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PROSPER
USER GUIDE
The information in this document is subject to change as major improvements and/or
amendments to the program are generated. When necessary, Petroleum Experts will issue the
proper documentation.
The software described in this manual is furnished under a licence agreement. The software
may be used or copied only in accordance with the terms of the agreement. It is against the
law to copy the software on any medium except as specifically allowed in the license
agreement. No part of this documentation may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by
any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or information storage
and retrieval systems for any purpose other than the purchaser's personal use, unless express
written consent has been given by Petroleum Experts Limited.
All names of companies, wells, persons or products contained in this documentation are part of
a fictitious scenario or scenarios and are used solely to document the use of a Petroleum
Experts product.
1 Introduction .................................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Using PROSPER ........................................................................................................................................... 1
2 Installation...................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1 System Requirements.................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1.1 Hardware ....................................................................................................................................................... 1
2.1.2 Software......................................................................................................................................................... 2
2.1.3 Upgrading From a Previous Version .............................................................................................................. 2
3.2 Preferences.................................................................................................................................................... 5
3.2.1 Screen............................................................................................................................................................ 5
3.2.2 File ................................................................................................................................................................. 7
3.2.3 Plot................................................................................................................................................................. 8
3.2.4 User Applications ......................................................................................................................................... 10
3.2.5 Limits............................................................................................................................................................ 11
3.2.6 Units............................................................................................................................................................. 12
3.5 Printing......................................................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.1 Preparing to Print ......................................................................................................................................... 14
3.5.2 Selecting a Printer........................................................................................................................................ 14
3.5.3 Printing Export Data ..................................................................................................................................... 15
3.5.4 Selecting a Exported Data to Print ............................................................................................................... 17
3.5.5 Word Processing in PROSPER ................................................................................................................... 17
3.5.6 Clipboard Command .................................................................................................................................... 17
7.2.17 SkinAide........................................................................................................................................................ 18
7.2.18 Dual Porosity................................................................................................................................................. 19
7.2.19 Horizontal Well with Transverse Vertical Fractures....................................................................................... 19
7.2.20 Thermally Induced Fracture Model ............................................................................................................... 19
7.2.20.1 Overview ................................................................................................................................................. 19
7.2.20.2 Data Entry ............................................................................................................................................... 20
7.2.21 Using Relative Permeabilities in PROSPER ................................................................................................. 21
7.2.22 Coning Calculation........................................................................................................................................ 25
7.7 SkinAide....................................................................................................................................................... 38
7.7.1 SkinAide Theoretical Background ................................................................................................................... 38
7.7.1.1 Position of the producing interval with respect to reservoir geometry ..................................................... 38
7.7.1.2 Interference between perforations and the damaged zone ..................................................................... 38
7.7.1.3 The Crushed Zone .................................................................................................................................. 39
7.7.1.4 Perforation tunnel which penetrates the formation .................................................................................. 40
7.7.1.5 Perforation tunnel through the casing and cement.................................................................................. 40
7.7.1.6 Annulus between Casing and Screen ..................................................................................................... 40
7.7.1.7 Hemispherical Flow Model ...................................................................................................................... 41
7.7.2 Using SkinAide................................................................................................................................................ 41
7.7.2.1 Flow Model.............................................................................................................................................. 42
7.7.2.2 Skin Model .............................................................................................................................................. 42
7.7.2.3 Perforation Data ...................................................................................................................................... 43
7.7.2.4 Geometry ................................................................................................................................................ 43
7.7.2.5 Petrophysics............................................................................................................................................ 45
7.7.2.6 Damaged Zone........................................................................................................................................ 46
7.7.2.7 Cased Hole.............................................................................................................................................. 46
7.7.2.8 Crushed Zone.......................................................................................................................................... 47
7.7.2.9 Perforations............................................................................................................................................. 48
10 Calculation Menu.................................................................................................................................................... 1
10.1 Calculation Options For Predicting Pressure Only or Rough/Improved Approximation Temperature Cases. 2
10.1.1 Inflow (IPR) .................................................................................................................................................... 2
10.1.2 System (VLP + IPR)....................................................................................................................................... 5
10.1.3 Left - Hand Intersection for VLP/IPR curves .................................................................................................. 6
10.1.3.1 Sensitivity Variables Screen...................................................................................................................... 6
10.1.3.2 Generating Sensitivity Values ................................................................................................................... 8
10.1.3.3 Sensitivity Combinations Screen............................................................................................................... 8
10.1.3.4 Calculation Screen .................................................................................................................................... 9
10.1.4 Gradient (Traverse)...................................................................................................................................... 17
10.1.5 Gradient (Traverse)-Modified Turner Equation ............................................................................................ 19
10.1.6 Erosional Velocity Calculations for Sand Laden Fluids ................................................................................ 20
10.1.7 VLP (Tubing) Curves – 3 Variables.............................................................................................................. 22
10.1.8 VLP (Tubing) Curves - 4 Variables .............................................................................................................. 26
10.1.9 Choke Performance ..................................................................................................................................... 29
10.1.10 Generate for GAP............................................................................................................................... 30
12 Output..................................................................................................................................................................... 1
12.1 Report ............................................................................................................................................................ 2
12.1.1 Setting Up the Reporting System................................................................................................................... 2
12.1.2 Reports .......................................................................................................................................................... 2
12.2 Export........................................................................................................................................................... 15
12.2.1 Export Setup ................................................................................................................................................ 15
12.3 Plot............................................................................................................................................................... 17
12.3.1 Plot Command Summary ............................................................................................................................. 17
13 Units ....................................................................................................................................................................... 1
14 Help................................................................................................................................................................ 1
14.1 Finding Information in Help ....................................................................................................................... 1
14.1.1 Use the Search feature in Help ...................................................................................................................... 1
14.1.2 Use the Help Index......................................................................................................................................... 1
14.1.3 Context Sensitive Help................................................................................................................................... 1
A12 Example 12 – Modelling of a smart well completion using Multilateral option in PROSPER........................ 88
A12.1 Statement of the problem............................................................................................................................. 88
A12.2 Defining the System..................................................................................................................................... 89
A12.3 Entering PVT Data ....................................................................................................................................... 90
A12.4 Entering the Equipment data........................................................................................................................ 91
A12.5 Modelling the smart well completion (IPR)................................................................................................... 93
A13 Example 13 - Gas Injector with down-hole chokes using Multi-lateral model............................................. 115
A13.1 Defining the System Set Up ....................................................................................................................... 116
A13.2 Entering the PVT data................................................................................................................................ 117
A13.3 Entering the Equipment data...................................................................................................................... 118
A13.4 Defining the IPR data (Inflow) .................................................................................................................... 120
B2 IPR Calculations............................................................................................................................................. 2
Appendix C Equations......................................................................................................................................... 1
C1 Black Oil Model for Condensate..................................................................................................................... 1
C1.1 Mass Balance Calculations ............................................................................................................................ 1
C1.2 Using the mass balance results to define Condensate Model ....................................................................... 4
C1.3 Estimation of CGRmin ...................................................................................................................................... 6
C6 Choke Calculation........................................................................................................................................ 15
E3 Lift Curves...................................................................................................................................................... 3
E4 IPR ................................................................................................................................................................. 4
E7 ESP CABLES................................................................................................................................................. 6
E8 HSP PUMPS.................................................................................................................................................. 6
E9 HSP TURBINES............................................................................................................................................. 7
By separately modelling each component of the producing well system, then allowing the
user to verify each model subsystem by performance matching, PROSPER ensures that the
calculations are as accurate as possible. Once a system model has been tuned to real
field data, PROSPER can be confidently used to model the well in different scenarios and to
make forward predictions of reservoir pressure based on surface production data.
PROSPER has a PVT section which can generate fluid properties using standard
correlations and allows them to be modified to better fit measured lab data.
PROSPER allows detailed PVT data in the form of tables to be imported for use
in the calculations. A third option is to use the Equation of State method. This
option also allows the user to enter the equation of state model parameters and
uses the standard Peng-Robinson EOS model to generate properties given a
multi-stage separator scheme. With this option the users can also import all
PVT data in the form of tables, which could have been generated using their
own proprietary EOS models.
PROSPER can be used to model reservoir inflow performance (IPR) for single, multilayer, or
multilateral wells with complex and highly deviated completions, optimising all
aspects of a completion design including perforation details and gravel packing.
PROSPER can be used to accurately predict both pressure and temperature profiles in
producing wells and along surface flow lines.
PROSPER sensitivity calculations easily allow the engineer to model and optimise tubing,
choke and surface flow line performance.
PROSPER can be used to design, optimise and troubleshoot gas lifted, ESP equipped or
HSP (hydraulic pump) equipped wells.
PROSPER’s choke calculator can be used to predict flow rates given the choke size, or the
choke size for a specified production rate and of course, the pressure drop
across a known choke at a specified rate.
PROSPER uses multiphase flow correlations which have can be adjusted to match
measured field data to generate vertical lift performance curves (VLP) for use in
simulators and network models.
2 - 10 CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTION
PROSPER can utilise externally programmed dynamic link libraries (DLL) for multiphase
flow correlations, Equation of State (EOS) PVT calculations, choke calculations
and Inflow (IPR) models.
PROSPER can be used in a matching or predictive mode. Matching of real data is available
in the PVT, IPR, Gradient matching and VLP matching sections.
• In matching mode, real data can be entered and matched using non-linear
regression methods to create custom correlations that fit the input data.
• In predictive mode, the correlations created can be used to make estimates
of future well performance.
PROSPER can be used to model complex (topographically) and extensive (in length)
surface pipelines. PROSPER can also perform some complex steady state slug
analysis taking into account slug build up and decay due to pipeline topography,
giving an indication of expected slug length and frequency.
PROSPER accepts Black Oil PVT tables directly from Petroleum Experts’ PVTP
thermodynamics analysis program. EOS fluid characterisation parameters can
also be directly imported.
PROSPER has a flexible units system. Data may be input using one set of units and output
using a second set of units. Validation limits and display resolution can be
independently set for each variable type.
PROSPER has the utility for flagging of potential hydrate formation, if the user chooses this
in the options. The additional input required for this calculation is the hydration
formation tables as a part of PVT.
Prediction Type:
• Pressure Only
• Pressure and Temperature Offshore
• Pressure and Temperature on Land
Temperature Model:
• Enthalpy Balance
• Rough Approximation
• Improved Approximation
Fluid Type:
• Oil and Water (Black oil or Equation of State PVT)
• Dry and Wet Gas (Black oil or Equation of State PVT)
• Retrograde Condensate (Black Oil PVT)
• Retrograde Condensate (Equation of State PVT)
• Emulsion viscosity can be optionally applied for any combination of inflow,
tubing and ESP’s or HSP’s.
Lift Method:
• Naturally flowing well
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
Chapter 1 3-10
Completion:
• Cased Hole
• Open Hole
• Gravel Pack
Separation Mode:
• Single-Stage
• Two-Stage
• Multi-Stage (Compositional model only)
Reservoir:
• Single Well
• Multi-lateral Well in a Multi-layered Reservoir
• Gas Coning (Rate dependent GOR calculator)
Well potential and producing pressure losses are both dependent on fluid (PVT) properties.
The accuracy of systems analysis calculations is therefore dependent on the accuracy of
the fluid properties model (i.e. PVT). The pressure drop in a pipeline or wellbore is the
summation of 3 components:
• Gravity head
• Friction loss
• Acceleration
The gravity component is due to the density of the fluid mixture at each point in the system
and is a complex function of the relative velocity of the phases present. PROSPER makes a
flash computation at each calculation step to determine the proportion of oil, water and gas
present. The no-slip density is then calculated using the proportions of each phase and
the predicted density at each pressure and temperature step.
Industry standard 2-phase correlations are then applied to determine the increase in
apparent fluid density due to the higher vertical velocity of gas compared to oil and water
(slippage). The gravity head loss is proportional to the fluid density corrected for slip. The
slip correction to be applied depends on the flow regime, fluid velocity etc. The need for an
accurate PVT description for predicting the gravity head loss is clear.
Friction losses are controlled by fluid viscosity and geometric factors (pipe diameter and
roughness). In the majority of oilfield applications, (i.e. large elevation difference between
inlet and outlet with liquids present) the gravitational component normally accounts for
around 90% of the overall head loss. Therefore, the total pressure drop function is not
particularly sensitive to the value of the friction loss coefficient.
The acceleration component is usually small except in systems involving significant fluid
expansion. However, it is accounted for in all PROSPER calculations.
Historically, systems analysis software has lumped all flowing pressure loss terms together
and allowed the user to match real data by adjusting the roughness coefficient of the
friction loss term. This will certainly achieve a match for a particular rate, but cannot be
expected to achieve a match over a significant range of rates due to the different
dependencies of the gravity and friction loss terms on liquid velocity.
PROSPER's approach is to first construct a robust PVT model for the reservoir fluid.
Entering laboratory PVT data and adjusting the correlation model until it fits the measured
data improve the accuracy of forward prediction.
Constructing an accurate PVT model confines the uncertainty in the gravity loss term to the
slip correction only.
In the VLP matching phase, PROSPER divides the total pressure loss into friction and
gravity components and uses a non-linear regression technique to separately optimise the
value of each component. Not only does the matching process result in a more accurate
model, it will quickly highlight inconsistencies in either the PVT or equipment description.
Provided sufficiently accurate field data is available, robust PVT, IPR and VLP models can
be prepared by performance matching. Each model component is separately validated,
therefore dependency on other components of the well model is eliminated. Trouble
shooting changes in production rates is simplified as the matching process can eliminate
many variables that could otherwise confuse the situation.
The Pressure and Temperature calculation option will generate both temperature and
pressure profiles. Three temperature models are provided. The Rough Approximation
model utilises a user-input overall heat transfer coefficient. It determines the steady state
temperature profile from the mass flow rates of oil, water and gas before commencing the
pressure loss calculations. This method runs quickly, but unless calibrated using
measured temperature data, it is not accurate. The Improved Approximation model
extends the Rough Approximation model by allowing the variation of heat transfer
coefficient by depth and pipe section and the addition of a temperature gradient in the sea.
The Enthalpy Balance model calculates the heat transfer coefficients at each calculation
step by considering heat flow and enthalpy changes. The Joule Thomson effect,
convection and radiation are modelled. These calculations require considerably more input
data than for pressure only calculations and must commence from a known temperature
and pressure (the sand face for producers, or wellhead for injectors). Computation times
are longer than for the Rough Approximation option, but this method is predictive and
gives accurate results over a wide range of conditions. The Enthalpy Balance model is
completely transient and can be used to study temperature changes over time.
Temperature prediction is useful for generating temperature profiles in:
The production riser is properly accounted for by PROSPER. The user-input riser geometry
determines the heat loss coefficients calculated by the program between the seabed and
wellhead.
PROSPER is also able to predict condensate liquid drop out using either black oil or
compositional models.
PROSPER uses a "Smart Menu" system. Only data relevant to a particular problem need
be entered.
The flow chart shown over leaf gives an outline of the calculation steps required to carry
out a simple systems analysis using PROSPER.
1.3 Examples
To help illustrate the power of PROSPER, examples are provided with the program. We
suggest you run through them to become familiar with the program and its various options.
These examples are in ~\samples\PROSPER directory. The location of this directory
depends on where the program has been installed.
• Use existing PVT and VLP data as the basis of a new analysis
• Calculate pump intake and outlet pressures
• Design an HSP system
• Evaluate pump operating point sensitivities
If you intend connecting a printer to your PC, ensure that the required printer drivers and
fonts have been installed. PROSPER supports any certified device drivers shipped with
Windows. A list of software and hardware devices supported by Microsoft is included with
your Windows documentation. The following is a list of the equipment needed to effectively
run the program.
2.1.1 Hardware
The following items represent a minimum requirement only. For optimum performance,
additional memory and a high performance processor is recommended.
• IBM PC or fully compatible computer equipped with a Pentium class or better
processor
• A CD-ROM drive.
• A minimum 32 Megabytes of RAM - this is the absolute minimum. 128 MB or
more is required for links with GAP or other applications.
• Hard disk with at least 45 Megabytes of free disk space
• VGA or better monitor
• Windows compatible mouse
• Any printer that is supported by Windows
• A Petroleum Experts Limited authorised software protection key or HardLock
software
While PROSPER will run under this minimum configuration, a recommended entry level
system is a 300 MHz Pentium II processor with 128 MB or more of memory.
2-2 Chapter 2 - Installation and Windows Basics
2.1.2 Software
PROSPER runs under Windows 98, NT, 2000, ME and requires:
The software protection key is connected to your PC via a parallel port - usually the printer
port. If you use protection keys for other software, we do not recommend stacking them
together. Possible incompatibilities between keys may cause read/write or access errors
with some keys.
PROSPER is compatible with network software. It can be installed and accessed from a
file server and executed on a local PC, provided it is fitted with an appropriate software
protection key. Alternatively, Petroleum Experts’ Hardlock network licence manager software
can be installed on the file server to replace the keys. Details vary from network to
network; please contact Petroleum Experts for information specific to your system.
If you wish to keep an original version of the program, back it up into another directory
before installing the upgrade. Saving 'old' versions of the program on your hard disk is not
recommended, as it takes up valuable disk space and potentially leads to file/program
incompatibility. Backup your old versions onto floppy disks before installing a newer
version.
 All program upgrades are backward compatible. This ensures that data files
created with earlier versions of the program can still be read by later program
versions. However, if you save a data file with the new version, that file can no
longer be opened by earlier versions! As with all new software installations,
always back up your PROSPER files.
Boot up your computer and start Windows. From the Start Menu, click Run, then enter:
D:\SETUP
Assuming your CD-ROM, drive letter is D.
A program installation screen will appear. You will be prompted to enter a drive and
directory path where the program will be installed. The default drive and path are:
C:\Program Files\ Petroleum Experts\IPMX.Y
The setup procedure creates the specified directory on your hard disk and copies all
appropriate files on the distribution media to the selected directory. It also creates a sample
files sub-directory within the directory path. This directory contains the test samples
referred to in this user guide.
As part of the installation procedure you will also be prompted for the name of the program
group into which you wish the PROSPER icon to be placed. By default the destination is
the ‘Petroleum Experts IPMX.Y ’ program group (X.Y refers to the IPM version) but this
can be changed to any existing group or to any new group, which you would like to be
created. This results in the PROSPER program icon, the icon for utilities sub-group. Within
the utilities group there are icons for REMOTE utility, the online manuals, latest acrobat
reader installation and internet link to Petroleum Experts website and Superpro bit lock driver.
You will be informed when the installation process is complete. Remove the CD-ROM from
its drive and store it away in a safe place.
AUGUST 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
2-4 Chapter 2 - Installation and Windows Basics
This utility is also used to enter the authorisation codes that will update or activate the
software key where necessary. For reasons of security, Petroleum Experts normally sends an
inactive software device with the application program. The codes needed to activate or
update the software key are sent separately by facsimile or mail.
To enter the authorisation codes, double-click the REMOTE utility icon or select the
REMOTE program from the Programs menu. The installation process will normally create
the icon in the same group as PROSPER. If the icon does not already exist on the
Windows desktop, please follow the steps described above for creating the PROSPER
icon. Enter the following:
Description : REMOTE
Command Line: C:\ Program Files \ Petroleum Experts \ IPMX.Y \
REMOTE.EXE
Enter the authorisation code by taking the following steps:
• Double click on the REMOTE icon. The following screen will appear:
Figure 2-1
REMOTE Key Example
• If your software protection key is already active, a list of authorised programs and
the number of licences associated with that product will appear in the window.
Any options associated with a particular product can be seen in the list too. You
may quit the REMOTE Utility program. No authorisation code is required.
• If no program is enabled for the key, select the 'Update’ command button. A
screen of zero digit codes will appear. Enter the codes you have received from
Petroleum Experts from left to right beginning with the top row. Press Continue to
activate the codes. You will be returned to the REMOTE Utility screen. Press
Cancel to quit the code update.
Figure 2-2
Authorisation Codes
Screen
Software protection keys also need updating when you acquire new Petroleum Experts software
packages. The procedure for updating the software key is the same as described above.
When the appropriate screen appears, enter the codes provided - from left to right
beginning with the top row. Press Continue to activate the codes, or Cancel to quit the
update. To view the expiry date for any of the enabled programs, click on the software title.
When you receive new codes, always update every key that belongs to your company.
Subsequent updates may fail if all previously issued codes have not been properly entered
into the key.
As the sequence of input screens required is determined by the application parameters you
choose, your selections should be made with care. Selections may be changed at any
time, however you will need to remember that new choices will in many cases require
further data to be supplied. For example, changing from Pressure Only to Pressure and
Temperature requires the equipment screen to be updated.
This section describes the menus, options and procedures used in PROSPER to create new
files and open or save existing files. The Units system and how to define printer settings
are also outlined. The menus described in this section are the PROSPER File menu and
Units menu.
The File menu provides additional options such as defining the default data directory, as
well as the facility to establish access links to other programs running under Windows.
PROSPER will (optionally) open the last file accessed when it starts. PROSPER also
displays a file status screen that shows the application options selected in summary format:
input PVTP and IPR data, the equipment type summary and the analysis output.
To protect your work, you should save your data on a regular basis. This simple procedure
could potentially prevent hours of input and analysis being lost.
PROSPER files are ranked by their order of input, which essentially reflects the way data
should be entered into the program, that is from the LEFT to the RIGHT of the PROSPER
menu. You will note that the order of files also corresponds to options on the menu bar as
you move through the program.
The file hierarchy does not prevent you from creating and combining any number of input
and output data files. Until you become familiar with the program, we recommend that you
always work with *.OUT files. This can avoid confusion as the program will automatically
open and save the required data files to run a complete analysis cycle.
More experienced users can take advantage of the flexible file structure to combine the
data files from different wells. This "sharing" of data is useful in areas where wells have
similar fluid properties or reservoir IPR's. If disk space is a concern, the data contained in
a .ANL file together with its complementary .PVT and .SIN files can be used to re-create a
given set of calculation outputs, therefore avoiding the need to always save large .OUT
files on disk.
For example, if you wanted to run an analysis with the PVTP data of Well 1, the input data
(*.SIN) data of Well 2, and the analysis data of Well 3, take the following steps:
• Open Well 3.ANL
• Open Well 2.SIN
• Recall Well 1.PVTP under the PVTP menu.
• Under the Options menu, select your processing options.
• Modify the data files if necessary.
• Next, select the Save As command and save the data under a new file name.
Figure 3-1
File Dialog
The default data directory files are automatically displayed first. To open a file, point and
click the filename to recall and press ↵ or click on Open. The alternative method of
opening a file is to double-click on the file name. If the file you want is not listed, it is
possible that:
The Save command stores all the changes made in the active file. By default, the Save
command saves a file under its original name and to the drive and directory last selected.
You will be prompted to select one of the following file types:
Selecting Save As prompts you to select one of the following file types:
• Input Data (. SIN)
• Input and Analysis Data (. ANL)
• Input, Analysis and Output Data (. OUT)
The program displays a dialogue box listing all the current files that match your selection
criteria. Your default data directory is automatically displayed first. To copy a file, enter a
new name in the Filename field - up to eight characters are allowed. Select a different
directory or drive if desired, then press ↵ or click on OK.
3.2 Preferences
The Preferences screen is used to customise the program to your particular requirements.
Click Preferences from the File menu to customise PROSPER. Click on the appropriate tab
at the top of the data entry section in order to change the option you require. The various
tabs are described below:
3.2.1 Screen
Figure 3-2
Preferences: Screen Tab
This tab is used to customise the appearance of the PROSPER front screen and all data
entry (dialog) screens.
Dialog Font
You can change the font type and size used to display all data entry screens. This may be
useful to make all dialogs smaller if you have a low-resolution screen or larger to improve
readability if you have a high-resolution screen. Use the Reset button to reset the dialog
screen font to its default value.
Status Screen
If you select Yes the screen status information will be continuously displayed and updated
as you use the program. If you select No the screen status information screen will not be
displayed (apart from whenever you open a new file).
Font Height
If the font height is modified then an attempt is made to scale the font so that all information
displayed in each panel on the status screen will be visible. This will vary depending on
the relative size of the program window to the total screen. If the font height is not modified
then some information may not be displayed as you vary the size of the program window.
Screen Font
Use this option to change the font type and size used to display information on the status
(front) screen of the program.
Label Colour
Change the colour used to display labels on the status screen
Text Colour
Change the colour used to display text on the status screen
Background
Change the colour used for the background of the status screen
Box Colour
Change the colour used for the background of each panel on the status screen
Box Shadow
Change the colour used for the 3D shadow effect on the status screen panels
Box Highlight
Change the colour used for the 3D-highlight effect on the status screen panels
For all of the above “Colour” options the Choose button to the right will bring up a dialog
screen to select an appropriate colour.
3.2.2 File
Figure 3-3
Preferences:
File Tab
Location of PROSPER.INI
The PROSPER.INI file is used to store all the customised information for your version of
PROSPER. The normal location is in the WINDOWS directory. If you have a network
installation of the program (or windows), then this option can to used to ensure that each
user of the program can maintain their own customised settings locally.
Use this option to specify the default location of user-created report templates from the
reporting subsystem
Confirm Calculations
Switch (on or off) the message that appears at the end of any calculation function.
3.2.3 Plot
Figure 3-4
Preferences
Plot Tab
Use this tab to set defaults for all aspects of the plot.
X Grid Blocks
Number of GAPs between grid lines on X-axis. (Range 1-20)
Y Grid Blocks
Number of GAPs between grid lines on Y-axis. (Range 1-20)
Plot Labels
Show or hide the plot labels.
Plot Scales
Show or hide the plot scales
Plot Legend
Show or hide the plot legend. If the legend is hidden, the body of the plot will expand to fill
the whole window.
Scaling Method
Endpoint or rounded. Endpoint means the scales are taken from the exact extremities of
the data being plotted. Rounded means that ranges are chosen to surround the data but
with whole numbers ensured for the end points and the gridline intervals.
Mouse Readout
Switch the mouse cursor position readout no or off.
Line Thickness
To select the thickness of plotted lines
Vertical Font
Select the default font for all vertical text (Y-axis)
Horizontal Font
Select the default font for all horizontal text
Default Colours
Set the default colour scheme for the plot
Figure 3-5
Preferences
User Applications Tab
This tab allows you add up to four of your favourite or most-often used Windows
applications to the PROSPER menu. Although PROSPER has a very flexible reporting
system you may wish to use a spreadsheet (such as EXCEL), a word processor (such as
WORD) and a presentation package (such as Power Point) to build presentation quality
reports using PROSPER output in a slick and efficient manner.
Any output (plots and reports) produced by PROSPER is automatically copied to the
Clipboard. From there it can easily be pasted into one of the above-mentioned applications
using one simple keystroke. Using the power and flexibility of your chosen application,
high quality reports and presentations can be easily prepared.
All plots can be saved in Windows Metafile format. These can be easily read by a word
processing package or presentation graphics package and give the maximum flexibility for
user customisation.
All reports can be saved in TSV (Tab Separated Variable) format using the Export facility
that means they will automatically be tabulated when read into your favourite spreadsheet.
Enter a description and a command line for each application that you wish to add to the
PROSPER menu.
Use the Browse buttons to browse for the application you require. Use the Clear buttons
to initialise the appropriate application information.
3.2.5 Limits
Figure 3-6
Preferences
Limits Tab
This tab allows you add up to specify Limiting Values for the following options.
You can also control the display of large VLP values in SYSTEM calculations.
HSP calculation settings can be set in this screen as well.
3.2.6 Units
Figure 3-7
Preferences
Units Tab
This tab allows you add up to specify the default Units Systems to use for new files.
If you set the option "Always Use Default Units" to "Yes". Then the units displayed for any
file read in will always be set to your default choice, regardless of the settings in the file.
Before a DLL can be accessed, it must first be installed into PROSPER. This is done by
clicking File User Correlations. Select either Flow Correlation, Equation of State Model,
Choke Correlation or Inflow Performance Model. PROSPER will display a list of the
currently installed DLLs of the selected type. To add a correlation, click Add and select the
appropriate file from the file dialogue. Click OK and it will be hooked into PROSPER.
MODEL EXTENSION
Flow Correlation .COR
Equation of State PVTP .EOS
Model
Choke Correlation .CHK
Inflow Performance Model .RSM
Information about particular correlations can be obtained by clicking the Info button. A
screen similar to the following will be displayed.
Figure 3-8
Flow Correlation
Information
3.5 Printing
Figure 3-9
Printer Setup
As all printers have varying printing capabilities, the dialogue box that appears will
correspond with the printer selected. Most printers allow you to select paper size and
source, page orientation and number of copies. The set-up screen example that follows is
for a HP 4000N printer.
Figure 3-10
*Printer Setup Options
(Windows XP)
To print export data, select the Output menu and the Export option. Select the sections
you wish to report on the dialogue box. The program will lead you through a series of input
screens to set up the required report sections. From the main dialogue box, select a
destination for your data. Details of how to set up export data are given in Section 12.2.
Figure 3-11
Output Results Reports
The appearance of printed reports is controlled by the export data set-up options that have
been set.
Click Setup to display the following screen:
Figure 3-12
Export Data Printer
Options
Select a suitable font and set the margins etc. that will be used for printed export data.
Only non-proportional fonts are allowed in reports to maintain vertical alignment of the
columns.
PROSPER default font is recognised by most print set-ups. To avoid
 potential printing problems, always set up the system to use a font that is
supported on your system prior to printing PROSPER export data for the
first time.
Click OK to return to the output screen. Clicking Print initiates generation of the export
data and sends it to your selected destination.
All This command button is used in the Equipment and Gas Lifted (safety
equipment) option screens. It will select all input parameters and data points
for automated editing.
Calculate Performs the various calculations on the input parameters for the correlations
selected.
Cancel Returns you to the previous screen. Any changes or modifications will be
ignored by the system.
Continue Continues to the next input screen. Any changes to the fields will be saved
and retained in memory for later calculations. A warning message will be
displayed when fields requiring input data are left blank.
Copy To copy existing data points, select the line entries to duplicate and click on
Copy. Next, select the destination line(s) and click on Copy again.
Subsequent line entries will be not be overwritten by this operation.
Correlations Displays the results of any matching performed under the VLP/IPR Match
option.
Delete This command button is used in the Equipment and Gas Lifted (safety
equipment) option screens. It allows you to delete individual or several data
points.
To delete, select the line entries to erase and click on Delete. If you wish to
delete all existing line entries, click All and then Delete. The program will
clear the input screen.
Done Returns you to the previous menu. Any changes or modifications will be
retained in memory by the program.
Edit This command button is used in the main Equipment screen. One or more
items can be modified at a time. When used with 'All', all items will be
selected for editing.
Export Brings up the Data Export interface. This will be specific to the data on the
active window.
Help Provides on screen help for PROSPER. For general information, press the
'ALT' and 'H' keys together in the Main menu, or the Index button under any
help screen. Specific help screens are also available for each window.
Import Calls up the general import interface that allows you to grab data from any text
file. This button will usually be found where tabular data is to be input.
Insert This allows you to add one or several data points providing there are sufficient
entry fields. Select the line number where you wish to add a new entry and
click on Insert. The program will move existing line entries down to
accommodate the inserted line(s).
Main Returns you to the Main Application Menu. Any changes or modifications will
be saved and retained in memory by the program.
Match Displays a variable screen where you may enter data in order to adjust
existing correlations to fit real data.
Move Move allows you to re-arrange data points. Select the line(s) to transfer and
click on Move. Next, select the destination line(s) and click on Move again.
Subsequent line entries will be moved down to accommodate the transferred
line(s).
Plot Plots any calculated results and displays them on screen. Hard copies of the
screen display can be printed by selecting the Hardcopy command button on
the Plot screen.
Recall Allows you to recall and existing PVTP file. You will be prompted for the
directory and name of the file.
Report Calls up the reporting interface with a report that is specific to the active
window. This is generally found on windows that display the results of
calculations. You can then choose to print this report. The report is generated
from a system report template.
Reset Resets the Match parameters in order to reinstate the original textbook
correlations.
Save Saves a current PVTP file. If this is a new data file, you will be prompted for a
file name.
Summary Displays a summary screen of the input equipment parameters or system
units.
The following command buttons are used in the Plot Menu and Plot screens.
Clipboard Sends black and white or colour copies of the screen plot to the Windows
Clipboard where it may be retrieved by a word processing program for
inclusion in reports.
Colours Allows you define the screen display colours of your plot labels, scales, grids,
etc.
Hardcopy Generates black and white or colour print copies of the screen plot. It is
automatically sent to the device selected in \.
Labels Allows you to label your plot. All plot labels are stored in memory and saved
when Output files are generated.
Scales Allows you to re-define the minimum and maximum values for the X and Y
plot axes.
Problem solving with PROSPER is approached systematically by working from left to right
through the main menu. Calculation menus are activated only when the necessary input
data has been entered.
To start PROSPER, select the appropriate icon and press ↵ or double-click the program
icon. A screen similar to the following will appear:
Figure 4-1
Main Menu
The menu options across the top of the screen are the PROSPER main menu options.
Each is described below.
2 - 11 CHAPTER 4 – GENERAL DATA INPUT
4.1.1 File
The File menu is a management menu with commands that enable you to open, save or
create new data files. You can use this menu to define your default data directory, printer
set-ups options and hook in external DLLs. A facility for accessing other Windows
programs via PROSPER is also provided.
4.1.2 Options
The Options menu is the starting point of PROSPER and the key to the program. Use this
menu to define your application and principal well features such as - prediction method,
artificial lift type and fluid type. The options you select are unique to the current file and
apply until changed by the user, or another file is recalled. These options also determine
the subsequent screens, menus and commands that are displayed.
4.1.3 PVT
Use the PVT menu to define well fluid properties and select fluid property correlations. PVT
correlations can be modified to match laboratory-measured data using a non-linear
regression technique. Alternatively, detailed PVT data may be entered in tables.
4.1.4 System
The System menu is used to define the well's downhole and surface equipment as well as
the reservoir inflow performance. When applicable, gas lift and ESP or HSP equipment
data for artificially lifted wells are entered from this menu.
4.1.5 Matching
The Matching menu allows comparison of field data with calculated pressure drops in well
tubing and surface piping. All available correlations can be compared to allow selection of
the model that best suits your field conditions.
4.1.6 Calculation
The Calculation menu provides you with the relevant calculation options. Calculations to
determine pressure and temperature profiles, perform sensitivity analyses, make gradient
comparisons and generate lift curve tables are available in this menu.
4.1.7 Design
ESP, HSP and PCP sizing as well as gas lift mandrel placement and valve setting pressure
calculations are available from the Design menu. Access to the databases that hold gas lift
valve, ESP, HSP and PCP equipment characteristics is via the Design menu also.
4.1.8 Output
The Output menu is used to generate reports, to export data and to plot data. Report
templates are provided and user templates can also be defined. The data used can be
input data, analysis data, results or plots. Reports can be saved in various file formats
(RTF, TXT and native) and can be displayed or sent to a printer. Export data can be
viewed on screen, sent to the Windows clipboard, sent to a printer or saved in a file. Plots
can be printed directly, saved to a report file or a Windows metafile. Selected plots can
also be sent to the clipboard where they can be retrieved by other Windows-based
programs.
