BAMIDELE, K.B. Technical Report

SIWES TECHNICAL REPORT | BAMIDELE, KAYODE B.
TECHNICAL REPORT
ON
STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME
(SIWES)
UNDERTAKEN AT
NATIONAL CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION

(NCAM)
KM 20, ILORIN-LOKOJA HIGH WAY IDOFIAN, PMB 1525,
ILORIN, KWARA STATE.
BY
BAMIDELE, KAYODE BABATUNDE
2013/0711
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF AGRICULTURE, ABEOKUTA.
OGUN STATE.
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENTS FOR
THE AWARD OF BACHELOR DEGREE OF ENGINEERING IN
AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING.
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CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that BAMIDELE KAYODE B. with Matriculation number 20130711 of the
department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, carried
out his Student Industrial Work Experience Scheme II (SIWES II) at the National Centre for
Agricultural Mechanization Ilorin, Kwara state. Also, this report is a true reflection of what I
learnt from the 5th of September, 2017 to 23rd of February, 2018.
……………………………………………. ………………………..
Engr. (Dr.) I.A Ola DATE
SIWES Coordinator
…………………………………………….. ……………………….
Engr. (Dr.) A.F Adisa DATE
Head of Department
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DEDICATION
This report is dedicated foremost to Almighty God for his favor, mercy and grace upon my life
especially during my 6 months SIWES programme at the National Centre for Agricultural
Mechanization.
I would also like to dedicate this report to my parents, Mr. Ayo Bamidele (Deceased) and Mrs.
Deborah Bamidele for their dogged belief and investment in my future. The dream is finally
crystallizing and I remain grateful. Thank You.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I have been inspired by many academic giants and erudite scholars whose contributions and
inputs in my lives have gone a long way in enhancing my career. The influence of Dr. A.F.
Adisa, Head of department, Agricultural and Bio-resources engineering can’t be overlooked.
He once was the lecturer-in-charge, (AGE 301) Farm Mechanics, a course which I gained so
much from. Also, Prof. E.S.A Ajisegiri, Prof. B.A. Adewunmi, Prof. T.M.A. Olayanju, Prof.
J.K. Adewunmi, Dr. O.U. Dairo, former Head of department, and all the distinguished and
accomplished lecturers in the department of Agricultural and Bio-resources engineering. I
greatly appreciate your continuous support and dedication in modelling the future engineers of
tomorrow.
I sincerely appreciate the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM), for
providing me with such a rare privilege and opportunity to be exposed to world class
engineering services in the agricultural sector.
My sincere gratitude also goes to the staffs; The Ag. Executive Director Engr. Kasali, Engr.
(Mrs.) Samaila, Engr. (Dr.) Ademuluyi, Engr. (Dr.) Ogunjinrin, Engr. (Dr.) Kamal, Engr.
Aransola, Mr. Wale, Engr. Omisore, Engr. Adewunmi Adesegun, Engr. Andrew, Engr. Adeyi,
Engr. Paul, Engr. Frank, Engr. Emeka, Mr. Segun and all other personnel I came in contact
with at one point or the other for welcoming me into the various units with open hands. Also,
I sincerely appreciate the efforts and support of Mrs. Ogunjobi; my spiritual mother and my
family here in Ilorin who made sure that my stay here in Ilorin was fun and worthwhile.
Finally, to my departmental mates and friends; Oni Samuel, Okegbemi Adebayo, Adebajo
Ayub, and co-interns from Federal University of Agriculture, Makurdi, University of Ilorin,
Kwara State Polytechnic and lastly, Michael Okpara University of Agriculture. I really
appreciate you all for your unending love, brotherly advice, and for making my stay at NCAM
exciting and worthwhile, God bless you all.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page……………………………………………………………………………………….i
Certification……………………………………………………………………………………ii
Dedication………………………………………………………………….…………………iii
Acknowledgement…………………………………………………………………….………iv
Table of Contents……………………………………………………………………...………v
List of Figures………………………………………………………………………………..vii
List of Tables……………………………………………………………………………..…viii
List of Plates…………………………………………………………………………….…….ix
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 Introduction to SIWES……………………………………………………………….1
1.1 Historical background of SIWES………………………………………………….…2
1.2 Objective of SIWES………………………………………………………………….2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 Brief history of the organization (NCAM)…………………………………………..3
2.1 Aim and objectives of NCAM……………………………………………………….4
2.2 Organization structure of NCAM……………………………………………………5
2.3 NCAM - Training Of Youths and Women on Integrated Agricultural

