase consist of three steam units each capable of generating 210MW
electricity. The supplier started delivery of equipment to site in January,
1989 and after pre-assembly of equipment at site, erection started in July,
1990. Unit#1 was commissioned in September, 1993 and unit#2 in March,
1994.
Main Building:
It contains the turbine hall having a span of 45m and dearator bay, 12m
wide. The stem turbines which drive generators are of three stage
condensing type arranged transversely to the axis of turbine hall. The
operational platform is at elevation 12.6m and a maintenance bay at ground
flour near unit#1. The power plant is designed block principle: boiler-
turbine-generator-unit transformer. The flue gas exhaust section of two
units is connected with a 200m high stack, outer section of which is a 195m
high concrete shell.
Combined Auxiliary Building:
The building is connected with the main building and it houses water
treatment plant to produce 100t/h dematerialized water for the
replenishment of station losses. Hydrogen plant to provide hydrogen for
cooling of generator's r rotor, maintenance shops, laboratories, and central
control room.
Fuel & Oil Facilities:
Fuel oil facilities are constructed for decanting, oil storage, preparation
and supply of fuel to boiler nozzles. It also includes HSD storage as well as
oil facilities for reception, storage, purification and centralized delivery of
turbine oil and insulating oil to power plant.
Hydraulic Structures:
The cooling water used in condensers is re-circulated in closed cycle with
indicated draft cooling towers, the water is being cooled for each unit in two
cooling towers each consisting of eight fans, two cooling towers carry
27,500Cu m/h circulating water for condensers of one unit.
Startup Boiler:
One startup boiler using diesel oil as fuel with steam output of 50t/h is
provided to meet steam requirement for initial start of unit as well as a
 6

backup of power plant auxiliaries. A separate stack of 30m high has been
constructed for it.
Electrical Part:
The electricity generated at 15.75 KV is brought out from unit transformer
at 220 KV and feed to the national grid via a switch yard. Power plant
auxiliaries are fed at 6.6 KV.
2.3 Phase#2(Units#5 & 6):
It consist of two units of 210MW each having equipment similar to phase#1.
Turbines are placed longitudinally in main building outdoor boiler exhaust
of two units is connected to one stack.
Overview:
There are many different types of power plants including thermal power
plants and hydel power plants. Thermal power plants use fuel such as gas,
HSD, furnace oil or nuclear fuel to produce heat energy that is converted
to electrical energy through a series of intermediate process. Hydel power
plants convert the potential energy of water to electrical power as it follows
from higher to lower elevations.
The "traditional" thermal power plant is the Rankin cycle plant named
after the man who invented the cycle. A power plant cycle is a series of
processes in which a fluid generally water/steam, is used to convert heat
energy to mechanical energy. The Rankin cycle in its simplest form consists
of a boiler, a turbine, a condenser and a boiler feed pump. Early plants had
thermal efficiencies of approximately 25% to 30%. Only 25% to 30% of the
heat energy in the fuel burned in these plants was converted to electrical
energy. The rest was lost in various ways. The Rankin cycle has been
refined considerably over the years and made more efficient by the addition
of components like economizer, feed water heaters, super heaters and re-
heaters. The efficiency of Rankin cycle has also been improved by
increasing the pressure and temperature of the cycle. The laws of
thermodynamics and considerations such as material limitation have
prevented any significant improvement sense then. Power plants commonly
use heat rate of measure efficiency.
 7

Fuel Boiler Heat Turbine Mechanic Genera Electrical

al energy energy
Energy Energy tor

3. Boiler
The boiler is the main part of any thermal power plant. It converts the fuel
energy into steam energy. The fuel may be furnace oil, diesel oil, natural gas
or coal. The boiler may be fire from the multiple fuels. The types of boiler use
in the T.P.S phase#2 is "water tube type"
3.1 Water Tube Boilers:
In water tube boilers, boiler water passes through the tubes while the exhaust
gasses remain in the shell side, passing over the tube surface, since tubes can
 8

typically withstand higher internal pressure then the large chamber shell in a
fire tube, water tube boilers are used where high steam pressure (as high as
3,000Psi) are required.