4.1.9 Units
This menu is used to define the input and output units of measurement. A flexible system
of units is provided allowing you to customise the internal units system.
4.1.10 Help
Provides on-line help for PROSPER. You can get help on specific tasks, fields or
commands. Help is also given on the keyboard and miscellaneous Windows commands.
To access the Options menu, point to the menu name and click the mouse or press ALT O.
Figure 4-2
System
Options
Summary
The entry screen is divided in two sections - System options and User information.
Under the System options section, define your well characteristics such as fluid type, well
completion, lift method, etc. These selections determine information you will be required to
enter later. The lower section of the screen comprises the header information and
comments that identify your well and will appear on the report and screen plot titles.
Option Selection
To select an option, click on the arrow to the right of the required field. The list of available
choices will be displayed.
4.2.1.1 Fluid
• Water and Oil (Producers and Injectors)
• Dry and Wet Gas (Producers and Injectors)
Wet gas is handled under the assumption that condensation occurs at the
separator. The liquid is put back into the gas as an equivalent gas quantity.
The pressure drop is therefore calculated on the basis of a single-phase gas,
unless water is present.
• Retrograde Condensate (Black Oil Model or Compositional)
Black Oil or Compositional models can be used. These models take into
account liquid drop out in the tubing.
4.2.1.2 Method
• Black Oil
This option uses industry standard Black Oil models. Five correlations are
available for oil producers. For gas condensate systems an internally developed
model is used. These correlations can be adjusted to match measured data
using non-linear regression.
• Equation of State
Reservoir fluid is modelled by pseudo components having user-specified
properties. The original Peng-Robinson equation of state is used by PROSPER
to predict PVT properties.
4.2.1.4 Separator
• Single Stage
This available for black oil option for following fluids:
• Oil and water
• Dry and Wet Gas
• Retrograde Condensate
• Two Stage
This option is available for Black oil model in case of Oil and Water fluid type
only.
Separator and tank properties are entered and recombined by PROSPER.
4.2.1.5 Emulsions
• No or Emulsion + Pump viscosity correction
Select Emulsion + Pump viscosity correction to allow input of Emulsion viscosity
in the PVT section. This option must be selected to turn on ESP or HSP
viscosity corrections.
4.2.1.6 Hydrates
• Disable Warning or Enable Warning
Select Enable Warning to allow flagging of hydrates formation in calculation
screens. You will need to go to the PVT section and enter or import the
hydrates formation table.
4.2.2 Well
4.2.3.1 Method
The following 4 lift method options are available when Oil is selected as a fluid type.
• Naturally Flowing
No artificial lift.
• Gas Lifted
Three different approaches are provided. Annular gas lift is handled by
PROSPER. If the Flow Type is Annular Flow and a Gas Lift method is selected,
then PROSPER automatically switches to model gas injection down the tubing,
and production up the annulus.
• Electric Submersible Pump
An ESP installation can be analysed or designed using this option.
The user has choice to select standard pump or Subsea Pump (framo)
• Hydraulic Drive Downhole Pump
An HSP installation can be analysed or designed using this option.
4.2.3.2 Type
If Gas Lift is the chosen method, then the following types are available.
• No Friction Loss In Annulus
It is the classic approach for the annulus gas gradient. The pressure drop due
to friction in the annulus is ignored and the gas gradient is determined by the top
casing pressure and the temperature profile.
If Hydraulic Drive Downhole Pump is the chosen method, then the following types are
available.
If Progressive Cavity Pump is the chosen method, then the following types are available.
4.2.4.1 Predict
The program is capable of predicting either pressure only or pressure and temperature
changes simultaneously.
• Pressure Only
If this option is taken, the flowing temperature profile must be entered. This
calculation option is fast and provides accurate pressure profiles.
• Pressure and Temperature (Land and Off shore)
This option will calculate both pressure and temperature profiles using the
method specified in Temperature Model.
4.2.4.2 Model
Enthalpy Balance
This rigorous thermodynamic model considers heat transfer by conduction, radiation, and
forced and free convection. Heat transfer coefficients are calculated using values held in a
user-definable database. The temperature prediction calculations are transient, allowing
sensitivities against flowing time to be run. This temperature model requires considerably
more input data and computation time for either Predicting Pressure Only or the Rough
Approximation temperature model.
The production riser is properly taken into account. Therefore the heat loss prediction
between the seabed and wellhead will be accurate. Due to increased computation times,
we recommend that this option be used only when temperature prediction rather than
pressure loss is the required result (for e.g. process calculations and material selection).
Rough Approximation
Calculates the heat loss from the well to the surroundings using an overall heat transfer
coefficient, the temperature difference between the fluids and the surrounding formation
and the average heat capacity of the well fluids. The geothermal gradient entry screen is
used to input formation temperatures (e.g. from logging runs) at measured depth points. A
minimum of the surface and first node temperatures are required. Temperatures entered
should be the extrapolated static temperatures, and should not be confused with the entry
of measured flowing temperatures required for the Predicting pressure only case.
Improved Approximation
Calculates the heat loss from the well to the surroundings using an overall heat transfer
coefficient (which can be varied along the well bore and pipeline), the temperature
difference between the fluids and the surrounding formation and the average heat capacity
of the well fluids. The geothermal gradient entry screen is used to input formation
temperatures (e.g. from logging runs) at measured depth points. A temperature gradient in
the sea can be entered for offshore applications. A minimum of the surface and first node
temperatures are required. Temperatures entered should be the extrapolated static
temperatures, and should not be confused with the entry of measured flowing temperatures
required for the Predicting pressure only case.
4.2.4.3 Calculation
• Full System
Calculations for pipelines, tubing and reservoir
• Pipeline Only
Calculations for pipelines only
4.2.4.4 Output
• Show calculating Data
• Hide calculating Data
Select Hide to speed up calculations by not updating calculation screen
displays. This will automatically be set to Hide when run from GAP
4.2.5.1 Type
• Cased Hole or Open Hole
This selection determines the appropriate IPR Completion models to use.
4.2.6 Reservoir
4.2.6.1 Type
• Single Branch or Multilateral Well
In the single branch option the IPR screen comes with various standard inflow
models from which the user selects one.
For the multi-lateral selection, the IPR screen requires detailed drawing of the
downhole completion.
Recommended Steps
data. Select the Variables option on the plot menu bar to choose the fluid
property data to display.
Whether PVT tables have been input or not, PROSPER will use correlations
 unless the Use Tables box on the PVT Input screen has been selected. Do not
select Use Tables unless complete PVT tables have been entered. Data at only
one temperature (e.g. reservoir temperature) is not adequate.
Figure 5-1
PVT Input Screen
Enter the required data in the fields provided. You can move from one box to another by
pressing the TAB key. Next, select a Pb, Rs and Bo correlation and a viscosity correlation
to use then click OK.
 Enter the oil solution GOR. This should not include free gas production. For gas
production in wells producing injection or gas cap gas the solution GOR should
still be entered. The balance of “free” gas production is accounted for elsewhere.
Mole Percent CO2, N2 and H2S refers to the separator gas stream composition.
5.2.1.1 Emulsions
If you have allowed emulsions on the options screen you will have the option to select
where the emulsion viscosity corrections will take place. The Flowline Emulsion Data
button will take you to the Emulsion Data entry screen.
You can also enter the water cut at this point that will then be used to calculate the
emulsion viscosity in the PVT calculation section. Refer to section 5.2.10 for more
information.
5.2.2 Tables
In PROSPER the PVT data can also be entered as tables. This is done by clicking Tables.
Up to ten separate tables may be entered, each at a different temperature. If the program
requires data for which there are no entries at all, it will calculate values using the selected
black oil correlation. The program will use the data from the tables in all further
calculations provided the Use Tables option has been selected on the input data screen.
This option should be used only when extensive table data is available for a range of
temperatures.
Figure 5-2
PVT Tables
Rather than entering the values by hand, PROSPER can read in tables of Black Oil PVT
properties. To do this, click the Import button from the Tables screen, and you will be
prompted to enter the name of an ASCII file containing the PVT data. Petroleum Experts’ PVT
Package can be used to calculate and export Black Oil PVT tables. An example of the
PVT Table import file format is given in Appendix E.
Figure 5-3
PVT Match Data Screen
Since gas evolution in the tubing is a constant composition process, Flash data, not
differential liberation data should be used for matching. For each match data table, enter
the temperature and bubble point, then enter pressure versus gas oil ratio, oil FVF and oil
viscosity. Where data is incomplete or not available, leave the field blank. Use the GOR
and FVF at bubble point plus the viscosity if available. Enter only the minimum number of
points to ensure a good match.
5.2.4 Regression
This option is used to perform the non-linear regression, which adjusts the correlations to
best fit laboratory measured PVT data. The non-linear regression matching technique can
be used on up to five PVT match tables, each with a different temperature. The following
PVT properties can be used as match variables:
Pb Bubble point pressure.
GOR Gas oil ratio versus pressure.
FVF Oil formation volume factor versus pressure.
Oil viscosity Oil viscosity versus pressure.
It is not necessary to match on all properties for all applications. In cases where the PVT
data is incomplete or of poor quality, better results can often be obtained by matching on
the best characterised parameters only. However, because bubble point can be difficult to
accurately predict from correlations, it is recommended that, where possible, it is used as a
match parameter. The minimum data required to perform a regression match is the bubble
point and GOR.
 The form of the correlations for FVF is different above and below the bubble point. If
the FVF at bubble point is not available, the regression may not achieve good results.
When matching the oil FVF, always enter data at the bubble point. Do not enter many
match points, use the minimum number to define the shape of the correlation curves.
In most cases, only data at the bubble point is required.
Figure 5-4
PVT Regression Screen
5.2.4.1 Match
From the Regression screen, individual correlations can be matched to selected measured
PVT data by:
5.2.4.3 Parameters
Having performed the matching process, the match parameters are displayed by clicking
the Parameters button. The non-linear regression technique applies a multiplier -
Parameter 1, and a shift - Parameter 2 to the correlations. The standard deviation is also
displayed, which represents the overall closeness of fit. The lower the standard deviation,
the better the fit. The best overall model is the one that has Parameter 1 closest to unity.
Figure 5-5
PVT Match
Parameters
In all circumstances, always enter match data at the bubble point to ensure that no
discontinuities occur.
5.2.5 Calculations
In order to make a plot or listing of fluid property data, PROSPER must first calculate the
values over a specified range of temperatures and pressures. Using the calculated data
points, plots of fluid properties versus temperature or pressure can be generated. The
following is an example of the PVT Calculations screen. If the correlations have been
matched, then the fluid properties will be calculated using the modified correlations.
 The calculation procedure is optional and used only to generate fluid property data
for display and quality control purposes. During the computation of a pressure
traverse, PROSPER calculates fluid properties at each pressure and temperature
step or node as required by the application.
Figure 5-6
PVT Calculation
Setup
• Click Calculate to compute PVT data for the entire range of pressures and
temperatures required by your application. The following calculation screen will
be displayed:
Figure 5-7
PVT calculation
Results
The PVT section can be used as a convenient calculator by entering user selected data
points, then entering specific temperatures and pressures to calculate fluid properties.
Figure 5-8
PVT calculation Layout
Figure 5-9
PVT Results Plot
Carefully examine the PVT plots for consistency with your match data. If necessary, select
a different correlation and repeat the PVT calculations until you are satisfied with the
results.
There is also the possibility of transferring the displayed calculation to the Tables by
pressing on the Tables button.
 For multi-well projects, set up matched PVT models for each producing area first.
This will save time and reduce the potential for error by recalling the relevant PVT
data into each well file.
5.2.8 Correlations
This options displays the match parameters and standard deviations for each matched
correlation. See section 5.1.4.4 for a more detailed explanation of this
5.2.9 Composition
In the PVT Input Data screen, click the Composition button, and PROSPER will use the PVT
properties (Oil Gravity, GOR) to estimate the composition of the reservoir fluid. The
estimated composition is used internally by PROSPER to calculate thermodynamic
properties needed in the choke and enthalpy balance temperature models. The following
is an example of an estimated Black Oil composition:
Figure 5-10
Estimated Composition
Click BI Coefficients and PROSPER will display the Binary Interaction coefficients to be
used in an EOS description of the fluid. An example BI Coefficients display is shown
below:
Figure 5-11
BI Coefficients for
Estimated
Composition
Estimation of reservoir fluid composition is available for Oil and Retrograde Condensate
fluids.
Figure 5-12
PVT input data
To enter the required non-Newtonian fluid viscosity data, select Rheological Parameters
from the PVT Input Data screen:
Figure 5-12
Viscosity Modelling
(Information
Required)
5.2.11 Emulsions
PROSPER can model the effect of Oil/Water emulsions on mixture viscosity for Black Oil
PVT systems. The behaviour of emulsions in producing well equipment is not well
understood. Emulsion PVT in PROSPER provides a means to assess possible effects of
increased emulsion viscosity by curve fitting experimentally determined data. It must be
emphasised that the method is empirical and does not represent any rigorous model of
emulsion behaviour.
In the laboratory, stable emulsions can be prepared from many crude oil / water systems.
Emulsion samples in surface separation equipment does not necessarily imply that
emulsions are present in the well. Field experience shows that the effect of emulsions is
usually less than predicted by laboratory tests. Emulsion PVT should be used with caution
and only when it is certain that emulsions are present and it is necessary to evaluate their
effect on calculated pressures.
To enable emulsion PVT in PROSPER, the Emulsion option must first be selected on the
Options screen. Emulsion viscosity will replace the mixture viscosity for selected elements
of the production system. Experimental or empirical emulsion viscosity data can be
entered and curve-fitted using non-linear regression. The fitted curve is used to optionally
replace the oil/water mixture viscosity in IPR, VLP and pump calculations. When selected,
emulsion viscosity for the user-entered value of water cut will be substituted for the fluid
mixture viscosity.
Drop down the Emulsion box and select from the following:
• No viscosity corrections
Turns off emulsion viscosity corrections
SEPTEMBER 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
16 - 28 CHAPTER 5 - PVT DATA INPUT
• Everywhere
Emulsion viscosity for IPR, VLP and pump if present
• Pump only
Emulsion viscosity for pump only
 Even if No Emulsion Corrections has been selected on the PVT screen, pump
viscosity corrections will be applied whenever Options Emulsions is selected.
Produced fluid viscosity, not emulsion viscosity, will then be used for corrections.
To set up the emulsion model, select Emulsion Everywhere, (otherwise emulsion viscosity
will not be active for the PVT calculations) then click the Emulsion Data button and the
following screen will be displayed.
Figure 5-13
Emulsion Match Data
Entry
The pressure and temperature that correspond to the experimental conditions are entered
in Experimental Parameters. This enables PROSPER to correct the emulsion viscosity for
temperature and pressure.
Figure 5-14
Emulsion Viscosity Plot
Match data is plotted as crosses, whereas the calculated viscosity is shown as a solid line.
When Emulsions Everywhere have been selected, the calculated Oil Viscosity in the PVT
section will be replaced by the emulsion viscosity for the value of Water Cut entered.
• Water
• Other Fluid
If you select Water, then the only other data required is the salinity of the power fluid. The
program will then estimate fluid properties using the normal water PVT model.
SEPTEMBER 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
18 - 28 CHAPTER 5 - PVT DATA INPUT
If you select “Other Fluid”, then you have to enter tables of fluid properties that the program
will interpolate from. The program will never extrapolate so please ensure that your tables
cover the expected ranges of pressures and temperatures. Click the Properties button and
the following screen will be displayed.
Figure 5-15
Power Fluid Properties
Data Entry
Up to ten tables of data may be entered. Please ensure that the tables span the expected
range of conditions that will be encountered.
Click the | Hydrates button and the following screen will be displayed.
Figure 5-16
Hydrates Formation
Table Data Entry
Up to one hundred data points may be entered. Please ensure that the table spans within
the expected range of conditions that will be encountered.
Figure 5-17
Dry and Wet Gas PVT
The bottom part of the screen will only appear when the option ‘Calculate Condensate
Water Vapour’ is selected in the Option section. If this option is selected, the effects of
condensation of water vapour on the pressure drop calculation in the tubing / pipeline will
be taken into account.
This model applies to most gas wells. The condensate production is included in the gas
stream as an increase in density - the flow remains single-phase gas plus free water if
present. The separator temperature is assumed to be the same as the top node
temperature. If there is significant hydrocarbon liquid drop out in the tubing, a retrograde
condensate model should be used.
 The Gray VLP correlation has an internal PVT routine that models the effect of
liquid dropout in the tubing. This overrides the Dry and Wet gas PVT.
Figure 5-18
Black Oil Condensate PVT
Enter the required data. Note if tank GOR and tank gas gravity are unknown, they can be
left at 0. The unmeasured tank gas rate should be estimated using a suitable correlation
and added to the separator gas. For such cases, the total produced GOR should be
entered under separator GOR. Condensate gravity is at standard conditions.
 If the separator pressure is above dew point, then there can be no liquid
production. When the dew point is unknown, set it to the reservoir pressure.
PROSPER handles conflicting input data by dropping the separator pressure to
atmospheric, and increasing the separator gas gravity as required to account for
the liquid production indicated by the Separator GOR. The mass balance is
respected at all times.
PROSPER uses produced CGR data for matching. To convert lab data in terms of
vaporised CGR to produced CGR, simply subtract the lab vaporised CGR data values from
the vaporised CGR at dew point. The following plot illustrates the process:
CGR 90
80
70
CGR (bbl/MMscf)
60
50
40 Dew Point Pressure
30
20
10
0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 3000
Pressure (psia)
Do not use Depletion Study CGR for matching tubing liquid dropout in PROSPER.
5.4.3 Calculations
Fluid property data can be calculated for a specified range of temperatures and pressures.
If the correlations have been matched, then the matched correlations will be used for the
calculations. Plots of fluid properties versus temperature or pressure can be generated.
All other operations are carried out as for Oil PVT. Refer to Section 5.2.4.
The equations used in PVT are derived from Van deer Waals Equation and in common
with it represent the total pressure as a summation of an attractive and a repulsive
element:
The classic Van der Waals equation describes this relationship as:
P = RT/(V-b) - a V2
The PVT calculation method is identical for all reservoir fluid types (i.e. oil and water,
condensate or gas). Your choice of fluid type affects the choice of IPR and VLP models as
well as the range of available sensitivity variables.
 PROSPER will determine whether the reservoir fluid is an oil or a gas condensate
within the EOS PVT calculations. Since the VLP correlations are approached
differently depending on whether a gas or oil is being produced, calculations will
not proceed unless the fluid type detected by the EOS agrees with that selected
on the Options screen.
Figure 5-20
Equation of State PVT
This screen requires input of pseudo component concentrations and properties (critical
temperature, pressure and volume, acentric factor, molecular weight and specific gravity).
Up to 30 pseudo components can be entered. Entry of Critical Volume, Volume Shift,
Boiling Point Temperature and Parachor are optional. Use of regressed critical volume
data will improve the quality of calculated liquid viscosities. Where critical volume data is
unavailable, PROSPER uses a correlation to estimate the values. The Parachor is used for
surface tension calculation. Binary interaction components are entered on a screen similar
to that shown below by clicking on the BI coeffs button from the EOS input screen.
Also be able to export the values to PVTp creating a *.prp format file.
The parameters Omega A and Omega B can be entered or estimated using the
Fill in table button.
Figure 5-21
Binary Interaction
Coefficients Input
After entering the interaction coefficients, click OK to return to the input screen. Then click
Generate to display a screen requesting the range of pressures and temperatures and the
number of pressure and temperature steps to calculate. If you are intending to use the
PVT table lookup option, ensure that the range of temperatures and pressures will span
that required by your application. A maximum of 1000 points are allowed in the calculated
PVT table. Next, click Calculate to access the EOS calculation screen:
Figure 5-22
EOS Calculation Screen
Calculate the PVT fluid properties using the EOS directly by clicking Calculate. Display the
results by clicking Plot. Click the Properties button and the program will determine the
equivalent black oil properties by flashing the fluid to atmospheric (i.e. standard) conditions
using the separator scheme entered in the main screen.
Figure 5-23
Equivalent Black Oil
Properties
 Production rates entered when using EOS PVT assume the produced fluid is
flashed directly to atmosphere. e.g. for oil, enter the production rate that results in
the correct wellhead mass flow rate when the oil gravity is the same as shown by
the Properties calculation.
Once the PVT properties have been calculated, click OK to return to the input screen.
Now, a phase envelope can be displayed by clicking on the Phase Envelope button and
calculating the envelope. A sample phase envelope is shown below:
Figure 5-24
EOS Phase Envelope
The EOS input screen allows pseudo component data to be imported directly from data
files such as those generated by Petroleum Experts' PVT package or other programs. Simply
click Import and select the appropriate file from the dialogue box. Once fluid properties
have been generated, they can be saved in a .PVT file by clicking the Save button and
entering a file name when prompted.
 Before importing PVT data, you must first ensure that PROSPER is using the
correct units for pressure and temperature.
 The EOS option in PROSPER is not intended to be used as a fully featured PVT
package. For maximum accuracy and computational efficiency, it is
recommended that compositional data be grouped and matched to lab data using
a program such as Petroleum Experts’ PVT Package and the resulting pseudo-
component properties used in PROSPER. The accuracy of well pressure loss
calculations depends on the accuracy of density predictions. Unless the EOS
densities have been carefully matched to lab data over a sufficient range of
temperatures and pressures, VLP calculations using EOS PVT will not be
accurate.
 The Gray VLP correlation’s internal PVT will over-ride the EOS PVT.
The data required for temperature prediction depends on the temperature model used. For
the Rough Approximation and Improved Approximation, there is little additional data
required. For the rigorous Enthalpy Balance temperature model, it is necessary to
completely define the well environment, including all casing strings, cement tops, formation
lithology etc.
Depths in PROSPER for downhole and surface equipment are referenced to zero
 on the deviation survey screen. Calculated pressures are then referenced to the
Xmas tree (if no surface equipment has been entered) or Manifold (if surface
equipment has been entered). Therefore, when PROSPER well models are
combined in a field-wide system model, the depth references that were used in
the individual PROSPER models are not important. In the field model, however,
the depth of each well's Top Node must be known with respect to a common
reference.
For subsea systems, any depth reference (e.g. sea level, drill floor, ground level)
 can be used. If ground level is used, then a tied back well would have a negative
wellhead elevation. To minimise the potential for errors in correcting the depths,
it is recommended to use the same reference as used for the deviation survey
data.
Figure 6-1
Equipment Input
To start data entry for a new application, click All Edit. PROSPER will then display all the
relevant input screens in sequence. If data has already been entered, clicking the
Summary command button will display a summary of the current equipment. To go back
2 - 28 CHAPTER 6 - EQUIPMENT DATA INPUT
and edit one particular equipment item, click on the button beside the appropriate item. You
can enter data for the surface equipment and then include or exclude it temporarily from
any calculation by setting the “Disable Surface Equipment” choice box at the bottom of the
screen. To “Yes”
There is a Measured Depth to True Vertical Depth (and the reverse is true) at the
 bottom.
If the user wishes to find the TVD at a given MD, just enter the MD value in the
relevant space and hit on | Calculate. If the user wishes to find the MD at a given
TVD, just enter the TVD value in the relevant space and hit on | Calculate.
Figure 6-2
Deviation Survey Input
Once depths have been entered, plot the well profile by clicking on the Plot command
button. A plot similar to the one below will be displayed:
Figure 6-3
Well Deviation Plot
The depth reference used by PROSPER for all subsequent calculations is zero in
 the Deviation Survey table. The Deviation Survey table is interpolated to
determine the difference in TVD between any two well nodes. You have to enter
MD and TVD data at least as deep as the bottomhole - PROSPER will not
calculate beyond the last depth in the table. Deviation survey data entry is
required also for vertical wells - enter 0,0 for the surface reference and an MD the
same as the TVD of the intake node.
 The deviation survey has to start with 0 measured depth and 0 TVD. Due to this
reason, the reference depth (where TVD = 0) has to be at or above the wellhead.
 For subsea well (with or without pipeline), if the reference depth is selected in
such a way that it is above the wellhead (at the mean sea level for instance), we
can actually assume an imaginary vertical path in the deviation survey table
down to the wellhead. We do not need to include the pipeline measured depth in
the deviation survey. The deviation survey describes the deviation of the
downhole equipment only.
 Horizontal wells with deviation angles greater than 90 degrees from vertical can
be entered. PROSPER will issue a warning that the TVD of one node is less than
the previous one, but well profile plots and calculations will proceed as normal.
 For Horizontal wells the deviation survey may be entered only up to the heel of
the well, as the well from the heel all the way up to the toe is a part of the inflow.
Figure 6-4
Surface Equipment
Input
TVD, Length Format
PROSPER defines surface equipment as the pipe work between the production manifold
and the upstream side of the wellhead choke. The production manifold is regarded by
PROSPER as presenting a constant backpressure, regardless of flow rate. If systems
analysis is to be performed relative to the wellhead, (i.e. gathering system pressure losses
are neglected) then no surface equipment input is required.
The surface equipment model can be described using the following 2 elements:
• Pipe
• Choke
The manifold is set as the first equipment type automatically by PROSPER. Surface
equipment geometry can be entered either as pairs of X, Y co-ordinates relative to the
manifold or the Xmas Tree (Reverse X, Y) (Y co-ordinates deeper than the reference depth
are negative) or TVD of the upstream end and the length of the pipe segment. The
difference in TVD between the ends of a pipe segment is used to calculate gravity head
losses. The internal diameter (ID), roughness and pipe length entered determine the
friction pressure loss. The flowing temperatures for each upstream node must also be
entered when calculation Pressure Only.
The Rate Multiplier column enables you to simulate the pressure drop due to several
identical wells being connected to a production manifold via a common surface flow line.
The fluid velocity in the flowline is multiplied by the value entered - thereby increasing the
frictional pressure losses. For most applications it should be left at its default value of 1.
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be
simultaneously selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data
from a wide variety of sources. Up to 200 pipe segments can be entered, enabling the user
to model very long pipelines.
Figure 6-5
Surface Equipment Input
X,Y Co-ordinates Format
PROSPER’s multi-phase choke pressure loss correlation accounts for both critical and sub-
critical flow. We would recommend the use of the ELF Choke correlation that it similar to
the Petroleum Experts’ method but is more robust in extreme conditions.
Ensure that the length of each pipe segment is equal to or greater than the
 difference in TVD between its ends.
The downhole and surface equipment entries must describe a continuous
system. The TVD and temperature of the upstream end of the last pipeline
segment should be equal to the Xmas tree TVD and temperature. In X,Y co-
ordinates, the Y co-ordinate of the last pipe segment must be the same elevation
as the wellhead TVD. (i.e. same magnitude, but opposite sign)
To check that the surface equipment description is accurate, click Plot to display a plot of
the pipe elevation as follows:
Figure 6-6
Surface Equipment Input
Pipe Elevation Plot
Figure 6-7
Downhole
Equipment Input
The Downhole Equipment screen will change automatically depending on the options
selected in the Options menu screen. For example, if Annular Flow has been selected, the
tubing screen will require Casing I.D. and Tubing O.D. to be entered.
The tubing string can be modelled using the following element types:
• Tubing
• SSSV
SEPTEMBER 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
8 - 28 CHAPTER 6 - EQUIPMENT DATA INPUT
• Restriction
• Casing
PROSPER automatically inserts the Xmas tree as the first downhole equipment item. To
describe the tubing string, work from the shallowest depth downwards, entering the bottom
depth of changes in tubing diameter, ID and roughness factor.
Casing is treated the same as tubing for pressure drop calculations. Downhole equipment
details should be entered down to the producing interval being analysed. The deepest
depth entries for the tubing, deviation survey and temperature should all be consistent.
 Below the uppermost producing perforation, the flow profile (as measured by a
production logging tool) depends on layer productivity etc. The uppermost
producing perforation is the deepest point in the well passing 100% of the
production. Below this point, the calculated frictional pressure gradient may be
over-estimated in high rate wells having small I.D. completions.
To select tubing string elements to build up the tubing string description, click on the list
box arrows to the right of the item fields and make your selection from the drop-down list.
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be
simultaneously selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data
from a wide variety of sources. Up to 18 tubing string elements can be input. For complex
completions, simplify the data entry by entering only the major elements that dominate the
overall tubing pressure drop.
The Rate Multiplier column enables you to simulate the pressure drop due to intermittent
sections of dual completion. The fluid velocity in the tubing is multiplied by the value
entered - thereby increasing the frictional pressure losses. For standard single tubing
completions it should be left at its default value of 1.
Figure 6-8
Temperature Survey
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be
simultaneously selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data
from a wide variety of sources.
 PROSPER interpolates temperatures from the survey data for depths within the
table limits, and uses linear extrapolation elsewhere. To eliminate potential
errors, ensure that a temperature is entered for the deepest node depth. It is
recommended that the maximum temperature survey depth, deviation survey
depth and intake node depths are all consistent.
6.1.5 Summary
Before leaving the System Equipment screen, the accuracy of the equipment description
should be checked by making an equipment summary. Click Summary to display the
summary screen.
Figure 6-9
System Summary
A sketch of the surface or downhole equipment can be drawn by clicking the appropriate
button from the Summary screen. Click Draw Downhole to display a sketch similar to the
following:
Figure 6-10
Downhole Drawing
Figure 6-11
Enthalpy Balance
Equipment Input
Figure 6-12
Surface Environment Input
(Off Shore)
The screen below shows an offshore well with a 30" OD riser run to a seabed depth of 400
ft. The well also has a 7" OD liner run to 14000 ft with the liner top set at 11000 ft.
Figure 6-13
Drilling and
Completion Input
The completion fluid Liquid and Gas properties can have a significant effect on the heat
loss through the annulus. If pressure is maintained on the annulus, the mud weight used
should be modified to reflect the actual annulus pressure at the packer depth. If the well is
being gas lifted, the program assumes that the annulus is full of gas down to the injection
point.
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be simultaneously
selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data from a wide variety
of sources.
For complex completions fluids, select the appropriate Customised option. This will enable
you to enter lookup tables for the required completion fluid properties. The screen below
shows the data that you will be required to enter.
Figure 6-14
Customised
Completion Fluid
Lookup Table – data
entry
Up to five temperature dependent tables of properties can be entered. Please ensure that
the table will span the expected range of pressure- temperature conditions. The program
will not extrapolate outside the range of the input table. Use the Import button to import
data from a wide variety of sources.
6.2.4 Lithology
The program contains a database of thermal properties for various rock types including
Sandstone, Shale, Limestone, Dolomite, Halite and others. The thermal properties
database can be edited and added to as required. If detailed lithology data is available it
should be entered in the screen as shown below. If no data is available, use shale from
surface to total depth.
Figure 6-15
Litho logy Input
The reservoir temperature and pressure should be entered for the production reference
depth. The formation temperature gradient is interpolated between the reservoir and
surface environment temperatures.
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be simultaneously
selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data from a wide variety
of sources.
 Thermal properties for buried pipelines are taken from the shallowest
formation type entered in the Litho logy screen.
Figure 6-16
Surface Equipment
Input
To calculate heat losses, additional data such as outside diameter, material type and
insulation (if used) are required to be input. The surface equipment model can utilise the
following equipment types:
• Line pipe
• Coated pipeline
• Flexible tubes
• User selected
• Choke
To allow for pipe bends, etc., enter an equivalent length/diameter. The choke calculation
handles both sub-critical and critical flow. The program will calculate the temperature drop
across the choke. Descriptive labels for each element can be entered in the Label field if
desired. Labels appear on reports and calculation screens. Surface equipment geometry
can be optionally entered as TVD of the upstream end of the pipe segment and length or
as X, Y (from the manifold or the Xmas Tree) co-ordinate pairs. Refer to Section 6.1.2
above for more details.
The Rate Multiplier column enables you to simulate the pressure drop due to several wells
being connected to a production manifold via a common surface flow line. The fluid
velocity in the flowline is multiplied by the value entered - thereby increasing the frictional
pressure losses. For most applications it should be left at its default value of 1. As an
example, the pressure drop in a flowline connected to 3 identical wells could be modelled
using a pipeline rate multiplier of 3. 2 parallel flowlines having identical dimensions can be
modelled by entering the actual dimensions for one pipe and a pipeline rate multiplier of
0.5. It is also possible to vary the rate multiplier along the pipeline to simulate varying
sections of dual pipelines for example.
The editing buttons Cut, Copy, Paste, Insert and Delete operate on data records that have
been selected by clicking on their row number button(s). All records can be simultaneously
selected by clicking the All button. Use the Import button to import data from a wide variety
of sources. Up to 200 pipe segments can be entered, enabling the user to model very long
pipelines.
Pipe insulation (e.g. concrete, foam or bitumen) can be modelled. To define the pipe
insulation click the Enter button to display the following screen:
Figure 6-17
Pipe Insulation Input
Select the required insulation type from the drop-down list, then enter the thickness. Enter
the insulation beginning with the innermost layer. PROSPER uses the thermal properties in
its database to calculate the thermal conductivity of the composite insulation. Click OK to
return to the surface equipment screen. Different insulations can be entered for each
section of the flowline as required. The calculated composite thermal conductivity is
referenced to the pipe inside diameter. Pipes can be laid on the surface (burial depth = 0)
or buried. The diagram below shows the burial depth geometry.
Figure 6-18
Pipe Burial Depth
The burial depth is the distance between the soil surface and the bottom of the pipe
(including insulation, if present). The pipe is partially buried if the burial depth < O.D. of the
insulated pipe.
 Ensure that the flowline pipe geometry is consistent with the pipe burial depth. If
necessary, insert another node and change the burial depth for e.g. the riser.
 The soil conductivity around buried surface pipes is taken from the Thermal
Properties database for the shallowest rock type entered in the Litho logy screen.
In previous PROSPER releases, the soil conductivity was fixed at 3.5 W/m/K.
The thermal properties database for downhole equipment elements can be edited or added
to if required. Pressure and temperature changes across subsurface safety valves and
restrictions (nipples) are correctly modelled. The following is an example of a downhole
equipment data input screen:
Figure 6-19
Downhole
Equipment Input
For the Enthalpy Balance temperature model the casing dimensions and material type are
entered under Drilling and Completion, so the downhole equipment description is required
only for the tubing string.
To select tubing string elements to build up the tubing string description, click on the list
box arrows to the right of the item fields and make your selection from the drop-down list.
20 - 28 CHAPTER 6 - EQUIPMENT DATA INPUT
6.2.7 Databases
This optional feature is used to access the thermal properties databases for editing or
addition of user-defined materials. Select Databases and click Edit and the following
selection screen will be displayed:
Figure 6-20
Temperature Databases
Selection
Figure 6-21
Insulation Properties Entry
 Check that you are using the correct units before entering the thermal properties.
Edited values remain in memory and become part of a particular well model file when the
file is saved. To permanently save edited values or new user-defined entries for use in
other projects, click the Save button to keep them in the database. The Reset button is
used to return all entries to their default values.
Figure 6-22
System Equipment Input
To start data entry for a new application, click All Edit. PROSPER will then display all the
relevant input screens in sequence. If data has already been entered, clicking the
Summary command button will display a summary of the current equipment. To go back
and edit one particular equipment item, click on the button beside the appropriate item. You
can enter data for the surface equipment and then include or exclude it temporarily from
any calculation by using the “Disable Surface Equipment” choice box at the bottom of the
screen.