Entrepreneurship Programme………………………………………………………14
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 Farm power and machinery department (FPM)…………………………………….15
3.1 Introduction to the farm power and machinery department………………………...15
3.1.1 Farm power unit…………………………………………………………………….15
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3.1.2 Farm machinery systems development and management………………………….15
3.1.3 Tractor testing, standardization, certification, tillage and traction unit……………16
3.2 Summary of tools in the farm power department and their uses…………………..17
3.3 Work experience…………………………………………………………………...18
3.3.1 Development of NCAM’s Three wheel tractor (TRIKETOR)…………………….24
3.3.2 Development of a two row cassava stem planter……………………………….….31
3.3.3 Development of a yam heap making machine……..………………………….…..34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 Engineering and Scientific Services department (ESS)……………………...……35
4.1 Introduction to Engineering and Scientific Services department…………………35
4.2 Work experience……………………………………………………….…….……36
4.2.1 Computer Aided Design (CAD): Autodesk Inventor……………………………..41
4.2.2 Development of a long tail axial flow pump for farm land irrigation…………….45
4.2.3 Material testing laboratory………………………………………………….…….49
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 Conclusion and recommendation………………………………………………....50
5.1 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………..50
5.2 Recommendation…………………………………………………………………51
References………………………………………………………………………………...52
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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1 Organogram of NCAM…………………………………………………………….5
Figure 2 Cassava stem planter………………………………………………………………26
Figure 3 Exploded view of the designed cassava planter…………………………………...28
Figure 4 Orthographic views of the cassava planter………………………………………...29
Figure 5 Metering device mechanism……………………………………………………….30
Figure 6 Inventor professional interface…………………………………………………….36
Figure 7 Application options and documentation settings interface………………………..38
Figure 8 Sketching (2D tools) bar…………………………………………………………..38
Figure 9 Origin geometry interface…………………………………………………………39
Figure 10 Get started bar……………………………………………………………………39
Figure 11 Inventor practice design of a solid model………………………………………..40
Figure 12 Inventor design of an alignment bracket…………………………………………41
Figure 13 Inventor design of a housing fixture……………………………………………..41
Figure 14 AutoCAD drawing of the long tail axial pump…………………………………..45
Figure 15 Testometric universal testing machine…………………………………………...47
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LIST OF TABLES
Table 1 Broiler feed type …………………………………………………………………14
Table 2 Layer feed type…………………………………………………………………...14
Table 3 Tools in farm power and machinery……………………………………………...17
Table 4 Parts list of the cassava stem planter……………………………………………..28
Table 5 Parts list of the metering device mechanism……………………………………...31
Table 6 Standard specification of the testometric universal testing machine……………..46
viii
LIST OF PLATES
Plate 1 Workshop machines…………………………………………………………………18
Plate 2 Triketor………………………………………………………………………………20
Plate 3 Gear box……………………………………………………………………………..21
Plate 4 Clutch parts………………………………………………………………………….21
Plate 5 Hydraulic system……………………………………………………………………23
Plate 6 Three point linkage………………………………………………………………….24
Plate 7 Spiral gears………………………………………………………………………….33
Plate 8 Yam heap making machine…………………………………………………………33
Plate 9 Yam heap making machine in operation…………………………………………....34
Plate 10 Axial flow pump components……………………………………………………..44
Plate 11 Showing demonstration of bending grip…………………………………………..48
Plate 12 Compression platens………………………………………………………………48
Plate 13 Hardness test fixtures……………………………………………………………...49
Plate 14 Food test fixtures………………………………………………………………….49
Plate 15 Wedge grips……………………………………………………………………….49
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CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES
Students Industrial works experience scheme (SIWES) skill acquisition programme was
introduced by the Federal Government of Nigeria to expose undergraduate in Engineering,
Technology and sciences of tertiary institutions (University, Polytechnics, Mono-technics and
Colleges of Education) to industrial environment so as to acquire basic skills existing in their
respective disciplines to smoothen their entry into industrial practices on completion of their
studies and also reduce periods spent in training fresh graduates as new employees. It was first
initiated and funded by industrial training fund (ITF) during the formative years 1973/1974.
The scheme forms part of the approved Minimum Academic Standards (MAS) in the various
degree programmes for all Nigeria universities. It is an effort to bridge the gap existing between
theory and practice of engineering and technology, science, agriculture, medical, management
and other professional educational programmes in the Nigeria tertiary institution. The
programme aimed at exposing students to design and construction of machines and equipment,
professional work method and ways of safe-guarding the work area and workers in industries
and organizations.
1.1 HISTORICAL BACKGROUND OF SIWES
The students industrial work experience scheme (SIWES) was initiated in 1973 by the
industrial training fund (ITF). This was in response to the mandate given to the ITF, through
decree 47 of 1971, charging it with the responsibility of promoting and encouraging the
acquisition of skills industry and commerce with the view to generating a pool of trained
indigenous manpower sufficient to meet the needs of the economy since its introduction by the
ITF in 1973, the scheme has gone through series of reforms and restructuring.
The 1988 biennial SIWES/ITF national conference held in Jos mandated all collaborating
agencies national universities commission (NUC), national board for technical education
(NBTE) and national commission for colleges of education (NCCE) to draw up job
specification for all degree programs included in the SIWES. The job specification would guide
the industrialist and institutional supervisors in the placement of students such that they would
meet the expected requirements of minimum industrial exposure preparatory to employment.
The national university commission, recognizing the importance of job specification in SIWES
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did set the necessary machinery in motion soon after resolution was taken in 1988.however the
drawing up of the minimum academic standard document (a major statutory function of the
commission), the resultant accreditation exercise and the movement of the commission
secretariat to Abuja from 1989 to 1993 did not leave sufficient time to actualize this goal. It
was not until January 1996, at a three-day national workshop in Jos that job specification were
drawn for all the programs that had industrial attachment component in their minimum
academic standard document. Prior to drawing up the job specifications, a one-day meeting
was held at which five important papers were presented and the procedures, content, and format
for presentation of the job specification document were decided. The first draft of the document
was sent to all universities, ITF, industries and all professional bodies involved in the running
of the scheme for their comments and input. Their comments were then considered by a panel
comprising of the nine chairman of the discipline groups and those found relevant were
incorporated to produce the final job specification documents.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF SIWES
SIWES is strategized for skill acquisition. It is in fact designed to prepare and expose students
of universities, mono-technics/ polytechnics and colleges of education to the real-life work
situation they would encounter after graduation.
Therefore, the specific objective of the scheme (SIWES) are to:
(a) Provide placements in industries for students of higher institutions of learning approved
by relevant regulating authority (COREN, NUC, NBTE, and NCCE) to acquire work
experience and skills relevant to their course of study.
(b) Prepare students for the real work situation they will meet after graduation.
(c) Expose students to work methods and techniques in the handling of equipment and
machinery that may not be available in school.
(d) Make transition from school to the labour market smooth and enhance students contact
for later job placement.
(e) Provide students with the opportunity to apply their knowledge in real life work
situation thereby bridging the gap between theory and practice.
(f) Strengthen employer involvement in the entire educational process and prepare
students for employment in industry.
(g) Promote the desired technological known how required for the advancement of the
nation.
2
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 BRIEF HISTORY OF THE ORGANIZATION (NCAM)
The historical background of NCAM date back to 1974. The Federal Ministry of Agriculture
and Natural Resource realized the need for the establishment of such a Centre as contained in
a report submitted to it by a study team titled “proposal for the establishment of National
Centre for Agricultural mechanization (NCAM)”
The Centre was subsequently formally established through the promulgation of decree no. 35
of 1990.
Numerous factors favoured the establishment of the Centre toward the development of
improved and sustainable indigenous mechanization technologies. These include the
incompatibility of imported machinery with Nigeria’s Pedi-climate conditions, crops and
cropping patterns as well as other socio-cultural and socio-economic consideration. Also, poor
after sales backup service and irregular supply of spare parts are some other major constraints
with imported farm machinery. Other factors include the constant migration of rural labour
force to urban, non-Agricultural commerce-oriented sector largely due to the drudgery and the
very low level of income earning capacity associated with peasant agriculture of the rural
setting.
The Federal government of Nigeria was convinced that only indigenously developed
mechanization technology that can be fabricated or manufactured using locally available
technological know-how and facilities could sustain the Nation’s Agricultural development
2.1 AIMS AND OBJECTIVES OF NCAM
 Encourage and engage in adaptive and innovative research toward the development of
indigenous machines for farming and processing techniques
 Design and develop simple and low-cost equipment which can be manufactured with
local materials, skills and facilities.
 Standardize and certify in collaboration with the Standard Organization of Nigeria
(SON) Agricultural machines equipment and Engineering practices in use in Nigeria.
3
 Bring into focus mechanical technologies and equipment developed by various

institutions, agencies or bodies and evaluate their suitability for adoption.
 Assist in the commercialization of proven machines, equipment, tools and techniques.
 Disseminate information as method and programmes for achieving speedy
Agricultural mechanization
 Provide training facilities by organizing courses and seminar specially designed to
ensure sufficient trained manpower for appropriate mechanization.
 Promote cooperation in Agricultural mechanization with similar institution and
outside Nigeria and the international bodies, connected with Agricultural
mechanization.
NCAM pay special attention to:
 Land clearing and land development.

 Irrigation studies.
 Soil erosion control.
 Land preparation, planting and weed control.
 Harvesting, and processing and packaging.
 Handling, storage and haulage.
This are aimed at developing a balanced approach to production in order to remove production
bottle necks. However, these would be undertaken in conjunction with other relevant research
institutes, institutions, government establishment and agencies and related private
establishment in order to avoid duplication
4
2.2 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE OF NCAM
FEDERAL MINISTRY OF
AGRICULTURAL & RURAL
DEVELOPMENT
MANAGEMENT INTERNAL AUDIT
EXECUTIVE PUBLIC AND MEDIA RELATION
FARM P PROCESSING LAND & ENGINEERIN PLANNING,

& STORAGE WATER AGRO- HUMAN FINANCE &
[OWER AND G& RESEARCH
ENGINEERIN MANAGEMEN INDUSTRIAL RESOURCES ACCOUNT
MACHINERY SCIENTIFIC &
G T DEVELOPMENT DEVELOPMENT DEPARTMEN
DEPARTMEN SERVICES STATISTICS
DEPARTMEN ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT DEPARTMENT T
T DEPARTMEN DEPARTME
T DEPARTMENT T NT
FARM FOOD LAND WORKSHOP AGRO- APPOINTMENT ACCOUNTS LIBRARY &

POWER & PROCESSING CLEARING & TECHNOLOGY INDUSTRIAL S, PROMOTION DIVISION DOCUMENT
RENEWABLE AND DEVELOPMEN & ESTABLISHM & DISCIPLINE ATION
ENERGY PACKAGING T (SOIL PROTOTYPE ENTS (SMALL SALARIES &
RESOURCES EMGINEERIN STRUCTURAL FABRICATION AND WAGES, COMPUTER
MAN POWER
G & MEDIUM FINAL LABORATOR
INSTRUMENT SCALE) ACCOUNT/R
FARM CEREAL & IRRIGATION ATION SERVICE ECONCILIAT LINKAGE/CO
MACHINERY GRAINS & DRAINAGE WELFARE & ION LLABORATIO
SYSTEM PROCESSING TRAINING N
DESIGN AND BUDGET
DEVELOPME EXTENSION
SOIL EROSION DRAFTING FACILITY DIVISION PARTNERSHI
NT & LIVESTOCK SERVICES
CONTROL MANAGEMENT
MANAGEME PRODUCTS AND WATER PLANNING,
NT PROCESSING RECURRENT
MANAGEMEN STANDARDIZ MONITORIN
WORKS EXPENDITUR
T ATION & G&
ERGONOMIC FARM E
S CERTIFICATI EVALUATION
STRUCTURE AGRO-
AND RURAL ON
FARM METEOROLOG
ELECTRIFICAT Y
MANAGEME
ION
NT
ENVIRONME SOIL TILLAGE
SOIL- NTAL
MACHINE CONTROL &
DYNAMICS WASTE
MANAGEME
NT`
Figure 1: Organogram of NCAM
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2.3 NCAM - TRAINING OF YOUTHS AND WOMEN ON INTEGRATED

AGRICULTRUAL ENTREPRENEURSHIP PROGRAMME
PART 1
CRITICAL ASSUMPTIONS IN POULTRY KEEPING
 Availability of clean water supply.