Water tube boilers are also capable of high efficiencies and can generate
saturated or superheated steam. The ability of water tube boilers to generate
superheated steam makes these boilers particularly attractive in applications
that require dry, high-pressure, high-energy steam, including steam turbine
power generation.

3.2 Boiler Parameter:

Rated evaporating amount 680t/h
Reheat steam amount 575.8t/h
Main steam pressure 140Kg/𝒄𝒎𝟐 g
Temperature 541°C
Outlet pressure of reheat system 23.8 Kg/𝒄𝒎𝟐 g
Outlet temperature of reheat system 541°C
Inlet pressure of reheat system 25.8 Kg/𝒄𝒎𝟐 g
Inlet temperature of reheat system 310°C
Feed water temperature 251°C
Boiler efficiency (Burn oil) 90.26%
Boiler efficiency (Burn gas) 85%
Exit gas temperature (Burn oil) 153°C
Exit gas temperature (Burn gas) 136°C
Consumption of crude oil 48.2t/h
Consumption of natural gas 59650 N𝒎𝟐 /h
3.3 Main Parts of Boiler:
The boiler consists of following main parts:

1. Force Draft Fan (FDF)

2. Burners
3. Furnace
4. Up Rise Tube
5. Down Comer Tube
6. Water Tube
7. Super Heater
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8. Gas Recirculation Fan (GRCF)

9. Re-Heater
10. Induced Draft Fan (IDF)
11. Air Pre-Heater
12. Chimney
13. Boiler Drum
14. Economizer
3.3.1 Force Draft Fan (FDF)
The force draft fan sucks the air from atmosphere which is used in the
furnace for burning. The air from the atmosphere is passed through the
filter to remove the dust and other particles from the air. The air from the
FDF is then fed to the regenerative heaters.

The motor of FDF has following specification:

Type KK 800 11-8

Rated voltage 6.6KV
Rated current 114/121.3A
Rated speed 747rpm
Output 1000KW
Connection of stator/rotor Y
Insulation class F
Permissible rise 80K
Ambient temperature 40°C
No. of phases 3
Rated frequency 50Hz
Power factor 0.81
Degree of protection IP54
Moment of inertia 310 𝑲𝒈𝒎𝟐
Weight 12020/13250 Kg

3.3.2 Induced Draft Fan (IDF):

ID fan sucks the flue gases from the boiler and exhaust through chimney.
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The motor of ID fan has following specifications:

Type KK 800 11-6

Rated voltage 6.6KV
Rated current 20A
Rated speed 991rpm
Rated power 2000KW
Connection of stator winding 2Y
Insulation class F
Permissible rise 80K
Ambient temperature 40°C
No. of phases 3
Rated frequency 50Hz
Degree of protection IP54
Moment of inertia 410 𝑲𝒈𝒎𝟐
Weight 15970 Kg

3.3.3 Gas recirculation fan (GRCF):

The motor of GRCF has following specification.

Type KK 400 11-4

Rated voltage 6.6KV
Rated current 34A
Rated speed 1491rpm
Rated power 315KW
Connection of stator winding Y
Insulation class F
Permissible rise 70K
Ambient temperature 50°C
No. of phases 3
Rated frequency 50Hz
Degree of protection IP54
Moment of inertia 11.7 𝑲𝒈𝒎𝟐
Weight 3200 Kg
 11

3.3.4 Cooling Towers:

Cooling towers are heat removal devices used to transform process waste
heat to the atmosphere. Cooling tower may either use the evaporation of
water to remove process heat and cool the working fluid to near the wet-
bulb air temperature or relay solely on air to cool the working fluid to dry
–bulb air temperature. Common application includes cooling the
circulating water used in oil refiner, chemical plants and power station.