Figure 6-23
Surface
Equipment Input
The heat transfer coefficient should not be confused with the pipe thermal conductivity.
The overall heat transfer coefficient accounts for the heat flow through the production
tubing, annulus and insulation (if present) to the surroundings. Heat transfer by forced and
free convection, conduction and radiation must all be accounted for in the value of the
overall heat transfer coefficient. In PROSPER, the overall heat transfer coefficient is
referenced to the pipe inside diameter. Please refer to Section 6.1.2 for more details.
Figure 6-24
Geothermal Gradient
Input
As for surface equipment, enter an overall heat transfer coefficient that describes the
resistance to heat flow by all mechanisms (convection, radiation and conduction) from the
well to its surroundings. The Enthalpy Balance temperature model is a convenient way to
determine average heat transfer coefficients. The heat transfer area is referenced to the
pipe inside diameter.
Figure 6-25
Average Heat Capacities
Enter values that correspond to average conditions in your well. Note that for oil, and
especially gas that Cp values are strong functions of both temperature and pressure.
 The default values will often give reasonable results in moderate GOR oil wells.
However, actual Cp values for oil and gas vary widely. Do not rely on the
defaults - obtain good estimates of Cp, or use the Enthalpy Balance method
where accurate temperature prediction is required.
Figure 6-26
System Equipment Input
(Improved Approximation
Method)
To start data entry for a new application, click All Edit. PROSPER will then display all the
relevant input screens in sequence. If data has already been entered, clicking the
SEPTEMBER 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
26 - 28 Chapter 6 - Equipment Data Input
Summary command button will display a summary of the current equipment. To go back
and edit one particular equipment item, click on the button beside the appropriate item. You
can enter data for the surface equipment and then include or exclude it temporarily from
any calculation by using the “Disable Surface Equipment” choice box at the bottom of the
screen.
Figure 6-27
Surface
Equipment Input
The heat transfer coefficient can be specified for each pipe segment and should not be
confused with the pipe thermal conductivity. The heat transfer coefficient accounts for the
heat flow through the production tubing, annulus and insulation (if present) to the
surroundings. Heat transfer by forced and free convection, conduction and radiation must
all be accounted for in the value of the overall heat transfer coefficient. In PROSPER, the
overall heat transfer coefficient is referenced to the pipe inside diameter.
Figure 6-28
Geothermal Gradient
Input
As for surface equipment, enter an overall heat transfer coefficient that describes the
resistance to heat flow by all mechanisms (convection, radiation and conduction) from the
well to its surroundings. This value can vary throughout the formation. The Enthalpy
Balance temperature model is a convenient way to determine average heat transfer
coefficients. The heat transfer area is referenced to the pipe inside diameter.
Figure 6-29
Sea Temperature Gradient
Enter the data to describe to temperature gradient in the sea. Up to 20 points may be
entered. Use the Import button to retrieve the data from a wide variety of sources
Click System Inflow Performance in the main menu and the main data entry screen will
appear.
2 - 69 IPR DATA INPUT
1. Section Buttons. At the top right of the dialog screen are two buttons, labelled Select
Model and Input Data. These allow switching between screens that control model
selection and detailed data input respectively. The former also contains data pertaining
to all models (such as reservoir pressure and temperature), and the latter manages the
data input specific to the models chosen. These buttons have the same function in the
multilateral data entry screens.
2. Action Buttons. To the left of the section buttons is a set of buttons that perform various
actions. Only the left-most group appears in the multilateral data entry screens.
3. Model Selection Screen. The child screen is the area below the action and section
buttons, and contains either the model selection or the data input screens. The same
occurs in the multilateral interface, although the actual model selection and data input
screens are different.
Figure 7-1
Main Data Entry
Screen
Section Buttons
As well as switching between the model selection and data input screens the section
buttons also indicate the validation status of the screens. The selection of one screen or
the other is shown by the indentation of the button for that screen and the validity of the
data is flagged by the colour. Green means that all the required data are entered and
within the numerical range for the units chosen; where appropriate, extra consistency
checks have also been carried out. Red implies that either there is insufficient data
entered or it is out of range/inconsistent. In addition, if no models at all are selected the
Select Model and Input Data buttons are marked invalid. Also, if not enough models are
selected the Select Model button is marked invalid (e.g. a reservoir but no skin model).
Cancel
This exits the screen and restores the data to its state at the start of the main edit session.
Validate
Checks the data on the current child screen for validity. If the data are not valid, the
validation dialog will appear with diagnostic messages.
Reset
This replaces the data of the current child screen with the data that was current when the
screen was entered.
Help
This displays information relevant to the current child screen.
Calculate
Saves and validates all the data pertaining to the chosen models (e.g. Darcy reservoir
model and Enter Skin By Hand) then runs the correct calculation routine if the data are
valid. On successful completion of the calculation the results are automatically plotted.
Plot
Will produce a plot screen appropriate to the current reservoir model (for example, a Darcy
plot) and plot the data from the last Calculate command.
Report
Enters the PROSPER Reporting System. The report produced will depend on the current
model choices. A fuller description of the reporting is found in Chapter 12.
Export
Can export current data (input and results) to the printer, a file, the clipboard or the screen.
It thus forms another method of reporting and is described more fully in Chapter 13.
Transfer Data
Saves and validates all the current data before opening a standard ‘File Save As’ dialog
that gives you an opportunity to save the data to file in the MBAL input format (.MIP).
If PROSPER has been opened from a session in GAP then the data are posted to
 GAP instead. The transfer button does not prompt for creation of a .MIP file.
Save Results
This option is only enabled when PROSPER is run from GAP. On a successful validation
you are presented with either the opportunity to over-write the current file or, if that is
refused, the PROSPER ‘File Save As’ dialog.
SEPTEMBER 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
4 - 69 IPR DATA INPUT
GAP
This option is only enabled when PROSPER is run from GAP. It shuts down the IPR screen
and minimises PROSPER, thus bringing GAP to the forefront.
Note that the ‘Save and Validate’ sequence carried out by several of the action
 button commands does not actually save to file but transfers data from the
context of the IPR data screen to the PROSPER data structure in memory.
Hence, you should regularly save to file in order to avoid losing work due to
power failures or crashes.
This part of the IPR input screen controls the choice of almost all the tabbed dialogs that
will be seen in the subsequent data input screen.
There are four major selections done in this screen. These are:
• Reservoir input
o The user also specifies the pressure, temperature, producing GOR and water cut
at this screen.
• Relative permeability.
o This option can be set to Yes or No in case of oils. If set to Yes, the user has the
option of defining a set of relative permeability curves, which will be used to
change productivity of the system with changing water cut.
The gravel pack selection and the type of completion (cased or open hole) are
 chosen from the main Options screen (in the PROSPER main menu) but some
reservoir models have internal gravel pack data entries instead.
In case gas coning option has been selected in main options, for oils the coning
 button is displayed to allow the activation of a dialog screen in which parameters
for the calculation of rate-dependent GOR's can be entered
If the fluid is a gas or a condensate the format of the screen is very similar; only the
reservoir and other model input selections vary for example, in gas systems, we have CGR
and WGR instead of GOR and WC.
The choice of reservoir models governs which subsidiary models (principally skin) are
enabled. Thus, horizontal well models do not require a deviation skin data entry and some
of the more complex reservoir models (e.g. multi-layer with dP friction loss) contain their
own skin and gravel pack models.
Only one dialog is displayed at any one time, corresponding to the tab selected
 as shown in Figure 7-2.
Figure 7-2
Data Input Screen
• Reservoir Model
• Mech/Geom Skin
• Dev/PP Skin
• Gravel Pack
• Relative Perm
 The tabs are coloured according to the validity of the data on the corresponding
dialogs.
• If the tab is green, then the data are valid for the current system set-up.
• If the tab is grey, then this tab is not applicable to the current reservoir
model (or model selection) and so is inaccessible.
 The various screens as shown in the Figure 7-2, accessible by the bottom tabs
comprises the dialog screens, where the input parameters for the selection are
entered. laid in the area below the Section and Action buttons. In the case of the
model selection screen it is mainly occupied with ways of choosing models,
namely three list boxes, a drop-down list box and a push button.
For example Figure 7.2 shows a Darcy reservoir model dialog encapsulated in the data
input screen contained in the main entry screen.
• The Reservoir Model tab is marked invalid (due to the unlikely reservoir thickness of
–1 feet).
• The Dev/PP Skin tab and relative permeability tabs are marked disabled. In this
case it is because the ‘Enter Skin By Hand’ option is selected which is assumed to
contain the deviation and partial penetration information. In the latter case relative
permeability is simply not selected (see Figure 7.1, showing the model selection
screen).
 On each of the IPR Input screens there is a validate button. Pressing this button
invokes the a checking routine, which flags for the any invalid entries.
• Entering a value against a blank field as seen in all the entries of the Figure 7-2.
• Pressing a push button, which takes us further into another screen, where actual
data required is entered as indicated against Dietz calculator on Figure 7-2.
• Using a drop-down list.
 Some models require data entered for multiple layers (e.g. multi-layer and multi-
layer with dP friction loss) and/or multiple completion zones (e.g. horizontal well
with dP friction loss and Wong-Clifford deviation/partial penetration model).
In dialogs with grid entry it is also possible to select, copy, cut and paste blocks
of the table, using mouse drag operations and the buttons provided on the
screen. As the data in a table are typically interdependent some consistency
validation checks are carried out in addition to the range validation.
 There are twenty inflow options, including the multi-lateral method described in
Section 7.8, are available.
The average reservoir pressure and reservoir temperature must be entered for
all inflow performance models, except for multi-rate models.
From the Multi-rate models the average reservoir pressure can be back
calculated.
If test data is available it can be entered and plotted against the calculated
inflow.
Well skin can be either directly entered or calculated using the Locke, Macleod
or Karakas and Tariq methods for a mechanical/geometrical skin, and the
Cinco/Martin-Bronz or Wong-Clifford methods for a deviation/partial penetration
skin.
Relative permeability curves are optionally used together with fluid viscosities
(from PVT) to calculate the total fluid mobility for a given water cut. The
calculated IPR can be matched to measured data and used to calculate IPR
pressures for any rate and water cut. Relative permeability can be applied to all
oil IPR models in PROSPER.
Frictional pressure losses between multiple producing zones are accounted for
in the Horizontal Well - friction dP and Multi layer - friction dP. A network
algorithm determines the production from each zone while accounting for flowing
pressure losses to find the total well production.
These models can all be combined with gravel pack and relative permeability
models if the option is enabled (the former in the Options screen from the
PROSPER main menu and the latter from the IPR main data entry screen).
Once a specific model is chosen and data entered for it, after which an IPR can be
calculated using the Calculate button. The following sections list various inflow models that
are available for oil wells.
The user input productivity index (PI) is used to calculate the IPR. P.I. Entry replaces the
Straight Line IPR in older releases of PROSPER.
Q = J ( Pr − Pb )
7.2.2 Vogel
The program uses the straight line inflow relationship above the bubble point and the Vogel
empirical solution below the bubble point. A single flowing bottom hole pressure and
surface test rate is used to calculate the IPR, below the bubble point. From this IPR the
rate and bubble point pressure are used to evaluate the PI for the straight line part of the
inflow above the bubble point.
When calculating IPR sensitivities for reservoir pressure, PROSPER retains the correct well
productivity. Otherwise, changing the reservoir pressure changes the Vogel well
productivity.
2
Q Pwf Pwf
= 1 − 0.2 − 0.8
Qmax Pr Pr
7.2.3 Composite
This is an extension of the Vogel inflow solution (Petrobras method) that accounts for water
cut.
Vogel essentially decreases the inflow, below bubble point, because of gas formation.
However, if the water cut is higher, this effect of lowering the inflow should be lower. The
composite model captures this by using the following formulation.
Q
J=
P Pwf Pwf
2
Fo Pr − Pb + b 1 − 0.2 − 0.8 + F {P − P }
1 .8 Pr Pr w r wf
A test flow rate, flowing bottomhole pressure and water cut are required to be entered.
7.2.4 Darcy
The program uses the Darcy inflow equation above the bubble point and the Vogel solution
below the bubble point. Required input is:
• Reservoir permeability (total permeability at the prevailing water cut and GOR)
• Reservoir thickness (thickness of producing reservoir rock)
• Drainage area
• Well bore radius
• Dietz shape factor (to account for the shape of the drainage area)
7.2.5 Fetkovich
The Fetkovich equation for oil is a modified form of the Darcy equation, which allows for
two phase flow below the bubble point. The Fetkovich equation can be expressed as:
2 2
Q = J ( Pr − Pb ) + J ' ( Pr − Pwf )
Enter the same inputs as for the Darcy example plus the relative permeability for oil. Skin
can be entered either by hand or calculated using Locke's, Macleod's or the Karakas and
Tariq method.
The fit values of C and n are posted on the IPR plot. If the reservoir pressure is not
available, the program will calculate it for you. For producing wells, enter a reservoir
pressure lower than the measured flowing bottomhole pressures. The program will dismiss
the reservoir pressure that has been entered and calculate it. For injection wells, input a
reservoir pressure higher than the test pressures entered. The program will then calculate
the reservoir pressure.
7.2.7 Jones
The Jones equation for oil is a modified form of the Darcy equation, which allows for both
Darcy and non-Darcy pressure drops. The Jones equation can be expressed in the form:
( Pr − Pwf ) = aQ 2 + bQ
Where "a" and "b" are calculated from reservoir properties or can be determined from a
multi-rate test. The same data as for the Darcy model plus the perforated interval is
required. Skin can be directly entered or calculated using the available methods.
i.e. ( Pr − Pwf ) = aQ 2 + bQ
7.2.9 Transient
This IPR method takes into account the change of deliverability with time. This method can
be particularly important for tight reservoirs. Both the Darcy and Jones equations assume
that the well has reached pseudo-steady state flow conditions. In tight reservoirs, the
transient equation can be used to determine the inflow performance as a function of flowing
SEPTEMBER 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
10 - 69 IPR DATA INPUT
time. Once the flowing time is long enough for pseudo-steady state flow to develop within
the drainage radius, the Darcy inflow model is then used. Enter the same data as the
Darcy example plus:
162.6 qo µ o Bo ko t
Pr − Pwf = Log 2 − 3.23 + 0.87 S
ko h φµ o Ct rw
Time is the flowing time since the last reservoir pressure equalisation up to the time of the
analysis. If the flowing time exceeds TpSSS , the deliverability is evaluated using TpSSS , which
is equivalent to using the pseudo-steady state Darcy model.
 Gravel packs can be combined with the hydraulically fractured well IPR to model
Frac-Packed wells
Figure 7-3
Horizontal Well Geometry
30 h = 50'
0.01 zw = 25'
rw = 0.25'
kh = 50 md
25 0.1 vis = 1 cp
1.0
P.I. (BOPD/psi)
20
Simulator - Lines
PROSPER - Symbols
15
4000'
10
4000'
0
0 0.05 0.1 0.15 0.2 0.25 0.3 0.35 0.4 0.45 0.5
L1/2/Lx
Figure 7-5
Multi-Layer IPR Input
Each layer can have different reservoir pressures, inflow models and fluid properties. The
oil gravity, GOR and water cut may be entered for each layer. The produced fluid
properties in the well bore are determined from the summation of the individual layer
contributions. The summation accounts for cross flow between layers having different
pressures. Each layer can be gravel packed if desired. Both Injectors and Producers can
be modelled. For cases where the zones are separated by a significant depth or friction
pressure losses are significant, the Multi-layer - dP Loss network IPR model should be
used.
 If PVT matching has been used in the PVT section, it is assumed that it was
performed on the commingled layer fluids. The fit parameters generated will be
applied to all PVT calculations for all layers in determining the combined inflow
performance.
To use the Multi-Layer IPR, enter the reservoir temperature, then click Input Data to enter
the tab controlled screen, and then click on the Reservoir Model tab button. For each
layer, select the inflow model from: Darcy, Multi-rate Jones, or PI Entry methods then enter
the layer PVT properties, average pressures, thickness and skins. For each layer, click the
Layer Data button and enter the information required by the inflow model.
 The Multi-Layer IPR solves the combined contribution from each producing layer
at the intake node. This effectively places each layer at the same depth. The
reservoir pressure entered for each layer should therefore be referenced to the
intake node depth.
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 7 – IPR DATA INPUT 13 - 69
Figure 7-6
External Entry IPR
External IPR tables can also be imported from ASCII files. The file format is given in
Appendix E.
Figure 7-7
Horizontal well - dP
Friction
The reservoir parameters entered in the upper section of the screen determine the overall
well productivity using the selected model. The zone parameters are used by the network
algorithm to re-scale the overall productivity zone by zone. A description of the input
parameters follows:
Reservoir Parameters
• Horizontal Well Model Model used for overall well productivity)
• Reservoir permeability (Total permeability at prevailing water cut)
• Reservoir thickness (Thickness of producing reservoir rock h)
• Well bore radius (Radius of open hole rw)
• Horizontal anisotropy (Ratio of Ky/Kx where Kx is permeability in the
direction of the horizontal well and Ky is the
permeability perpendicular to the horizontal well)
• Vertical anisotropy (Ratio of Kz/Ky where Kz is the vertical permeability)
• Length of well (Horizontal section L)
• Length of drainage area (Reservoir dimension parallel to well Lx)
• Width of drainage area (Reservoir dimension perpendicular to well Ly)
• Distance from length edge to centre of well (Xw)
• Distance from width edge to centre of well (Yw)
• Distance from bottom of reservoir to centre of well (Zw)
The reservoir parameters are entered as for the original (infinite conductivity) horizontal
well model.
Zone Parameters
Data for up to 20 zones can be entered. The required inputs are as follows:
These parameters describe the local permeability and the flow path along the well bore.
Click the Zone Data button to enter details such as skin and perforation parameters. If the
Skin Method is Enter by Hand, the skin and open hole radius are required. If Karakas &
Tariq is selected, then enter the perforation details as in Section 7.4.1 and PROSPER will
estimate the zone skin. If the zone is to be gravel packed, this data is entered under Zone
Data.
 To allow comparison of the IPR with and without friction losses, setting the zone
roughness to zero turns off the friction pressure drop calculation entirely rather
than calculating friction for a smooth pipe
Figure 7-8
Horizontal well -
Coning Calculations
Enter a production rate and porosity, then select the required coning calculation method.
Click Calculate to find the critical rate and time to breakthrough for the rate entered. The
Figure 7-9
Horizontal well - dP
Friction Loss Plot
Figure 7-10
Horizontal well - Rate
per Unit Length
 The Horizontal Well - friction dP IPR models the pressure at the heel of the well
as a function of pressure. The intake node is therefore the heel of the well. The
heel should be the last node entered in System Equipment and Deviation
Survey tables - it is not necessary to enter details of the horizontal producing
section except in the IPR.
Figure 7-11
Multi-Layer Well- friction
Dp
This screen allows for the entry of up to 19 layers. To enter PVT, IPR data (permeability,
test rates etc. depending on the IPR model selected) and layer skin, click the appropriate
button to display the input screen. The depth entered for TOP is the depth for which the
IPR is to be evaluated. This is normally the same as the deepest depth entered in System
Equipment, but it can be set to surface or other value.
The IPR at surface can be calculated by entering the surface elevation for TOP depth and
a blank zone from surface to the shallowest producing zone. Use blank zones with
appropriate reduced I.D. to simulate the effect of sliding sleeves and flow controls in a
multi-zone completion. Click Calculate and the IPR for each layer and the summation will
be calculated and displayed on a plot as follows:
Figure 7-12
Multi-Layer Well- friction
dP
To list the layer production in detail, click Results and scroll through the layer results one
by one. An example results screen is shown below:
Figure 7-13
Multi-Layer Well- friction
dP
Results
Gravel pack and well skin etc. can be seen by scrolling to the right of the results table.
Negative layer production rates indicate cross-flow into the layer.
 If a zero roughness is entered, then inter-layer pressure drops are not computed.
The layer pressures are then equivalent to a potential referred to the depth of the
TOP layer. The calculations are then equivalent to the simpler Multi-Layer IPR
without dP model.
 The multilayer option is now available for dry gas and gas condensate model
7.2.17 SkinAide
The Elf inflow and skin calculation method is incorporated in PROSPER. API perforation
characteristics can be used to estimate perforation damage given casing and formation
properties. A detailed description of SkinAide is given in Section 7.7.
7.2.20.1 Overview
The algorithm follows the framework outlined in: SPE 30777, Thermally Induced Fractures:
A Field-Proven Analytical Model. SPE Reservoir Evaluation & Engineering, February
1998. J-L. Detienne, Max Creusot, Nicolas Kessler, Bernard Sahuquet and J-L. Bergerot.
Information was also assembled from SPE 7964 (radial reservoir temperature profile) and
SPE 11332 (coefficient for thermo-elastic stress equation). Note that the temperature
profile derivation uses the same basis as the work of de Lauwerier referred to in SPE
30777.
SPE 7964: Analytical Definition of the Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient, A. B. Zolotukhin.
SPE 11332: The Effect of Thermo-elastic Stresses on Injection Well Fracturing, T.K.
Perkins and J.A. Gonzalez.
This model is concerned with the thermo-mechanical effects induced by injecting cold
water into a hot reservoir. The method first tests whether a calculated pwf rises above the
reservoir stress around the well bore. If this occurs then a fracture is assumed to
propagate and the pwf at the fracture tip is equated to the reservoir stress (i.e. equilibrium)
by iterating on the fracture length. The fracture’s effect is incorporated in a skin term, and
two stress effects are considered; a thermo-elastic one (varies with injection temperature)
and a poro-elastic one (varies with pwf). The stress at the wellbore is calculated by added
these effects to the initial reservoir stress. The pwf is calculated using varying fluid and
geometric properties (inner and outer radii) and a Darcy-like model in three circular zones.
The first (inner) is water that is still cool, the second is water that has warmed up, and the
third (outer) is the original reservoir.
Figure 7-14
Thermally Induced
Fracture IPR
The model is not valid for uncontrolled hydraulic fracturing where the fracture length may
be several hundred feet. The fracture should not extend beyond the so-called cooled
injection zone, the extent of which is calculated using the temperature profile referred to
above.
PVT parameter
Injected Fluid Temperature
Thermo-mechanical Parameters
Initial Reservoir Stress
Sweep Efficiency
Injected Fluid Specific Heat Capacity
Overall Reservoir Conductivity
Overall Reservoir Specific Heat Capacity
Overall Reservoir Density
Top and Bottom Surroundings Conductivity
PETROLEUM EXPERTS LTD
CHAPTER 7 – IPR DATA INPUT 21 - 69
If you have selected to use relative permeability, the PI will be corrected by multiplying the
ratio of the liquid mobilities. The liquid mobility is dependent on the water cut. Given the
relative permeability curves, they can be used together with fluid viscosity (PVT) to
calculate the total fluid mobility at different water cut.
The test water cut and the test reservoir pressure are used to determine the phase
saturations and viscosity at the original PI. With the use of relative permeability curves, the
liquid mobility at the test (reference point) can be calculated from:
K rw K ro
M test = +
µw µo
The water saturation can always be estimated based on the relative permeability curve and
the water cut entered. At a particular reservoir pressure and water cut, the mobility (M) can
be calculated.
M
PI = PI test ×
M test
The possible reduction in liquid mobility due to any increase in the gas saturation is not
accounted for in this option. Hence, If you have selected to use relative permeability, there
is a further option to consider Vogel correction for GOR using the Standing Method
(Reference: K. E. Brown & H. Dale Beggs “ The technology of artificial lift methods” –
Volume 1). This correction takes into account the effect of increasing gas saturation on the
well PI. It requires the entry of a test GOR value. The GOR entered is taken as the total
produced GOR. Based on the PVT, then this used to calculate a free gas saturation Sg.
The Sw is calculated on basis of test water cut and test reservoir pressure. So is calculated
from
So = 1 − Sw − S g
Once the phase saturation and viscosities are known the PI is estimated from total liquid
mobility ratios as indicated above.
So = 1 − Sw
Based on these phase saturations, the PI correction is made.
After selecting the relative permeability option, we then go to the ‘Relative Permeability’
tabbed dialog in the data input screen. The child screen is shown in the following figure.
Figure 7-15
Relative Permeability Data
Input
 For Inflow Models like Darcy’s with a relative permeability correction, please
enter a water cut during test equal to 0, if the permeability entered in the
reservoir input data is true single phase permeability of the rock.
Enter the residual saturation, endpoint relative permeability and Corey exponent for both oil
and water. A Corey exponent of 1.0 defines straight line relative permeability curves.
Values greater than 1 give a concave upwards curve i.e. delayed water breakthrough.
Corey exponents less than 1 define a concave downwards relative permeability curve i.e.
early water breakthrough.
Matching measured and calculated IPR pressures establishes the well productivity for the
prevailing water cut. Click on Plot to bring up the following plot in the standard plot window.
Figure 7-16
Relative Permeability
Curves Display
To enter lab relative permeability, click Test Data to display the following screen:
Figure 7-17
Relative Permeability
Test Data Input
Enter your test data and click OK to display the plot again. If necessary, adjust the values
of Corey exponents for oil and water until PROSPER's calculated relative permeability
curves fit the measured data points.
Figure 7-18
Example IPR Plot
To compare measured test pressures and calculated IPR pressures, click Test data and
enter rates and sandface pressures as on the following screen:
Figure 7-19
IPR - Test Data Entry
When relative permeability is being used, water cuts for both the test data and that used to
calculate the IPR curve are required. The water cut during test value will be carried over
from the relative permeability input screen. The water cut for calculation value can be
subsequently changed to evaluate the effect on the calculated IPR.
The following data are required to calculate the total GOR from a rate:
• Reservoir permeability
• Perforation height (vertical distance from perforation top to bottom)
• Vertical anisotropy
• Vertical distance from perforation top to gas-oil contact
• Three correlating parameters: F1, F3 and an exponent
If the gas coning is enabled then a Coning button appears on the model selection dialog
screen. Clicking on this brings up a dialog that allows the correlating parameters to be
tuned. There is an automatic matching facility, which calculates F3 from the other data and
a (rate, GOR) coordinate. Also, the GOR can be calculated from different rates whilst in
this screen in order to verify the parameters.
As for oil, Gas inflow models are divided between design and production applications.
Calculated IPR models can be used to estimate productivity for different completion
options. Other models are available for estimating productivity from measured flowing
pressures.
The average reservoir pressure and reservoir temperature must be entered for all inflow
performance models, however both the Multi-rate C and n and Multi-rate Jones models can
be used to calculate the reservoir pressure from production test data.
7.3.1 Jones
The Jones equation for gas is a modified form of the Darcy equation, which allows for both
laminar and non-Darcy flow pressure drops. The Jones equation can be expressed in the
form:
( Pr2 − Pwf2 ) = aQ2 + bQ
Where "a" and "b" are calculated from reservoir properties or can be determined from a
multi-rate test. Required data entry is:
7.3.2 Forcheimer
The Forcheimer equation expresses the inflow performance in terms of non-Darcy and
laminar pressure drop coefficients expressed as:
( Pr2 − Pwf2 ) = aQ2 + bQ
For "a" enter the non-Darcy pressure drop in drawdown2/(unit production)2 and for "b", the
laminar pressure drop as drawdown/unit production.
7.3.4 C and n
This is the common form of the back pressure equation:
Q = C ( Pr2 − Pwf2 ) n
C and n can be determined from a plot of: Q versus (Pr2-Pwf2) on log-log paper. n is the
inverse of the slope and varies between 1 for Darcy flow to 0.5 for completely non-Darcy
flow. This option allows direct entry of C and n.
If the reservoir pressure is not available, the program will calculate it for you. For producing
wells, input a reservoir pressure lower than the measured pressures. The program will
dismiss the reservoir pressure entered and calculate one. For injection wells, input a
reservoir pressure higher than one of the pressures entered. The program will calculate
the reservoir pressure.
Note for injection wells. If flow test data for a producer has been fitted, the well
 will have the correct IPR if it is then converted to an injector.
Figure 7-20
Petroleum Experts IPR
The non-Darcy coefficient can be entered from a well test where available or calculated
using a correlation.
The following diagram illustrates how PROSPER treats total and effective permeability in the
Petroleum Experts IPR model:
Relative Permeability
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5 Krg when total permeability is entered
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1 Slc
0
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1
Liquid Saturation
The mass flow rate of each phase is directly proportional to its mobility (k/µ), Kr’s can be
determined using PVT and the surface production rates. This technique is used to
determine the reduction in productivity as a function of the produced liquid ratios. The
derivation of the technique and details of the equations used are given in Appendix C.
The gas gravity, CGR and WGR must be entered for each layer. The produced fluid in the
well bore is equivalent to the summation of the individual layer contributions. Refer to
Multi-layer Inflow for Oil for more details in Section 7.2.13.
• Entered by Hand
• Calculated Using Models.
 It is assumed that this value will contain deviation and partial penetration
information.
In case the entered skin is only mechanical skin, there is an option of enabling
the Wang and Clifford model for deviation and partial penetration in the input
screen for the skin itself.
• Locke
• McLeod
• Karakas and Tariq
The required input parameters are often difficult to accurately define, therefore the absolute
value of the calculated skin often cannot be precisely predicted. The power of these
techniques is their ability to assess the relative importance of completion options on the
overall value of well skin.
The Elf SkinAide inflow method can also be used to estimate skin pressure drops for
cased- and open-hole completions with and without gravel packs.
PROSPER can also be used to estimate the value of the skin pressure drop across the
completion and the proportion of the total pressure drop attributable to the various
completion elements.
An example of the input data for the Karakas and Tariq method is shown below:
Figure 7-22
Karakas and Tariq Skin
Input
Figure 7-23
Perforation Geometry
Terms
Enter the requested data and, having entered some reservoir model data, press Calculate
to display an IPR plot. The plot shows the pressure drop resulting from the total skin as
well a breakdown of the individual factors contributing to the total skin as per the following
example. The individual factors to be plotted can be chosen from the Variables menu
option of the plot window.
Figure 7-24
IPR Plot
This plot is useful to assess the efficiency of a particular perforating program by allowing
the user to instantly assess the completion pressure loss resulting from different
perforation options. For gravel packed wells, the value of skin posted on the plot does not
include the gravel pack skin. Click Results on the IPR plot screen to display the
breakdown of dP's resulting from each completion element.
SEPTEMBER 2003 PROSPER MANUAL
34 - 69 IPR DATA INPUT
 Note on Skin:
Locke's technique is valid for shots per foot of 1,2,4,6,8,10,12,and 16.
• Cinco/Martin-Bronz
• Wong-Clifford
The second can compute a skin for multiple completions and requires the following data
entered:
1. Reservoir parameters:
• Formation vertical thickness
• Well-bore radius
• Drainage area
• Dietz shape factor
• Formation vertical permeability ratio
• Local vertical permeability ratio
• Horizontal distance from well to reservoir edge
• Depth of top of reservoir
Figure 7-25
Gravel Pack IPR Input
Figure 7-26
Gravel Pack Geometry
Sketch
CHAPTER 7 – IPR DATA INPUT 37 - 69
The PROSPER gravel pack model allows for non-Darcy (i.e. dP proportional to rate
squared) effects within the gravel pack and the resulting rate dependent skin. Lift curves
for gravel packed wells generated using PROSPER can be calculated from the sandface,
through the completion, and back to the production manifold. This more correctly models
the IPR as compared to simply imposing an additional skin to allow for the gravel pack
pressure loss as is done in many reservoir simulators.
Gravel packs can be combined with the Hydraulically Fractured Well IPR to
 model ‘Frac-Pack’ completions.
Most of the IPR pressure drop occurs near to the well. With this in mind, use an effective
permeability appropriate to your conditions. For empirical inflow models such as Vogel and
Multi-Rate methods, the effect of cold injection fluid viscosity is accounted for in the
pressure points. Changing the reservoir temperature will have no effect in these cases.
7.7 SkinAide
The SkinAide inflow method has been developed by Elf Aquamarine and
acknowledgement is given for its inclusion in PROSPER. The following description is based
on information provided by Elf.
Figure 7-28
SkinAide Equipotential
Surfaces
damaged zone has much less influence than if the perforation remains entirely within the
damaged zone.
Figure 7-29
SkinAide Perforation
Interference
The pressure drop due to interference between perforations and the damaged zone is
calculated using the Karakas and Tariq correlation.
Figure 7-30
SkinAide Crushed Zone
Figure 7-31
SkinAide Perforation
within the Formation
Figure 7-32
SkinAide Perforation
Tunnel in Casing and
Cement
Figure 7-33
SkinAide Perforation
Casing / Screen
Annulus
An approximate analytical solution has been found for flow in this region.
Figure 7-34
SkinAide Hemispherical
Flow
Figure 7-35
SkinAide Model
Options
Select the required options for the Flow and Skin models plus Perforation Data. The
options are listed below:
 Pe, the static reservoir pressure is the average pressure in the well
drainage area, not the pressure at the external boundary. Pe is used in the
Productivity Index equation:
PI = Q / ( Pe − Pwf )
Having selected the required options, SkinAide requires data entry in the following
categories:
The data required can vary according to the options selected. Click each data entry button
in turn and enter the data as follows:
7.7.2.4 Geometry
• Reservoir Thickness - Enter the thickness normal to the bedding plane in dipping
reservoirs. When thin shales are distributed throughout a heterogeneous reservoir, use
the net sand thickness.
Figure 7-36
SkinAide Reservoir
Thickness
• Completed Interval - Enter the perforated interval as measured along the wellbore.
Figure 7-37
SkinAide
Completion Geometry
• Distance to Top of Completion - This parameter affects partial completion skin and is
measured along the wellbore. If gross sand thickness is used for reservoir thickness,
enter the actual distance to the top perforation (dimension h1 in the above sketch).
When using net sand, restrict the distance to net sand intervals.
• Drainage Area - Area drained by the subject well
• Dietz Shape Factor - Allows for drainage area shape and well placement.
Figure 7-38
SkinAide Drilled
Hole Diameter
• Hole Diameter - Open hole drilled diameter. Use bit size or caliper measured size
where applicable. Perforation length, damage depth are measured beyond the hole
diameter.
• Deviation - Average angle between the well axis and vertical.
Figure 7-39
SkinAide Deviation
Angle
7.7.2.5 Petrophysics
• Horizontal Permeability - Reservoir permeability measured parallel to the cap rock
(along the bedding plane).
Figure 7-40
SkinAide
Horizontal
Permeability
• Vertical Permeability - Reservoir permeability measured perpendicular to the horizontal
permeability in the vicinity of the completed interval. Used to determine anisotropy ratio
near the perforations. Values can be taken from core analysis.
• Vertical Permeability for Geometrical Skin - Reservoir permeability for the bulk reservoir
measured perpendicular to the horizontal permeability. Determines the anisotropy ratio
between the completed interval and the remainder of the reservoir.
• Porosity - Used in the high velocity flow coefficient correlation:
β = ak bφ c
Where:
k Reservoir horizontal permeability
φ Reservoir porosity
a,b,c Constants
Correlations are used to estimate the values used in the high velocity flow equation.