 The free range poultry could expose the birds to predators or unsuitable climatic
conditions.
 Necessity of keeping the surrounding areas clean.
 Availability of raw materials for feeds:
Feeds account for about 65% of the total cost of production
Proximity-close proximity to where feeds are obtained is advisable
Stock your feeds.
 Industrial poultry farms require well skilled personnel and opened market.
PLANNING A POULTRY BUSINESS
 Be focused(passionate)
 Choice of site/location:
Think big but start small (buy enough land that you can expand in the future)
 Type of housing/equipment
 Feed/sources
 Health
 Capital outlay
CHOICE OF POULTRY BREED
 Mainly for meat: broiler production- it grows fast and the meat is not tough; it is
succulent
 Dual purpose (meat and egg)
Eggs – layer production
 Research and medication:
Quail eggs, therapeutic quails eggs (medicinal)
Rhode Island Red (Germany) and Sussex (USA) parent stock-research
 Pet
 Exhibitions- ostrich
6
PARAMETER FOR POULTRY HOUSING
AVOID:
 Swampy areas-areas that are very humid which allows microbes to multiply very fast.
 Sloppy plots.
 Area that has been used for garbage.
 Very noisy areas.
SYSTEMS OF POULTRY KEEPING
1. Extensive
2. Semi intensive
3. Intensive:
 deep litter system
 Battery cage system
Providing them with accommodation, food, protection and restricted movement.
HOUSING
(Criteria for poultry house construction)
 Orientation of the poultry house (east-west alignment).

 Low cost and comfort for the birds.
 Easy cleaning and maintenance.
 Effortless in the implementation of different tasks in the house.
 The specie of the poultry bird.
 Density and number of birds to be housed.
CRITERIA FOR CONSTRUCTION
 Height: 2.4-3.5 m
 Width: less or 12m at most
 Length: variable
 Height of the wall
 The interior of the walls and the soil should be smooth to ease cleaning and
disinfection.
 The soil should be lightly sloppy to enable removal of wasted water (drainage).
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BASIC EQUIPMENTS IN POULTRY KEEPING
The type of equipment is influenced by the type of poultry system to be adopted
 Feeders
 Drinkers
 Heater/brooder
 Debeaker
 Incubator
 Laying boxes: 1 box is enough for 10 birds
NB: LENGTH x BREADTH x DENSITY will give the total number of birds to be in a cage.
Q & A:
 Is well water good for poultry animals? Yes
Avoid tap water as they have been treated and so might contain harmful chemicals.
 Ivomes - drug that kills the ecto-parasite on birds.
‘Proper planning and adequate preparations, with the necessary equipment’s contribute
greatly to the success of a poultry business.’
PART 2
PREPARATION AND RECEPTION OF DAY OLD CHICKS
BROODING
 Creating enabling environment for young chicks- 37.7 ºC
Preparation of brooding house: washing of the poultry house 1 month before receiving the
chicks, disinfection of the house (after washing), Use wood shavings (in form of pellets)
instead of sawdust.
 The litter
8
 Warmth: stove, lantern, electricity and be mindful when using charcoal

 Light
 Feed
 Water
PREPARTATIONS
BROODER HOUSE:
 Once the arrival date of the day old chicks is known wash and dry the brooding house.
 The equipment are kept in quarantine after being disinfected properly.
TWO DAYS TO THE ARRIVAL OF THE CHICKS
 Sweep the house and the equipment’s.

 Put litter materials on the floor of the brooder house.
 Cover the litter material with rough brown paper or old newspaper.
 Assemble all equipment’s with the brooder box in the middle of the brooder house.
 Test all equipment to make sure they are in proper working conditions.
 Cover the open sides with plastic sheets, thick card board.
ARRIVAL DAY
 Four hours before the arrival of the chicks:

 Position the hoovers-source of your heat, could be stove, lantern, electricity; position
at the middle. Brooding takes a maximum of four weeks.
 Put on the source of heat.
 Place the heater under the hoovers.
 Get the scales and the vitamins ready.
 Water and feed should be ready.
WHEN THE CHICKS ARRIVES
 The first thing is to randomly weigh the chicks.

 Note their average weight.
 Counting of the birds.
 Mix vitamin or sugar or glucose in water and serve the chick.
9
 Serve feed after two hours.
NB: the birds continue to mature, the feed as well as the feeders and drinkers will continue to
change to suit their needs.
Broilers in the first week requires: 20 grams of feeds per bird per day.
Second week: 40g
Third week: 60g
Eight week: 160g (don’t increase again) as their conversion efficiency as come to standstill.
RATION AND RATIONING OF FEEDS
50:20:30
50% in the morning
20% around 11:00 am/11:30 am
30% around 3:00 pm
Gardening process-right thing, right time and right quantity.
WARMTH
 Warmth is very vital during brooding.

 The behaviour of the day old chicks in the brooder can be used as guideline for the
measurement of brooding temperature. (Birds speaks eight languages, birds have
colonies).
MEASUREMENT OF BROODING TEMPERATURE
(Brooding chicks’ reaction to heat)
 The heat is not enough hence the birds cluster around the source of the heat –increase
the heat.
 The heat is too much and the birds are repelled from the source of the heat- reduce the
heat.
 The heat is okay and the birds are comfortable; they spread evenly within the
brooding house.
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PART 3
ROUTINE MANAGEMENT IN POULTRY
 Collection of egg-must be done at least three times in a day for good productivity.
 Observation; the people responsible for the care of poultry should be well trained,
experienced and dedicated. The first task for poultry staff is to learn how to carry out
routine checks on the birds, so they can identify what is normal in the flock and what
are the signs of trouble.
PECULIAR ROUTINE MANAGEMENT IN POULTRY
ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF PULLETS
A pullet is a female chicken which is one year of age or younger and has not yet completed
the first laying period. Pullets can be reared under free range deep litter or battery systems.
 Do not expose pullets to direct sunlight from 8-20 weeks of age as this can stimulate
the pullets to start laying eggs prematurely.
 Isolate or cull abnormal or sick birds that have poor development of feathers and
vaccinate.
 Where possible construct roosts either along the sides of the house walls or in the
middle of the house to reduce soiling of the litter.
 Feed the birds on growers mash.
 Ensure green vegetation which growers can peck to keep themselves busy is hanged
at various points in the house.
 Soluble grit (oyster shells) should be provided towards the end of grower’s stage.
ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF LAYERS
Layers are birds which are kept for eggs. They start laying eggs at the age of 20-21 weeks. In
the first 1-2 weeks the eggs produced are very small in size but they normalize from the third
week onwards. You should manage them as follows:
 Vaccinate them every six months against new castle and fowl typhoid.
 Provide enough floor space, roosts, feeders and drinkers.
 Ensure each hen receives 120gms of layers mash feed per day.
 Keep the litter as dry as possible especially if you practice the deep litter system.
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 Collect eggs
ROUTINE MANAGEMENT OF TABLE BIRDS
These are birds which are raised for meat. There are three types of table birds
Broilers
Capons
Roasters
NUTRITION IN POULTRY KEEPING
In terms of cost, feed is the most important input for poultry production, and the availability
of low priced, high quality feed is critical for the expansion of the poultry industry. For
maximum performance and good health, poultry needs a steady supply of energy, protein,
essential amino acids minerals, vitamins and most important water. Recent advances in
poultry nutrition have focused on three main areas:
 Developing an understanding of nutrient metabolism and nutrient requirements;