3.3.5 Circulating water pump motor:

The motor of the CWP has following specification:

Type Y1600-12/2150
Stator voltage 6.6KV
Rated current 182A
Rated speed 372rpm
Rated power 1600KW
Connection of stator winding 2Y
Insulation class B
Ambient temperature 50°C
No. of phases 3
Rated frequency 50Hz
Weight 17500Kg

3.3.6 CW Pump:
Type is single stage double suction centrifugal pump.

Type 1400S25-1
Capacity 16000𝒎𝟑 /h
Speed 370rpm
Power 1600KW
Weight 35000Kg
Head 25m
NP SHR 8.5m
 12

3.3.7 Air Pre-Heater:

The purpose of the air pre-heater is to recover heat from the boiler flue gas
which increases the thermal efficiency of the boiler by reducing the useful
heat lost in the flue gas. As a consequence the fuel gases are also sent to
the fuel gas stack (or chimney) at a lower temperature, allowing simplified
design of the ducting and the flue gas stack. It also allows control over the
temperature of gases leaving the stack.

3.3.8 Economizer:
Flue gases from large boilers are typically 450-650°F. Stack economizer
recover some of this heat for pre-heating water. The water is most often
used for boiler make-up water are some other need that coincides with
boiler operation. Stack economizers should be considered as an efficiency
measure when large amounts of make-up water are used (i.e. not all
condensate is return to the boiler or large amount of live steam are used in
the process so there is no condensate to return) or there is a simultaneous
need for large quantity of hot water for some other use. The savings
potential is based on existing stack temperature, the volume of make-up
water needed and the hours of operation.

3.4 Boiler Protection:

 Fuel protection
 Gas pressure protection
 Diesel oil protection
 Furnace oil protection
 FD fan trip
 ID fan trip
 Regenerative air pre-heating trip
 Drum level high
 Drum level low
 Re-Heat steam pressure drop
 Furnace pressure low
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 Furnace flame out

 Natural gas pressure high

4. Steam Turbine
Turbine is used to convert the heat energy into mechanical energy.
Turbine used in T.P.S Muzaffar Garh is impulse-reaction steam turbine. The
load requirement is controlled by the steam flow through a governing valve.
Maximum steam at full load is 670t/h. When the load at generator is suddenly
decreased then the rpm (frequency) of the generator is increased and to
decrease the frequency we lower down the steam flow which decreases the
speed and maintains the frequency.
If load is suddenly increased rotor speed becomes slower, to increase the speed,
steam flow is increased.
Steam turbine has three parts.
1. HP turbine
2. IP turbine
3. LP turbine

(To re-heater) (From HP Super-heater) (From re-heater)

Generator
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Condenser

4.1 HP (High Pressure) Turbine:

First of all steam from boiler comes into the HP turbine. Steam in the HP
turbine is called live steam or main steam. Rotor blades diameter of this part
of turbine is smallest of the other parts of the turbine .Inlet steam temperature
of the HP turbine is 540 °C and pressure is 130bar. Outlet steam temperature
of the HP turbine is 290°C and pressure is 15bar. HP turbine has total of 12
stages including one is governing stage.

4.2 IP (Intermediate Pressure) Turbine:

Steam comes into IP turbine from HP turbine via re-heaters. The steam
pressure in this section of turbine is 14bar and temperature is 540°C. This part
has total of 10 pressure stages.

4.3 LP (Low Pressure) Turbine:

The outgoing steam of the IP turbine entered into the LP turbine. Steam from
the LP turbine goes into the condenser.