Field specific correlations can be prepared from well test analysis.
• Turbulence coefficient a - multiplier for the overall turbulence coefficient. Dimensions
are reciprocal distance.
• Permeability exponent b - Permeability raised to this power. Default is -1.33. Note, the
exponent value entered corresponds to permeability in millidarcies regardless of the
current unit set.
• Porosity exponent c - Porosity raised to this power. Default is 0.0. Note the exponent
value assumes the porosity is a fraction, regardless of the current unit set.
High velocity flow pressure drops arise from acceleration and deceleration of reservoir
fluids as they pass through pore throats as in the following diagram:
Figure 7-41
SkinAide Non-Darcy
Flow Pressure Loss
Mechanism
In anisotropic reservoirs, formation damage is deeper in the low permeability direction than
the high permeability. An elliptic damaged zone forms in such cases. SkinAide assumes a
circular damaged zone irrespective of reservoir anisotropy.
Figure 7-42
SkinAide Damaged
Zone Geometry
• Damaged Zone Thickness - Since damaged zone skin is controlled by the ratio of
perforation tunnel length to damaged zone depth, enter a damage zone depth that
respects this relationship.
• Damaged Zone Permeability - Determines the ratio of damaged zone to reservoir
permeability. Estimating the true value is not straightforward, however, the undamaged
reservoir permeability could be used as a starting point.
• Damaged Zone Porosity - Porosity to be used in the high velocity flow coefficient
correlation.
• External Casing Diameter - Enter nominal casing diameter opposite the completed
interval.
• Casing Weight - Enter nominal casing weight per unit length opposite the completed
interval.
Figure 7-43
SkinAide
Perforation Geometry
Most of the high velocity flow pressure loss occurs in the crushed zone and is added to the
loss in the reservoir. Note that if a zero crushed zone thickness is entered, no high flow
velocity pressure drops are calculated.
• Crushed Zone Thickness - Thickness of perforation altered zone. The default value is
0.5 inches.
• Crushed Zone Permeability - Reduced permeability for crushed zone within the virgin
reservoir.
• Crushed Zone Porosity - Porosity in the crushed zone for estimation of high pressure
flow losses.
• Crushed + Damaged Zone Permeability - Permeability for the crushed zone within the
damaged zone.
• Crushed + Damaged Zone Porosity - Porosity for the crushed zone within the damaged
zone.
Permeability in the crushed and damaged zone is introduced by the ratio:
Rcrushed and damaged = Crushed and damaged zone (horizontal) permeability /
undisturbed formation (horizontal) permeability.
The same anisotropy ratio opposite the completion interval as applies to the
undisturbed formation is used for the crushed and damaged zone permeability. It is
suggested that the crushed and damaged zone permeability ratio should be the
product:
Rcrushed and damaged = Rdamaged·Rcrushed only.
Where the ratio for the damaged zone:
Rdamaged = damaged (horizontal) permeability / undisturbed formation
(horizontal) permeability
and the crushed-only zone:
Rcrushed only = only crushed zone (horizontal) permeability / undisturbed
formation (horizontal) permeability.
Figure 7-44
SkinAide Perforation +
Damage Geometry
7.7.2.9 Perforations
The perforation data input depends on the option selected. If In-Situ Geometry is selected,
the actual perforation sizes are required. Alternatively, API test data can be entered for a
particular gun, and SkinAide will estimate the perforation geometry considering completion
and reservoir variables such as compressive strength and casing size.
Figure 7-45
SkinAide
Perforation Efficiency
• Shot Density - Nominal shots per foot for the selected perforating gun.
• Gun Phasing - Angle between two adjacent perforating charges. Affects interference
between perforation tunnels.
Figure 7-46
SkinAide Angle
Between Vertical
Plane
and Perforations
• Angle Between Vertical Plane and Perforations - For anisotropic reservoirs, the angle
between the perforation tunnels and the direction of maximum permeability influences
productivity. When 0° or 180° guns are selected, perforations are all aligned with the
low side of the hole. For other gun phasings, SkinAide assumes an angle of 45°.
Figure 7-47
SkinAide Perforation
Tunnel Geometry
Figure 7-48
SkinAide Gun
Diameter
and Stand-off
• Gun diameter - Gun diameter is used to correct API perforation test results for stand-
off.
• Reservoir Uniaxial Compressive Strength - Compressive strength is used to calculate
in-situ perforation dimensions. Typical values of reservoir uniaxial compressive
strength are given in the following table:
• Rock Density - Enter apparent In-Situ rock density as measured by a density log, not
the density of the minerals (e.g. Quartz) that comprise the formation grains.
• Casing Elastic Limit - Used for correction of API data to In-situ perforation dimensions.
The elastic limit in thousands of psi corresponds to the pipe steel quality. e.g. N80
casing has an elastic limit stress of 80,000 psi.
• Reservoir Stress - Used for correction of API data to In-situ perforation dimensions.
Stress is assumed to be Isotropic. Generally the minimum effective stress (frac
gradient) is suitable.
Figure 7-49
SkinAide Gravel
Pack Geometry
• Screen Outside Diameter - The space between the screen O.D. and the drilled hole
diameter is occupied by gravel.
• Annulus Gravel Permeability - Permeability of gravel in the space between the screen
and the open hole. Gravel size is specified in terms of mesh size. e.g. 20/40 mesh
gravel will pass a sieve with 1/20 inch holes, but not pass a 1/40 inch sieve. Average
laboratory measured permeability values for various gravel sizes are given in the
following table:
Figure 7-51
SkinAide IPR dP Skin
Plot
Skin Components
The conceptual models used to calculate the total skin factor include :
- a contribution due to the position of the producing interval with respect to reservoir
geometry, called geometric skin Sgeometric
- contributions due to pressure losses close to the actual wellbore, beginning with
the pressure loss due to the damaged zone and ending with pressure loss in the
casing/screen annulus for gravel packed wells. This contribution to the total skin is
called the completion skin Scompletion.
The total skin is the sum of the two components
Stotal =Sgeometric + Scompletion
The contribution Scompletion to the total skin is particularly convenient when using reservoir
engineering equations. However Scompletion does not necessarily reflect the quality of the
completion itself. Indeed, imagine two wells with identical completions, producing
reservoirs with identical properties, the thickness of one reservoir is double that of the
other:
Figure 7-52
SkinAide Completion
Skin
Scompletion = a k h DPcompletion / ( Q m B )
Since DPcompletion is identical but reservoir thickness h differs by a factor 2, applying the
above relation leads to values of Scompletion, which differ, by a factor 2.
Mechanical skins are defined so as to reflect the quality of well completion. In the formula
for mechanical skins, the vertical reservoir thickness h is replaced by the length of the
producing interval (measured along the wellbore) hp :
Smechanical = a k hp DPskin / ( Q m B )
where, for oil wells,
SI US French
a depends on units 2π 7.07 10-3 0.0536
k permeability m2 mD mD
hp length of the completed interval m ft m
DPskin DPreal well - DPidealized well Pa psi bar
Q flowrate (standard conditions) m3/s bpd m3/d
m viscosity (reservoir conditions) Pa.s cP cP
B fluid formation volume factor v/v v/v v/v
Total and mechanical skins are related by the simple formula :
Smechanical / hp = Scompletion / h
7.8.1.1 Motivation
Multilateral wells are different than single wells because they have a variable structure.
Both the number of branches and the way that they are connected is variable. Hence, a
flexible network data structure is appropriate for modelling these wells. Furthermore, to
provide a consistency with other Petroleum Experts products the interface has the same look
54 - 69 IPR DATA INPUT
System Navigator
Four main components of the interface are identified, as indicated on the diagram above,
which are described in more detail in the following sections:
2. Navigator window – contains a full schematic that can be used to help navigation about
large systems.
3. Menu bar and toolbar. The menu bar is used for issuing commands to PROSPER and
the interface; it contains an abridged set of commands compared to a normal
application framework window because it is a subsidiary window of the main
programme. The toolbar contains menu accelerators, icons for selecting and
manipulating network nodes and links, and icons for zooming or unzooming on the
network window.
4. Visualisation screen – up to three windows showing front, side and top views of the
multilateral network.
The system window is used to draw, edit, and view the system. The network nodes are
represented by coloured icons. The different actions that can be performed on this window
are obtained by clicking the right hand mouse button within the area of the system window,
which brings up a menu. Alternatively, the same set of actions can be performed using the
toolbar or the menu, which are described below.
Only the four left most items in the toolbar (tie-point, junction, completion and
tank/reservoir) are nodes: links, the fifth item, are added differently by dragging between
two nodes. Depending on a set of connection rules, the connection will be made or not
and the correct type of link will be chosen. For example, reservoirs can only be attached to
completions and the type of link is logical; in other cases the link is a piece of tubing.
These rules are reviewed in the description of toolbar items. The network is hierarchical
and arrows drawn on the links indicate the direction of the connections (which is normally
the same direction as increasing vertical depth). Each icon is given a characteristic colour,
depending on the network item it represents. The colours and items are: red (tie-point),
green (junction), yellow (completion), blue (reservoir) and pink (tubing).
Zoom/Unzoom
To zoom or unzoom, first select the appropriate icon from the toolbar or from the right hand
mouse menu, as described above. To zoom in on an area, hold the left hand mouse button
while sweeping the mouse cursor over the area in which you are interested. Alternatively,
you may click once at a point in the system, and the programme will zoom or unzoom on
that point using a fixed scaling factor (which may be adjusted using the Preferences dialog
in the Preferences menu).
To revert to a full system view at any time, double-click the left hand mouse button at any
point in the window (except on an icon). The view will re-scale to show the whole of the
system.
Mask/Unmask
To mask or unmask, first select the appropriate icon from the toolbar or from the right hand
mouse menu, as described above. To mask a node, click on itwith mask selected; to
unmask it click on it with unmask selected. Masking removes a node from the calculation
without removing it and its associated data from the network (which deleting does).
Masking is useful for simulating the effect of removing or adding in completions. Note that
masking a branch will have the effect of masking those below it in the hierarchy.
Moving Items
Select the move option from the toolbar or from the right hand mouse menu. To move a
single item, place the mouse cursor above it and hold down the left mouse button while
dragging the mouse cursor to the desired new location. To move a group, select an area
as with the zoom option and then hold down the left mouse button with the mouse cursor in
the window before dragging the whole group to a new location. Items stay selected after a
group move but can be de-selected using the select option.
Deletion of Items
Select the delete icon from the toolbar or from the right hand mouse menu. Groups of items
may be deleted by group-selecting them as above, but with the delete option chosen. NB:
deletion of a node deletes the data associated with it so this option should be used with
caution. To delete a pure (non data-carrying) link re-do it.
Selection of Items
To select an item or items, first choose the select icon from the toolbar or from the right
hand mouse menu. Click on the item you wish to select, and its colour will reverse
accordingly. Alternatively, group selections may be made by dragging the left hand mouse
button over an area. The select option is a toggle, so it can select or de-select items.
Group selections can be used to turn off the selection actioned by a group move.
Editing of Items
If a network item carries data it has an icon associated with it and can be edited by double
clicking on it provided that none of zoom/unzoom, move, delete or select are chosen.
Editing of network item data is covered in the section on Data Entry.
Panning
To move the view around the system, move the cursor close to the edge of the view in the
direction in which you would like to pan. The cursor will change to an arrow. Clicking the
left hand mouse button will move the system view by a fixed amount depending on the
current scaling factor. To pan quickly, hold the mouse button down and, after a short time,
the pan action will 'auto-repeat'.
Minimise: Click this button to minimise the window in the multilateral main
window.
Maximise: Click this button to maximise the window to fill the multilateral main
window.
Close: Click this button to remove the window from the workspace.
The tracking rectangle has two functions. If the focus is currently on a network window, this
rectangle surrounds the area of the network that that view is displaying. Alternatively, the
rectangle may be used to create new views of the network if the navigator window is
currently in focus. When the mouse is moved over the rectangle, the cursor changes to
allow you to stretch or resize the rectangle. In this way, you may move the window over an
area of the system of interest. Double-clicking the left hand mouse button in the area will
create a new system view displaying the area you have selected, although resized to
preserve a sensible aspect ratio.
Navigator On Top: By default, the navigator is always on top of all system views. This can
be changed by selecting this item from the menu.
Hide Window: The navigator can be hidden using this option and, once removed, will not
appear in subsequent sessions until reopened from the Window menu. The navigator can
also be hidden by clicking on the cross button at the top right hand corner of the window or
by using the Window menu option.
The functions of the various buttons are described below. A quick description can be
gained for a given button by holding the mouse cursor over the button for a moment. A
small yellow box with a short description will appear.
Connections between nodes are created by choosing the ‘Link’ button and holding down
the mouse left hand button whilst dragging between two nodes. There is a connection
hierarchy, which is represented by the branching of a parent branch into one or more child
branches, in the same way that the multilateral well branches out physically. You indicate
the direction of the hierarchy for junction-completion or completion-completion connections
by the order in which they are joined up.
Tie-point. This is the node for which the IPR is solved and is located at the top
of the system (in vertical depth and hierarchically). Hence, the tie-point can
only be a start point.
Junction. The main purpose of the junction is to be a branching node. It can
only have one link into it (from a tie-point, completion or other junction) but any
number coming out.
Completion. This contains both tubing and completion information. It is
attached below a tie-point, junction or another completion. It can only have one
link into it and branches out to either a junction or another completion. It can
also be logically attached (no direction implied) to any number of reservoirs (but
at least one).
Tank/reservoir. This represents a reservoir source and is logically attached to
any number of completions (but at least one).
Link. Connecting to a junction, the link becomes a tubing node and contains
data. Going into a completion, the tubing information is in the completion and
the link is ‘blank’ only indicating the hierarchical relationship between the nodes
it connects with an arrow. Finally, when connecting a completion and a
reservoir, the link is logical and not hierarchical. Note that re-doing a link
between two nodes allows you to delete it.
Zoom in/out. When 'zoom in/out' is selected, a zoom can be achieved either by
clicking the mouse on the system window, which will zoom in/out a fixed
amount and set the centre of the view to the position clicked. If ‘zoom in’ is
selected, sweeping an area with the mouse will zoom in on the area selected.
The aspect ratio will be retained when an area zoom is performed.
Mask/Unmask an item. After masking is selected specific items can be
removed from the network for calculation purposes without deleting them. This
is particularly useful for seeing the effect of removing a completion item.
Delete a node. After this is selected, you may delete a node by clicking on the
item in the system window. The icon automatically becomes unselected
following a deletion to prevent accidental deletion of further nodes. To delete a
pure (non data-carrying) link re-do it.
Move a node. After this is selected, a node may be moved by clicking on the
item in the system window and then, with the mouse button depressed,
dragging the item to the new position. A group of nodes may also be selected
and moved.
Select a node. After this is pressed, a node may be selected/de-selected by
clicking on the item in the system window. The item will reverse its colour to
indicate selection/de-selection.
Tools
These are equivalent to items to the right of, and indeed inside, the drop-down list box in
the tool bar and have been explained above.
Analyse
This menu contains options to plot and report the IPR results in a similar way to those in
the Single Well IPR. The multi-lateral is treated as one reservoir model option, such as the
multi-layer with dP friction loss. There is also a Calculate option, which brings up the
dialog in the following figure.
Figure 7-54
Multi-lateral
Calculation Dialog
The Calculate screen gives the option of calculating one IPR point or a curve. In the
former case you can choose to calculate pressure from a rate or rate from a pressure. In
the latter case, pressure is calculated for a range of rates up to the AOF, as with other IPR
calculations. From this screen it is possible to specify the number of IPR points (maximum
20) and the minimum pressure to calculate to. These are to help speed up calculations if
appropriate. Results of the points for curve calculation will be reported at the bottom
section of the screen. Also, having a bearing on calculation speed is the switch between
infinite and finite conductivity modes of calculation. In the latter case the pressure drop in
the tubing is taken into account. Before carrying out the calculation, the network structure
is validated and any errors are reported in the white list box in the middle section of the
screen. If the structure is not valid the calculation is not carried out. The Details button is
used to display pressure and rate-related parameters with respect to the measured and
vertical tubing depths of each branch.
During a calculation, diagnostic information is reported to the list box. Also, a Cancel
button is placed above the Calculate button to allow you to stop the calculation. The
buttons to the left of the list box perform the functions in the Analyse menu, except Help,
which brings up this section. The push button Done exits the screen.
Visualise
These items are dealt with in the section on visualisation screens.
Preferences
The preferences dialog is gained from the Preferences item of the frame window menu. It
allows you to customise a set of user-interface variables for subsequent PROSPER
sessions. The following options are available:
• Enable Flyover Status Information. If this is checked then you will see a status box
appear as you move the mouse over the network item icons.
• Auto-repeat delay when panning. When you are panning you may hold the left-hand
mouse button down to ‘auto-repeat’ the action. The value given in this field represents
the time (in ms) before the auto-repeat action starts from when you click the mouse
button.
• Fraction of screen to pan per click. This represents the ‘resolution’ of panning.
• Zoom/unzoom factor. A single click in a system window while the zoom or unzoom
icons are active results in a fixed scaling to be applied to the view, while the centre of
the view is changed to the position in which the mouse was clicked. The value entered
in this field is the fixed scaling factor, and as such should be greater than one.
• Background. You may change the bitmap that is displayed on the background of the
main window (by default this is a PE logo with contact information). Select the required
bitmap by pressing the button to the right of the field. The bitmap will not be loaded
immediately; you must shut down and restart the multilateral main screen.
Output
Printer Setup - to set up the printer if not already done.
Print - prints the current child window as a hard-copy, metafile or to the clipboard, whether
a network window or a visualisation screen.
Window Menu
• New Window. This creates a new system view. The new view is zoomed out to include
all the components.
• Close All. Shuts down all system windows in the application.
• Cascade. This reorganises the system windows into a ‘cascade’.
• Tile. Tiles the system windows.
• Toggle toolbar display. This will remove the toolbar if it is currently displayed, and vice-
versa. If the toolbar is not displayed, you can still access the toolbar commands from
the right hand mouse button on the system view window.
• Toggle navigator display. Displays or hides the navigator window.
Below this is a list of currently active system windows. You may focus onto a different
window to your current window by clicking on one of these.
Help
Brings up this information on the network interface.
Other Items
Apart from the preferences it is possible to change other aspects of the user interface:
namely font and icon sizes.
Network Fonts
You may change the fonts used in the network drawing. To do this, select the Fonts option
from the menu obtained following a right hand mouse button click in the system window.
This will bring up a font selection dialog. Select the font and style that you require and
press OK. The new font will be applied to all network drawings and also to labels in the
visualisation windows.
Icon Sizes
Figure 7-55
The dialog consists of a slider with a data entry field, which contains the current icon size
(this defaults to 50 out of an arbitrary 0 – 100 range for a new file). Change the icon size by
adjusting the slider or entering a new size in the entry field. Check the ‘Automatic Update’
box to update the system window with the new size as you move the slider.
When you have entered the new icon size, click on This View or All Views. In the latter
case the change will be applied to all network windows. In the former case, only the
currently active network view will be changed. The new icon size will not be saved; i.e. all
changes will be lost when the current file is exited.
The geometry used is left-handed Cartesian. It is assumed that the positive x axis is along
the direction of zero azimuth, positive y is at 90 degrees and positive z is in the direction of
increasing depth. The front view shows the (x, z) plane, where y is increasing going into
the screen and consequently positive z corresponds to moving down the screen and
positive x corresponds to moving to the right. The side view shows the (y, z) plane, where
x increases coming out of the screen, z increases going down the screen and y increases
going to the right. The top view shows the (y, x) plane where z is increasing going into the
screen, x increases going down the screen and y increases going to the right.
7.8.2.1 Overview
The data associated with any network item is accessed by double-clicking on its icon when
none of the network manipulation options (zoom/unzoom, delete, move and select) have
been chosen. This brings up a screen with editable data fields in it.
Apart from the tie-point and junction data screens, the main data entry screen for each
node is similar to that of the single well main data entry screen (see Section 7.1).
However, the reservoir data input child screen does not have any tab buttons in it. The
main data screens differ from the single well case in the action buttons: only the left-most
group - Done, Cancel, Reset, Validate and Help - are available. Their function is the same
as in the single well case. Hence, the differences between the single well IPR data entry
and the similar multilateral ones lie in the model selection and data input child screens.
Given the hierarchical nature of the network, editing a parent branch causes the starting
points (e.g. depths) of child branches to be initialised. Those data fields that are initialised
from outside a particular network item are set read-only (coloured cyan) when the screen to
edit that net item is brought up. Hence, in order to edit a net item and fill it with valid data it
is normally necessary to have edited the parent branch first. However, it is not a
requirement to edit the network in hierarchical order as any child net item can be filled with
invalid data and saved before editing its parent.
Another difference from the single well IPR is that in each screen, on the right hand side,
there is a list box containing a drawing of the network where the data carrying nodes are
sorted hierarchically, by type or alphabetically according to a right-hand mouse button
menu selection. By clicking on the line corresponding to a node the given screen is closed
and the screen belonging to the node clicked on is opened.
Consistency Validation
Beyond the consistency enforced by the validation of individual network items as they are
edited and the automatic entry of some child branch data from parents, there are other
checks carried out on a complete structure whose nodes are individually valid:
• There must be no more than one tie-point in a network; other loose items are ignored.
• The top node must be a tie-point.
• All branches must end in a completion, completions must be attached to at least one
reservoir.
• Reservoirs should not overlap in depth (in the current model they are assumed to be
layers).
7.8.3.1 Introduction
The purpose of this exercise is to enter some geometrical data for the simple multilateral in
the following ‘back of an envelope’ sketch (see Figure 7.56 below) and then visualise it
using the Visualise menu. It is assumed that the fluid selected is ‘Oil and Water’ and the
units system is oilfield units. We will also show the procedure for running a calculation, to
which purpose some default PVT and geometric data should be entered in the reservoir
screens. The multilateral has two branches, with one branch having an azimuth of 170°
with respect to the other. The zig-zag lines indicate completions and the areas between
the horizontal straight lines are layers/reservoirs. Note that one tubing branch contains two
completions and goes through two reservoirs. This will be modelled as one completion
node and logically attached to two reservoirs. The point at (12000, 10000) feet will serve
as a tie-point.
(12000, 10000)
10000 feet (12100, 10020)
(12200, 10020)
Kh = 100 mD
(12400, 10100)
10100 feet
10200 feet
(13000, 10210) (13000, 10220)
Kh = 50 mD
(14000, 10220)
(14000, 10280)
10300 feet
1. Using the Tools | Add Item option in the frame window menu.
3. Selecting the required option from the drop-down list box in the toolbar.
Once the appropriate node addition option has been selected, click somewhere in the
blank network window to create an icon. Allow the programme to attach a default label to
the node by not entering one. Do this for all the required nodes listed above.
Tie-point (TP1)
Enter 12000 feet and 10000 feet for measured and vertical depth respectively and then
click on Done.
Tubing (T1)
Make sure that ‘Flow Type’ is ‘Tubing Flow’ on the model selection screen and a suitable
value (0.354 ft) is entered for well-bore radius. Then leave the model selection screen with
its other defaults and enter the data input screen using the button Input Data in the top
right hand corner. In the ‘Deviation’ tabbed dialog enter the three numbers:
12100 10020 0
in the white boxes in row 2. Now enter the ‘Equipment’ tabbed dialog by clicking on that
tab. In row 1 choose ‘Tubing’ from the drop-down list box and then enter the four numbers:
Junction (J1)
The co-ordinates (12100, 10020) should already be entered in the junction net item.
C1 Deviation
13000 10210 170 (row 2)
14000 10280 170 (row 3)
C1 Equipment
14000 0.7 0.0006 1 (row 1)
C1 Completion Info.
13000 14000 10210 10280 1 (row 1)
C2 Deviation
12400 10100 0 (row 2)
13000 10220 0 (row 3)
14000 10220 0 (row 4)
C2 Equipment
14000 0.7 0.0006 1 (row 1)
C2 Completion Info.
12200 12400 10020 10100 1 (row 1)
13000 14000 10220 10220 1 (row 2)
The other fields in the model selection and data input screens (for both reservoirs) should
be entered with some reasonable numbers. For example: pressure (5000), temperature
(200), salinity (150000), water cut (15), GOR (800), gas gravity (0.9), oil gravity (30),
vertical permeability (10) and drainage area (500).
The required input depends on your choice of casing pressure calculation method. In
order of increasing complexity:
To analyse an existing installation, the gas lift details that need to be entered will depend
upon the particular gas lift method that has been selected.
Firstly select the gas lift system type on the Options menu, then enter the well data by
selecting Gaslift data on the System menu. Enter the required lift gas composition data and
select one of three gas lift methods available. The methods currently available are:
2 - 13 CHAPTER 8 - ARTIFICIAL LIFT DATA INPUT
 The program assumes that the casing pressure is sufficient to inject lift gas at the
specified depth to achieve the GLR injection target.
The GLR injected can be subsequently overwritten when calculating Sensitivities. If the
GLR injected is unknown, leave it set to zero. The GLR to inject is set using Sensitivity
variables GLR injected or Injection gas rate in the Calculation section.
Figure 8-1
Gas Lift Data Input
Fixed Depth of Injection
Figure 8-2
Gas Lift Data Input
Optimum Depth of
Injection
For the Gas lifted (safety equipment) option, the compressor discharge pressure is
requested instead of the casing pressure.
Figure 8-3
Gas Lift Data Input
Valve Depth Specified
If a gas lift design has already been done, or the mandrel depths have been entered for a
Gaslift QuickLook the valve details can be copied across using the Transfer button.
 The Casing pressure entered should be the available injection system pressure
for the current operating conditions If calculating sensitivities for a new casing
pressure operated design, always subtract the dP to close valves for each
unloading valve above the operating valve from the design casing pressure.
Figure 8-4
Gas Lift (Safety
Equipment) Input
The details of the surface injection system are used to calculate the casing head pressure
as a function of gas injection rate and compressor output pressure. Frictional losses in the
annulus are taken into account when calculating the casing pressure at each gas lift valve
depth. The safety valve pressure loss is clearly seen on the following gradient plot:
Figure 8-5
Gas Lift (Safety
Equipment)
Pressure Traverse
Figure 8-6
Gas Lift (pipe line) Input
Figure 8-7
Gas Lift (pipe line) Input
Figure 8-8
ESP Input Data
The Pump wear factor is used to account for deviation from the manufacturer's published
performance curves due to wear etc.
 For example, entering 0.05 causes the program to scale the pump head curves
down by 5% (i.e. head is 95% of the database value).
When a downhole gas separator is run, the GOR of the oil above the separator will be
lower than the produced oil GOR. Depending on the completion, the separated gas is
produced up the annulus or a separate tubing string. Both casing I.D. and tubing O.D. are
required to be input on the System Equipment Downhole Equipment.
Use the Pump, Motor and Cable buttons to select from a database of equipment
characteristics. Use the list box at the right hand side of the screen or the << and >>
buttons to scroll through the database to locate the required unit. Then, click OK to return
to the ESP input data screen. A typical database screen for pumps is shown below:
Figure 8-9
ESP Pumps
Database
Motors are grouped by series. Select the series, then choose the required horsepower and
voltage option. An example ESP motor database screen is shown below:
Figure 8-10
ESP Motors
Database
Different types of cable may also be chosen to model varying requirements at surface. An
example ESP cable database screen is shown below:
Figure 8-11
ESP Cables
Database
The ESP equipment database is maintained through the Design ESP Database menu as
described in the ESP design section. A summary report of the ESP equipment input data
can be viewed or printed by clicking the Report button. Further details of database
maintenance methods are given in ESP Design (Section 11.4).
 Every effort is made to ensure that the sample pump and motor coefficients
supplied with PROSPER are current. However, it is the User’s responsibility to
ensure they are both accurate and up-to-date. For critical design work, always
refer to your equipment supplier for the latest performance data.
Figure 8-12
HSP Input Data
The Pump wear factor is used to account for deviation from the manufacturer's published
performance curves due to wear etc.
 For example, entering 0.05 causes the program to scale the pump head curves
down by 5% (i.e. head is 95% of the database value).
Turbine speed is assumed to be the same as the Pump speed. The % Power Fluid of
Reservoir Fluid defines what fraction of the total produced liquids the power fluid
represents.
 A figure of 100% means that the amount of power fluid used to drive the turbine
is the same as the amount of produced reservoir fluids.
Use the Pump, and Turbine buttons to select from a database of equipment characteristics.
Use the list box at the right hand side of the screen or the << and >> buttons to scroll
through the database to locate the required unit. Then, click OK to return to the HSP input
data screen. A typical database screen for pumps is shown below:
Figure 8-13
HSP Pumps
Database
Figure 8-14
HSP Turbines
Database
The HSP equipment database is maintained through the Design HSP Database menu as
described in the HSP design section. A summary report of the HSP equipment input data
can be viewed or printed by clicking the Report button. Further details of database
maintenance methods are given in HSP Design (Section 11.5).
 Every effort is made to ensure that the sample pump and turbine coefficients
supplied with PROSPER are current. However, it is the User’s responsibility to
ensure they are both accurate and up-to-date. For critical design work, always
refer to your equipment supplier for the latest performance data.
This section describes the Progressing Cavity Pump design in PROSPER. The main
purpose is to provide a brief background of the use of the pump, how to set the pump data
base and nodal analysis design considering the PCP.
The Progressing Cavity Pump (PCP) is also known as screw pump or Moineau pump. This
type of lifting system still not yet widely used and it is mostly applied on heavy oils and
shallow wells.
Principle
-Helical rotor
-Stator
the geometry of the assembly is such that it constitutes a series of identical separate
cavities, when the rotor is rotated inside the stator these cavities move axially from one
end of the stator to the other, from suction to discharge creating the pumping action.
Because the cavities are sealed from each other, the pump is of the positive displacement
type.
In general terms the geometry of the pump is defined by the following parameters:
The minimum length required by the pump to create an effective pumping action is the
pitch length ; which is then one stage, each additional pitch length will provide an
additional pump stage.
Figure 8.15
Rotor and
Stator
As the pump rotates the rotor produces two cavities of fluid, the figure below shows a
typical configuration of the pump. The rotor, usually made out of chrome plated steel, it
hangs from the drive head by string of standard sucker rods. The surface equipment
includes the drive head which carry all the axial load of the roads, transmit the rotational
movement to the entire rod string and seal the drive system from the well fluid.
Usually the drive system is an electric motor and the transmission may be fixed or variable.
When the user select Progressive cavity pump, there are two options to consider.
• Sucker rod pump drive
• Downhole motor drive
The stator is made out of elastomer encased into the steel pipe and this is attached to the
tubing string.
In order to create a lifting pressure there must be a differential pressure between the
cavities, therefore a thigh seal between rotator and stator is required; however there will be
always slippage of the production fluid due to:
• Differential pressure
• Number of stages
• Fluid properties
• Temperature and type of material
Figure 8.16
In order to select the correspondent pump and rods, the pump data base must be set up
first. Chapter 11 describe how to enter the correspondent pump and rods data base.
 Considering fixed depth of injection, the program assumes that the casing
pressure is sufficient to inject lift gas at the specified depth to achieve the GLR
injection target.
Figure 8.17
Coiled Tubing
Data
When the optimum injection depth is selected the maximum depth of injection, casing
pressure and pressure drop across the valve is required. Performing a design the program
will determine the optimum conditions for the installation. Chapter 11 provides more
information about the design.
 The Quality Control exercises like Correlation comparison are based on what is
possible according to the principles of fundamental physics.
For gas lifted wells, valve opening and closing pressures are calculated to permit
troubleshooting gas lift installations.
For ESP and HSP wells, the performance of the ESP and HSP can be checked.
Correlation Comparison
 This is the primary step in quality control of measured well test data.
This option allows pressure gradient plots to be generated with different correlations to be
compared with measured gradient survey data and each other for both tubing and pipeline
correlations. On basis of this comparison the user can determine if the measurements
“make sense” based on the principles of physics (See Section 9.2)
Gradient Matching
Existing correlations can be modified using non-linear regression to best fit a gradient
survey. Comparison of the fit parameters will identify which correlation required the least
adjustment to match the measured data.
 This should be used only if for a given rate more than one measurement is
available along the production string.
2 - 28 CHAPTER 9 - MATCHING MENU
Correlation Thresholds
This option allows the user to specify a threshold angle for both tubing and pipeline
correlations at which the program will automatically change to another (specified)
correlation. This option will enable vertical risers in sub sea completions to be modelled
more accurately
For oil wells, Hagedorn Brown performs well for slug flow at moderate to high production
rates but well loading is poorly predicted. Hagedorn Brown should not be used for
condensates and whenever mist flow is the main flow regime. Hagedorn Brown under
predicts VLP at low rates and should not be used for predicting minimum stable rates.
Duns and Ros Modified usually performs well in mist flow cases and should be used in
high GOR oil and condensate wells. It tends to over-predict VLP in oil wells. Despite this,
the minimum stable rate indicated by the minimum of the VLP curve is often a good
estimate.
Duns and Ros Original is the original published method, without the enhancements
applied in the primary Duns and Ros correlation. The primary Duns and Ros correlation in
PROSPER has been enhanced and optimised for use with condensates.
Petroleum Experts correlation combines the best features of existing correlations. It uses the
Gould et al flow map and the Hagedorn Brown correlation in slug flow, and Duns and Ros
for mist flow. In the transition regime, a combination of slug and mist results is used.
Petroleum Experts 2 includes the features of the PE correlation plus original work on predicting
low-rate VLPs and well stability.
Petroleum Experts 3 includes the features of the PE2 correlation plus original work for viscous,
volatile and foamy oils.
Petroleum Experts 4 is an advanced mechanistic model for any angled wells (including downhill
flow) suitable for any fluid (including Retrograde Condensate).
Orkiszewski correlation often gives a good match to measured data. However, its
formulation includes a discontinuity in its calculation method. The discontinuity can cause
instability during the pressure matching process; therefore we do not encourage its use.
Gray correlation gives good results in gas wells for condensate ratios up to around 50
bbl/MMscf and high produced water ratios. Gray contains its own internal PVT model
which over-rides PROSPER’s normal PVT calculations.
 For very high liquid dropout wells, use a Retrograde Condensate PVT and the
Duns and Ros correlation.
 There is no universal rule for selecting the best flow correlation for a given
application. It is recommended that the Correlation Comparison always be
carried out. By inspecting the predicted flow regimes and pressure results, the
user can select the correlation that best models the physical situation.
Click Matching Correlation comparison to display the following data entry screen:
Figure 9-1
Correlation Comparison
Input
 Note that in Correlation comparison, the first node is the wellhead only if there is
no surface equipment or it has been disabled.
Enter the surface flowing conditions at which you want to compare the correlated gradients.
Select a surface equipment correlation then click on the required downhole correlations to
select a number of them from the list.
Pressure data from a gradient survey can be entered versus depth in the measured data
boxes. The Transfer button copies the measured depths and pressures to the Gradient
match section.
For gas lifted wells, both the injection depth and gas lift injection rate are required
 to be input.
Note that the producing GOR should not include the lift gas injection.