 Determining the availability of nutrients in feed ingredients and;
 Formulating least cost diets that bring nutrient requirements and nutrient supply
together.
NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS
Poultry diets must be formulated to provide all of the bird’s nutrient requirements if
optimum growth and production is to be achieved. There are six classes of nutrients
namely:
 Carbohydrates- the major source of energy for poultry. Most of the carbohydrate in
poultry diets is provided by cereal grains. E.g. corn, wheat, barley, rice and sorghum.
 Fats- provide energy and essential fatty acids that are needed for some bodily
processes. E.g. tallow, lard, animal fat and blended animal vegetable oil (cold liver
oil, fish oil).
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 Proteins – required for the synthesis of body tissue (particularly muscle),

physiological molecules (such as enzymes and hormones), and feathers and for egg
production. Proteins also provide a small amount of energy. E.g. fish meal, soybeans,
meat and bone meal, peas, cereal by products (grain hull, bran, and middling).
 Vitamins – organic chemicals (chemicals containing carbon) which help control body
processes and are required in small amounts for normal health and growth. E.g.
premix
 Minerals – inorganic chemicals (chemicals not containing carbon) which help control
body processes and are required for normal health and growth. E.g. oyster shell, bone
meal
 Water.
FACTORS AFFECTING THE NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS OF POULTRY
 Genetics (the species, breed or strain of bird) – different species, breeds or strains
of birds have different.
 Age nutrient requirements are related to both body weight and the stage of
maturity in bird.
 Sex- prior to sexual maturity,, the sexes have only small differences in their
nutrient requirements and males and females can usually be fed the same
compromise diet to achieve acceptable growth rates. Differences in nutrient
requirements are larger following the onset of sexual maturity and significantly.
 Reproductive state- the level of egg production in hens and sexual activity in
males will affect nutrient requirements.
 Ambient temperature.
 Housing system.
 Production aims-the optimal nutrient composition of the diet will vary according
to production aims such as optimizing weight gain or carcass composition, egg
numbers or egg size.
TABLE 1: SHOWING BROILER FEED TYPE
Broiler type Age Feed type

Chicks 1 day – 4 weeks Starter mash
Finisher 4 weeks – 8 weeks Finisher mash
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TABLE 2: SHOWING LAYER FEED TYPE
Layer type Age Feed type

Chick 1 day – 6 weeks Chick mash
Grower 6 weeks – 17 weeks Growers mash
Layer 18 weeks - moult Layers mash
POULTRY RATION
 Broilers are either fed ad libitum or through a quantified measurement depending on

the farmers discretion.
 Layers are fed according to their daily requirement. A laying bird requires about
120 – 125g of feed daily.
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CHAPTER THREE
3.0 FARM POWER AND MACHINERY DEPARTMENT
3.1 INTRODUCTION TO FARM POWER AND MACHINERY DEPARTMENT
Farm power and machinery department is one of the technical department in the centre. This
department deals with the design, fabrication and maintenance of machines and equipment
such as: Triketor and its implements, seed planter, Rice trans-planter, Cassava planter etc. used
on the farm. This department offer service to the farmers in the development of farm sites and
also involved in tractor hiring service. They comprise of sub-unit/section which include;
a) Farm Power
b) Farm Machinery Systems Development and Management
c) Tillage and Traction
d) Ergonomics
e) Renewable Energy Resources
3.1.1 FARM POWER UNIT
This unit is in charge of design, development and maintaining different forms of power used
in the farm. This unit has developed different form of tractor which is presently used all over
the country and they include two-wheel tractor, three-wheel tractor and presently, a four-wheel
tractor is under construction.
3.1.2 FARM MACHINERY SYSTEMS DEVELOPMENT AND MANAGEMENT

UNIT
This unit are in charge of designing, development and fabricating of new prototype of
machineries, implements and as well maintenance of such implements and machineries. Most
of the implements fabricated in this unit include ploughs (mouldboard and disc), harrow (disc
and spike tooth), ridger, planter, harvester etc.
15
3.1.3 TRACTOR TEST, STANDARDIZATION, CERTIFICATION, TILLAGE AND

TRACTION UNIT.
This unit are in charge of testing, standardize and certification of any new tractors, implements
that is imported into the country. They as well check the effects of such tractors, implements
on the soil (traction). This unit are also in charge of tillage operations. Tractor tests in NCAM
are aimed at ascertaining the suitability and adaptability of tractors to Nigerian agro-climatic
conditions as well as to validate (or invalidate) the reported specifications as indicated in either
the operator’ manual or the technical booklet. During the tractor test, the tractor slippage,
nominal speed, working load speed, width and depth of cut when coupled with implement,
draft and effect of the tractor on the soil (traction) are check and compare with the standard.
Once the tractor meets the minimum standard, this unit approve and certify such tractor, while
otherwise that doesn’t meet the minimum requirement will not be allowed for importation.
3.2 SUMMARY OF TOOLS IN FARM POWER DEPARTMENT AND THEIR

USES
S/N MACHINE TOOLS USES

1. VERNIER CALLIPERS AND For measuring linear, internal, external diameter
MICRO METER SCREW GAUGE and depth of holes.
2. MEASURING TAPE For measuring length.
3. TRY SQUARE For maintaining square and for orthogonal
check.
4. SCRIBER For marking out.
5. HACK SAW For cutting material.
6. STEEL BEAM TRAMMEL For circular cut.
7. SPIRIT LEVEL Used to maintain plane positioning.
8. CHISEL Used in force cutting of the material.
9. HAND FILES Used for surface smoothening.
10. WORK BENCH Where you place your work.
11. TAP AND WRENCH For internal threading.
12. STOCK AND DIE Used for external threading.
13. SPANNERS For fastening and unfastening bolt and nut.
14. SCREW DRIVE For fastening and unfastening screws.
16
15. ALLEN KEY For fastening and unfastening ALLEN screws.

16. ANVIL Used during forging and hammering.
17. GUILLOTINE MACHINE Used for cutting metal sheet less than 3 mm.
18. ELECTRIC POWER GRINDER For grinding of rough surface and also for
cutting of metals.
19. DRILLING MACHINE It is used for drilling (creating) holes.
20. EDGE BENDING MACHINE For bending sheet of metal to 90 degree.
21. PEDESTAL GRINDING Used for sharpening and smoothening different
MACHINE type of materials.
22. GAS WELDING MACHINE Used for welding/brazing two or more metals
together and also for cutting of metals.
Table 3: Tools in Farm Power and Machinery
DRILLING MACHINE PILLAR GRINDER
17
ARC WELDIING MACHINE HYDRAULIC LIFTING MACHINE
Plate 1: Workshop Machines
3.3 WORK EXPERIENCE
3.3.1 DEVELOPMENT OF NCAM’S THREE WHEEL MINI TRACTOR

(TRIKETOR)
The National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization (NCAM) developed a three wheel mini
tractor popularly referred to as the triketor. The triketor, one of the indigenous technologies
developed by the Centre is a three wheel and 28 Horse power mini tractor that was developed
from the concept of a motorcycle, with a working speed of 2200 rev/min.
The triketor is designed to carry out similar duties as that of a conventional tractor but at a
smaller scale. This makes it ideal for smaller farmers, thereby, increasing their productivity.
The aim of developing the NCAM triketor is to solve one of the greatest problem faced by
the smallholder farmers in Nigeria who needs a cheaper and affordable source of farm power
for boosting agricultural productivity.
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MAJOR IMPORTANCE OF THE TRIKETOR
1. The developed triketor at the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization

