Lesson 1: sport

Duke: Welcome to "Local Athletes." Today's guest is Joe Norse, a secondary

schoolstudent who has helped his football team win the city championship for
the last three years. I myself have seen Joe play, and let me tell you, he has
really mastered the game of football. Joe, your school, Jefferson High, has been
attended by some of the greatest football players ever. Hank "The Tank" Perry
and Dick Verall both graduated from Jefferson. How does it feel to be playing on
the same field as those great players?
Joe: Well, Duke, it motivates me, for sure. Our school has always had a great history
of producing famous athletes.
Duke: Your coach, Fraser Washington, always says: "A team that is motivated is a
team that wins." Do you agree?
Joe: Yes, I do. It's a fact that even a team with lots of great players can lose if there
is no motivation to win.
Duke: Joe, I understand you've already been invited to visit several colleges that are
interested in you. Have you accepted any offers yet?
Joe: No, not yet, Duke. Right now I'm thinking mostly about passing my exams and
getting my diploma.
Duke: Well, you've made an intelligent decision. Good luck, Joe.
Joe: Thanks, Duke

Lesson 2: College for kids?

College for Kids?

by Henry Nelson

Pre-school education is changing. Once, elementary school was the place to learn 1-2-
3 andA-B-C. But today, highly motivated parents have
begun teaching these basics to their childrenbefore they start school. Kindergarten has now
become a mini-college, where geography, history, and even mathematics are taught. Small
children are even given homeworkassignments.
Professor David Shift, who is the Director of Early Childhood Education at the University of
Highville, says, "We must simply accept the fact that children today know more than
children did years ago."
Eleanor Idle, of the New School Institute, doesn't agree. "Children need to be
children. Theylearn as they play. They don't need formal education this early. It just
isn't normal. Soonthey'll be given entrance exams for kindergarten. Very young children
shouldn't spend theirtime worrying about grades and diplomas!"
Dr. Idle believes that if there is already so much competition in kindergarten, there is no
limit to how much there will be in high school. "We don't need to make it any harder on
students than it already is," she says. "After all, there were still many college graduates
when playing was all children did in kindergarten."
Many people who agree with Idle say that early childhood programs should
offer subjects that children enjoy and do well in naturally, like art, music, science, and
gym. After all, learning should be child's play.
Lesson 3: Math test

- How did you do on that math test yesterday?

- That was the hardest test I've ever taken.
- Yeah. I wonder if Mr. Pascal has graded them yet.
- I'm sure he has.
- How can you be so sure?
- I saw him this morning, and he wasn't happy at all.

Lesson 4: Present perfect : statements Q and A

Here we are at the Indy 500 with Mike Rhodes. Mike, have you ever driven in an Indy
- race?
- No, I haven't. But I've been a race driver in Europe for ten years.
- Well, good luck to you!

Grammar
PRESENTE PERFECTO SIMPLE:
ENUNCIADOS, P y R

USO:
Se utiliza para hablar sobre acciones o estados que comenzaron en el pasado y de alguna forma
se conectan al presente. El presente perfecto a menudo se utiliza con expresiones que comienzan
con FOR y SINCE para hablar de acciones o estados que comenzaron en el pasado y siguen
vigentes en el presente. También se utiliza con los adverbios JUST, ALREADY y YET. El
presente perfecto también se utiliza para hablar sobre acciones o hechos recientes ("noticias").
FORMA:

El presente perfecto está compuesto por HAVE/HAS y el participio pasado (la tercera
forma del verbo [V3]).
AFIRMATIVO

[SUBJECT + HAVE/HAS + (just/already) + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]... (for/since...)]