4.4 Steam Turbine Specification:

Maximum load 210MW
Live steam pressure 132bar
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Live steam temperature 538°C

Rated speed 3000rpm
HP cycle exhaust temperature 310°C
HP cycle exhaust pressure 24bar
Re-Heat steam temperature 538°C
Re-Heat steam pressure 14bar

4.5 Turbine Protection:

 Lube oil pressure (low & high)
 Vacuum drop
 Live steam temperature drop
 Axial shift displacement
 Gas cooling pump tripping
 HP heater level high
 All FWP trip high vibration tripping
 Trip unit by switch/emergency

5. Furnace Safeguard Supervisory

System (FSSS):
 The FSSS station consists of the following parts:
 Decanting area
 Fuel oil tank
 First lift pump
 Main heater
 Second lift pump
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 Diesel pumps
 Recirculation pumps
 Recirculation heater
 Filters
 Control room

5.1 Decanting Area:

The furnace oil that is used as a fuel in the burners of the boiler furnace to
produce the steam is transported to the TPS through two ways:

o Oil tankers
o Train

For unloading of the fuel from oil tankers and train there is separate
unloading or de-canting station for each. The unload fuel oil is initially stored in
the underground reservoir; from there it is filled in the main storage tanks.

02 pumps are used to fill the main storage tanks from the oil tankers decanting
area. One of them is active (on load) and other is standby.

5.2 Fuel Oil Tanks:

From the decanting area the furnace oil is filled in the storage tanks. From there
it is supplied to the burners of the boiler furnace after proper heating.

Usually one storage tank is called service tank, from there furnace oil is supplied
to the units. The furnace oil is filled in the other tanks first and then filled in the
service tank through recirculation pumps (RCP). The oil in the tanks is kept
heated at the temperature 75-80°C. There are total 06 storage tanks for furnace
oil each having a volume of 20,000𝒎𝟑 hence each can store 2,00,00,000 litter.
There are two diesel oil storage tanks each having capacity of 1000ton.

5.3 First Lift Pump:

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First lift pump takes the furnace oil from the service tank and supplied to the main
heaters. There are total 04 first lift pumps which are operated according to unit
load conditions. The specification of first lift pump motor is as follows:

3 phase 50Hz induction motor:

Connection Star
Power 55KW
Power factor 0.9
Efficiency 90%
Voltage 230/400V
Speed 2950rpm
Current 177/102A

5.4 Main Heaters:

There are 04 main heaters each is connected to the respective first lift pump. The
main heaters heat the furnace oil through the steam which comes from the boiler.
Steam is used to heat the oil in recirculation heaters. The steam follows through
the pipes which heats the oil outside the tube. The temperature and pressure of the
steam in the main heater is;

 Temperature 270°C
 Pressure 11-13bar
5.5 Second lift Pump:
Second lift pumps take the furnace oil from the main heater and supply to boiler
of the units. There are 04 second lift pumps which are operated according to the
unit load conditions.

The temperature of oil that is supplied to the boiler is 105-120°C.

The specification of second lift pump motor is as:

3 phase 50Hz induction motor:

 Power 250KW
 Voltage 6.6KV
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 Speed 2950rpm
 Current 252A

6. The Generator
The generator is a device which converts the mechanical energy into electrical
energy.

6.1 Working Principle:

The working principle of generator is based on the Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, which states that:
"The electromotive force is always produced in conductor which is placed in the
magnetic field when there is a relative motion between conductor and the magnetic
field".

If the output electrical energy is AC, it is called alternator. If the output electrical
energy is DC, it is called DC generator. In fact there is no difference between
alternator and Dc generator except the way the output is obtained from the
generator. In alternator the AC supply is produced in the armature and supply is
obtained through slip rings where as in the DC generator are generated AC supply
is obtained from the armature through the spilt rings or commutator which
converts the AC into DC. The following three things are necessary for generation
of electrical energy.