(NCAM) is efficient for operation in terms of work rate, quality of work done, fuel
economy and ease of maintenance.
2. The developed triketor at the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization can
conveniently carry out tillage operations commonly required in Nigeria and is suitable
for use in all types of soils in Nigeria.
3. The lightweight of the triketor favours its use in Nigerian agriculture as the problem
of soil compaction, resulting from the use of bigger tractor, has been taken care of.
4. The developed triketor at the National Centre for Agricultural Mechanization is
affordable and easy to maintain when compared with conventional tractors. It can also
act as a form of transportation when trailer is being attached to it.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE THREE WHEEL MINI TRACTOR
A. MICRO COMPONENTS
i. Diesel tank
ii. Oil tank
iii. Driver seat
iv. Equipment lifting provision : Hydraulic pump
B. MACRO COMPONENTS
i. Chassis
ii. Engine : 28HP, 2200 rev/min
iii. Transmission system : gear box
iv. Couple set
v. Differential drive
vi. Front wheel : 5.50-16 simple tyre
vii. Rear wheel : 31 X 15.5-15 Traction type covered with half bonnet
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Plate 2: TRIKETOR
THE TRIKETOR’S POWER TRANSMISSION SYSTEM
A. THE TRIKETOR’S GEAR BOX
The triketor gear box transmits power from the engine to the differential of the triketor
through the propeller shaft. The gear box is filled between the engine and the rear wheel for
variable torque and speed.
A triketor engine runs at high speed, but the rear wheel of the triketor requires power
at low speed and high torque. That’s why it becomes essential to reduce the engine speed and
increase the torque available at the rear wheels of the triketor because if the engine capacity
in (HP) is constant, it is obvious that for higher torque at wheels, low speed is required and
vice versa. So, the gear box is fitted between engine and rear wheel.
MAIN COMPONENTS OF THE GEAR BOX
I. Counter shaft: - counter shaft is a shaft which connects with the clutch shaft directly.
It contains the gear which connects it to the clutch shaft as well as the main shaft.
II. Main shaft: - it is the shaft which runs at the triketor’s speed. It carries power from the
counter shaft by use of gears according to the gear ratio, it runs at different speed and
torque compared to the counter shaft.
III. Gears: - gears are used to transmit the power from one shaft to another. It is the major
components as the variation in torque of counter shaft and the main shaft depends on
the gear ratio.
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IV. Bearings: - bearings are required to support the revolving part and reduce the friction.
In the gear box, both counter and main shaft are supported by the bearing.
Plate 3: GEAR BOX
B. CLUTCH
The clutch is used to connect and disconnect power. Its function is to disconnect the
engine from the transmission system, allowing the engine to run while the machine is
standing still. The clutch also engages the power to start up the machine.
The clutch can be visualized s made of two plates, each on a shaft of its own. As long as
the plates are not touching we can spin one as fast as we want without affecting the other.
But it will move them together when one is slipping, the other will begin to turn and then
both shafts will turn as one unit.
CLUTCH PLATE PRESSURE PLATE
Plate 4: Clutch parts
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C. DIFFERENTIAL
When the triketor makes a turn, the outside wheels cover a larger circle than the inside
wheels, and therefore must run faster in order to get around in the same time. It is usually
the ease that the power of the engine is applied to the driving wheel. Thus, the component
which allows each wheel to travel at a different speed and still propel its own load is the
differential.
THE TRIKETOR’S HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
The hydraulic system used in the triketor are based on the principle of hydraulics. These
principles can be listed as follows, namely:
a. Liquids have no shape of their own.

b. Liquids are practically incompressible.
c. Liquids transmit applied pressure in all direction.
d. Liquids provide great increase in work force.
Hydraulic pressure and flow can be converted to forces and motion that allow the triketor to
perform tasks that an operator cannot to physically. A pump pressurizes the oil and sends it to
a valve, the valve then sends the pressurized oil wherever it is needed.
PARTS OF THE HYDRAULIC SYSTEM
 Hydraulic pump
 Control valve
 Hose pipe and fittings
 Hydraulic reservoir
 Fuel filter
 Lifting arms
Hydraulic pump: - it forces the fluid from the reservoir to the control valve under high
pressure.
Control valve: - this valve controls the movement of hydraulic oil to have desired direction,
magnitude and speed of lifting. This helps to determine the speed of movement for the
actuators.
22
Hose pipe and fittings: - these are conduits for directing the oil to wherever it is being needed.
Hydraulic reservoir: - contains sufficient oil to move and transmit power.
Fuel filter: - is a filter in the fuel line that screens out dirt and rust particles from the fuel.
Oil pump Brake fluid reservoir
Fuel filter control valve
Plate 5: hydraulic system
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THE TRIKETOR’S HITCH SYSTEM
The hydraulic hitch is a hydraulically powered lifting system at the back of the triketor used
to move implements from one field to another. This can raise and lower implements off the
ground with the aid of the control valve. The hitch makes it easy for the triketor to lower an
implement such as the plough when it is working on a field, and then raise it up again to drive
it somewhere else.
THREE POINT LINKAGE
The three point linkage is provided with a draft control system, the top link operates the
spring loaded control valve. It is a combination of three links, one is upper link and two lower
links, the links articulated to the triketor and the implements at their ends in order to connect
the implement to the triketor.
ADVANTAGES OF THE THREE – POINT LINKAGE
a) Easy setting of implements.

b) Quick setting of implements.
c) Automatic hydraulic control of implements.
d) Good balancing of attached implements.
Plate 6: Three point linkage
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3.3.2 DEVELOPMENT OF TWO ROW CASSAVA STEM PLANTER
Cassava crop production is labour intensive, in the activities from planting to harvesting. To
have an edge in the cassava market, production cost or cassava must be maintained as low as
possible. Africa is the largest producer of cassava claiming 62 percent of the total world
production, with Nigeria leading the world with nineteen percent of the global market share
Increased cassava production in Nigeria could be achieved by introducing home-grown cassava

planters as against imported planters barely within the reach of resource-constrained farmers.
Currently, cassava planting has not been fully mechanized, and the available mechanical
planters are not within the reach of resource-constrained farmers.
Some units of Brazilian cassava planters are currently available in Nigeria. These planters are
actually used by a few farmers who are able to access them, but they are very expensive and
far beyond the reach of the average Nigerian farmers. A relatively cheaper mechanical cassava
planter with less labour requirement and compatible with local farming systems have great
potential to reduce drudgery cost of labour and increase productivity. A two row single feeder
(TRSF) tractor drawn semi-automatic cassava stem planter was designed by the department to
reduce cost and labour required in mechanized planting of cassava.
This planter designed is intended to be an improvement over the existing planters from the
point of view that it is a two row planter employing only one feeder instead of two feeders as
is the case with the common semi-automatic cassava planter.
The planter is a trailing implement attached to the 3-point hitch of the tractor. The man power
required in this design is reduced – the tractor driver and the stem feeder. To simultaneously
plant two rows using a single stem feeder, a cutting mechanism in the form of that of Brazilian
two row single feeder was employed at a speed not less than 1,200 rpm and driven by the
arrangement of shaft, chain and sprocket mechanism obtaining power from the planter’s wheel.
The cassava stems are to be arrange inside the hopper, the operator picks the stakes from the
hopper and drops them into the metering chamber one at a time. The upper metering mechanism
which is designed two times the size of the lower metering mechanism drag in the stem being
fed with the help of the rubber dragger incorporated in the design. The rubber drag in twice the
length of the required stem length of 380mm with the upper and lower metering mechanism
designed to cut the stem at the same time. The lower mechanism cuts the stem into a length of
25
190mm, while the upper mechanism cuts into same length. The planter designed is incorporated
with cam and follower mechanism and the plunger which will push the upper stem to fall at an
angle in the delivery chute while the lower stem will fall under gravity in the second delivery
chute.
The planter is designed in such a way that the metering drum is driven by two traction wheels
via a combination of chain, sprocket and gear drives. A furrow opener and a pair of discs are
employed to open and cover the furrow around the stakes respectively.
The design considerations of the planter are as follows:
a. The planter will be capable of planting two rows simultaneously.