EJEMPLOS:
"I've lived here for two years."
"You've already lost one key. I can't believe you can't find the second."
"Whose package is this? It's been here since 4 p.m."
"We've already met them."
"They're not hungry. They've just eaten their dinner."
NOTA: En oraciones afirmativas, JUST y ALREADY por lo general van inmediatamente
antes del participio pasado. Las frases con FOR y SINCE van al final de cada oración.
NEGATIVO

[SUJETO + HAVE NOT/HAVEN'T + PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]..] HAS NOT/HASN'T

EJEMPLOS:
"I haven't met her yet."
"It hasn't begun to rain yet."
"We haven't had lunch yet."
"You haven't said a word for 2 hours."
"They haven't finished their breakfast."
NOTA: En oraciones negativas, ALREADY y YET
y frases con FOR y SINCE por lo general
van al final de la oración.
PREGUNTAS SI/NO

[HAVE/HAS + SUJETO +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EJEMPLOS:
"Have you already finished your work?"
"Has she finished painting the room?"
PREGUNTAS - WH

PREGUNTAS -WH ACERCA DEL SUJETO

[PALABRA-WH+ HAVE/HAS +...PAST PARTICIPLE [V3]]

EJEMPLO:
"Who's just eaten the candy?"
PREGUNTAS - WH ACERCA DEL RESTO DE LA ORACION

[PALABRA-WH + HAVE/HAS + SUJETO +...PAST PARTICIPLE (V3)]|

EJEMPLOS:
"Where has he put my coat?"
"What have you done with the money?"
NOTA: En preguntas, JUST y ALREADY por lo general van antes del participio pasado
[V3]; YET
y las frases con FOR y SINCE por lo general van al final de la oración.
CONTRASTE CON OTROS TIEMPOS:
USO:
Utilizamos el presente perfecto para hablar sobre acciones o hechos que ocurrieron durante un
período que de alguna forma incluye el presente o va conectado a este, cuando no se sabe el
momento exacto.
EJEMPLO:
"Peter Parker has written five books."
El "período" de esta oración es la vida de Parker. Al utilizar el presente perfecto se
señala que aún está vivo y sigue escribiendo libros.

PERO -
"John Craig wrote five books."
El "período" ha finalizado, probablemente porque Craig murió.
También utilizamos el pretérito perfecto para hablar sobre acciones o hechos recientes que son
"nuevos" para el oyente, a menudo con los adverbios JUST y ALREADY y YET en oraciones
negativas y preguntas.
EJEMPLOS:
"The results have just come in; and here they are..."
"I don't want to go to that movie: I've already seen it."
"Have you typed that letter yet?"
NOTA: en inglés americano se utiliza con frecuencia el pretérito simple:
"The election results just came in: here they are..."
"I don't want to go to that movie; I already saw it."
"Did you type that letter yet?"
Utilizamos el presente perfecto con ciertas expresiones:
FOR o SINCE
Podemos utilizar FOR o SINCE al comienzo de la expresión de tiempo. Si decimos
cuánto dura la acción o el estado utilizamos FOR:
"...for ten minutes.", "...for twenty years."
"...for two centuries.", "...for a very long time." etc.

Si decimos cuándo comenzó la acción o estado, utilizamos SINCE, seguido del tiempo o
alguna otra expresión que indique el tiempo:

"...since 2 o'clock.", "...since last Monday."

"...since 1975.", "...since the end of the War."
"since I was a baby." etc.

HOW LONG
Para saber la duración de una actividad o estado comenzamos una pregunta con HOW
LONG:
EJEMPLOS:
"How long have you had that sweater?"
"About six months."
"How long have you been an actor?"
"Since I left school."
EVER
Si queremos saber si algo ha ocurrido, pero no cuándo, a menudo colocamos el
adverbio EVER antes del verbo en la pregunta.
EXAMPLES:
"Have you ever eaten octopus?"
"Yes, I have."
"Have you ever been in an accident?"
"No, I haven't."
JUST, ALREADY o YET
JUST (=hace poco tiempo), ALREADY (=antes de ahora)
y YET (antes/ hasta ahora) se utilizan con oraciones en presente perfecto que hablan sobre
acciones o hechos recientes ("noticias"). JUST y ALREADY por lo general van inmediatamente
antes de la tercera forma del verbo y YET a menudo se utiliza al final de una oración negativa o
una pregunta.
EJEMPLOS:
"I have already seen that movie. Let's stay home!"
"But I haven't seen it yet!"
"Here we are at the Indy 500 with Mike Rhodes. Mike, have you ever driven in an Indy
race?"
"No, I haven't. But I've been a race driver in Europe for ten years."
"Well, Good Luck to you!"

Lesson 5: education 2

Error system