When the input data is complete, click on Calculate to display the calculations screen, then
press the Calculate button to compute the pressure gradient in tabular form as shown
below:
Figure 9-2
Correlation
Comparison
Calculations
The results of individual correlations can be examined sequentially by clicking the arrows
beside the Correlation field.
For all the correlation selected for calculations, use the scroll thumb below the results box
to access the results of calculations.
A visual comparison of all selected correlations and the test data is easily made by clicking
on the Plot button. The plot can be output or saved using the standard features of
PROSPER and Windows. An example comparison plot is shown below:
Figure 9-3
Correlation
Comparison
Plot
This plot is a useful quality check on the PVT and field production data. The Fancher
Brown correlation does not allow for gas/liquid slippage, therefore it should always predict
a pressure that is less than the measured value. Measured data falling to the left of
Fancher Brown on the gradient comparison plot indicates a problem with fluid density (i.e.
PVT) or the field data (pressure or rate). The use of the gradient comparison plot is
recommended to help identify flow regimes and assess input data quality.
9.3.1 Input
The gas lift QuickLook is accessed from the Matching menu. Clicking QuickLook from the
Matching menu displays the following screen:
Figure 9-4
Gas lift QuickLook Input
The surface measurements section contains two columns for data input.
 For analysing a particular well at a particular flowing condition, enter data in the
Minimum column only.
If unloading valve details have been entered, their opening and closing pressures will be
shown on the plot also.
Tubing head pressure Enter expected flowing pressure for the well.
Figure 9-5
QuickLook Downhole
Measurements
The purpose of this section is to check that all the data is consistent. The static gradient
can also be displayed on the plot by entering two static pressure measurement points.
Downhole measurement entry is optional.
For PROSPER to determine which gas lift valves should be open and closed for the current
producing conditions, the valve depths and characteristics must first be entered. Click
Valves from the QuickLook screen to display the following:
Figure 9-6
QuickLook
Valve Data
The valve type (casing or tubing sensitive), setting depth, port size, R-value and dome
pressure at 60 °F are required to calculate whether valves are open or closed. Opening
pressure etc. fields will be blank until a QuickLook calculation has been performed.
Entering the valve data for the QuickLook is optional.
As an alternative to entering them by hand, gas lift valve characteristics can be transferred
from other sections of PROSPER. Click the Transfer button on the Valves data entry
screen, and you will be prompted to select the source of valve data. Select either From
Gas lift valves, or From Gas lift design to pick up the depths that have been previously
entered in Equipment Gaslift. After Transferring the valve depths, select the valve type
for each depth. To manually investigate the effects of changing R-values and dome
pressures, these values may be edited or entered by hand.
Select between the up pass and down pass using the buttons located beside the Case box
as in the following example:
Figure 9-7
QuickLook Diagnostic
Calculations
In the Results box, the program displays the theoretical dP across the injecting valve
together with the casing pressure theoretically required to balance the flowing tubing
pressure at the injection depth plus the dP across the orifice.
Click Plot to display the two computed gradients plus the valve opening and closing
pressures on the same graph:
Figure 9-8
QuickLook
Diagnostic
Plot
This plot enables the user to see at a glance which valves should be open or closed, and
how changes in operating pressures would impact on the valves. The results box displays
the following computed values:
Historically, ESP wells have been difficult to diagnose (particularly with limited down hole
pressure data) because of uncertainties below (IPR), across (pump head) and above
(tubing hydraulics) the pump. Using the ESP QuickLook, conditions in each of these areas
can be analysed separately.
9.4.1 Input
The ESP QuickLook is accessed from the Matching menu. Clicking QuickLook from the
Matching menu displays the following screen:
Figure 9-9
ESP Quicklook
Input
Select the required pump, motor and cable from the buttons at the top of the screen.
 Note that PROSPER always calculates from the bottom up for ESP systems since,
in order to find the tubing GOR above the pump, conditions at the pump intake
where gas separation takes place must be known. The calculation of the
downward pressure traverse from the entered tubing head pressure is therefore
iterative.
Select between the up pass and down pass using the buttons located beside the Case box
as in the following example:
Figure 9-10
Calculation
Output Screen
Click Plot to display the pressure traverses and the calculated pump intake and discharge
pressures, down hole average rate across the pump (RB/day), free gas fraction at the
pump intake and electrical parameters:
Figure 9-11
ESP Output
Plot
If the well bore, inflow and ESP assumptions are all correct, the two pressure traverses will
overlay and the measured and calculated intake and discharge pressures and surface
voltages should coincide.
 The pump discharge pressure is the “tie” point for the system. First match the
pump discharge pressure (if available) from the top down traverse. The pump
discharge pressure depends only on the weight and frictional resistance to the
flow rate through the tubing to surface.
Next match the pump intake pressure from the top down traverse. If the
calculated and measured pressure differential (head) across the pump is
different, then the assumptions of pump wear, fluid density (water cut) and pump
frequency should be examined.
The top down traverse will now give the resulting bottom hole flowing pressure.
This should be compared with the bottom up calculation and will indicate any
discrepancy with the inflow performance module assumptions.
9.5.1 Input
The HSP QuickLook is accessed from the Matching menu. Clicking QuickLook from the
Matching menu displays the following screen:
Figure 9-12
HSP Quicklook
Input
Select the required pump and turbine from the buttons at the top of the screen.
Pump wear factor Enter the fraction that represents degradation of pump head.
Zero is no wear, one indicates no head will be developed.
Number of Turbine Stages (Self-explanatory)
Enter correlation Select the most appropriate flow correlation for your
application. Use a matched correlation where available
Select between the up pass and down pass using the buttons located beside the Case box
as in the following example:
Figure 9-13
Calculation
Output Screen
Click Plot to display the pressure traverses and the calculated pump intake and discharge
pressures, down hole average rate across the pump (RB/day) and pump and turbine
parameters:
Figure 9-14
HSP Output
Plot
If the well bore, inflow and pump and turbine assumptions are all correct, the two pressure
traverses will overlay and the measured and calculated intake and discharge pressures
and surface voltages should coincide.
 The pump discharge pressure is the “tie” point for the system. First match the
pump discharge pressure (if available) from the top down traverse. The pump
discharge pressure depends only on the weight and frictional resistance to the
flow rate through the tubing to surface.
Next match the pump intake pressure from the top down traverse. If the
calculated and measured pressure differential (head) across the pump is
different, then the assumptions of pump wear, fluid density (water cut) and pump
speed should be examined.
The top down traverse will now give the resulting bottom hole flowing pressure.
This should be compared with the bottom up calculation and will indicate any
discrepancy with the inflow performance module assumptions.
 The formation GOR is the solution GOR. If there is no free gas production at the
sand face, GOR free should be set to zero.
Figure 9-15
VLP/IPR
Match Input
 The user can now use the ‘Correlation Comparison’ button to transfer the
selected well test data to the correlation comparison section. The procedure is:
• Click on the button to the left of the well test data that we wish to perform
correlation comparison on.
• Click on the ‘Correlation Comparison’ button
• PROSPER will bring us to the correlation comparison screen and at the
same time, populate the correlation comparison screen with the selected
well test data.
 If the temperature prediction method is ‘Rough Approximation’, the user can now
use the ‘Estimate U value’ button to estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient
for the selected well test. The procedure is:
• Click on the button to the left of the well test data that we wish to estimate
the overall heat transfer coefficient.
• Click on the ‘Estimate U value’ button
• PROSPER will estimate the overall heat transfer coefficient that matches
the wellhead temperature of the well test.
• The user can then go to the Geothermal Gradient section to change the
overall heat transfer coefficient value.
The Match Point Comment field is provided to allow the optional entry of notes to identify
the match data set. Examples would be test date, source of pressure data, comments on
test quality etc.
This input screen has a number of features to simplify data manipulation. The selection
buttons on the left hand side are used to select data points for further editing. Hold down
the Ctrl key and click the required buttons to select multiple points. Copy copies the
selected points into memory and onto the Windows clipboard. Click the selection button of
the desired destination and click Paste to copy the data to the new location. Insert shifts
the data down to make room for new entries. The Delete button deletes the selected
records. Data from this table can be copied to or from the Windows clipboard. Therefore,
test data can be read in from a Windows based spreadsheet by first copying it to the
clipboard, and then pasting it directly into the table.
Bad or inconsistent data points occasionally prevent the program obtaining a good match.
The Disable button causes a selected data record to be ignored in the matching process.
Disabled records are dimmed in the VLP matching screen. Disabled points can be re-
included in the matching process by first selecting the point and clicking on Enable. By
sequentially disabling suspect data points, potentially inaccurate test points can be
identified and eliminated from the match.
To compute the VLP match, click Match to display the VLP matching screen. Select the
correlations you wish to match or just click All to match all correlations. An example screen
is shown below:
Figure 9-16
VLP Matching Screen
Click the Statistics button to examine the match parameters as shown on the example
screen below:
Figure 9-17
VLP Match Statistics
If necessary, match parameters can be edited or directly entered on this screen. This
should be done with extreme caution and only if previous work on similar wells has yielded
consistent match parameters or to apply match parameters for the same well in a different
PROSPER application.
PROSPER uses a non-linear regression to tune the VLP correlations to best match the
measured data. It does this by calculating a pressure traverse using a correlation and
determining the error between measured and calculated pressures. The gravity and
friction terms of the pressure loss equations are then adjusted and the process repeated
until the measured and calculated results agree within 1 psi, or 50 iterations have been
completed.
In cases the PVT has been correctly matched, the greatest source of uncertainty in the
VLP calculation for oil wells is usually the hold-up correlation. PROSPER will attempt to
make a gravity component (Parameter 1) match by adjusting the hold-up correlation. If a
match is not obtained with a Parameter 1 more than 5% away from 1.0, the density is
adjusted. For single phase applications, no hold-up correction is possible, so any
significant deviation from 1.0 for Parameter 1 indicates a PVT problem.
If Parameter 2 requires a large correction, then it is likely that your equipment description is
in error, or the flow rates are incorrect. As the effect of a shift in the friction component on
the overall pressure loss is less than for the gravity term, a larger range in the value of
Parameter 2 is expected.
Once the matching process is complete, the match parameters will be shown alongside
each of the correlations that have been matched. Use the standard deviations and the
magnitude of corrections made to both parameters to aid your selection of matched
correlation.
Use the Correlation Comparison option of the Matching menu to compare the optimised
(matched) correlations with measured test data. To ensure that the process has been
successful, check that the matched VLP traverses plot close to the measured pressure
data points.
Figure 9-18
Adjust IPR
Click Calculate, and PROSPER will calculate the VLP for a range of rates and pressure at
the sand face for each of the active test points that have been entered on the VLP
Matching screen. Once this calculation is completed, click IPR and the IPR input screens
(Chapter 7) will be presented. For the first pass, accept the unmatched IPR data and
display plot. The VLP and test data will all be plotted on the same diagram as follows:
Figure 9-19
VLP/IPR Plot
The errors between calculated and measured data are shown on the side of the plot. If the
test points are not consistent with the IPR model, the skin, reservoir pressure etc. can be
adjusted until a match is obtained. Inconsistent test data points will be easily identified on
this plot. Clicking Main returns you to the Adjust IPR screen. Matching both the VLP and
IPR to actual test data ensures that the PROSPER well model is capable of accurately
reproducing the currently known producing conditions.
 An IPR is required when automatic rate calculation is used for VLP or system
calculations. IPR data must be present before commencing a VLP/IPR Match.
 Hint for Vogel and multi-rate IPR. IPR Matching is a convenient way to correct
gauge pressures to intake node depth. For each test point, the Test Rate and
Test BHP are displayed on the VLP Matching screen. For a Vogel or Multi-rate
IPR, enter the rates and corrected BHP values.
Figure 9-20
Gradient (traverse)
Matching Input
The first node pressure is entered in the Input Parameters section - do not include it in the
Match Data table. The Transfer button copies the measured gradient data to Correlation
comparison (Section 9.2). The same guidelines for GOR apply as for VLP/IPR Matching.
Enter the required data and click Calculate. The following will be displayed:
Figure 9-21
Gradient (traverse)
Matching Calculation
Select the correlations to be matched by clicking on them, then click Match to start the
matching routine. Parameter 1 is the correction factor applied to the gravity component of
pressure drop whilst Parameter 2 is the factor applied to the frictional element of pressure
drop. The match algorithm continues until the standard error is less than 1 psi, or 30
iterations have been performed. The adjusted correlation and measured pressures can be
visually compared by clicking Plot. A graph similar to the following is displayed:
Figure 9-22
Gradient (traverse)
Matching Plot
The calculated pressure gradient can be inspected by clicking View. Click the Statistics
button to display the match parameters. Use the statistics and your knowledge of well
conditions and correlation performance to guide your choice of VLP correlation. Once a
correlation has been matched, the match parameters are appended to the correlation
name for all subsequent operations. Should it be necessary to adjust or clear the match
parameters, click the Reset button for a particular correlation, or use the Reset All button to
reset all correlations to their un-matched state.
 Best results are usually obtained by using VLP matching. Gradient matching
should only be used for specialised artificial lift applications and where many
pressure Vs depth data points are available.
Figure 9-23
Surface Pipe
Matching
Input
 The user can now use the ‘Correlation Comparison’ button to transfer the
selected pipeline test data to the pipeline correlation comparison section. The
procedure is:
• Click on the button to the left of the pipeline test data that we wish to
perform correlation comparison on.
• Click on the ‘Correlation Comparison’ button
• PROSPER will bring us to the pipeline correlation comparison screen and
at the same time, populate the correlation comparison screen with the
selected pipeline test data.
Enter measured manifold and tubing head pressures for a range of rates and click Match to
enter the calculation screen. Select the correlations to match in the same manner as for
Gradient matching. All editing and calculation controls operate as described under
Gradient matching. Once the matching is complete, click OK to return to the main menu.
 If the system description has no elevation difference between the wellhead and
manifold, there can be no gravitational component of the correlated pressure
drop. Therefore, Parameter 1 cannot be optimised, so it remains at the default
value of 1.0 for such cases.
Figure 9-24
Correlation Threshold Input
Screen
Inflow
 This option calculates tubing intake (IPR) curves and bottom hole flowing
pressure (BHFP). This allows you to quickly calculate a wide range of flowing
pressure sensitivities without the need to calculate the system solution rate. This
is especially convenient for e.g. frac program design, gravel pack design,
perforation programming.
System
This option will calculate both the tubing outflow (VLP) and tubing intake (IPR)
curves and determine the system operating rate and bottom hole flowing
pressure (BHFP). It also allows you to perform sensitivity analysis with a wide
range of variables. Sensitivity plots can easily be generated.
Gradient
This option enables you to generate gradient plots. If the correlations have been
matched, the gradients will be generated using the tuned correlations.
Choke Performance
This is a convenient calculator for flow rates, pressure drop or choke settings.
Bottom Hole Pressure from Wellhead Pressure: This option allows you to
 calculate flowing bottom hole pressure from the wellhead pressure. This method
is only available when using the Pressure and Temperature and Rough
Approximation options.
When the Enthalpy Balance temperature model is being used, different
 calculation menus are presented. The calculation menus for predicting pressure
only and the rough or improved approximation temperature model are virtually
identical. The selection of lift method and IPR model also affects the available
sensitivity variables and specialised calculations.
2 - 46 CHAPTER 10 - CALCULATION MENU
• User selected
You can either enter a table of up to 20 rates directly, or PROSPER will Generate
them for you. Click Generate from the User Selected rate entry screen and the
following screen will be presented:
Figure 10-1
User selected rates
Generation
Enter values for the first and last rates in the table plus the number of entries required.
Depending on the selection of Linear or Geometric spacing, PROSPER will calculate the
required rate table.
 User selected rates can be useful when using the AOF is inappropriate for the
range of sensitivity variables to be considered.
Click OK, then enter values for up to 3 sensitivity variables as on the following screen
example:
Figure 10-2
IPR Sensitivity Variables
Click an Enter Values button and enter values for the sensitivity variables by hand, or click
Generate to have PROSPER calculate a range of values as follows:
Figure 10-3
Generate Sensitivity Values
The Combinations button can be used to enter particular scenarios to calculate. Refer to
Sensitivity Combinations in Section 10.1.2 for more details.
Once you have set up the Inflow sensitivity variables, click OK Calculate to calculate the
IPR pressures. Click Plot to display a screen similar to the following:
Figure 10-4
IPR Calculation Results
 On this plot by pressing on the VARIABLES option on the menu bar, you can get
a display of all the variables that have been calculated during IPR calculations,
like skin, dP skin etc. These can be plotted as well.
Figure 10-5
System Calculation Setup
2. Automatic Geometric
The program uses the AOF found in the IPR section and creates 20 rates between zero
and AOF with rates spaced more closely together at low rates.
3. User Selected
If this option is selected, you will be asked to enter the rates you desire, or click
Generate to have PROSPER generate a range of values for you.
 An IPR is required for both Automatic rate methods. For wells having very high
AOFs (e.g. horizontal wells) the well rate is determined mainly by the tubing size.
Manual rate selection may give better results in such cases.
Enter the surface equipment and vertical lift correlations best suited for your data, and then
select the rate method. Matched PVT and VLP correlations will be used where matching
has been carried out. Click OK to display the Sensitivity Variables screen.
Figure 10-6
Left hand intersection
Figure 10-7
Sensitivity Variables Input
The calculations will be ordered so that only the IPR will be recalculated where possible.
This can save a great deal of calculation time.
When tubing diameter is entered as a sensitivity variable, the following screen is used to
input the range of nodes over which the sensitivity is calculated:
Figure 10-8
Diameter Variable Range
Normally tubing diameter should not be varied in the casing below the tubing shoe. This
option is also useful for determining e.g. the effect of increasing tubing size above a safety
valve while keeping the diameter of the rest of the tubing string diameter constant.
Sensitivity variable values can be entered in any order. To improve the readability of the
sensitivity plots, the variable values are sorted in ascending order before the sensitivities
are calculated. Only the sensitivity variables relevant to the chosen system will be
available. For example, if a well is gas lifted you will be given the option of gas injection
rate as a variable. This option will not be available if the well is naturally flowing.
Figure 10-9
Sensitivity Combinations
Input
 If no liquid rates are entered, the program uses the current list of rates (either
internally calculated or user input) and calculates the solution for the combination
of sensitivity variables for each of up to 10 cases.
If liquid rates are entered in the Combinations screen, these take precedence.
The program will then find the VLP and IPR pressures for each combination of
sensitivity variables.
Once sensitivity values have been entered in either the Combinations or Variables screen,
click OK to display the calculation screen. Sensitivity values temporarily overwrite variable
values that have been entered on other screens. For example: Pressure at first node,
water cut.
Figure 10-10
Calculation System
The components of the calculated IPR pressure can be inspected by scrolling to the right
of the calculation screen. The liquid rate, oil rate and bottom hole pressure for each
combination of sensitivities can be accessed by clicking the up and down arrows in the
boxes next to the variables.
Details of Solutions
To examine the solution in more detail, click the Solution details button. Individual solution
points can be viewed by clicking on the arrow buttons located beside each sensitivity
variable. Outflow or Inflow solutions can be viewed as shown in the following sample
screen:
Figure 10-11
Calculation
System Solution
Details
Plotting Results
The results can be plotted by clicking Plot. The System plot will appear as follows:
Figure 10-12
System Solution Plot
The system plot summarises all the calculations. Each VLP and IPR curve is identified by
up to 3 numbers posted beside them. The variable names and the corresponding number
labels are shown in the panel to the right of the plot. In the above example, Curve 1,0,0 is
for 40% water cut, 200 psi first node pressure and 2.992 inch tubing. As none of the
variables change the IPR in this example, the IPR curves for each case are identical and
overlay.
To plot the solution rates and pressures versus the selected variables, click Sensitivity and
a sensitivity plot will be displayed. To select sensitivity variables to plot, click Variables and
make your selection on the following screen:
Figure 10-13
System Sensitivity
Variables
The Sensitivity screen allows you to choose X- and Y-axis variables. Click OK to view the
Sensitivity plot. The program automatically plots the sensitivity values of the X-axis
variable. If variable Combinations have been used, the sensitivity cases will be
automatically plotted.
Figure 10-14
System Sensitivity Plot
The pressure gradient for any particular solution rate can be calculated by clicking Sens
PvD (Sensitivity Pressure vs. Depth).
Figure 10-15
Sens PvD Setup
From the gradient calculation screen, click Calculate to generate the gradient. The results
are displayed on the following screen example:
Figure 10-16
Sens PvD
Results
Figure 10-17
Sens PvD Plot
Once the calculations have been done the results can be saved. The .ANL file will contain
all the input data and plots that have been generated. The .OUT file will contain the
calculated results. Click Variables on the plot screen to select which variables to plot.
Figure 10-18
Plot Variables Selection
By clicking the Extended button, a greater range of plot variables can be accessed.
Virtually any combination of computed results can be plotted against each other.
Figure 10-19
Extended Plot Variables
Return to the standard choice of plot variables by clicking the Original button.
The plots are held in memory until overwritten by a new set of calculations. Plots can also
be displayed or output by selecting Plot from the main menu. The Units menu can be used
to change the display units if required.
Figure 10-20
ESP Solution Point
Clicking Plot on the pump solution screen displays the sensitivity solutions plotted over the
pump characteristic curves. As shown by the example screen below, the effects of the
sensitivity variables on the pump operating point can be readily evaluated.
Figure 10-21
ESP Solution Plot
This plot is a powerful tool for evaluating how an ESP design can accommodate future
changes in well conditions.
 All pump (both ESP & HSP) designs should be validated by calculating
sensitivities and ensuring that efficient operation at the design rate can be
achieved over the entire range of expected well and pump efficiency
conditions.
For pump (both ESP & HSP) equipped wells, the Sens. PvD gradient calculation shows the
pressure increase across the pump. An example gradient plot is shown below:
Figure 10-22
ESP Sens. PvD Plot
Figure 10-24
Gradient Traverse
Calculation
Click Calculate to compute flowing gradients for all sensitivity cases. Once the calculations
have been completed, the results tables can be inspected by clicking the respective
variable arrows until the desired variable combination is visible. A plot of the gradient
results similar to that below can be displayed by then clicking the Plot button:
Figure 10-25
Gradient Traverse Plot
Gradients can be plotted for the well and flow line separately or combined on the one plot.
Extended plot options are available as outlined in Section 10.1.1.
Figure 10-26
Classical Turner Equation
Modified Turner
Equation 1
σ ( ρl − ρ g )
1 4
4
Vt = 20.4
ρ
1
2
g
When gradient traverse calculations are performed scrolling the screen the values are
display, using the button indicated as Sand the user will be able to change the Turner
constant.
Figure 10-27
Gradient traverse
Erosion can be caused by the repeated impact of solid particles on tubings and pipelines.
To avoid this we attempt to estimate the velocity at which erosion will occur. Normal
practise is to use equation of API 14 E. This can be unreliable especially for clean
production where the limiting value of C (125) can be too restrictive. In practice, values of
1000 for C have been recorded in pipes where no erosion has been detected.
Figure 10-28
Clasical equation C
of Erosional Ve =
Velocity ρm
Ve - Fluid Erosion Velocity (ft/sec)
A Conoco paper (An Alternative to API14E Erosional Velocity Limits for Sand Laden Fluids)
challenges API14E on the basis that it can be very conservative for clean service and is not
applicable for conditions where corrosion or sand are present. It proposes a simple
alternative approach that has been verified by a comparison with several multi-phase flow
loop tests that cover a broad range of liquid-gas ratios and sand concentrations. Values of
S for different components are proposed in the paper
Figure 10-29
D ρm
New eorsional
velocity
Ve = S
calculations W
S - S Factor (depends on pipe geometry)
D - Pipe Diameter (mm)
ρ m - Mixture Density (lbm/ft 3)
After gradient calculations are performed scrolling the screen the value of erosional velocity
can be found.
Figure 10-30
Gradient traverse
To find out the correspondent constants to estimate the erosional velocities based on the
new approach the option Sand can be used.
Figure 10-31
Gradient traverse
An important PROSPER application is generating tubing lift curves for use in reservoir
simulation. To generate lift curves click Calculation VLP (tubing curves) 3 Variables...
Select appropriate surface pipeline and VLP correlations on the input screen. If VLP
matching has been carried out, the matched correlations will be available. Click OK to
access the calculation screen as shown below:
Figure 10-32
VLP Calculation Setup
If an IPR is available, the rates for the VLP calculations can be automatically generated.
To calculate VLPs for specified rates, or when no IPR is available, user selected rates can
be entered in a table as shown above.
When User Selected rates are used, you can enter rates in terms of Liquid, Oil or Gas. The
results will be given in terms of the specified rate type, but depending on the type of well,
PROSPER will first convert the rates to equivalent oil or gas to calculate the VLP pressure.
This feature can be used when preparing lift curves for high GOR oil wells. Remember
when using gas rates, that increasing the water cut will also increase the liquid production
rate. Extreme VLP pressures can easily result.
Click OK to access the Variables screen and set up the required sensitivity variables. To
generate lift curves for e.g. ECLIPSE, the VLP is generally calculated for the following
sensitivity variables:
• Variable 1: Pressure at first node (Usually THP)
• Variable 2: Water cut (Water to gas ratio for gas wells)
• Variable 3: Gas Oil Ratio (Use GOR)
An example calculation variables screen for generating lift curves is shown below:
Figure 10-33
VLP Sensitivity Variables
Select the variables required by your external application and enter a list of values for
each. Click OK to access the calculation screen then click Calculate to generate the lift
curves. An example lift curve calculation screen is shown below:
Figure 10-34
VLP Calculation
Results
The calculated VLP results can now be exported to a number of external application
programs. Once the calculations have been completed, click Plot to visually check the
results and Export to access the export selection screen.
Figure 10-35
VLP Export Options
(3 Variables)
PROSPER appends the export file with a suffix corresponding to the selected file format as
shown in the table above. Depending on the export format selected, you will be prompted
for a file name and additional data such as table number, flow table I.D. etc. Refer to your
simulator documentation for further details.
To model artificially lifted wells, reservoir simulators require 4 variable lift curves.
Refer to Section 10.1.4.
The standard option prompts you to enter the bottomhole pressure. PROSPER calculates
from the deepest node to the pump. The pump head for the given frequency, water cut etc.
is calculated to find the pump discharge pressure. PROSPER then determines the PVT of
the oil above the pump after accounting for possible gas separation and calculates the
pressure traverse above the pump to find the top node pressure for each required
production rate point.
Simulators require tables of rates and BHPs ordered by THP. The Lift curves for
simulators option allows input of Top Node pressure, water cut, operating frequency etc.
PROSPER iterates to find the pressure at the deepest node (VLP) given the top node
pressure. In both cases, the VLP is the bottom hole pressure for the specified producing
conditions.
To model artificially lifted wells, an additional sensitivity variable is required. This option
allows calculation of four variable sensitivities (provided the total number of sensitivity
combinations is less than 10,000) and export of lift curves for gas lifted and ESP or HSP
equipped wells. Set up, calculation and export of 4 variable tubing curves follows the same
procedures as described above (Section 10.1.3) for regular tubing curves. No automatic
rate calculation is provided - User selected rates must be entered. Oil, Liquid or Gas rates
are supported.
PROSPER can re-order the variables to suit the selected export file format, but you must
first ensure that the lift curves have been calculated for variables that your application
understands. At present, gas lifted VLP curves can be exported to the following external
applications:
Figure 10-36
VLP Export Options
(4 Variables)
An example of a 4 variable VLP calculation for a gas lifted well is shown on the following
screen:
Figure 10-37
4 Variable VLP Calculation
Setup
an excessive VLP pressure to pass the specified rate, and the PVT correlation may fail.
Occasionally, PROSPER may halt rather than continuing the calculation with a fictitious
result. You may have to revise the range of variables or select a different PVT
correlation in such cases. Beware of chokes and restrictions in the equipment
description that may result in excessive calculated pressure drops. If using externally
generated PVT tables, they must span the entire calculation range. Make sure that
GOR is constant above bubble point, and the FVF is decreasing.
• Provided you enter the rates by hand, it is not necessary to enter an IPR to calculate
VLP tables. PROSPER needs the IPR to find the calculation rates if an Automatic rate
method has been selected. Automatic rate selection is not available for 4 Variable VLP
calculations.
• Oil well lift curves can now be calculated in terms of gas rates for specialised
applications. Make sure that the liquid rates that result from your choice of GOR, water
cut etc. does not result in impossible liquid rates. Be especially careful when there are
chokes and restrictions in the system.
The standard option prompts you to enter the bottom hole pressure. PROSPER calculates
from the deepest node to the pump. The pump head for the given frequency, water cut etc.
are calculated to find the pump discharge pressure. PROSPER then determines the PVT of
the oil above the pump after accounting for possible gas separation and calculates the
pressure traverse above the pump to find the top node arrival pressure for each required
production rate point.
Simulators require tables of rates and BHPs ordered by THP. The Lift curves for
simulators option allows input of Top Node pressure, water cut, operating frequency etc.
PROSPER iterates to find the pressure at the deepest node (VLP) for the given the top node
pressure. In both cases, the VLP is the bottom hole pressure for the specified producing
conditions.
 VLP lift curves for simulators or Petroleum Experts’ applications (GAP and
MBAL) can be batch generated for groups of wells by PROSPER under the
control of PRODMAN (distributed with PROSPER) or from GAP. Refer to
the PRODMAN or GAP documentation for details.
Figure 10-38
Choke
Performance
Calculator
Calculation Options
Select your required calculation option from the following:
• Predict Mass Flow Rate
PROSPER determines the flow rate for specified choke opening and pressures
• Predict Pressure Drop
PROSPER calculates the pressure drop across a specified choke opening at a given
flow rate and pressure
• Predict Choke Valve Setting
PROSPER finds the choke size for a specified rate and upstream pressure.
Choke Method
Select a choke calculation method from the following options:
• Petroleum Experts
This is the same method used to calculate pressure drops down hole for SSSVs
and restrictions. It should be used for the majority of applications.
• HYDRO
There are 3 distinct methods for modelling specific choke equipment. Until
performance testing is completed and documentation issued, these choke methods
should not be used.
• ELF
A model based on Perkin’s (SPE 206333) approach along with discharge
coefficients determined by the author (Stephane Rastoin of ELF Aquitaine at
TUALP). This is also the recommended method used to calculate pressure drops
down hole for SSSVs and restrictions. It should be used for the majority of
applications.
Click Calculate, and PROSPER will calculate the liquid and mass flow rates Similar screens
are used to enter data for the dP and Choke Setting prediction options. For critical flow
conditions, it may take some time for the calculation to converge.
PROSPER will automatically calculate solutions for gas lifted or naturally flowing wells. If
the solutions are then saved in a .OUT file, GAP can pick up the data required to calculate
performance curves at a later time. For more information, refer to the GAP documentation.
It requires gas, water and oil rate information as well as wellhead temperature and
pressure. This information can be in one of several formats (e.g. Gas Rate or GOR, etc.)
and the correct format for your data can be selected at the top of the appropriate columns.
If you change the data type in a particular column while there is data already in that
particular column, then the data will be converted to the new type. If there is insufficient
data to convert all of the data in the column (for instance if there is data missing in one of
the dependent columns for one of the rows) the operation will not be carried out and you
will be warned of the problem. In the case of gas lifted wells the gas lift gas rate is required
and in the case of ESP lifted wells the pump frequency must be entered.
Figure 10-39
BHP from
WHP
The table is quite large allowing you to start off with up to 16000 rows of data which is
automatically expandable up to 32000 rows. The data can be scrolled with the scrollbar at
the right hand side of the screen.
Appropriate vertical lift and surface pipe correlations can be selected at the bottom of the
screen.
Selecting the import button allows you to bring in data from an outside source. Table data
can be saved to file using the export button and plots using either time or the log of time
can also be viewed and exported using the plot feature. Within the plot screen data can be
enabled or disabled point by point or in a block manner by using the right hand mouse
button.
Figure 10-40
Data can be ordered with relation to time by using the sort button. This will also remove
any blank rows between data in the table.
Calculate Starts the calculations running. The progress of the calculations can be
seen on the screen as the table scrolls to the current row being calculated.
Import Calls the Petroleum Experts importing system allowing the import of data from
text files or ODBC compliant databases.
All Selects or deselects all the rows in the table depending on their last
selection state. This includes the rows not currently visible and is a good
way of clearing the selection states of all table rows.
Cut This cuts all selected rows to the clipboard. Empty rows are left in the place
of the rows cut. This can also be achieved by using the standard Windows
keyboard shortcuts, as can the copy and paste functions.
Copy This copies all selected rows to the clipboard. The rows are left as they
were.
Paste This pastes the current clipboard contents into the table at the selected
rows.
Delete This deletes all selected rows to the clipboard. The selected rows are
removed from the table and the surrounding rows are move to fill the space
left.
Enable This enables the selected rows and determines whether they are included in
the calculations or not. The default is that all rows are enabled.
Disable This disables the selected rows. Disabled rows are not included in the
calculations and are seen as being greyed out in the table. Disabled rows
are shown with a different symbol when plotted but are still visible. This is
necessary to make full use of the enabling/disabling facilities in the plot
screen.
Export This calls the Petroleum Experts export facility, which allows you to send data to
file, printer or the screen.
Plot This calls the plotting screen. This displays the wellhead pressure, the
calculated bottom hole pressure and the appropriate rate for the given fluid.
10.2.1.2 References
SPE PAPER 22870
Modelling of Well bore Heat Losses in Directional Wells Under Changing Injection
Conditions
K Chu and S Thakur, Amoco Production Co.
Both pressure and temperature losses across chokes and restrictions are accounted for. A
theoretical outline of the Enthalpy Balance model is given in Appendix C.
• pipelines
• sub sea wells
• high pressure/temperature exploration wells
• predicting temperature/pressure profiles to help predict wax/hydrate deposits.
• accounting for Joule-Thompson effects
PROSPER 's Enthalpy Balance temperature model is one of the most accurate temperature
prediction methods available.
To reflect the range of calculations possible when using the Enthalpy Balance temperature
model, the following options are available in the Calculation menu:
Match Parameters
Allows entry of match parameters for surface flow lines and well tubing.
 The Match parameters that may be entered into an Enthalpy balance model need
to have been generated in a rough/ improved approximation model.
The IPR input in the System menu is used to determine the flowing bottom hole conditions.
An example Constrained System input screen is shown below:
Figure 10-41
Constrained System Input
Enter the Constrained (Top) Node Pressure, Water Cut and Time Since Production
Started. Select suitable Surface Equipment and Vertical Lift correlations.
Click OK to display the sensitivity variables input screen.
Click OK to display the calculation screen.
Figure 10-42
Constrained
System
Calculation
Click Calculate to start the calculations. The results can be inspected by clicking the
Solution button as shown below.
Figure 10-43
Constrained
System Solution
Screen
Calculate the flowing gradient for any particular solution by clicking on Sensitivity
PvD.
The IPR input in the System menu can be used to determine the flowing bottom hole
conditions or the user may enter a selection of rates. An example input screen is shown
below:
Figure 10-44
Constrained VLP Input
Click OK to display the sensitivity variables input screen. Select suitable VLP and surface
equipment correlations, enter the water cut, the time since production started and a range
of production rates. Click OK to display the calculation screen.