b. The planter is design for levelled land cultivation.
c. The stems position horizontally in the soil.
d. One operator is required to feed the stems.
e. Planting depth of 5 - 10 cm.
f. Inter row planting distance of 100 cm.
g. Row distance should be adjustable between 80 and 100 cm
Figure 2: Cassava stem planter
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PARTS LIST
ITEM QTY PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION
1 1 Main Cassava Planter Frame
2 1 Fertilizer Container
3 1 Right Metering Device
4 1 Left Metering Device
5 2 drag bar
6 1 Roller Chain Sprocket for metering
device
7 2 Fertilizer frame holder
8 4 Washer [GB 7244-87 10] Single coil spring lock washers, Heavy type
9 4 ISO 7091 - ST 10 - 100 HV Plain washers - Normal series - Product grade C
10 4 ISO 4016 - M10 x 100 Hexagon head bolts. Product grade C

11 4 ISO 7089 - 10 - 140 HV Plain washers - Normal series - Product grade A
12 4 ISO 4034 - M10 Hexagon nuts - Product grade C

13 2 Seat Suspension
14 2 seat stand
15 2 feeder funnel
16 1 Right top cover
17 1 Left Top cover
18 4 Stem Holder Support
19 2 Seat Mod.
20 2 wheel chain drive cover
21 1 Tyre assembly
22 1 Wheel Base Frame
23 1 Wheel Lock
24 1 12inch Wheel Rim and Tyre
25 5 ISO 7719 - M18 metal hexagon nuts, style 1 - - Product grade A
and B
26 1 Roller Chain Sprocket1
27 2 Chain Double Sprocket 5cm
27
28 2 seat hook
29 1 Power Shaft Rod
Table 4: Parts list of the cassava stem planter
Figure 3: Exploded view of the designed cassava stem planter
28
Figure 4: orthographic views of the cassava planter
29
Figure 5: Metering device mechanism
ITEM QTY PART NUMBER DESCRIPTION

1 1 Inner wheel tray
2 640.000 mm ISO 657-1- Hot rolled steel
L50X50X4-320 sections – part1 :
equal leg angles
L50X50X4-594.984 sections – part1 :
equal leg angles
L50X50X4-595.084 sections – part1 :
equal leg angles
5 4 Bearing cover
6 1 Metering device
with elongated shaft
7 1 Metering device
8 2 Spur gear
9 4 Rolling bearing Rolling bearings –
6005 GB/T 276-94 deep groove ball
30
bearings – boundary
dimensions
10 1 Roller chain
sprocket for gear set
Table 5: Parts list of the metering device mechanism
3.3.3 DEVELOPMENT OF A YAM HEAP MAKING MACHINE
Yam is considered the most important food staple in West Africa where 70% of the total
yams produced worldwide comes from. There is huge profit in yam farming business and
according to reports, five hundred by five hundred meters size of farmland could yield up to
50,000 tubers of yam which is valued at N10million ($50,000) at one dollars per yam.
Apart from selling locally, yam can be exported to the United States of America, United
Kingdom, Netherlands, France, Germany, and even Japan. While Nigeria is the major
producer of yam in the world followed by Ivory Coast, Ghana is in the other hand the major
exporter of yams, accounting for over 90% of total yams exported from West Africa
annually.
Yam farming is important, likewise, exporting of yams is also important. So, to increase the
number of yam produce exported annually in Nigeria, the National Centre for Agricultural
Mechanization (NCAM) developed a yam heap making machine. Also, the aim of developing
the yam heap making machine is to solve one of the greatest problem faced by the
smallholder farmers in Nigeria who needs a cheaper and affordable source of farm power for
boosting agricultural yam farming.
STEPS INVOLVED IN YAM FARMING
 Locating a suitable farmland for yam farming

 Preparation of the land
 Preparation of setts
 Pre-Sprouting of setts
 Preparation of pre-sprouted setts for staggered planting.
31
 Preparation of pre-sprouted setts for single planting.

 Planting
 Mulching the ridges
 Weed control
 Replanting (Replacing Dead Yams)
 Staking the yam vines
 Trellis method.
 Modified trellis method.
 Pyramid method.
 Training the vines
 Fertilizer application
 Covering exposed tubers
 Harvest
YAM HEAP
Yam heaps also known as mounds are heaped up soil where the yam will grow. Yam as we all
know are root tubers. They grow within the soil. It therefore requires a loose soil to expand.
The bigger the heaping or closeness of the soil the bigger the size of the yam. Yam mound/heap
making machine is a machine that helps in making big heaps in a very short period of time
compared to the manual making of heaps using hoe. During testing, it was observed that the
yam heap making machine was able to make 120 heaps in 15 minutes.
COMPONENTS OF THE YAM HEAP MAKING MACHINE
The Frame: this can also be referred to as the support which carries other components
directly or indirectly.
Spiral Gears: there are two spiral gears attached to the yam heap making machine. One of
the gears is connected to a propeller shaft and the other mounted on the frame. These gears
helps to transmit power received from the tractors P.T.O to the disc.
Discs: Two discs are used and must be tilted to face each other at the same disc angle to
ensure that proper heap is moulded by the machine.
32
Plate 7: Spiral gears
Plate 8: Yam heap making machine
33
Plate 9: Yam heap making machine in operation
34
CHAPTER FOUR
4.0 ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC SERVICES DEPARTMENT (ESS)
4.1 INTRODUCTION TO ENGINEERING AND SCIENTIFIC SERVICES

DEPARTMENT
Engineering and scientific services department is one of the technical department in the
centre. This department deals with the study, design, construct and maintenance, of
agricultural machines, and equipment. This department has a big workshop which serves as
the nucleus where majority of the technical works are carried out in the centre.
The Engineering and Scientific Service (ESS) Department is also saddled with the
responsibility of providing other departments the necessary services in both research and
development of machines.
I was deployed to the Design and drafting department where interns learn how to design
machines and machine parts using CAD applications such as AutoCAD and Autodesk
Inventor. Also, working in the design and drafting department, I was exposed to the
fundamentals of bill of engineering measurement and some of the uses of the universal
testing machine and also, participated in a project - determination of the extrusion pressure of
noodles obtained from millet dough using the universal testing machine.
This department comprise of sub-unit/section where different operations and works are carried
out and they include the following;
a) Instrumentation
b) Design and drafting
c) Standardizations and certification
d) Workshop technology and prototype
35
4.2 WORK EXPERIENCE
4.2.1 COMPUTER AIDED DESIGN: AUTODESK INVENTOR
Autodesk Inventor program is a 3D parametric modeller based not on the familiar AutoCAD
software programming architecture but instead on a separate foundation that would provide
the room needed to grow into a fully featured modeller it is now. Inventor covers:
 “The basic sketch techniques,” explores the principles of creating parameter-

driven sketches for use in modelling features and parts.
 Basic modelling techniques.
 “Sheet metal,” creating accurate sheet metal models and flat patterns as well as
creating documentation and set up sheet metal styles and templates.
 “Reusing parts and features,” different methods for reusing parts and features for
maximum consistency and design efficiency.
 Assembly design work flows.
Introduction to Inventor Professional: 2016 Interface
Icons
Quick Launch
Options
Browser/Features View port

Manager
Figure 6: Inventor professional interface
36
Mouse Buttons
Left Button - Most commonly used for selecting objects on the screen or sketching.
Right Button – Used for activating pop-up menu items, typically used when editing.
Center Button – (option) Used for model Pan, Rotate when holding Shift key.
Center Scroll Wheel – (option) same as Center Button when depressed, only it activates
Zoom feature when scrolling wheel.
Options menu “The hearts of Inventor”…