 Magnetic field
 Conductor
 Relative motion between conductor and magnetic field
 19

In the small generator the magnetic field is being produced in the stator and the
electromotive force is produced in the rotor through Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction. The electromagnetic are used in the generator to
produce the magnetic field. In the large generator the magnetic field is produced
by the electromagnetic in the rotor and the electromagnetic force is produced in
the stator .the output is taken from the rotor, the rotor must

Have high insulation due to high voltage induction and it must have heavy
insulation which may increase the size of rotor, and require more power for the
prime mover to rotate to this heavy rotor

6.2 Main Generator Parameter:

6.2.1 Pilot Exciter:
Type Tfy-46-500
Rated voltage 93/161V
Rated current 286/165A
Rated speed 3000rpm
Rated power factor 0.875
Phase 3
Rated frequency 50Hz
Armature connection ∆/𝒀
Specification OEA.513.039
Manufacturing date 1993-3-1
Rated capacity 46KVA

6.2.2 Alternating Exciter:

Type T1-1165-4
Rated voltage 431V
Rated current 1562A
Rated speed 3000rpm
Rated power factor 0.91
Phase 3
Rated frequency 100Hz
 20

Armature connection 𝒀
Specification OEA.513.039
Manufacturing date 1993-8-24
Rated capacity 1165KVA

6.2.3 Turbine Generator Water Hydrogen Cooled:

Type QFSN-210-2
Rated capacity 246MVA
Rated output 210MW
Rated voltage 15.75KV
Rated current 9056A
Rated speed 3000rpm
Rated frequency 50Hz
Phase 3
Connection of stator winding 2-Y
Insulation class F
Power factor 0.85
Excitation voltage 289V
Excitation current 18.67A
Maximum inlet water temperature for stator winding 50°C
Maximum inlet cooling hydrogen 50°C
Water flow for stator winding 35m2/h
Rate H2 pressure 0.3MPa
Specification OEA.512.137
Manufacturing date 1993-2

6.3 Cooling System of Turbo Generator:

The first question arises here is that why we need cooling of the generator? As the
current flows in the stator and rotor of the generator is very high so it increases
the temperature of the stator and rotor winding. As the result the resistance of the
stator and rotor windings increases which increase the power losses and may
cause the insulation breakdown.

Two types of cooling are used in the turbo generator of TPS phase second.
 21

 Stator cooling
 Rotor cooling

6.3.1 Stator Cooling:

The stator of the turbo generator is cooled by distillated or demineralized water.
For this purpose a special plant is installed which prepares the demineralized
water for the stator cooling. This demi water is also used for cooling system of the
thirstier converts the water is passed through the hollow conductor of stator
winding for its cooling.

The demi water is necessary for the cooling of the stator winding because raw
water is not a pure insulator which may cause the flow of leakage current when
passed through stator winding.

The demi water plant removes the impurities and minerals of the raw water and
make it good insulator whose resistivity is taken at a minimum level of 200K𝛀.cm.
The demi water that process through the stator winding absorbs the heat of stator
winding makes it cool and becomes hot itself. The demi water then passes through
heat exchanger (coolers) where its temperature is decreased by the circulating
water coming from the cooling towers. This demi water is also passed through the
mechanical and magnetic filters before passing through stator winding and
thirstier converts.

6.3.2 Water Parameters in Heat Exchangers:

 Rated temperature of cooled water at inlet 32°C
 Minimum temperature of cold water 15°C
 Number of gas heat exchangers 02
 Rated water flow in on heat exchanger 150m3/h
6.3.3 Rotor Cooling:
The rotor cooling is done by H2 gas. Hydrogen is used for the following purposes:

 Its heat exchange capability is much better than other gases.

 It is very lighter than other gases so do not overload the rotor.
 22

 Its preparation is very easy and cheap.

Hydrogen gas is filled in the generator and maintained at a pressure of 4Kg/cm 2.

It takes all the heat of the rotor and cools the rotor winding and gets warmed it.
For the cooling of the gas there are four gas cooler inside the generator on each
corner. Circulating water of the cooling tower is used in the gas cooler for
hydrogen cooling.