Figure 10-45
Constrained
VLP Calculation
Screen
Figure 10-46
Constrained
VLP Plot
The calculated VLP results can now be exported to a number of external application
programs. Once the calculations have been completed, click Plot to visually check the
results and Generate Lift Curve File to access the export selection screen.
Figure 10-47
Constrained VLP
Export Options
PROSPER appends the export file with a suffix corresponding to the selected file format as
shown in the table above. Depending on the export format selected, you will be prompted
for a file name and additional data such as table number, flow table I.D. etc. Refer to your
simulator documentation for further details.
The IPR input in the System menu is used to determine the flowing bottom hole pressure.
An example Unconstrained System input screen is shown below:
Figure 10-48
Unconstrained System
Input
Click OK to display the sensitivity variables input screen. Select suitable VLP and surface
equipment correlations, enter the water cut, the time since production started and a range
of production rates or use the Inflow from the input section to determine rates. Click OK to
display the calculation screen. Click Calculate to start the calculations.
Figure 10-49
Unconstrained
System
Calculation
Screen
When calculation finishes, the results can be plotted by clicking the Plot button:
Figure 10-50
Unconstrained
System Plot
As the rates and pressures are directly entered, the IPR does not enter into the calculation.
An example Unconstrained VLP screen is shown below:
Figure 10-51
Unconstrained VLP Input
Enter the known pressure and temperature at the first node (usually the sand face), select
correlations for surface equipment and VLP, the calculation nodes and a table of rates.
Note that calculating temperature from top to bottom has no meaning for the Enthalpy
Balance model. Click OK to enter your sensitivity variables and OK again to display the
calculation screen. The pressure at first node can be varied as a sensitivity variable.
Figure 10-52
Unconstrained
VLP Calculation
Screen
Figure 10-53
Unconstrained
VLP Plot
As the surface pressures and temperatures are calculated by PROSPER, the lift curves
cannot be readily ordered by top node pressure as required for simulators. A data Export
facility has therefore not been included for this option.
The rate is directly input, and the IPR is not used in the calculations. The solution must
commence from a known upstream temperature. First node pressure and temperature
plus the sensitivity variables are input as for an Unconstrained VLP calculation. An
example of Unconstrained Gradient (traverse) input screen is shown below:
Figure 10-54
Unconstrained Gradient
Input
Click OK to access the sensitivity variables input screen. Enter your sensitivity variables,
then click OK to display the gradient calculation screen. Click Calculate to calculate
pressure and temperature traverses for all combinations of sensitivity variables. An
example gradient calculation screen is shown below:
Figure 10-55
Unconstrained
Gradient Results
The calculated heat transfer coefficients, average annulus temperature and casing inside
temperatures can be inspected by scrolling to the right in the results screen. Click Plot to
display a plot of temperature and pressure versus depth similar to that shown below:
Figure 10-56
Unconstrained Gradient
Plot
If time since production started has been selected as a sensitivity variable, this plot can be
used to determine how long a well will take to reach a specified well head temperature.
The effect of insulation on high heat loss sections such as risers can also be readily
investigated. Click Variables Extended to access a wide range of computed results. The
plot of heat transfer coefficient Vs depth as shown below can be useful in understanding
heat flow in a well:
Figure 10-57
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Plot
Note the high values of heat transfer coefficient in the casing and riser. Note that in this
example, the heat flow from the casing is small since the temperature difference between
the fluid and formation is minimal.
 The Heat Transfer Coefficient values plotted and listed are referred to the inside
diameter of the pipe containing the flowing fluid.
The design menu is active only if an artificial lift method has been selected in the
 main Options screen.
The design option will correspond to the artificial lift method selection in the main
Option screen.
Artificial lift design is not enabled when the Enthalpy Balance temperature model
is in use.
Before the user can proceed ahead with artificial lift design, PVT, down hole equipment and
IPR information must be input.
If artificial lift equipment details have been entered in the System section, they
 will be overwritten or ignored by the design process.
Once a design has been prepared using the Design section, the Calculation
module enables the user to compute sensitivities for new or existing artificial lift
systems.
The gas lift design can be used to optimise the design of gas lifted wells.
 The program will determine the spacing of unloading valves and calculate the
valve test rack setting pressures.
Designs can also be performed for existing wells having mandrels installed at
fixed depths.
Design performance can be evaluated using the Gas Lift QuickLook or
calculating system sensitivities. (Refer to Chapter 9)
Menu Options
If gas lift was selected as a lift method in the Options menu the following additional options
will be available in the Design-> Gaslift menu:
• New Well
• Existing Mandrels
• Gas Lift Adjustments
The gas lift design section of the program can be used to determine the optimum gas lift
equipment for a given well. PROSPER calculates the maximum production rate possible, the
corresponding optimum gas lift rate, the valve spacing to unload the well and the test rack
setting pressure for each valve.
Designs can also be prepared for wells having mandrels already set at fixed depths.
2 -57 CHAPTER 11 – DESIGN MENU
For gas lifted wells, the flowing well temperatures can be either entered by the user
(Predicting Pressure only), or estimated using the Rough Approximation (Predicting
Pressure and Temperature).
ESP DESIGN
The ESP design section calculates the pump duty required to achieve a given
 design rate and allows the user to select a suitable combination of pump, motor
and cable from a user entered database of equipment performance
characteristics.
Design performance can be evaluated using the ESP QuickLook or calculating
system sensitivities. (Refer to Chapter 9)
Menu Options
If electric submersible pump was selected as a lift method in the Options menu the following
additional options will be available in the Design -> Electrical Submersible Pump menu:
• Design
• Pump Database
• Motor Database
• Cable Database
The ESP design section calculates the head requirement, pump intake and discharge
pressures required to achieve a specified surface production rate. The program then allows
the user to select a combination of pump, motor and cable that is suitable for the service.
The design operating point can be plotted on the pump performance curve.
Databases
This section allows the input and maintenance of manufacturer's performance curves for
pumps, motors and cables. The design section selects ESP components from those
previously entered in the database. Note that pump, motor and cable data must be entered
in the database before an ESP design can be done.
HSP DESIGN
The HSP design section calculates the pump duty required to achieve a given
 total (produced + power fluid) rate and allows the user to select a suitable
combination of pump and turbine from a user-entered database of equipment
performance characteristics.
Design performance can be evaluated using the HSP QuickLook or calculating
system sensitivities. (Refer to Chapter 9)
Menu Options
If hydraulic drive down hole pump was selected as a lift method in the Options menu the
following additional options will be available in the Design-> Hydraulic Pump menu:
• Design
• Pump Database
• Turbine Database
The HSP design section calculates the head requirement, pump intake and discharge
pressures required to achieve a specified surface total production (produced fluid + power
fluid) rate. The program then allows the user to select a combination of pump and turbine
that is suitable for the service. The design operating point can be plotted on the pump
performance curve.
Databases
This section allows the input and maintenance of manufacturer's performance curves for
pumps and turbines. The design section selects HSP components from those previously
entered in the database. Note that pump and turbine data must be entered in the database
before an HSP design can be done.
PCP DESIGN
The PCP design section calculates the pump duty required to achieve a given
 total (produced + power fluid) rate and allows the user to select a suitable
combination of pump and rods from a user-entered database of equipment
performance characteristics.
Menu Options
If Progressive Cavity Pump was selected as a lift method in the Options menu the following
additional options will be available in the Design-> Progressive Cavity Pump:
• Design
• Pump Database
• Rods Database
The PCP design section calculates the head requirement, pump intake and discharge
pressures required to achieve a specified surface total production. The program then allows
the user to select a combination of pump, and rods that is suitable for the service.
Databases
This section allows the input and maintenance of manufacturer's performance curves for
pumps and Rods.
Figure 11-1
Gas Lift Design (new well)
search procedure as for Maximum production is carried out using the cost function in
place of the oil production rate.
 For both Maximum production and Maximum revenue design methods, a maximum
liquid rate is required to be input. This allows the user to honour production
constraints imposed by surface facilities or off take targets.
Valve Type
• Casing sensitive valves
o Enter the minimum casing pressure drop to close valves.
• Tubing sensitive valves
o Enter the percentage difference in Pcasing - Pwh to close valves.
• Proportional response valves
o PROSPER determines the closing pressure as part of the design calculations.
This design method ensures maximum injection depth and hence maximises
production rates.
Injection Point
Before the gas lift design is performed, the user can decide if the operating valve is a gas lift
valve or an orifice.
 For speed in comparing designs, this option can be set to No. However, the user
must be aware that the design rate may not be able to be met by the well.
Orifice Sizing On
Two options are available:
• Calculated dP at Orifice
• Min dP Across Orifice
Input Parameters
Having set up the calculation options, enter values for the following variables on the Input
Parameters panel:
Water cut
• Design producing water cut.
Minimum Spacing
• Sets the minimum spacing between valves. Use 200 - 400 ft normally.
Minimum transfer dP
• Only active when Ignoring IPR for Unloading has been selected. If set to
zero, unloading valve trims will be sized to inject sufficient gas to lower the
unloading tubing pressure to the transfer pressure at the valve depth.
• Increasing the value of Minimum transfer dP will lower the unloading GLR
injected and reduce trim sizes.
Referring to the sketch (Figure 11.2) below, the transfer pressure is:
(Pmin) = Ppd - (Ppd - Pid) * % minimum transfer dP /100
Increasing the injection GLR shifts the tubing gradient during unloading closer to the
objective gradient line (i.e. to the left). The unloading valve trim is sized for the GLR
corresponding to the required transfer pressure. Values of 5 to 25% are commonly
used.
Figure 11-2
Minimum Transfer dP
CHAPTER 11 – DESIGN MENU 9 - 57
Click the Valves button to select the type of valves you want to use in the design from an
internal database.
 Refer to Section 11.1.4 for how to enter valve data or import it from an external
source.
Figure 11-3
Gas Lift Design (new well)
Calculation
 A screen similar to that above will be displayed if design for Maximum Rate or
Maximum Revenue has been selected.
Displaying the Well Performance Curves / Finding Design Rate (New Well)
The first step is to find the design production rate.
• Click Get Rate. PROSPER will determine the optimum Gas Lift injection rate
and maximum oil production rate.
• If the design rate is Entered by User, the upper (Rate calculation) part of the
screen is not displayed.
 The Get Rate process calculates oil production as a function of gas injected.
When the calculations have finished, the results can be displayed in the form of a well
performance curve by clicking Plot. A graph similar to the following will appear:
Figure 11-4
Well
Performance
Curve
The target design rate and GLR injected can be read off the performance curve plot. The
design rate is:
• The maximum oil production shown in the Performance curve plot, provided that the
available gas injection and liquid production rate limits have not been exceeded.
• In case the maximum gas available is exceeded by the highest oil rate on the plot,
the oil rate corresponding to maximum available gas is taken as design rate.
• PROSPER will design for the maximum oil production rate entered in the main input
screen, if it exceeds the rate calculated from the performance curve.
• The program will then determine the depth of the operating valve and the spacing for
the unloading valves. Depending on the design settings, this will usually take more
than one pass.
• On the first pass, the injection and unloading valve depths are determined assuming
no casing pressure drop to close valves.
• Having determined the number of valves to use, the operating valve depth is revised
to reflect the new operating casing pressure.
• The spacing procedure is repeated using the revised operating casing pressure until
the number of unloading valves and their setting depths no longer change.
 When Check Rate Conformance with IPR is set to Yes, PROSPER re-
calculates the solution rate and reduces the design rate if necessary. The final
design production and Gas Lift injection rates are displayed on the design
gradient plot.
CHAPTER 11 – DESIGN MENU 13 - 57
Figure 11-6
Valve Design
Results
 The valve depths, tubing pressure, unloading gas injection rate and trim sizes
are shown in the left screen panel.
• To calculate the dome pressures, click Calculate on this screen and PROSPER will
compute the valve test rack setting pressures at 60°F.
 Valve types are identified as Valve for unloading valves, or Orifice for the
operating valve. No opening or dome pressure calculations are made for the
orifice.
The design parameters such as valve depth, opening and closing pressures, orifice size etc.
are displayed in a table. Use the scroll thumb below the table to scroll right to see items e.g.
R-value, not visible in the display window.
 Once a design has been completed, its performance should be checked over the
range of expected well conditions. Transfer the gas lift design and valve setting
details into Equipment Gas Lift, then use Calculation System to compute
sensitivities. Alternatively, Matching Quicklook can be used to evaluate a
design.
 This option enables the user to design gas lifted artificial lift systems for existing
installations.
To perform the fixed mandrel depth design, click Design Gas lift design | Existing
mandrels. The following input screen will be displayed:
Figure 11-7
Fixed Mandrel Depth
Design
This screen is similar to the Gas lift design (New well) screen, except that the variables
relating to spacing the valves have been removed.
• Entered By User
• Calculated From Max Production
• Calculated From Max Revenue
 The Design Rate methods are similar to those of a New Well Design
Valve Type
• Casing sensitive valves
• Pmin - Pmax
Enter fraction of TEF
Injection Point
Before the gas lift design is performed, the user can decide if the operating valve is a gas lift
valve or an orifice.
• No
• Yes
 The Design Correction methods are similar to those of a New Well Design
 This is the most conservative unloading requirement and is the default option.
 This approach can save valves for low pressure reservoirs. The user must be
certain that work over fluids can leak off to balance the reservoir pressure
 This method can be used when the well productivity is sufficient to ensure
that completion fluids can be squeezed into the formation during unloading.
Orifice Sizing On
Two options are available
• Calculated dP at Orifice
• Min dP Across Orifice
Input Parameters
The input parameters required by an Existing mandrel Design are similar to those for a new
well. The parameters required are:
• Maximum gas available
• Maximum gas available during unloading
• Flowing top node pressure
• Unloading top node pressure
• Operating injection pressure
• Kick off injection pressure
• Desired dP across valve
• Water cut
• Static gradient of load fluid
• Minimum Transfer dP
• Maximum port size
• Safety For Closure Of Last Unloading Valve
 For a detailed explanation of these input parameters refer to the details for these
given in the New Well Design.
 Enter the depth of all mandrels in the well, including those fitted with dummy
valves.
PROSPER will select the best depths for the operating and unloading valves from
this list.
When more mandrels are available than needed for the current design, PROSPER
will automatically set dummies at the intermediate depths.
The valve type initially entered is unimportant.
PROSPER will overwrite the valve type when it performs the design.
This table is effectively a list of the potential valve depths and can be used to prepare
designs for new wells where equipment limitations determine the available mandrel depths.
Figure 11-8
Fixed Mandrel Depth
Details
If entries are made in the Casing Pressure drop or Max. Gas Injected
 fields on the mandrel depth screen shown in Figure 11-9, these values will
overwrite the values entered on the main design screen.
Leave these fields blank to design using the same values of pressure drop or gas
injection for each unloading valve.
If a calculated rate design method has been selected, a screen similar to the following will be
displayed:
Figure 11-9
Fixed Mandrel Depth
Design
Once the calculations have stopped, click Plot to make a plot of the production rate Vs gas
injected. It is similar to that of a new well design.
Figure 11-10
Gas Lift Design
Plot
Figure 11-11
Gas Lift Valve
Calculations
• To access parameters such as the transfer pressure and port size, click on the scroll
arrow at the bottom of the Input parameters panel. The other entries that are hidden
to the right of the screen will be revealed.
Click Calculate and the dome pressures will be updated for the new valve series.
 To perform sensitivity calculations for the current design, the valve depths must
be transferred to Equipment Gas Lift before making calculations. Based on
flowing tubing pressures PROSPER determines the injection point during
production.
 These are valid both for new wells and wells with existing mandrels.
Injection Depth (packer depth), whichever is the shallower. This step establishes the
flowing tubing pressure gradient to be used for valve spacing.
• The shallowest unloading valve is placed at the depth that balances the tubing load
fluid pressure with the casing pressure (less a 50 psi safety margin) at that depth.
• Further unloading valves are placed by traversing down between the load fluid
pressure gradient and gas lifted tubing pressure gradient (calculated for the design
gas lifted production rate) lines.
• Valves are placed ever deeper until the inter-valve spacing equals the pre-set
minimum, or the maximum injection depth has been reached.
• Once the first pass design is complete, PROSPER re-calculates the flowing gradient
tubing using the current operating valve depth. For casing sensitive valves, the valve
depths are re-calculated to allow for the casing pressure drop to close valves. The
process is repeated until the valve depths no longer change.
When Check Rate Conformance with IPR is set to Yes, the solution rate is checked to
ensure that it can be achieved. PROSPER reduces the design rate if necessary and repeats
the spacing exercise.
transfer too close to the tubing gradient line. PROSPER adjusts the design transfer
pressures so that valves are spaced efficiently while at the same time ensuring a good
safety margin against multipoint injection.
Figure 11-12
Valve Spacing - Tubing
Sensitive Valves
Figure 11-13
Gas Lift Valve Database
Initially, the gas lift valve database will be empty. Use the Add button to add records
(valves). To edit valve details, first select the required valves by clicking the check box to
the left of the entry, or click All to select all records. The program will display a screen
similar to the following for both additions and amendments:
Figure 11-14
Gas Lift Valve Database -
Amend Record
Click OK to edit the next selected record or return to the database screen. Export and
Import buttons are provided which enable the reading and writing of gas lift valve database
(.GLD) files. These are a convenient way to store or exchange valve characteristics.
PROSPER’s internal working database is contained inside the PROSPER.INI file. A
convenient way to work with large numbers of valve records is to keep them in separate
.GLD files, and use the database to keep commonly used valves. An example of an ASCII
.GLD file is shown below:
 The sample gas lift valve database is provided to allow you to run the examples.
Before designs for field installation, you must first ensure that the database
contains current and accurate valve characteristics.
Figure 11-16
Gas Lift Adjustments
Figure 11-18
Trasfering valves from
quick look
Figure 11-19
Valves from QuickLook
Once the gaslift equipment details are entered the flowing gradient or static gradient can be
estimated:
Flowing
Calculations are made for flowing conditions at the user-entered target production rate.
PROSPER calculates well performance curves for gas injection at each mandrel depth.
Production rates and pressures at surface and mandrel depth are determined. Annulus
volume and bottoms up times are also calculated. The flowing gradient for the operating
condition can be plotted with opening and closing pressures for each unloading valve
displayed.
Figure 11-20
Flowing calculations
Figure 11-21
Flowing
calculations
Static
Calculations are made for shut-in conditions. The static tubing gradient is determined using
the liquid density calculated for the producing water cut. When the reservoir pressure
cannot support a full liquid column, a gas gradient is used back to surface.
Figure 11-22
Flowing
calculations
Emulsions
 If Emulsions have been selected on the Options screen, viscosity corrections are
applied to pump capacity and head. Otherwise, no ESP viscosity corrections will
be applied. If an Emulsion PVT model has been built in the PVT section, then the
emulsion viscosity can be optionally used in the ESP calculations and elsewhere.
As mentioned in the PVT section, emulsion behaviour in oilfield systems analysis
is poorly understood. The emulsion PVT model provides the means to apply
empirical corrections and should be used with caution.
The following description assumes that input of the well details and PVT data have already
been correctly completed and that where applicable, pressure drop correlations have been
matched to field data.
Designing an ESP installation using PROSPER is divided into two phases. One is where the
head and power requirement calculations are made and the second part is where on basis of
the calculations, the equipment is selected.
Figure 11-23
ESP Design Screen Input
Enter the design liquid rate, water cut, top node pressure and an estimated pump setting
depth in this screen.
Click Calculate to display a blank pump duty calculation screen as shown in Figure11-24.
Click Calculate and the program calculates the pump duty necessary to achieve the design
production rate. PROSPER will display the pump duty solution as follows:
Figure 11-24
ESP Pump Duty
Calculation
• PROSPER uses the IPR from System Inflow Performance to calculate the flowing
pressure at the sand face and the specified VLP correlation to find the pump intake
pressure for the design production rate.
• The program then works down from the specified top node pressure to arrive at the
required pump discharge pressure.
• The difference between the intake and discharge pressures represents the required
pump head.
• PROSPER compresses the liquid and gas as the pressure increases across the
pump, so the volumetric rate will be less at the discharge than at the pump inlet.
• The mass flow rate and the required head are used to determine the pump fluid
power requirement.
 To check that the separator efficiency chosen in the input is acceptable for the
design case, the Dunbar Criteria may be used as showed below.
Click Sensitivity to display the intake pressure and intake GLR plotted over a range of gas
separator efficiency curves. Check that the design operating point lies above the empirical
limit represented by the Dunbar Factor line.
Figure 11-25
ESP GLR Sensitivity
 The purpose of this section is to allow the user to select a pump, motor and cable
combination that is capable of meeting the pump duty that has been determined
in the previous step.
• Enter reasonable estimates for operating frequency, maximum practical pump O.D.
and length of pump cable.
• If required, an additional pump power safety factor and a wear allowance can be
entered.
Click Design and the program will display a pump design screen similar to that shown below:
Figure 11-26
ESP Design Selection
In the Pump drop down box, PROSPER lists the pumps in its database that are capable of
meeting the design requirements.
Pump Selection
PROSPER presents pumps that can meet the following criteria:
Motor Selection
Once a pump has been selected
• the pump efficiency is known, so the motor power requirement can now be
calculated.
Proceed to the motor drop down box and select a motor from those listed.
PROSPER lists pumps and motors on the basis of diameter and performance characteristics.
• it is the user's responsibility to ensure that the motor selected is physically compatible
with the pump and that the most economical combination of operating voltage and
current is chosen.
Cable Selection
Once the motor power and voltage option have been determined, a suitable cable must be
selected.
Figure 11-27
ESP Design
Plot
 Normally, the first pass design will have an operating point fairly close to the
selected pump's optimum efficiency. However, as well conditions change with
time, this may not be the best design for the life of the installation
• Different combinations of pump and motor can be quickly experimented with in the
ESP design section until an optimum design is obtained.
• A report can be generated which gives details of the pump selection and design
conditions.
• The robustness of the first pass design must then be checked over the range of
expected well operating conditions by running sensitivities in the Calculation menu
(Refer Section 10.1).
• PROSPER allows sensitivities to be run on both well performance and pump
parameters such as pump setting depth and operating frequency.
The ESP system design process is completed by iterating between the Calculation and
Design sections until the final design is optimised over the projected pump run life.
Viscosity corrections, where applicable, will be considered in choice of available pumps and
the number of stages required.
• Due to improvements in pump design etc. the sample data may not be the latest
available.
• For critical design work, the user must first ensure that the database contains
accurate performance data for each pump and motor that may be specified.
Figure 11-28
ESP Pumps
Database
Scroll through the database entries using the >> and << buttons or click on a pump in the
window at the right hand side of the screen.
 When PROSPER is installed for the first time the database screen will be empty.
The data bases need to be loaded. The data bases can be loaded using the
Import button shown on screen in Figure 11-28.
Data tables can be directly imported from ASCII files using the Import option.
The contents of the database can be listed to the screen or printer using the Report button.
A plot of pump characteristics can be made using the Plot button.
Figure 11-29
ESP Pump
Head
Click Variables to select between Head, Horsepower and Efficiency for plotting.
Figure 11-30
ESP Motors
Database
 As plotted, motor speed curves may exceed synchronous speed at low % power
values. This is a characteristic of the polynomial fitting technique used. The
accuracy of motor (and pump) performance curve fits is optimised in the usable
efficiency range.
Figure 11-31
Motor Efficiency
Plot
Unless you need to add a custom cable size, it should not normally be necessary to modify
the cables database.
Figure 11-32
Cables Database
Entry
 The ESP databases are stored with .DB extensions in the same directory as the
main PROSPER program files.
Sample ASCII data files (with a .DAT extension) containing pump and motor data
suitable for importing into PROSPER are provided in the \SAMPLES sub directory.
To avoid clutter in the Pumps database, ASCII files of pump characteristics can
be exported.
The ASCII files can be manipulated using a standard editor.
You could then Import only those pumps in common use into the main database.
ASCII .DAT files are the most convenient way to interchange pump coefficients
between users.
 Every effort is made to ensure that the sample pump and motor coefficients
supplied with PROSPER are correct. However, it is the User’s responsibility to
ensure they are both accurate and up-to-date. For critical design work, always
refer to your equipment supplier for the latest performance data.
Emulsions
 If Emulsions have been selected on the Options screen, viscosity corrections are
applied to pump capacity and head. Otherwise, no HSP viscosity corrections will
be applied. If an Emulsion PVT model has been built in the PVT section, then the
emulsion viscosity can be optionally used in the HSP calculations and elsewhere.
As mentioned in the PVT section, emulsion behaviour in oilfield systems analysis
is poorly understood. The emulsion PVT model provides the means to apply
empirical corrections and should be used with caution.
The following description assumes that input of the well details and PVT data have already
been correctly completed and that where applicable, pressure drop correlations have been
matched to field data.
The design of an HSP installation using PROSPER is divided into two phases. One is where
the head and power requirement calculations are made and the second part is where on
basis of the calculations, the equipment is selected.
Figure 11-33
HSP Design Screen Input
• Enter the design liquid rate, water cut, top node pressure, % Power fluid of Reservoir
Fluid and an estimated pump setting depth in this screen.
Click Calculate to display a blank pump duty calculation screen. Click Calculate and the
program calculates the pump duty necessary to achieve the design production rate.
PROSPER will display the pump duty solution as follows:
Figure 11-34
HSP Pump Duty
Calculation
• PROSPER uses the IPR from System Inflow Performance to calculate the flowing
pressure at the sand face and the specified VLP correlation to find the pump intake
pressure for the design production rate.
• The program then works down from the specified top node pressure to arrive at the
required pump discharge pressure.
• The difference between the intake and discharge pressures represents the required
pump head.
• PROSPER compresses the liquid and gas as the pressure increases across the
pump, so the volumetric rate will be less at the discharge than at the pump inlet.
• The mass flow rate and the required head are used to determine the pump fluid
power requirement.
For certain configurations the produced and power fluids can be commingled above the
pump. Hence, the PVT properties of the well fluids can be different below and above the
pump.
 The purpose of this section is allow the user to select a pump and turbine
combination that is capable of meeting the pump duty that has been determined
in the previous step.
• Enter reasonable estimates for pump speed and maximum practical pump and
turbine O.D.s.
• If required, an additional pump power safety factor and a wear allowance can be
entered.
• Click Design and the program will display a pump design screen similar to that shown
below:
Figure 11-35
HSP Design
Selection
Pump Selection
In the Pump drop down box, PROSPER lists the pumps in its database that are capable of
meeting the design requirements.
Turbine Selection
Once a pump has been selected
• the pump efficiency is known, so the turbine power requirement can now be
calculated.
• Proceed to the turbine drop down box and select a turbine from those listed.
• PROSPER lists pumps and turbines on the basis of diameter and performance
characteristics.
Figure 11-36
HSP Design Plot
• Normally, the first pass design will have an operating point fairly close to the selected
pump's optimum efficiency. However, as well conditions change with time, this may
not be the best design for the life of the installation.
• Different combinations of pump and turbine can be quickly experimented with in the
HSP design section until an optimum design is obtained.
• A report can be generated which gives details of the pump selection and design
conditions.
The robustness of the first pass design must then be checked over the range of expected
well operating conditions by running sensitivities in the Calculation menu (Refer Section
10.1). PROSPER allows sensitivities to be run on both well performance and pump
parameters such as pump setting depth and pump speed.
The HSP system design process is completed by iterating between the Calculation and
Design sections, until the final design is optimised over the projected pump run life.
Viscosity corrections, where applicable, will be considered in choice of available pumps and
the number of stages required.
• Due to improvements in pump design etc. the sample data may not be the latest
available.
• For critical design work, the user must first ensure that the database contains
accurate performance data for each pump and motor that may be specified.
Figure 11-37
HSP Pumps
Database
Scroll through the database entries using the >> and << buttons or click on a pump in the
window at the right hand side of the screen.
 When PROSPER is installed for the first time the database screen will be empty.
The databases need to be loaded. The databases can be loaded using the
Import button shown on screen in Figure 11-37
Figure 11-39
HSP Turbines
Database
Motor characteristics are entered for each turbine settings. Coefficients are required for
Head and Power. These are entered (or can be fitted) by clicking the Edit button.
Figure 11-40
Turbine Head
Generated
Plot
 Every effort is made to ensure that the sample pump and motor coefficients
supplied with PROSPER are correct. However, it is the User’s responsibility to
ensure they are both accurate and up-to-date. For critical design work, always
refer to your equipment supplier for the latest performance data.
Turbine performance curves are entered via the Hydraulic Pump Turbine Database screen
in the same manner as for pumps.
Figure 11-41
Well
configuration
The stator is made out of elastomer encased into the steel pipe and this is attached to the
tubing string.
In order to create a lifting pressure, there must be a differential pressure between the
cavities, therefore a tight seal between rotator and stator is required; however there will be
always slippage of the production fluid due to:
Differential pressure
Number of stages
Fluid properties
Temperature and type of material
Applications:
The pump can lift up to 1500 bpd or more and handle extremely viscous crudes efficiently as
well as solid particles. The PCP will be able to reduce by 50 or 60 % on some cases the
power consumption. Based on some operational test results, the pump can perform well in
temperatures around 150 degrees due to limitations in the elastomer, which constitutes the
internal lining of the stator and generally it is considered the weakest point of the PCP.
From Prosper system summary in the artificial lift section the user can select
Progressive Cavity Pump
Sucker rod drive or downhole drive
Before you perform the design from the main screen you select Design/ Database
Figure 11-42
Pump data
Base
Then press the button Add. You have to enter the correspondent data as indicated below
according to the particular pump that you want to use.
11.7.2 Database
The Calculation menu provides you with the relevant calculation options. Calculations to
determine pressure and temperature profiles, perform sensitivity analyses, make gradient
comparisons and generate lift curve tables are available from this menu.
Figure 11-43
Pump data Base
Input Data
Usually each manufacturer provides the main characteristics of the pump, including:
Flow rate
Head rating
Reference speed (i.e. rpm at zero head)
Specific outside diameter of the rotor
The user should enter the correspondent specifications for each pump.
PERFORMANCE CHART
Figure 11-44 PUMP A 3-1400
Performance
data 1600 50
45
1400
40
1200
35
1000
30
BFPD
800 Shaft HP 25
Shaft HP 20
600
Shaft HP 15
400
Shaft HP 10
200
Shaft HP 5
Shaft HP
0 0
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
RPM
Manufacturer : Pump A
Pump Series : 2.89
Pump Model : 1200
Pump size : 4.5 in
Maximum Head : 3900 ft
Reference speed : 500 rpm
Reference rate : 1200 STB/day
Pump Volume : 18 in3
Pump length : 16 ft
Sator pitch : 9 in
Rotor I.D. : 1.38 in
Rotor element : 2
Figure 11-45
Input data
From the performance chart data the correspondent hydraulic head is 3900 with a maximum
rate of 1200 bpd and required speed 500 rpm. From the same chart, the maximum shaft
power at 500 rpm is 50 HP.
Figure 11-46
Performance
Pump Plot
To be able to perform a complete nodal analysis considering the PCP the correspondent
data for a given rod needs to be entered.
Figure 11-47
Sucker Rods
Figure 11-48
Sucker Rod
Input data
You can repeat the same procedure for different types of pumps and rods until you build a
particular pump and rods data base.
Figure 11-49
Coil Tubing option
For this particular example the idea is to reduce the area exposed to flow in order to
increase the velocities, then you can use fixed depth of injection.
Figure 11-50
Coil tubing
input data
Figure 11-51
Coil Tubing
Design
After calculating, select done and design. From this panel you will be able to select
the pump and rods; the more pumps you have in your data base, the wider is the
range of design choices available.
Figure 11-52
CT – Gas Lift
Design
From the screen, after calculations are performed, the maximum injection depth is 6380 ft
And the correspondent liquid rate 200 bpd.
Figure 11-53
PCP results
Internal
Out side Wall Inside Yield
diameter Thickness Diameter Body Yield Load Pressure
inch inch inch lb psi
 For more detail about Coil Tubing technical data the user should refer to
manufacturer Product cataloge.
 Important Note: There are two main ways of extracting data from Prosper. One
involves going through \Output\Report (described in 12.1). The second option,
which is the easiest of the two, is by selecting “Export” in the corresponding
screen where you would like to get the data from. This will allow transferring the
data to a printer, file, screen or clipboard. The last option will allow you to paste
the data directly into Excel or any other program supporting the clipboard. For
example, we would like to get the EOS data from a file into Excel. Select
“Export”:
Selecting “Print” will allow you to paste the data into Excel directly.
2 - 20 CHAPTER 12 - OUTPUT
12.1 Report
The Report option is used to prepare reports and plots from a current analysis. This section
describes how to use the reporting system with the templates provided with the system and
how to customise these templates.
Figure 12-1
Preferences Screen for
Report Directories Setup
Under the Preferences option on the main menu there is a File tab. Use this screen to
initialise the data relevant to the reporting system. Enter the “Location Of Report Output
Files”. This is the default directory where reports printed to file are to be placed. Also enter
the “Location Of User-Created Reports”. This is the path to a directory where user defined
report templates are to be stored.
12.1.2 Reports
The reporting interface gives you complete control over how your reports are formatted and
what information is utilised to make up the report. This is facilitated by the use of report
templates, which can be edited to suit your own requirements. You can choose to use the
default report templates provided with the system or can choose to create your own slightly
different versions of these reports. The selected templates can then be used to generate the
actual reports, which can be sent to a variety of places (printer, file or screen). The report
templates are displayed in a hierarchy and all templates which have been selected (by
double-clicking on it) show an X in the check-box beside the template name.
There are two modes for the editing of report templates: System and User. System mode
does not allow you to change any template whereas User mode allows you to create new
user defined templates from scratch or based on an already existing system report template
and also allows you to edit an existing user defined report template. Selecting User mode
also makes the User Reports section of the template hierarchy visible. The User Reports
hierarchy contains all report templates which have been tagged as being a derivation of a
system report template as well as any free standing user defined templates.
Figure 12 -2
Main Window
The reporting main window consists of four main parts: The command segment at the top of
the dialogue containing the buttons, the report selection hierarchy, the output device
selection group and the template type selection group. The output device group is only used
when printing from selected report templates.
OK Print the selected reports to the selected output device and terminate the dialogue
Cancel Terminate the dialogue
Help Bring up the on-line help window
Setup Select a printer
User Switches between System and User edit mode, This shows or hides the User
Reports section of the report hierarchy and enables or disables the Create and Edit
buttons. If in User mode this button shows the text ‘System’ and vice-versa.
View View a previously saved native format file on-screen. This brings up a file selection
box for choosing the appropriate report and passes this file name to the Report
Executor
Print Print the selected reports to the selected output device
Create Create a new user report (only visible in User edit mode)
Edit Edit an existing user report template or create a new template from a system
template (only visible in User edit mode)
Group Allows the grouping of report templates references and the storing of the group
information in a file for later recall. This allows batch printing of reports for any
analysis
The native (.FR) file format can only be read by the reporting system whereas the RTF
format can be read by many Windows word processing applications. When printing to file
you will be presented with the following dialogue:
Figure 12 -3
File naming
window
The default directory will be set to the default output directory but this can be altered using
the Select Directory button. This can then be applied to all output files by using Change All. If
it is necessary to change the output directory of one of the files, this can be achieved by
using the Browse button (button that shown on the right side of the filename box) associated
with each report. The filenames can themselves be edited in the text box, which contains
them.