Selecting the Grid Icon opens the Options Menu or the Tools/Options pull down can
be used.
Application Options – (Global Settings) are setting that affect all documents.
Location: Upper Left corner icon with the big yellow “I”, then find “Options” at the bottom
center of the list or Tools>Application Options.
Screen Background Color

Performance Settings
Interface Preferences
Document Settings – (Individual Document Settings) are setting that adjust only the
currently active document.
Location: While in a part (.ipt) or an assembly (.iam) document got to Tools>Document

Settings.
- Part Color
- Units
- Standards
37
Figure 7: Application options and documentation settings interface
Sketching (2D tools)

Where do you start a sketch?
Sketches can be created on any Plane or Planar Face or Surface. Inventor provides
you with three planes centralized at the Origin (your zero marker in space).
NOTE: Planes can also be created and will be discussed in more detail in the future.
Figure 8: Sketching (2D tools) bar
38
To start a sketch Pre-select the plane or face you desire to sketch on and then select the
quick launch Sketch Icon that appears automatically. NOTE: You can select the planes
from the “Browser - Feature Manager”.
Figure 9: Origin Geometry interface
Controlling your geometry…
Figure 10: Get started bar
Inventor uses two methods for constraining geometric entities.
Relations and Dimensions
Relations can be referred to as common elements of geometry such as Tangency,

Parallelism, and Concentricity. These elements can be added to geometric
entities automatically or manually during the design process.
39
Solid Modelling Basics
Layer Cake method
Extruded Boss/Base (Creates/Adds material)
Extruded Cut (Removes material)
Revolve method
Revolve Boss/Base (Creates/Adds material)
Revolve Cut (Removes material)
Figure 11: Inventor practice design of a solid model
40
Figure 12: Inventor design of an alignment bracket
Figure 13: Inventor design of a housing fixture
41
4.2.2 DEVELOPMENT OF A LONG TAIL AXIAL FLOW PUMP FOR FARM

LAND IRRIGATION
Irrigation of farmland has been one of the key ways of improving agricultural productivity.
Irrigation schemes in developing countries especially in sub-Sahara Africa suffer from a very
low water use efficiency, resulting in water logging and salinity problems.
Irrigation may be defined as the process by which water is diverted from a river or pumped
from a well and used for the purpose of agricultural production. The various irrigation
systems in Nigeria is based on the following three parameters:
I. Water source: - where the water is obtained from surface sources or underground
sources.
II. Water application methods: - furrow, basin or hand watering method.
III. Seasonality: - seasonal or non-seasonal.
A farmer chooses an irrigation system based on the type, amount and costs of inputs needed
to build and operate the system. The farmer also considers the expected return from the
system, which is influenced by agro-climatic and socio-economic conditions, and existing
government policies.
AXIAL FLOW PUMP
An axial flow pump is a common type of pump that essentially consists of a propeller (an
axial impeller) in a pipe. The propeller can be driven by a sealed motor in a pipe or by an
electric motor mounted to the pipe from the outside or by a right angle drive shaft that pierces
the pipe.
Axial flow pumps are one of the three sub types of centrifugal pumps, the other being mixed
flow and radial flow. Of these three types, axial flow pumps are characterized by the highest
flow rates and lowest discharge pressures. They direct flow in a straight line parallel to the
impeller shaft rather radially (perpendicular to the shaft). The impeller is shaped like a
propeller and contains only a few (typically three or four) vanes. The impeller is driven by a
drive shaft that enters the pump tube from the side. The impeller looks and operates similar to
a boat propeller, which is the reason why axial flow pumps are also called propeller pumps.
42
ADVANTAGES OF AXIAL FLOW PUMPS
Higher efficiency: - the efficiency of an axial flow pump is substantially higher than that of
the centrifugal pump for low lift applications (when water is lifted no more than three
metres).
Economical: - axial flow pump is far more economical than the centrifugal pump for low lift
applications.
MAJOR COMPONENTS OF THE AXIAL FLOW PUMP
The major components of the axial flow pump are:
 Pump Impeller
 Pump housing
 Pump shaft
 Pillow bearing
 Flexible coupling
 Supports
 Bushings
 Main bearing holder with diffusion vanes
FABRICATION PROCESS
The impeller was fabricated from commonly available metal plate and round bar. Proper
blade curvature is obtained by hammering the pre-cut metal pieces into a simple fixture
which also serves to align the blades and hub for welding. Lathe machine was used for
cutting tapers and keyways in the shaft and impeller hub. The shaft has two water-lubricated
bushings – hard rubber bearings forced into the metal pipe. A pillow-block bearing was
mounted near the flexible coupling which joins the shaft to the engine. Shaft diameter and
pillow-block bearing are selected from standard sizes so that the shaft fits snugly into the
bearing without needing machining. The engine is mounted on the cross members which help
both alignment and adapting the pump to different sizes. The pump housing was fabricated
from 1.6mm sheet metal. Cardboards patterns were made to simplify the cutting of the
housing pieces, so that after rolling, the two cylinders fit together without endless trimming to
form the elbow with proper positioning of the oblong hole for the bushing holder. With the
help of a welding fixture, four metal strips are used to center the impeller bushing holder
inside the housing to attain the desired clearance (approximately 2mm) between the blade tips
43
and the housing wall. The discharge tube was made from a woven plastic with a coating
impermeable to water.
The final design consists of an axial flow impeller secured to a pump shaft and encased inside
a 15cm diameter steel discharge end. The pump is supported by an engine stand at the
discharge end, and a support near the pump inlet. A flexible coupling connects the engine and
the pump shaft. A wire mesh inlet strainer prevents entry of foreign materials. Behind the
axial flow impeller, a set of diffusion vanes straightens the spiral flow from the impeller for
improved efficiency and holds the primary rubber bearings.
Plate 10: Axial flow pump components
44
Figure 14: AutoCAD drawing of the long tail axial pump
45
4.2.3 MATERIAL TESTING LABORATORY
The material testing laboratory is located in one of the laboratory rooms in farm power building,
the laboratory is coordinated by a mechanical engineer in person of Engr. ODENIYI,
Oluwaseye Michael, who is proficient in the procedure for material testing, drawing and
drafting of machines. The laboratory consists mainly:
1 Testometric Universal Testing Machine

2 Air circulated oven
3 Sensitive weighing balance
4 Tools box
The laboratory functions as a place for mechanical test using Testometric universal testing
machine, the machine is used for different mechanical test procedures. The machine description
is fully detained below.
Testometric Universal Testing Machine
The universal testing machine model in the laboratory is the testometric universal testing
machine M500-50 AT which is a 50KN capacity machine which is a computer controlled
universal material testing machine using Testometric’s feature-rich winTestTM operating
system platform. The AT model is a touch screen display with active tester control pane readout
screen showing real time test curves calculations, results and statistics. The software on which
the machine runs is called winTestTM Analysis Universal window software which covers
tensile, compression, peel, shear, tear, cyclic creep and multi stage testing. Procedures not
included can also be created as a new procedure on the software. The test data can be exported
to other file format such as PDF, excel, access, SPC system for easy data generation. The
standard specification of the machine model is as follows in the table below:
STARDARD SPECIFIATION
Machine capacity 50KN