Hydrogen gas is explosive if it is combined with oxygen under pressure so too

avoid any leakage of gas and entrance of air inside the generator the rotor
assembly is sealed by the seal oil whose pressure is at least 0.7Kg/cm 2 more than
hydrogen gas inside the generator.

When the generator is turned off for a long time for maintenance purpose
hydrogen is released from the generator in the air using special method. Method
involves that firstly fill the generator with CO2 which release the hydrogen in the
air and then in the end air is filled in the generator and CO2 is released in the air.
This method is adopted because if hydrogen is released using air instead of CO2
then it can cause explosion due to oxygen in the air which will meet hydrogen
under pressure in the generator. After maintenance hydrogen gas is refilled in the
generator using the reverse process as described above.

6.3.4 Water Parameters in Gas Cooler:

 Rated temperature of cold water at inlet 32°C
 Minimum temperature of cold water 15°C
 Maximum water pressure 3Kg/cm 2
 Number of gas cooler 04
 Rated water flow in on gas cooler 76.5m3/h

6.4 Protections of Generator:

The following protections are installed for the protection of the generator in TPS.

a. Longitudinal Differential Current Protection:

 23

This system is intended to protect against multiphase short circuit in generator

stator winding and its leads including against double earth fault, one of which
being the generator.

b. Lateral Differential Current Protection:

This system is intended to protect against turn-to-turn short circuit of one phase
in the generator stator winding.

c. Earth Fault Protection of Stator Winding:

This system is intended to reveal and disconnect one phase earth fault of generator
stator winding.

d. Differential Protection of the Unit:

This system is intended to backup longitudinal differential protection of generator.

e. Negative Sequence Current Protection:

This system is intended to prevent damage of generator increase of overloading by

negative sequence current caused by asymmetric load or external asymmetric
short circuit and abnormal operating condition of power grid.

f. Over Current Protection Against Overloading of Generator:

This system is intended for signaling at symmetric overloading of generator stator.

g. External Symmetrical Short Circuit Protection:

This system is intended to protect the generator against external symmetric short
circuit.

h. Protection Against Asynchronous mode, when excitation loss:

This system is intended to protect against asynchronous mode. One of the elements
of resistance block relay for protection of the unit against external symmetrical
short circuit used.

i. Protection of Generator Rotor Against Overloading:

 24

This system is intended to protect against overloading under emergency condition

as well as increase of failure of generator excitation system which cause long term
flow of current of abnormal value along the rotor winding.

j. Earth Fault Protection In One Point of excitation Circuit:

This system is intended to protect the generator incase of earth fault at one point
of excitation circuit.

k. Protection Against Voltage Increase At Generator At Ideal Operation:

This system is intended to prevent in admissible increase in voltage at turbo-

generator and transformer of unit during ideal operation of the unit incase of
failure of excitation system.

l. Zero Sequence Current Protection:

This system is intended to backup protection at one phase short circuit in 220KV
network. It is also used to backup unit protection when short circuit at the 220KV
side of the unit.

m. Differential Protection of the Exciter:

This system is intended to protect against all kind of short circuit in the exciter
winding and on its leads.

n. Over Current Protection of Exciter Against External Short Circuit:

This system is intended to protect against over current in the external system of
the exciter.

7. CYCLES
7.1 Steam Cycle:
 25

7.2 Fuel Oil Cycle:

Exhaust ID Fan Air Pre- Flue Gases

(Chimney) Heater

Fuel Oil Cycle

 26

7.3 Air Flow Cycle:

Economizer Environment

G.R.C A.P.H ID Fan Stock

Fans
 27

Flue Gases Fresh Air

7.4 Condensate Water Cycle:

Condenser

Dearator
Hot well
 28

Cond. Storage Tank

Cond. Pump
Makeup Water

DA Pump

From LP Heater

Dearator
 29

7.5 Feed Water Cycle:

To Economizer

P-8 P-14 BFP C

HP HP
Heater B Heater A BFP B

BFP A

Make up water