For any given report in the system hierarchy you can choose to view or print a report using
either the system report template provided or a user defined report template based on that
system report template (or at least that position in the hierarchy) or you can choose a report
grouping which can be made up from a combination of user and system reports. You choose
between these options using the report template type selection group at the bottom right of
the main window. If you select the user report template option for any hierarchy position and
there are multiple user defined report templates for that position then a dialogue appears
which allows you to select the particular template that you want.
Figure 12-4
User-Defined Report
Template Selection
Dialogue
Double clicking on any of the report templates (or selecting and pressing Ok) will cause it to
become the user defined report template for that hierarchy position for the current reports
session. The default choice is the topmost user defined report template. You can stop a user
defined report template from being associated with that hierarchy position by selecting it and
then pressing Delete. This does not actually delete the report template (it can still be seen
within the User Reports section of the hierarchy).
If you are selecting a report grouping then a similar dialogue appears and you can select the
appropriate group file. After you have selected a file all the reports referenced in the group
will appear ‘checked’ in the hierarchy and you can then press print for all of these reports to
be sent to the selected output device.
Figure 12-5
Template
Editor Window
Data fields from PROSPER are added using the F2 key, selecting the data items required and
then pressing Ok when finished. The selected data items will then appear as fields, one by
one, as the left mouse button is clicked. You can roughly position the fields in this way. You
are not limited to one pass at adding data items to the report template. More items can be
added at any time in the same manner.
Once a field has been added to the report template you can edit some of the properties of
the text which will be shown in the field and assign a group number to the field by double
clicking the left mouse button on it and the font properties can be changed by double clicking
the right mouse button on it. Other properties, such as whether the field has a box around it,
etc., can be changed through the menu options, a full description of which are given below.
Figure 12-6
Selection of data items
The template editor commands can be selected by using the menu, toolbar or keyboard
shortcuts. You can get help on any menu item by highlighting the menu item and then
pressing the F1 key or by consulting the index of help topics under the help menu.
File Menu
This menu contains commands for saving the current report template file and specifying the
report template parameters.
Save:
Use this selection to save the current report template to the current file name. If a file is not
yet specified, the form editor will prompt you for a file name. If you do not provide a file
extension, the editor automatically appends a .FP extension to the report file. If a file with the
same name already exists on the disk, the form editor will save the previous file with a
backup extension (.RE).
Save As:
This selection is similar to Save File. In addition, it allows you to save the report template to
a new file name.
Report Parameters:
This option allows you to set certain report parameters. Firstly, you can specify the name of
the report. You can set the margin for the printed page. You can instruct the report executor
to print trial records for adjusting forms such as labels and invoices. You can also specify the
default date format for input. The date format that you specify here will be enforced for
parameter input during the report execution session, and any date constant used in
expressions.
Report Filter:
This option allows you to enter a filter criterion for the report. Each data record will be tested
with the expression that you provide here. A record is selected only if this expression
evaluates to a TRUE value. For example, if the expression was sales->amount>100, then
only the records with the sales amount more than 100 will be selected.
Printer Setup:
This option allows you to select a printer from a list of installed printers and invoke a printer
specific dialogue box for the selected printer. You select the parameters from a set of printer
specific options. These options include page size, page orientation, resolution, etc. The
printer options that you select here determine the width and height of the report.
Exit:
Use this function to exit from the form editor session. If the current file is modified, you will
have an option to save the modifications.
Edit Menu:
This menu contains commands to edit the report objects. One or more report objects must
be selected before using this option:
Cut:
Use this option to copy the current item or all the items in the current selection to the
clipboard. The copied items are deleted from the form.
Copy:
Use this option to copy the current item or all the items in the current selection to the
clipboard.
Paste:
Use this option to paste the items from the clipboard to the current form.
Position Text:
Use this option to position the text within the item boundaries. The text can be justified on
the left, right, top, or bottom edges, or it can be centred horizontally or vertically. This option
is valid for the label and field type items only.
Item Outlines:
Use this option to specify the item boundaries (left, right, top, bottom) to draw for one or
more selected items. You can also specify the colour and width of the boundary lines.
Item Background:
Use this option to set the background colour or pattern for one or more selected items.
Centre Horizontally:
This option is used to centre horizontally one or more selected items. When more than one
item are selected, the form editor first centres the selection rectangle and then moves the
selected items such that the position of the selected items relative to the selection rectangle
does not change.
Delete Item:
Use this option to delete one or more currently selected items. If the current section is being
deleted, the program asks for your confirmation before the deletion. All items within the
section are also deleted.
Fonts:
Use this function to change the font and colour for the text for one or more selected objects.
This option is valid for the field and label type objects only.
When you select this option, the form editor shows the font and colour selection dialogue
box. The current font and colours are preselected in the dialogue box. Use this dialogue box
to specify your selections.
Snap to Grid:
This option allows you to turn on or off the invisible grid on the form. When the grid is turned
on and an item is moved, it automatically aligns to the closest grid location. This option also
allows you to set the grid width.
Report Size:
The following options shrink or elongate the report in the horizontal or vertical direction by
the amount equal to the width or the height of the selection rectangle.
Expand Horizontally
Use this option to create horizontal space by moving items horizontally. For example,
consider three items, A, B, and C placed horizontally. If you need to insert a new item
between the items A and B, you can use this function to create the desired space between
these two items and place the new item in the newly created space. To move the items B
and C toward right, create a selection rectangle after the item A and select this option. The
width of the selection rectangle specifies the movement of the items B and C toward right
(noted that the selection rectangle does not need to include all items to be moved). All items
toward the right of the selection rectangle and with the vertical placement between the
vertical space spanned by the selection rectangle are moved.
Expand Vertically
Use this option to create additional vertical space by moving the items downward. For
example, consider three items, A, B, and C placed vertically. If you need to insert a new item
between items A and B, you can use this function to create the desired space between these
two items and place the new item in the newly created space. To move items B and C
downward, create a selection rectangle below the item A and select this option. The height
of the selection rectangle specifies the downward movement of items B and C (noted that
the selection rectangle does not need to include all items to be moved). All items below the
selection rectangle are moved.
This option also expands (vertically) the current section by the height of the selection
rectangle.
Compress Horizontally
Use this option to delete extra horizontal space by moving items horizontally. For example,
consider three items, A, B, and C placed horizontally. You can use this function to bring
items B and C closer to the item A. To move items B and C toward left, create a selection
rectangle after the item A and select this option. The width of the selection rectangle
specifies the movement of items B and C toward left (noted that the selection rectangle does
not need to include all items to be moved). All items toward the right of the selection
rectangle and with the vertical placement between the vertical space spanned by the
selection rectangle are moved.
Compress Vertically
Use this option to delete vertical space by moving the items upward. For example, consider
three items, A, B, and C placed vertically. You can use this function to bring items B and C
closer to the item A. To move items B and C upward, create a selection rectangle below the
item A and select this option. The height of the selection rectangle specifies the upward
movement of items B and C (noted that the selection rectangle does not need to include all
items to be moved). All items below the selection rectangle are moved.
This option also shrinks (vertically) the current section by the height of the selection
rectangle.
Field Menu:
This menu contains options to insert, modify, delete and maintain fields.
Calculation Field: This option is used to paste a calculation field to the report template. This
option will prompt you for the name of the field, and the field expression. The field
expression can contain any number of valid operators, functions, system fields, dialogue
fields, and data fields. The field type is determined by the result of the execution of the field.
After you enter the field expression, the form editor displays a positioning rectangle. Use the
mouse to position the field rectangle and click any mouse button. The current field attributes
can be changed using the Edit Current Field Option.
System Field: This option is used to paste a system field to the report template. This option
will display a list of system fields (d
CHAPTER 12 – OUTPUT 11 - 20
(see Insert Calculation Field). The option shows the existing calculation expression and
allows you to make any modifications.
Modify: This option is used to modify the user prompt, width and prompt order of a dialogue
field. The prompt order determines the order at which the dialogue fields are presented to
the user for data input.
Delete: This option is used to delete a dialogue field from the dialogue field table. You
cannot delete a dialogue field that is being currently used in the report.
Section Menu:
This menu contains commands to insert, edit and delete report sections.
New: This option is used to create a new section. A section is identified by the section
banner and the separation line at the bottom of a section. There are three basic types of
sections. A header section displays the data that remain constant or changes only when a
sort field changes. The detail section displays the transaction record fields. A footer section
is used to display totals and summary information. ReportEase allows up to 9 header and
footer sections. A higher numbered header section is allowed only when all the lower
numbered headers are already selected. Similarly, a footer section is allowed only when the
corresponding header section is already selected.
Edit Current: This option is used to modify the properties of the currently selected section.
For the 'detail' section, you can specify the number of records to print across the page. This
option can be used to print multiple address labels across the page.
Sort Field: This option is used to specify a sort field for a header section. A sort field is used
to sort the data records.
Break Field: This option is used to specify a break field for a header section. The break field
is used to determine a sort break. Typically, the break field would be the same as the sort
field. However you can specify the break field differently from the sort field. You can also
specify a calculation expression for a break field.
Filter: This option is used to enter a filter criterion to print a section. Normally, every section
included in the report template is printed in its appropriate sequence. However, if you wish to
print a section depending upon a condition, you can enter this condition expression using
this option. The expression must evaluate to a logical value (TRUE or FALSE). During the
report execution, the section will be printed only if the expression evaluates to a TRUE
value.
Line: This menu contains commands to create and edit a line object:
Create a Line: Use this option to draw a line. When you select this option, the form editor
displays a positioning rectangle. Use the mouse to position the rectangle and click any
mouse key. The line will be drawn within the position rectangle. The line size can be
changed using the sizing tabs.
Edit Current Line: Use this option to edit the angle, colour, and thickness of a 'line' type
object.
Label: This menu contains commands to create and edit a label object:
Create a Label: Use this option to create a new label. When you select this option, the form
editor displays a positioning rectangle. Use the mouse to position the rectangle and click any
mouse key. The 'label' object will be created within the positioning rectangle. By default, the
form editor inserts the text 'label' in the label item. The label text can be edited in the editing
window.
Edit Current Label: A label text can be edited by simply selecting the desired label item and
clicking on the edit window.
As you insert or delete the text, the length of the label text changes. Normally, the form
editor will automatically adjust the item box boundaries to completely enclose the new text.
However, this automatic size adjustment ceases if you manually resized the item boundary
by pulling on the sizing tab. This feature can be used to enclose the text in an item box
larger than the default size.
Arrange:
This menu contains commands to align, size and space a set of selected objects:
Alignment At:
Even Spacing:
Horizontally:
Use this option to place the selected items horizontally at an equal distance from each other.
The inter-item distance is equal to the distance between the first two leftmost items.
Vertically:
Use this option to place the selected items vertically at an equal distance from each other.
The inter-item distance is equal to the distance between the first two topmost items.
Even Sizing:
Width:
Use this option to change the width of the selected items to the width of the topmost item.
Height:
Use this option to change the height of the selected items to the width of the leftmost item.
Report Executor CommandsThe report executor allows you to view reports that have been
generated and saved to a native format file. It is invoked by using the view option from the
reporting main window and selecting a file from the file selection box. The file selection box
will point to the default data directory and will have the filter extension set to the correct file
type (.FR).
Figure 12-7
File Selector
Figure 12-8
Report
Executor
12.2 Export
An export can be made either directly from individual parts of the program, or from the
Output | Export menu option. This section describes how to customise exports.
Figure 12-9
Report Setup Dialogue
After entering your choices, Click OK to return to the main export dialogue box. You must
then select a destination for your export data. Clicking Print initiates generation of the data
and sends it to your selected destination. Setup accesses a screen for selecting fonts,
margins etc. as in the Plot menu (Section 12.1). The font selections made for export data are
independent of the plotting fonts.
• Screen - Clicking Print after selecting this option allows you to view the
exported data on the screen. Scroll through the data using the
scrolling thumbs or arrows. When finished viewing, click OK to return
to the main menu.
Once a .PRN file has been saved, further copies of the exported data can be made using a
word processor from outside PROSPER. To ensure that printed exports are correctly
formatted, only non-Proportional fonts can be selected for export data. The fonts on the
export setup screen are independent of those selected on the plot setup screen.
 PROSPER’s default font selection will give good results on most printers.
Choose another font if you have problems printing reports.
Click the Layout button on the calculation results screen and select the variables to display
from the layout screen:
Figure 12-10
Calculation Layout
Show All and Hide All buttons are used to make changes to the entire list of variables.
Individual variables can be selected or de-selected by clicking them directly. When you click
OK, only the selected variables will be displayed on the calculation screen.
In addition to the calculation results screens, Layout also controls the variables displayed in
Output Export (to file, clipboard, printer).
12.3 Plot
A plot can be made either directly from individual parts of the program, or from the Output |
Plot menu option. This section describes how to customise plots for both the screen and
hard copy. From the Plot Output main Window select the plot you want to see by highlighting
it in the list of available plots and then press the Plot button or simply double-click on the
appropriate plot
Figure 12-11
Plot Output Setup
Zooming
Plots can be zoomed simply by placing the mouse pointer (which changes to a pair of cross
hairs over the active plot area) at the corner of the region you wish to enlarge, then dragging
until the area of interest is enclosed by the zoom box. Release the mouse button and the
outlined area will be zoomed to fill the entire plot area.
Scales
PROSPER normally picks appropriate scales to display your data. Use Scales to enter
custom upper and lower limits for both X- and Y- scales. To display round numbers on the
intermediate grid lines, ensure that the span of your upper and lower plot limits fits evenly
with the number of plot blocks set in the Options menu.
Replot
Re-plots the graph using the original scales. Use this option to un-zoom a plot.
Output
Selects the output options menu. Plots can be output to the Windows clipboard, a Windows
metafile or a hard copy device in colour, grey scale or monochrome formats. Plots can then
be pasted directly from the clipboard into other Windows applications such as a word
processor. Windows metafiles can be saved and read by a variety of applications. If hard
copy is selected, the following hard copy options screen will appear:
Figure 12-12
Hard Copy Options
Select your desired plot options and click Print to output the plot. Depending on the actual
hard copy device connected, you may need to experiment with font styles and sizes. Note
that some fonts cannot be rotated, and are unsuitable as a Vertical font. If Y-axis labels are
being plotted horizontally, try a different font selection. Return to the plot menu by clicking
OK.
Colours
This option enables you to customise the colour of any item on the plot. Note that laser
printers and monochrome monitors will often produce better results if colour plotting is
disabled. A sample colour customising screen is shown below:
Figure 12-13
Change Colours
Options
The Options button enables you to customise the overall appearance of the plot screen and
select font type and size etc. A sample options screen is shown below:
Figure 12-14
Plot Options
Some plots include a results box on the screen. If the default position of the box interferes
with the plot, it can be moved by holding down the Shift key and using the mouse to drag it
to another location. The fonts selected on the Plot options screen apply only to plots. The
export data fonts are set up on a separate screen.
Variables
Use this button to select variables for plotting. The variables available change according to
the type of calculations that have been completed and the particular plot type that has been
selected. Where applicable, extended plot variables can be selected.
Test Data
Clicking Test data displays a screen in which you can enter up to 10 measured data pairs.
Once the test data has been entered, it can be displayed together with the calculated data
when the plot is re-drawn. If the current .OUT file is subsequently saved, the test data will
also be saved and will appear on subsequent plots.
Help
Accesses the on-line Help system. See Section 14 for more details of the Help system.
PROSPER always works internally in Field units. To facilitate data entry and output display
in any units system, PROSPER accepts data in the specified Input units and converts it to
Oilfield units for calculation. The results (in Field units) are converted back to the specified
Output unit set if necessary. By making selections from the different categories, you can
work in the units you prefer and save the results in the units required by company policy.
Figure 13-1
PROSPER Units System
The changes made to the units system are retained in the program memory and apply to
all files opened during the current processing session. The program allows you to create
your own units system. To access the units system, point to the Units menu and click the
mouse, or press ALT U. A choice of Units Summary or Units Detailed is presented. Units
Summary is the main Units system. Use Units Detailed to specify display precision for
individual unit types.
Figure 13-2
Units Summary
Variables
Select any item from the list of variables displayed. To select an item, move the scroll box
up or down, until the required variable appears on the screen.
Validation
Used to set up the error checking limits for each selected input variable.
Click on the Details buttons to the right of each variable name in order to view the details of
each particular variable.
Figure 13-3
Units Summary
• German S.I.
• French S.I.
• Latin S.I.
Customised unit systems can be created and saved under new names. Different units can
be selected for both input and output.
Figure 13-4
Units system
To save changes, click Save. You will be prompted to enter a name for the new Units
System. This new system can now be recalled and applied to any file. Custom unit sets
can be erased by clicking the Delete button, then selecting the unwanted units system.
The ability to have separate input and output unit systems allows the user to work with
familiar units and to create reports or export data in any required unit system. PROSPER
calculates them internally in Oilfield Units. To validate unit conversion factors, click the
button located to the right of the particular variable and the multiplier and shift used for unit
conversion will be displayed.
Clicking Report Print will create a summary report of conversion factors in use.
If some particular units have been modified during the course of a PROSPER session, the
changes will be written into the .SIN file when the input data are saved. Irrespective of the
current units system settings, recalling a previously saved .SIN file will cause PROSPER to
revert to the units saved in the recalled .SIN file. To permanently impose a new set of units
on the recalled file, open a custom units file (or use one of the internal unit sets) and then
save the .SIN file. The new units settings will be used whenever the .SIN file is loaded.
Find the required variable by scrolling through the list, and then enter required changes in
the low and high validation limit boxes. Enter your custom validation limits in the units
currently in use. To permanently attach the new validation limits to a custom units system,
click Save before leaving the validation screen by clicking OK.
Figure 13-5
Units Detailed
Input and Output units can be selected from this screen. Validation limits can be entered
for the selected units. The Options panel enables you to set the number of decimal places
to display for each unit type.
To use the PROSPER on-line help system, the help file must be located in the same
directory as the program. If you are new to Windows, information on using the help system
can be made available when selecting the Help option in the PROSPER main menu and
choosing 'Using Help'. This will display a help screen from which the information you need
can be selected from a list of topics.
The Help facility has function buttons located at the top of the windows, which can be used
to navigate within the help system. If a particular feature is not currently available, the
button associated with that function is dimmed. Information on specific help topics may
lead to other related topics. Some words in the Help windows are marked with a solid
underline and appear in colour (green) if you use a colour screen.
These words are called jump terms and can be used to move around Help more quickly.
When you click a jump term, Help will move you directly to the topic associated with the
underlined word(s).
Figure 14-1
Help About PROSPER
If you need to contact Petroleum Experts about a problem with the program, please have the
version number and creation date shown on this screen available should it be required.
To begin setting up the system options, select Options Options or double-click on the
‘SUMMARY DATA’ area and make the following selections:
This completes the system setup and reinitialises the program. If the status screen is being
displayed, the main system areas (‘SUMMARY DATA’, ‘PVT DATA’, ‘IPR DATA’,
2 - 164APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES
Step-by-Step Instructions
• Select the PVT menu
• Click Input data
or
• Double-click on the ‘PVT DATA’ area
and enter the following:
Solution GOR: 820 scf/STB
Oil Gravity: 34 API
Gas Gravity:
APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES 3 - 164
Then:
• Click Done
• Click Calculate
• When calculation is finished, click OK
• Click Plot
• Click Variables:
• Select Pressure for the X-Axis Variable, Gas Oil Ratio for the Y-Axis Variable
• Click Done to display the plot
Both the data predicted by the correlation and the measured data points are shown on the
plot below.
Figure A1.1:
Un-Matched PVT Plot
The next step is to match the correlations to the laboratory measured data. From the plot:
The program performs a non-linear regression to adjust the correlations to best fit the
laboratory data by applying a multiplier (Parameter 1) and a shift (Parameter 2) to the
correlations. Click OK when the regression is finished.
Click Parameters to display the closeness of fit for all correlations. The less correction a
correlation requires to fit the measured data, the better it is. Note that the displayed standard
deviation shows how well the matching process converges and should therefore not be seen
as sole criterion for the goodness of a match.
Standing has for this example the best overall fit for Pb, GOR and FVF whilst Beggs et al fits
best for the oil viscosity. Therefore, Standing will be selected to correlate Pb, GOR and FVF
and Beggs et al for the oil viscosity.
Make sure that Standing and Beggs et al have been selected in the Correlations input box.
The matched data can be plotted by clicking Plot from the regression menu as in the
example below:
Figure A1.2:
Matched PVT Plot
All further calculations will be performed using the matched PVT data unless the match
parameters are subsequently reset from the PVTCorrelations menu
The names of the matched PVT correlations should appear on the PROSPER main screen
(PVT DATA area) as well as a reminder that the PVT has been matched.
Click on the Input Data button in the top right hand corner of the window, then enter the
following reservoir data:
• Reservoir Permeability 50 md
• Reservoir Thickness 200 feet
• Drainage Area 500 acres
• Dietz Shape Factor 31.6 (for a circular drainage area)
• Well bore Radius 0.354 feet
Then click of the Mech/Geom Skin tab and enter a Skin of 4. Click Calculate to display the
following IPR plot:
Figure A1.3:
Darcy IPR Plot
While entering the deviation survey, PROSPER calculates automatically the cumulative
displacement and the angle of the well.
• Click Plot to plot the well profile
• Click Finish Done to continue to the surface equipment screen
• Click Cancel to enter NO surface flow line data
The downhole equipment screen will then appear. Note that the Xmas tree elevation has
been taken to be the same as the deviation survey reference.
The well has 3.958" ID tubing down to 11000 ft and 6" ID casing down to 11400 ft. Click on
the Type cells to get a combo box of options and enter the following downhole equipment:
Descriptive information about the downhole equipment can be written in the label fields as
reminder.
Click Done to advance to the flowing temperature profile screen and enter the following:
Measured Fluid
Depth Temperature
(feet) (deg F)
0 45
11400 210
Overall heat transfer coefficient : 8 BTU/hr/ft2/F
Click | Done.
The Average Heat Capacities screen will then appear. Click Done to accept the default
value.
This completes the equipment input for the well.
Click Summary and check that the equipment input data is consistent. As a further check
click Draw Down hole. When satisfied that the well equipment is correct, click Main to return
to the PROSPER main screen (status screen).
After entering the data, click on the small button labelled ‘1’ just to the left of the first row of
data that you have just entered. The colour of the box should turn blue from grey. Then hit
on the button labelled ‘Correlation comparison’.
Then select VLP correlations with the Tab button or the mouse to compare from the list.
For this oil example, select Hagedorn Brown, Fancher Brown, Petroleum Experts 2, Petroleum Experts
3, and Duns and Ros Modified. Select Dukler Flannigan for the Surface Correlation even
though no surface equipment has been entered, then calculate and plot the comparison by:
Figure A1.4:
Gradient Comparison
In this example the measured data points lie closer to the Petroleum Experts 2 correlation. This
can be seen more clearly by zooming into the test point area (e.g. above entered measured
depth and pressure data) on the Pressure versus Depth plot by using the cursor to draw a
rectangle around the relevant areas.
Note that the calculated and measured pressures all fall to the right side of
the Pressure versus Depth plot after Fancher Brown.
• The program does this using a non-linear regression technique which applies
multipliers to the hydrostatic (Parameter 1) and friction (Parameter 2) elements of the
pressure drop terms of the multiphase flow correlation.
To carry out a VLP match, click on the ‘Match’ button in the VLP/IPR Matching screen.
When more than one test data points are available for flow correlation
calibration, it is recommended to use the following procedure:
• Use minimum number of test points (possibly one) to calibrate the
correlation.
• Check how well the calibrated model predicts the other test points
(those not used in calibration).
• This ensures, reliability of the model in predictive mode.
Click Match and select Hagedorn Brown, Petroleum Experts 2 and Petroleum Experts 3 again from the
list of correlations if the previous selections have been removed.
Click Match to begin the matching process. This may take some time, so please be patient.
Once the calculations have finished, click Statistics to examine the fit parameters.
The table gives regression parameters of Parameter 1 = 0.999 and Parameter 2 = 0.989 for
Petroleum Experts 2, which requires the least correction and will therefore be used for further
calculations.
PROSPER will compute the VLP curves for the match data (WHP, flow rate, water cut etc.)
using the matched VLP correlation.
Once the VLP calculations have finished, click | IPR to access the IPR input screens and
then | Calculate to plot the VLP and IPR lines.
The VLP and IPR lines intersect quite close to the measured data points.
Figure A1.5:
VLP/IPR Plot
We will now adjust the IPR to better match the test points.
• The available parameters for matching depend on the IPR model in use. For the
Darcy-IPR model, permeability, skin or reservoir pressure could be used.
• For this example, we will assume that the well P.I. has not changed - but we do not
have a recent reservoir pressure.
• We will match the IPR by adjusting the reservoir pressure.
Click Main IPR and enter a reservoir pressure of 4982 psig and water cut of 15%. Click |
Calculate to see a new plot. The error in bottomhole pressure is now very low.
The PROSPER well model is now matched from reservoir to sand face and surface to sand
face using the low rate test.
• Click on IPR.
• Click on Calculate, with PE2 selected as correlations to compute the VLP curves for
both the test cases.
• Click on IPR to go to the IPR input screens. Do not alter any parameter here.
• Hit Calculate, to generate the IPR and VLP intersection plot with the test data points.
Figure A1. 6:
VLP/IPR Plot
The plot displayed represents the matched VLPs and the IPR.
Note that the model is able to reproduce the high rate test also with
accuracy, even though this data has not been used for calibration.
It can now be used with confidence for predicting future production performance. Click Main
Main to return to PROSPER status screen.
• Click Calculation System (Ipr + Vlp) or double-click in the ‘System’ check box on
the ‘CALCULATION SUMMARY’ screen
• Enter a Top node pressure of 250 psig and a Water cut of 0 %
• Select Dukler Flannigan for the surface flow line correlation
• Select Petroleum Experts 2 for the multiphase flow correlation (note the match
parameters have been appended to the correlation name)
• Select Bottom Node as ‘Solution Node’
• Select Automatic Linear for the rate method
• Click | Continue and enter the following sensitivity variables using the combo
boxes:
For variable 1
− Select Water cut
Enter 0, 40, 80
For variable 2
− Select Skin
Enter 0, 2, 4
For variable 3
− Select Tubing/Pipe diameter
Enter 3.958, 4.892
• Click | Continue
The program now asks between which nodes should the tubing size sensitivity be run:
• Select the Xmas tree as First Node and the bottom of the production tubing
(@11,000 ft) as Last Node with the combo boxes .
• Click | Continue Calculate to begin the system analysis calculation.
Once the calculations have finished, click Plot to take a look at the VLP and IPR curves
plotted for the range of sensitivity variables as follows:
Figure A1.7:
VLP/IPR System Plot
Figure A1.8:
System Sensitivity Plot
The solutions points are accessible on the ‘CALCULATION OUTPUT screen in the ‘Solution’
area by selecting the concerned sensitivity variables.
Having generated the system solution, it is possible to generate a gradient plot at any of the
solution operating points to determine the flowing gradients and flow regimes in the well
bore.
This can be done by clicking | Sens. PvD on the ‘CALCULATION OUTPUT screen or from
the main menu by selecting Calculation Gradient (Traverse).
To generate a gradient plot at one of the operating rate/pressure solution points, carry out
the following selections on the ‘CALCULATION OUTPUT screen:
The system solution rate and pressure for the chosen combination will be displayed. Check
that the first and last nodes correspond to the Xmas tree and Casing (@ 11,400 ft), then
compute the gradient by:
Figure A1.9:
Sensitivity P Vs D
Click | Main | File | Save As | Input And Analysis Data (.ANL), then save the file called
OILWELL.ANL for use in the next section.
If wellhead pressure is used for production allocation, select Xmas tree (node 1) as the top
node and Node 9 (@11,400 ft) as the last node. Enter a first node pressure of 250 psi and
water cut of 0%. Enter liquid rates of 100,500,1000,2000,4000,8000,16000 STB/d. Click |
Continue and enter the following sensitivity variables:
• Select First node pressure for variable 1 and - enter 200, 600, 1000, 3000
• Select Water cut for variable 2 and - enter 0, 40, 80
• Select Gas Oil Ratio for variable 3 and - enter 400, 820, 2000 scf/STB.
• Click | Continue Calculate to start calculating VLP curves.
• Click Export
• Select Petroleum Experts GAP/MBAL, then click | Continue
• Enter a file name and click | Save to save the lift curves as a tpd-file
• Return to the main menu by clicking Main.
If you wish to refer to this example later, go to the file menu and save this example under a
new name e.g. OILVLP.out
The same well as used in the Oilwell example will be used. The design assumes that the
reservoir pressure will drop to 4000 psig and that the water cut will rise to 80%.
This example will guide you through opening the existing OILWELL.ANL file, changing the
calculation options and reservoir conditions, performing the design and finally saving the file
under a new name.
To perform the gas lift design, firstly open OILWELL.ANL, then follow these procedures:
Formation Formation
Measured Temperature
Depth (deg F)
(ft)
0 60
11400 210
Enter an Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient of 8.5 BTU/hr/ft2/F. Then click on | Done.
The next step is to modify the inflow to model future conditions requiring gas lift.
• Select the System Menu and click Inflow performance
• Change the reservoir pressure to 4000 psig. Click on | Done to exit
• Click System Gas lift data and enter the following:
Gas lift gravity 0.8.
There is no CO2, H2O or N2, so leave blank
For performing a gas lift design, the gas lift method and GLR injected can be ignored at this
stage.
• Click | Done and leave the gas injection depth set to zero
Figure A2.0:
Gas Lift Design
Input Data
• Click Continue
• Select valve manufacture as Valve 1
• Select valve type as r20
• Select specification as Monel
• Click | Done
• Click | Get Rate (PROSPER calculates the maximum design production rate)
• Click Plot to display the performance curve.
Figure A2.1:
Gas lift Well Performance
Curve
The program has found that around 1460 STB/d of oil could be produced with 5.0 MMscf/d
of lift gas injected at the optimum depth of injection. Click on | Finish to exit the plot.
Figure A2.2:
Gas lift design gradient
plot
Note down the ‘Actual Gas Injection rate’, ‘Actual Injection pressure’ and ‘Actual Liquid rate’
from the graph. Having determined the number of valves and their depths, the next task is to
calculate the valve test rack setting pressures as follows:
• Click Results to display valve depths and pressures
• Click Calculate to display the opening and closing pressures together with the
test rack setting pressures.
Figure A2.3:
Gas lift design valve
details
The number of valves required to pass the design lift gas rate is shown at the left of the
screen. Click on the scroll arrows to see the selected port sizes, gas injection rates, etc.
Click Main to return to the main screen, then generate a report to make a hard copy of the
gas lift design.
Figure A2.4:
System Gas lift data
valve depths
PROSPER now has the valve depths and surface injection pressure, but since GLR Injected
is still set to zero, no gas is being injected in the calculations. The rate of lift gas injection
will be set using a sensitivity variable.
Click through the solutions and check the solution for 90% water cut and 3500 psi reservoir
pressure. This design is still capable of injection at the deepest (orifice valve) and the
production rate is around 400 BOPD. The sensitivity calculations show that the design is
suitable for the expected future producing conditions.
To set this problem, open GASLIFT.ANL and make the following changes:
Options Menu
Predict Pressure and Temperature on land
Temperature Model Rough Approximation
Click | System | Equipment (tubing etc), select the following categories and enter the
required data:
Surface equipment
The flowline consists of 8 miles of 6" ID pipe. Make the entries as shown on the following
screen:
Figure A3.1:
Surface Equipment Input
Click | Done | Summary and check the equipment data has been correctly entered.
Gaslift data
Return to the main menu and click System Gaslift Data. Select Fixed depth of injection as
the gas lift method, click Continue and enter an injection depth of 7535 ft. The injection gas
gravity should remain at 0.8 s.g.
Use the Generate feature to enter the calculation rates. Click Generate and enter 100 and
10,000 STB/day for the minimum and maximum rates. Enter 10 for number of rates then
click | Done and PROSPER will fill in the rates table. Click | Continue and enter the following
sensitivity variables:
For variable 1
− Select Gaslift gas injection rate
Enter 1,2,3,4,5,6
For variable 2
− Clear any existing entries by Pressing “ Reset”
For variable 3
− Clear any existing entries by Pressing “ Reset”
• The long flow line will slow the calculations, so please be patient.
Once the calculation has stopped, click Sensitivity Variables and select Oil Rate. Click |
Done to display the following plot:
Figure A3.2:
System Sensitivity
Note that the production rate is relatively insensitive to the volume of lift gas injection and
that the optimum injection rate has decreased from the optimum found in Example 2 to
around 4 MMscf/day. Click | Finish and return to the | Calculation System menu.
Figure A3.3:
Well Pressure and
Temperature Profiles
Note the change of slope of the pressure gradient at the depth of injection. The fluid
temperature approaches that of the surroundings about halfway along its length. The
pressure gradient in the flowline rapidly increases over its last third. This is due to high flow
velocities as ever increasing volumes of gas breaks out of solution. Increased frictional
pressure losses in the flowline account for the decrease in optimum lift gas injection rate
observed in this example.
This example shows how PROSPER's Enthalpy Balance temperature model can be used to
predict the wellhead flowing temperature (WHFT) of a high pressure / high temperature oil
well.
The objective of this example is to determine the WHFT profile versus time.
Next, enter the PVT data. Only basic PVT data from the exploration well is available. Click
PVT Input data and enter the following:
• Solution GOR 1500 scf/STB
• Oil Gravity 45 API
• Gas Gravity 0.6 specific gravity
• Water Salinity 100000 ppm
• Mole Percent H2S 0
• Mole Percent CO2 0
• Mole Percent N2 0
The validity of these correlations for this type of fluid behaviour has been
assumed for the purpose of this example only.
Enter the well equipment details. Click System Equipment All Edit and type in the
following deviation survey data:
Bottom MD (ft) TVD (ft)
0 0
14000 14000
Next, enter the surface environment (Offshore) data:
• Air temperature 50 degrees F
• Humidity 60 percent
• Mean sea level WRT origin 100 ft
• Sea bed WRT origin 400 ft
• Air velocity 4 ft/sec
• Sea velocity 3 ft/sec
The user can enter a sea temperature gradient in the enthalpy balance model. We are going
to assume a linear change of temperature from the sea level (50 degree F) to seabed (42
degree F). Hence, enter the following in the Sea Temperature Gradient Table:
The above data describes a drilling rig with a rotary table 100 ft
above sea level located in 300 ft of water.
Define the drilling and completion by entering the drilling and completion data as shown on
the table below. This describes a well with all casing strings hung off at the sea bed and the
well is tied back to surface using a 30" riser.
Figure A4.1:
Drilling and Completion
Input
Here, we are assuming that the annulus is filled with mud. The users can also customise
their own completion liquid or gas type if the appropriate fluid data is available.