Speed range 0.001 to 1000mm/min in steps of
0.001mm/min
Crosshead travel (excluding grips) 980mm
Throat mm 420mm
Table 6: Standard specification of the testometric universal testing machine
46
Figure 15: Testometric universal testing machine
THE TESTOMETRIC UNIVERSAL TESTING MACHINE ACCESSORIES
Grips
The Testometric Universal Machine has different grips for different procedure of test, some of
the grips are discussed below:
47
Bend fixtures: The bend fixture is used in carrying out flexural test which are generally used
to determine the flexural modulus or flexural strength of a material, the material is laid
horizontally over a two-point contact on the lower support, a force is applied on top of the
material until the material fails. The maximum recorded force is the flexural strength of that
particular material.
Plate 11: showing demonstration of bending grip
Compression Platens: Testometric has platens which are used in carrying out compression
test for material which are used in evaluating the static compressive strength of the materials
which maybe bio-material, products and components.
Plate 12: Compression Platens
Hardness Test Fixtures: The testometric provides fixture which is mainly used in testing the
hardness of timbers, foam, metal, food material, etc.
48
Plate 13: Hardness Test Fixtures
Food Test Fixtures: The food test fixture is mainly used to test evaluate in food material like;
extrusion, shear, puncture, etc.
Plate 14: Food test fixtures
Wedge Grips: The testometric wedge grip is mainly manufactured from specialized hardened
steel with saw tooth groove. This grips are mainly used in testing rigid material such as
reinforced plastics, composites and metal.
Plate 15: Wedge grips
49
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The technical knowledge gained has broadened my knowledge on design, development, and
maintenance of equipment’s and machines used in Agricultural mechanization. Likewise, it
made me come to the realization of the problems facing agriculture that has led to the
development of various agricultural machines.
Also, since machines are aimed at reducing time of production, cost of production, and most
importantly making the natural environment suitable for man use, therefore, my internship
exposed me to the relationship between natural, traditional and existing methods in performing
operations and using the basic principles of these methods in development of machines. During
my course of stay I became familiar with the aspect of appropriate material selection for
machine parts when developing machines
I learnt a lot about the use of Computer Aided Design (Autodesk Inventor) for drawing
agricultural machines. The experience gained in the center didn’t stop at design and fabrication,
it went further to the acquisition of knowledge and skill in operation of these machines making
me a better aspiring engineer.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Judging from the enormous experience gained during the industrial attachment and the right
foundation built for a journey into the engineering world, the SIWES program should be
encouraged in all higher institutions of learning.
In order to facilitate the full realization of the objective of the SIWES and to ensure the proper
training of the tertiary institution students in preparing them for future challenges upon
graduation, the following need to be address with immediate effect.
i. The NUC and ITF should take concrete steps in posting students to organization or firm
relevant to their field of study to avoid time wastage in seeking for placement for
industrial training
ii. The agencies involved (NUC, ITF) should endeavor to check on the training
organization and ensure that they give attention to the technical needs of the students.
The student should be supervised by experienced professional in their field which I
50
believe will expose students to new ideas and solution to the problems of the 21st
century.
iii. I call on the federal government, National university commission (NUC) and industrial
training fund (ITF) to ensure that well equipped Engineering workshops are built in the
Nigerian universities to improve the practical experience of the students in the
universities.
51
REFERENCES
1. Okoro Uchenna (2016). Technical report on Students Industrial Work Experience
Scheme (SIWES)
2. Manual on NCAM’s technology and description.
3. Chapman, W.A.J (1971). Workshop Technology part 1. London: Edward Arnold
publishers.
4. Short bolt, C.R. (1969). Workshop Technology for mechanical Engineering
Technicians Book 1 London.
5. Visayas Consortium for Agriculture and Resources Program, Visayas State University,
ViSCA, Baybay City, Leyte, 6521-A Philippines.
6. Christopher F. Sikora (2015). Introduction to Computer Integrated Manufacturing.
7. Muncie Power Products, Inc.: Understanding Truck Mounted Hydraulic Systems.
8. Stickney, R.E. and Salazar, G.C. (1989). Axial-flow propeller pump for small rice farms
and fishponds.
9. Aban, M.M. (1985). Design parameters affecting the performance of the Irri-designed
Axial-flow pump. IRRI Research Paper Series, No. 112, October 1985.
10. Richard Gedney, ADEMET, Inc. (2011). Understanding a Universal Testing Machine
Motor Control System.
52

BAMIDELE, K.B. Technical Report

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SIWES TECHNICAL REPORT | BAMIDELE, KAYODE B.

STUDENTS’ INDUSTRIAL WORK EXPERIENCE SCHEME

NATIONAL CENTRE FOR AGRICULTURAL MECHANIZATION

AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

department of Agricultural Engineering, Federal University of Agriculture, Abeokuta, carried

learnt from the 5th of September, 2017 to 23rd of February, 2018.

Engr. (Dr.) I.A Ola DATE

Engr. (Dr.) A.F Adisa DATE

crystallizing and I remain grateful. Thank You.

1.0 Introduction to SIWES……………………………………………………………….1

1.1 Historical background of SIWES………………………………………………….…2

1.2 Objective of SIWES………………………………………………………………….2

2.0 Brief history of the organization (NCAM)…………………………………………..3

2.1 Aim and objectives of NCAM……………………………………………………….4

2.2 Organization structure of NCAM……………………………………………………5

2.3 NCAM - Training Of Youths and Women on Integrated Agricultural

3.0 Farm power and machinery department (FPM)…………………………………….15

3.1 Introduction to the farm power and machinery department………………………...15

3.1.1 Farm power unit…………………………………………………………………….15

3.1.2 Farm machinery systems development and management………………………….15

3.1.3 Tractor testing, standardization, certification, tillage and traction unit……………16

3.3 Work experience…………………………………………………………………...18

3.3.1 Development of NCAM’s Three wheel tractor (TRIKETOR)…………………….24

3.3.2 Development of a two row cassava stem planter……………………………….….31

3.3.3 Development of a yam heap making machine……..………………………….…..34

4.0 Engineering and Scientific Services department (ESS)……………………...……35

4.1 Introduction to Engineering and Scientific Services department…………………35

4.2 Work experience……………………………………………………….…….……36

4.2.1 Computer Aided Design (CAD): Autodesk Inventor……………………………..41

4.2.3 Material testing laboratory………………………………………………….…….49

5.0 Conclusion and recommendation………………………………………………....50

Figure 1 Organogram of NCAM…………………………………………………………….5

Figure 2 Cassava stem planter………………………………………………………………26

Figure 3 Exploded view of the designed cassava planter…………………………………...28

Figure 4 Orthographic views of the cassava planter………………………………………...29

Figure 5 Metering device mechanism……………………………………………………….30

Figure 6 Inventor professional interface…………………………………………………….36

Figure 7 Application options and documentation settings interface………………………..38

Figure 8 Sketching (2D tools) bar…………………………………………………………..38

Figure 9 Origin geometry interface…………………………………………………………39

Figure 10 Get started bar……………………………………………………………………39

Figure 11 Inventor practice design of a solid model………………………………………..40

Figure 12 Inventor design of an alignment bracket…………………………………………41

Figure 13 Inventor design of a housing fixture……………………………………………..41

Figure 14 AutoCAD drawing of the long tail axial pump…………………………………..45

Figure 15 Testometric universal testing machine…………………………………………...47

Table 1 Broiler feed type …………………………………………………………………14

Table 2 Layer feed type…………………………………………………………………...14

Table 3 Tools in farm power and machinery……………………………………………...17

Table 4 Parts list of the cassava stem planter……………………………………………..28

Table 5 Parts list of the metering device mechanism……………………………………...31

Table 6 Standard specification of the testometric universal testing machine……………..46

Plate 1 Workshop machines…………………………………………………………………18

Plate 3 Gear box……………………………………………………………………………..21

Plate 4 Clutch parts………………………………………………………………………….21

Plate 5 Hydraulic system……………………………………………………………………23

Plate 6 Three point linkage………………………………………………………………….24

Plate 7 Spiral gears………………………………………………………………………….33

Plate 8 Yam heap making machine…………………………………………………………33

Plate 9 Yam heap making machine in operation…………………………………………....34

Plate 10 Axial flow pump components……………………………………………………..44

Plate 11 Showing demonstration of bending grip…………………………………………..48

Plate 12 Compression platens………………………………………………………………48

Plate 13 Hardness test fixtures……………………………………………………………...49

Plate 14 Food test fixtures………………………………………………………………….49

Plate 15 Wedge grips……………………………………………………………………….49

1.0 INTRODUCTION TO SIWES