Define the lithology by entering the data shown on the screen below:
Figure A4.2:
Litho logy Input
• Xmas tree 0 ft
• tubing type mild steel tubing
• measured depth 13600 ft
• Inside diameter 4.778"
• Outside diameter 5.5"
• Roughness 0.0006
Click | Summary to check the data input before returning to the main screen.
Define the reservoir inflow model by clicking System Inflow performance. Select PI Entry
IPR and enter the following:
• Reservoir pressure 6100 psig
• Reservoir temperature 290 degrees F
• Water cut 0%
• Click on the | Input Data button and enter a PI of 8 BOPD/psi
Click | Calculate and an AOF around 28660 STB/day will be calculated. Click Main and
return to the Main menu.
In order to predict the FWHT and FWHP for a given rate, the
Unconstrained System option should be used.
• In order to see the effects of rate and time on WHFP, make the following
calculations.
• Generate a temperature gradient plot using the Unconstrained Gradient option.
To do this, click Unconstrained System from the main menu and make the following
selections:
Once the calculation is finished click | Plot. Select Tubing head temperature as the
sensitivity variable and click | Done to display the following plot.
Figure A4.3:
Temperature Sensitivity
Plot
From the plot it can be seen that at 10000 STB/d the wellhead flowing temperature (WHFT)
has reached around 146 degrees F after 5 days of flowing so the design test sequence is
OK.
• It also shows that the well could be flowed at up to 15000 STB/d for 100 days and the
WHFT would not reach the limiting 200 degrees F.
• The calculated WHFT for 100 days production shows that high temperature well
head equipment will be required for long term production rates above 10000 stb/d.
Click | Continue, then select Time since production started as the sensitivity variable and
enter 1,5 and 1000 days. Leave the other sensitivity variables blank. Click | Continue
Calculate to start the calculations. Once the calculation has finished click Plot and the
following temperature gradient plot will be displayed:
Figure A4.4:
Temperature Gradients
To plot the heat transfer coefficient along the well, click | Variables Extended and select
Heat Transfer Coefficient. Click | Done to display the following plot:
Figure A4.5:
Heat Transfer Coefficient
Plot
Figure A5.1:
ESP - Down hole
Equipment
SEPTEMBER
34 - 164APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES
• Set the tubing O.D. to 4.5 inches and the casing I.D. to 6.184 inches.
• Return to the main menu.
• Lower the reservoir pressure by clicking on | System Inflow performance and
setting the reservoir pressure to 4500 psig.
• Change the water cut and total GOR to 80% and 300 scf/stb respectively. Leave the
other parameters at their original values.
• Return to the main menu.
• Import the motor characteristics and the cables data in the same manner.
• Note that motor files are arranged by manufacturer.
• Append the individual motor files if you want to work with motors from more than one
supplier.
For designing a new ESP installation, do not enter any ESP System data - go directly to |
Design | Electrical Submersible Pump | Design and enter the following design specifications:
• Pump depth 8000 ft
• Operating frequency 60 Hz
• Maximum OD 5.7 inches
• Length of cable 8100 ft
• Gas separation efficiency 0 percent
• Design rate 6000 STB/d
• Water cut 80 percent
• Top node pressure 50 psig
• Motor power safety margin 0 percent
• Pump wear factor 0 percent
• Pipe correlation Dukler Flannigan
• Tubing correlation Petroleum Experts 2 (reset the match
parameters if necessary)
Figure A5.2:
ESP - Design Duty
Click | Done and | Design and PROSPER will display the ESP Design screen.
Figure A5.3:
ESP - Pump Selection
For this example, select the REDA GN5600 pump from the list of suitable pumps. The pump
needs 115 stages and will require 215 HP at the design rate. From the list of suitable
motors, select a 240 HP REDA 540 Series 91 - Standard motor with 2210 Volt windings.
Select a #1 Copper cable. (A smaller cable would pass the current - you can select any
cable large enough for the service).
Click Plot to display the design operating point superimposed on the pump performance
curve:
Figure A5.4:
GN5600 Operating Point
The pump is being run a little close to its maximum output, perhaps the next biggest pump
would be a better choice, especially if the pump is expected to handle a greater lift duty due
to e.g. increasing water cut during the pump's run life. Return to the design screen and
select a GN7000 pump. The same 240 HP motor is suitable for this pump also. Select a #1
Copper cable and plot the results:
Figure A5.5:
GN7000 Operating Point
This pump is operating close to its optimum efficiency and has some excess head capacity.
Once the calculations have been completed, click | Solution Details, select the design case
variables of 80% water cut, 4500 psi reservoir pressure and 60 Hz operating frequency by
clicking on the variable arrows. The calculated liquid offtake rate is close to 6000 STB/day.
When the calculated rate is slightly higher than the design rate, this is to the number of
stages having being rounded up to the nearest integer.
Now, increase the water cut to 90% - the offtake rate drops to around 5480 STB/day. Plot
the sensitivities by clicking | Pump Plot from the pump solution screen as follows. From the
plot following conclusions can be made
• With 90% water cut, can the design offtake of 6000 BFPD be achieved by increasing
the operating frequency. Select 70 Hz. The production rate increases to around
7080 BFPD. By interpolation, this pump should be capable of lifting 6000 BFPD at
an operating frequency of around 63.5 Hz.
Figure A5.6:
ESP Sensitivities
To find the required motor horsepower, return to the sensitivity screen and click on |
Combinations. Input the data shown on the following screen to set up 2 scenarios:
Figure A5.7:
ESP Combinations
Calculate the sensitivities then click | Solution Details to inspect the results for each Case.
For a 90% water cut, the GN7000 pump can lift 6035 STB/day, provided that the motor can
supply the additional horsepower at 63.5 Hz. The horsepower requirement increases from
225 to 272 HP (+21%), so a larger motor than the original selection would be required for
this service. Before finalising the design, more extensive sensitivities should be run and the
manufacturer's specifications must be checked to ensure that the specified pump can
withstand the additional shaft torque and that the housing pressure rating is not exceeded.
Figure A6.1:
HSP Down hole equipment
• Set the tubing O.D. to 4.5 inches and the casing I.D. to 6.184 inches.
• Return to the main menu.
• Lower the reservoir pressure by clicking on | System Inflow performance and
setting the reservoir pressure to 4500 psi.
• Change the water cut and Total GOR to 80% and 300 scf/stb respectively.
• Leave the other parameters at their original values and return to the main menu.
For designing a new HSP installation, do not enter any HSP System data - go directly to |
Design | Hydraulic Pump | Design and enter the following design specifications:
Figure A6.2:
HSP Design duty
Click | Done and | Design and PROSPER will display the HSP Design screen.
Figure A6.3:
HSP - Pump
Selection
For this example, select the Weir TP115AH(4250-12325) rpm from the list of suitable pumps.
The pump needs 69 stages and will require 233 HP at the design rate. From the list of
suitable turbines, select a weir T55-B.
Click Plot to display the design operating point superimposed on the pump performance
curve:
Figure A6.4:
Weir TP115-AH
Figure A6.5:
HSP – System Calculation
• Click | System and enter a top node pressure of 50 psi and a water cut of 80%
• Check that Dukler Flannigan has been selected for surface equipment and
Petroleum Experts 2 is selected for the vertical lift correlation
• Select User Selected rates and Generate 10 rates between 10 and 10,000 BFPD.
• Click | Continue and enter the following sensitivity variables:
For variable 1
− Select Water cut
Enter 80, 95
For variable 2
− Reservoir Pressure
Enter 4000, 4500
For variable 3
− Select pump speed
Enter 5000-6000-7000
Click | Continue | Calculate to perform the sensitivity calculations.
Once the calculations have been completed, click | Solution Details, select the design case
variables of 80% water cut, 4500 psi reservoir pressure and 6000 rpm pump speed by
clicking on the variable arrows. The calculated liquid offtake rate is close to 6100 STB/day.
Plot the sensitivities by clicking | Pump Plot from the pump solution screen as follows:
Figure A6.6:
HSP – Sensitivity
To find the required motor horsepower, return to the sensitivity screen and click on |
Combinations. Input the data shown on the following screen to set up 2 scenarios:
Figure A6.7:
HSP Combination
Calculate the sensitivities then click | Solution Details to inspect the results for each Case.
For 90% water cut, reservoir pressure of 4000 psig and pump speed of 7000 rpm, the
HSP pump can lift about 7000 STB/day, provided that the turbine can supply the
additional power. Before finalising the design, more extensive sensitivities should be
run and the manufacturer's specifications must be checked to ensure that the
specified HSP will work under different scenarios.
To set up this problem, firstly clear the existing calculations by clicking File New. Recall
the system data from the convergence pressure example by clicking File Open Analysis
(.ANL) and double clicking on the filename of the previously saved convergence pressure
example (CONDEX.ANL).
Options Menu
Select Options and ensure the following options are set:
* Defining the correct fluid at this stage is important, since calculations cannot
continue unless the EOS detected fluid type agrees with the user-selected fluid.
Click | Done, then PVT Input to display the PVT input screen:
Figure A7.1:
EOS PVT Input
• The EOS input data is intended to be loaded from an external PVT simulation program
file using the Import button.
In case you want to use volume shift, you can enter the volume shift in the form of
S parameter and click on “ Use Vol. Shift” in the input screen shown in Figure A-
7.3.
To ensure that all the data has been correctly entered, and to check the type of fluid
described by the pseudo components entered.
You can do so by pressing the Phase Envelope button and hitting Calculate. The phase
envelope calculation screen shows the fluid type as shown follows:
Figure A7.2:
EOS Calculated Fluid Type
Figure A7.3:
EOS Calculated Phase
Envelope
Once the input data has been specified, the user has the option of selecting Calculation
type. The options are:
o Calculated From EOS Model
In this option PROSPER will calculate the fluid properties from the EOS
data entered, using flash process, whenever it needs it.
o Interpolated From Generated Tables
In this case the user generates the tables from the EOS in PROSPER
and then PROSPER during calculations, uses these tables for property
evaluation. This makes the calculations faster.
o Interpolated From Imported Tables.
In case, the user has elected to import all the properties as a *.pvx file,
it will use the imported tables for property evaluation. THIS IS FOR
CASES WHEN THE USER DOES NOT WANT TO USE THE EOS
OF PROSPER.
For this example, we selected the first option.
In order to use the entered EOS to generate tables, enter a range of pressures and
temperatures.
Click on Generate and | Calculate again check the EOS PVT values.
The saturation pressure at 300 degrees F should be 4596 psig.
Click Properties, and PROSPER will display the equivalent Black Oil PVT
properties for the reservoir fluid as shown below:
Figure A7.4:
EOS Black Oil properties
Figure A7.5:
EOS Correlation
Comparison
The Duns and Ros Modified bottom hole pressure for the correlation
comparison case is:
• Approx. 6972 psig, Predicted by the EOS method.
Figure A7.6:
EOS System Solution
• How the data input for black oil condensate PVT works
• Comparison of the solution results from the other PVT methods.
To set up this problem, firstly clear the existing calculations by clicking File New. Recall
the condensate example by clicking File Open and double clicking on the filename of the
previously saved condensate example (CONDEX.ANL).
Click | Done, then commence entry of the PVT data by clicking | PVT Input data.
This is in close agreement with that obtained from compositional modelling - even though the
liquid dropout values have not been matched in the Black Oil model.
For condensate wells, the flow regime is normally mist. Prediction of slip
requires the phase volumes (hold-up) and densities. In mist flow, the slip
between liquid and gas is minimal. Even in this example the flow regime is
slug - but there is little slip between the phases for the flow rates modelled.
Provided that the mixture density is accurate, lack of precision in the
proportion of oil and gas will cause little error in pressure loss calculations.
This also explains why the main flow correlations give virtually identical
results to Fancher Brown.
For condensate wells, the black oil PVT method can be recommended for:
• Accuracy of mixture density calculations
• Simplicity
• Speed of calculation
• Accuracy of pressure calculations
Proceed to the calculation screen and click Calculate. The solution rates are shown on the
following plot:
Figure A7.9:
Black Oil Condensate
System Solution
The above condensate example has shown how to set up the PROSPER calculations for the
different condensate PVT methods. It also illustrates that the Black Oil PVT method is
capable of accurate well pressure prediction and is more computationally efficient than more
complex PVT methods.
Select the Lee et al gas viscosity correlation, then click | Done to return to the main menu.
Bottom MD TVD
(ft) (ft)
0 0
10000 10000
• Enter NO surface equipment.
• Enter the tubing string details as follows under down hole section:
Bottom MD ID Roughness
(ft) (ins) (ins)
Xmas tree 0
Tubing 500 3.958 0.0006
SSSV 3
Tubing 9800 3.958 0.0006
Casing 10000 8.681 0.0006
Click on the | Input data button on the top right hand corner of the window. In the reservoir
model data entry screen, enter the following:
• Reservoir permeability 300 mD
• Reservoir thickness 100 ft
• Drainage area 640acres
• Dietz shape factor 31.6
• Well bore radius 0.51 ft
• Perforation interval 50 ft
• Reservoir Porosity 0.2 fraction
• Time 100days
• Connate water saturation 0.2 fraction
• Non-Darcy coefficient Calculated
• Permeability entered Total permeability
Then click on the | Mech./ Geom. skin tab and enter the following:
• Perforation diameter 0.5 ins
• Shots per foot 6 1/ft
• Perforation length 12 ins
• Damaged zone thickness 12 ins
• Damaged zone permeability 150 mD
• Crushed zone thickness 0.2 ins
• Crushed zone permeability 75 mD
• Shot phasing 60 degrees
• Vertical permeability 30 mD
Click on the | Gravel pack tab and define the gravel pack parameters as follows:
• Gravel pack perm 40000 mD
• Gravel pack length 1.3 ins
• Perforation efficiency 1
Click | Calculate and the program will calculate an AOF of 116 MMscf/day display the IPR on
a plot. Click | Main and return to the main menu.
• perforation density
• gravel pack permeability
Select Dukler Flannigan as the surface equipment correlation and Duns and Ros Modified
for the VLP correlation.
Leave the rate method set to Automatic linear and click OK.
Set the top node pressure to 1200 psig and the water/gas ratio to 4 bbl/ MMscf.
Click OK again to display the sensitivity variables screen.
To perform the design sensitivity calculations, enter the following sensitivity variables:
For variable 1
− Select Shots per foot
Enter 4, 8, 12
For variable 2
− Select Gravel pack permeability
Enter 10000, 40000, 80000
For variable 3
− Select First node Pressure
Enter 1200, 2000, 3000
Click | Continue.
• Calculate to perform the system sensitivity calculations.
• Go directly to the sensitivity plot, click | Variables and select dP Completion as the Y-axis
variable, Shots per foot for the X-axis and gravel pack permeability for the parameter
variable.
• Plot the results for 1200 psi top node pressure. A graph similar to the following will be
displayed:
Figure A8.1:
Gravel Pack Sensitivity
Note that when the sand face pressure drops below the dew point, liquid
dropout occurs. The Petroleum Experts IPR reduces the relative permeability to
gas when liquids are being produced.
• In this producing area, field trials and lab tests have established that gravel pack failure
should not occur provided that the total pressure drop across the completion is less than
400 psi (for purposes of illustration only)
• By inspection, the above sensitivity plot shows that 12 shots per foot perforations and a
gravel pack permeability of 40 Darcies will be required to ensure that the well will not
have to be choked back unnecessarily.
Return to the calculation screen and click on | Solution Detail, then select the solution for
From the solution summary, we know that the pressure drop across the completion is almost
all due to the gravel pack. In excess of 85 MMscf/day can be safely produced with this
completion design.
Make a sensitivity plot with dP completion on the Y-axis, First node pressure on the X-axis
and Gravel Pack Permeability as the parameter variable.
Figure A8.2:
Gravel Pack Sensitivity
Assume that the gravel pack has 40000 mD permeability. Zoom on curve 1 (8 SPF) near
where it is around 400 psi dP completion and read off the First Node Pressure. You should
get around 2500 psi.
To calculate the gas production rate for 400 psi dP completion, use the Combinations option
on the Select variables screen. Enter the following for combination Case 1:
Leave the rate field blank. Click | Continue and then | Calculate. PROSPER will calculate the
system solution. Click | Solution details and check that the well can flow at 63 MMscf/day
with a THP of 2500 and a dP across the completion of 410 psi. Note that the allowable rate
at 8 shots per foot is more than 20 MMscf/day lower than the allowable with 12 shots per
foot.
Click | Continue to continue to the calculation screen. Click | Calculate and calculate the
sensitivities. Click Plot Variables and select IPR, VLP and dP skin completion for Y-
variable, and choose all three separator GOR, then click | Done to display the following:
Figure A8.3:
IPR liquid sensitivity
Note the effect of Separator GOR on both VLP and IPR pressures. Note that increasing
liquid production increases the completion dP.
Click | Main to return to the main menu. Save the file as GRAVEL.ANL if desired.
The example shows how to set up the input data for a Horizontal well - Friction dP IPR
model. It is based on the OILWELL example file.
• Note that the reservoir permeability must be increased from 50 in the base example to
500 millidarcies in order to see the friction pressures drop along the well bore.
• This well has alternating perforated and blank sections, which are identical.
• We will enter the data for two only two zones, one blank one producing.
• Then we will use the editing features to copy identical data to the other zones.
• For the first zone enter the following:
Zone Type Perforated
Skin Method By Hand
Gravel Pack This will be automatically skipped
Zone Length 100 feet
Zone Permeability 500 mD
Figure A9.1:
Horizontal well - dP
Friction IPR input
All the IPR input must have been defined before performing the coning
calculations.
Click | Calculate, and the breakthrough time and critical rate estimates will be displayed.
Figure A9.2:
Horizontal well – Coning
Calculations Screen
To calculate and display the horizontal well pressure profile and production contribution from
each zone for the entered rate, click Plot. PROSPER will display a graph similar to the
following:
Figure A9.3:
Horizontal well - dP
Friction Well pressure
profile
The source of inflow can be plotted by clicking Variables and selecting Rate per Unit Length.
As shown in the following plot, more production enters at the heel of the well than the toe:
Figure A9.4:
Horizontal well - Rate per
Unit Length
Once the Horizontal well dP friction IPR, has been calculated, System calculations can be
carried out as normal. If you need to calculate a wide range of sensitivity cases, the dP
friction model could be used to prepare a table of test data points to be entered in one of the
fast-calculating multi-rate IPR models.
Click on | Input data, and the layer data entry screen will be displayed.
Figure A10.1:
Multi-Layer data Input
The following description shows how to set up a well model with two layers separated by 100
feet.
Click the Layer PVT data button and enter the following:
Layer formation GOR 820 scf/STB
Layer oil gravity 34 API
Layer gas gravity 0.7 s.g.
Layer water cut 0 percent
Click | Done.
Click the | Layer PVT data button and enter the following:
Layer formation GOR 820 scf/STB
Layer oil gravity 34 API
Layer gas gravity 0.7 s.g.
Layer water cut 30 percent
Click | Done.
Click | Done | Calculate and PROSPER will calculate the composite IPR at the intake node.
The IPR plot shows the layer contributions and the combined IPR as in the following
example:
Figure A10.2:
Multi-layer dP pressure
loss
Click Results to see the layer pressures and production contributions. Crossflow into a layer
appears as a negative production value as in the following example:
Figure A10.3:
Multi-layer dP pressure
loss Results Screen
A11.1 Introduction
Multi-lateral wells are being recognized as a potential option when developing new oil and
gas fields. Often, these type of wells are drilled to save the costs of drilling, this may occur if
drilling individual targets is sub - economic or the platform is constrained. Sometimes they
are not beneficial.
Co-mingling the flow from two targets (branches) may result in higher outflow performance in
the event that a larger tubing size can be specified; this leads to a lower frictional pressure
drop than in obtained in each individual well. But sometimes, co-mingling fluids may result in
greater frictional pressure drop than expected, so poorer outflow performance than two
individual wells will result, it means that well productivity depends on interference effects in
both reservoir and well bore. Cross flow might represent another potential problem if targets
for several branches are chosen without any proper study.
This is where modelling work can add most of the value: multilateral wells are different to
single wells because they have a variable structure. Both the number of branches and the
way that they are connected is variable, and also the interaction between each branch
should be taken in to account. Hence, a flexible way to model must be used to understand
the behaviour of this type of wells.
This example can be found in the samples directory under the name of MULTILAT1.OUT
file. However, following the steps indicated below, you would be able to generate the model
from scratch.
Figure A11.1:
Well Sketch that displays
the drilling program
The multilateral data entry screen is accessed by choosing | System | Inflow Performance
from the PROSPER main menu, as with the single well IPR.
Figure A11.2:
System Summary
Inflow type: Multilateral
1. Begin by starting the program. From the PROSPER main menu, select File New to
reinitialise the program input and output files. The ‘New’ menu item under File is only
available if a file has already been loaded. If there is no file loaded skip this step
and go to next step.
2. To begin setting up the system options, select Options Options or double-click on the
‘SUMMARY DATA’ area and make the following selections:
Then click Done to exit this screen. This completes the system setup and reinitialises the
program and governs the inputs that the user will be required to enter.
Figure A11.3:
PVT Input Screen
Click Done on the above screen to exit. This marks the end of defining the PVT behaviour
The program will automatically lead you through the required equipment data screens
starting with the well deviation survey. Enter the following into the deviation survey data
table:
While entering the deviation survey, PROSPER calculates automatically the cumulative
displacement and the angle of the well.
Figure A11.4:
Equipment
Input Screen
• Click Done to advance to the geothermal data entry screen. Once on the screen, enter
the following temperature profile:
Measured Formation
Depth Temperature
(feet) (deg F)
0 60
9700 200
Enter an overall heat transfer coefficient of 8 Btu/hr/ft2/F. Click | Done to exit the screen.
• This takes you to the default heat capacity screen. Let it remain as it is. Click on Done to
go to the next screen.
Figure A11.5:
Geothermal Gradient
When satisfied that the well equipment is correct, click Main to return to the PROSPER main
Top layer:
Reservoir Pressure 3900 psig
Reservoir Temperature 218 degrees F
Oil Gravity 34 API
Gas Gravity 0.67 sp. Gravity
Water Salinity 120000 ppm
Water Cut 56 percent
Bottom Layer:
Reservoir Pressure 3200 psig
Reservoir Temperature 210 degrees F
Oil Gravity 34 API
Gas Gravity 0.67 sp. gravity
Water Salinity 120000 ppm
Water Cut 56 percent
Total GOR 720 scf/STB
Horizontal Permeability 10 md
Formation Thickness 100 feet
Drainage Area 175 acres
Depth of Reservoir Top 8950 feet
Vertical Permeability 10 md
According to the drilling program, the tie point will be considered at measured depth of 9700
ft m (8800 ft vertical depth). The deviation survey of the original well and the side track are
indicated below.
Completion 1
Side track
The user interface consists of a framework window that contains several child windows, as
well as the menu and toolbar from which commands are issued. The child windows include
the network windows that contain the system network drawing, the navigator window that
can assist in the viewing of large networks and up to three visualisation windows, which can
show the multilateral network drawn to scale from three orthogonal points of view.
Figure A11.6:
PROSPER
Multilateral
Network
To start drawing your multilateral system considering the well sketch, start selecting the tie
point, junction, completion (1) and Completion (side track) as well as the top and bottom
reservoir.
Figure A11.7:
Adding the
completion and
reservoirs
Once you have the basic drawing according to your well sketch and drilling program, then
you can use the button (add link) to finish with this part.
To enter the required data for each section all you have to do is to double click on each icon.
It is recommended to start from the tie point to the reservoir according to the well sketch.
The tie point defined, is the point above which everything will be a part of
wellbore sketch and thus the pressure loss etc in that section will be a part of
VLP. Everything below the tie point is a part of the IPR and pressure losses in
this section will be evaluated in IPR calculations.
Figure A11.8:
Linking the tie
point with the joint,
completion and
reservoir.
If you double click on the tie point enter the measured depth and true vertical depth as
indicated previously. The tie point is the node where the IPR is solved and is located at the
top of the system (in vertical depth). Hence, the tie-point can only be a start point.
The Junction point will be a branching node. It can only have one link into it (from a tie-point
or a completion).
Once these two points have been defined, then, Deviation Survey and Down hole Equipment
and Perforation Details can be entered. In the case of the deviation survey there is an
additional azimuth entry.
When the user put the information respectively for each branch the calculations can be
performed.
Tie point:
Measured depth of 9700 ft m, 8800 ft vertical depth
Junction 1:
The tubing information entry is a two-step process. First we define the model for pressure
loss calculations. We will also be using the following model:
The screens for entering the tubing flow model are as shown below:
Figure A11.9:
Tubing Model Selection
screen
Once the model is entered, if on the above screen you Press the Input Data button, it takes
you to the next screen where you enter the deviation survey of this path of the completion
including the azimuth.
Figure A11.10:
Tubing deviation survey
Input Screen
Once the deviation survey is entered, we will need to enter the equipment information like
the tubing diameters etc, in the next screen. This screen is accessed by clicking on the TAB
called EQUIPMENT in the bottom left hand corner of the screen shown above.
Figure A11.11:
Tubing description Input
Screen
Completion 1
Select the information required such as vertical flow model, well bore radius, and Dietz
shape factor.
For this example the Petroleum Experts 2 correlation will be used, a well bore radius of 0.43 ft
and Dietz shape factor of 30 will be considered.
Figure A11.12
Completion 1,
Calculation options
screen.
When your press the option Input Data, you will see that there are three tabbed dialogs in
this data input screen, which allow the entry of a deviation survey, equipment descriptions
and completion information. The first two dialogs contain tables very similar to the ones
encountered by selecting System | Equipment from the PROSPER main menu, and then the
‘Deviation Survey’ and ‘Down hole Equipment’ push buttons. In the case of the deviation
survey there is an additional azimuth entry.
Figure A11.13
Completion 1
Deviation Survey
Screen
Once you enter the deviation survey, select the equipment and select tubing according to
the deviation survey, the tubing in the completion 1 has been run down to 13900 ft and has
a diameter of 3 in.
Figure A11.14
Completion 1
Equipment
According to the drilling program, this completion has been perforated between 11855 ft and
13900 ft.
Figure A11.15
Completion 1
Perforation details
Finally double click on the reservoir and enter the PVT data as well as the information
required to calculate the inflow performance based on the Darcy Model.
The information has been provided at the beginning of this example.
Figure A11.16
Bottom Reservoir
PVT Data
Press Input to continue and enter the information for the reservoir.
Figure A11.17
Bottom Reservoir
Inflow data
based on
Darcy Reservoir
Model
Once finished with the first completion, you can go on entering the correspondent
information for the multilateral section. So just double click on the side track completion.
Select the information required such as vertical flow model, well bore radius, and Dietz
shape factor.
In this case the Petroleum Experts 2 correlation will be used, a well bore radius of 0.43 ft and
Dietz shape factor of 30 will be considered.
Figure A11.18
Sidetrack
Input Data
Figure A11.19
Sidetrack
Deviation Survey
Once you enter the deviation survey, select the equipment and select tubing, according to
the deviation survey, the tubing in the side track has been run down to 10700 ft and has a
diameter of 3 in.
Figure A11.20
Sidetrack
Equipment
According to the drilling program, this completion has been perforated for 700 ft, from 10000
ft to 10700 ft.
Figure A11.21
Side Track
Perforation
details
Finally double click on the reservoir and enter the PVT data, as well as the information
required to calculate the inflow performance based on the Darcy Model.
Figure A11.22
Top Layer
PVT Data
Press Input Data to continue and enter the information for the reservoir.
Figure A11.23
Top Layer
Inflow data based
on
Darcy Reservoir
Model
Once entered the information for the two branches (completion 1 and side track), from
PROSPER – Multilateral Network Menu, select the option Visualise all:
Figure A11.24
Visualise All
The Calculate screen gives the option of calculating one IPR point or a curve.
Also, calculations can be switched between infinite and finite conductivity modes of
calculation. In the latter case (finite) the pressure drop in the tubing is taken into account
Figure A11.25
Calculate
The Finite conductivity solution takes in account the pressure drop and interference, whilst
the Infinite conductivity considers equal pressure and constant production rate at all times.
The flow distribution is used then to calculate the pressure around the source.
The pressure of the reservoir approaches to a constant value, then if in one particular branch
in the reservoir is surrounded by a constant pressure boundary, the pressure in the well
and the boundary will become constant (steady state pressure), when the steady state
pressure is normalized respect to the flow rate, it provides a measure of the pressure draw-
down required to flow a unit of volume per unit time.
The Details button is used to display pressure and rate-related parameters with respect to
the measured and vertical tubing depths of each branch. If a curve has been calculated,
these details pertain to the last point in the curve.
Figure A11.26
Details
To visualise the results press Plot, and from the menu toolbar select Variables.
Figure A11.27
Plot results
True Vertical
Depth vs. Rate per
unit length and
pressure
Figure A11.28
Results
Considering Infinite
conductivity
Figure A11.29
Results
Considering
Finite
Conductivity
References:
• Show how a complex smart well completion can be modelled by using the
multilateral option in PROSPER
• Show how different tubing sizes can affect the IPR curve
50 ft
150 ft 100 ft 100 ft 100 ft 100 ft
100 ft ID=6.969”
ID=4.778”
To begin setting up the system options, select Options Options or double-click on the
‘SUMMARY DATA’ area and make the following selections:
Figure A12.1:
System Summary
The solution GOR is the gas dissolved in the oil at the original bubble point
pressure. If the well also produces free gas, it should not be included here.
Figure A12.2:
PVT input screen
Click Done to return to main. This completes the PVT input section.
Figure A12.3:
Deviation survey
The down hole equipment screen will then appear. Note that the Xmas tree elevation has
been taken to be the same as the deviation survey reference.
The well has 4.778" ID tubing down to 10,000 ft. Click on the Type cells to get a combo box
of options and enter the following down hole equipment:
Descriptive information about the downhole equipment can be written in the label fields as
reminder.
Figure A12.4:
Down hole equipment
Click Done to advance to the flowing temperature profile screen and enter the following:
Measured Fluid
Depth Temperature
(feet) (deg F)
0 60
10000 250
Overall heat transfer coefficient: 8 BTU/hr/ft2/F
Figure A12.5:
Geothermal gradient
Click | Done.
The Average Heat Capacities screen will then appear. Click Done to accept the default
value.
This completes the equipment input for the well.
Click Summary and check that the equipment input data is consistent. As a further check
click Draw Down hole. When satisfied that the well equipment is correct, click Main to return
to the PROSPER main screen (status screen).
A multilateral network construction window will appear, which looks like the figure display
below:
Figure A12.6:
Multilateral network
construction window
From the diagram of the completion, in terms of the flow connection, the completion can be
simplified as below
Annular flow,
Tubing Fluid flowing in
flow from reservoir
As can be seen, the flow network is consisted of two sections, the first section consists of
annular flow with fluid flowing in from the reservoir and the second section consists of tubing
flow.
The complexity is that the two sections are actually concentric. However,
despite the complexity, this can be modelled in PROSPER.
Two completions can be set up, with one connected to the other, representing the flowing
sections mentioned in the previous paragraph.
The user can introduce the tie point, junctions, completions and reservoir and their
connection into the network from the tool bar in the multilateral network window.
Figure A12.7:
Tool bar from the
multilateral network
window
For this particular smart well completion, a flow network can be constructed as shown below
Figure A12.8:
Construction of the flow
network
The tie point represents the end of the downhole equipment that is specified in the | System |
Equipment section. The item labelled T1 represents the 5 ½” tubing that is shown in the
smart well completion structure. The item (a completion) labelled Tubing represents the
section where tubing flow occurs. Junction1 connects the 5 ½” tubing and the tubing flow
section. The item (a completion) labelled Annular represents the section where annular flow
occurs. The reservoir is connected to the Annular. Fluid is flowing from the reservoir to the
Annular, then to the Tubing via Junction2, then to the tie point via Junction1 and T1.
After constructing the general network diagrammatically, the next step will be to describe the
network items. We start from the tie point by double-clicking on the item on the network
window. A network item data entry screen for the tie point will be displayed.
Figure A12.9:
Tie point data entry
Since we have a vertical well and the TVD for the tie point is at 10,000 ft, the measured
depth of the tie point is at 10,000 ft as well. Hence, enter the following data for the tie point
position:
Next, we are going to specify the data for item T1. To bring up the data entry screen for item
T1, simply click on the item on the equipment screen on the right. The following screen will
be seen:
Figure A12.10:
Tubing T1 data entry
screen
This only specifies the general model of tubing T1. More information is needed, e.g. the
deviation, the tubing length and diameter, etc. These data can be entered in the Input Data
section by clicking on the Input Data button on the top right hand corner of the screen.
Figure A12.11:
Tubing T1 data entry
screen
We first describe the deviation. Since the smart well completion is perfectly horizontal, the
true vertical depth remains at 10000 ft. This section of the tubing is 50 ft long. Hence, the
measured depth should be 10050 ft. We assume that this section of the well is extending in
the direction of positive x, hence, the azimuth is 0 degree. In short, enter the following data
in this screen:
Next, we proceed on to specify the tubing length, diameter, etc. These data can be entered
in the Equipment section, by clicking the tab labelled ‘Equipment’.
Figure A12.12:
Tubing T1 data entry
screen
This section of the tubing has an internal diameter of 4.778” for its whole length of 50 ft.
Hence, input the following data:
Tubing Type Measured Depth Tubing ID Tubing inside roughness Rate multiplier
Feet Inches Inches
Start 10000
Tubing 10050 4.778 0.0006 1
This completes the definition for tubing T1. Next, we proceed on to Junction1. The position
of Junction1 is totally dependent on the specification of the items upstream. It’s position, i.e.
measured and true vertical depths are calculated. To see the calculated position, simply click
on Junction1 on the equipment window on the right.
Figure A12.13:
Junction1 data entry
screen
Next we proceed on to specify the completion labelled tubing. We first specify the general
model of the completion:
Figure A12.14:
Completion data entry
screen – Tubing flow
To enter the deviation, the tubing length and diameter, etc. Click on the Input Data button on
the top right hand corner of the screen.
Figure A12.15:
Completion data entry
screen – Tubing flow
We first describe the deviation. Since the smart well completion is perfectly horizontal, the
true vertical depth remains at 10000 ft. This section of the completion is 650 ft long. Hence,
the measured depth should be 10700 ft. Again, we assume that the well is extending in the
direction of positive x, hence, the azimuth is 0 degree. In short, enter the following data in
this screen:
Next, we proceed on to specify the tubing length, diameter, etc. These data can be entered
in the Equipment section, by clicking the tab labelled ‘Equipment’.
Figure A12.16:
Completion data entry
screen – Tubing flow
This section of the tubing has an internal diameter of 2.041” for its whole length of 650 ft.
Hence, input the following data:
Tubing Type Measured Depth Tubing ID Tubing inside roughness Rate multiplier
Feet Inches Inches
Start 10050
Tubing 10700 2.041 0.0006 1
Figure A12.17:
Completion data entry
screen – Tubing flow
Since this section of the completion is meant for tubing flow only, i.e. no production or inflow
from reservoir, we can specify this section of the completion by introducing a very high skin,
say 5000, so that the production is negligible. The corresponding true vertical depths of the
perforation interval will be calculated automatically. In short, enter the following:
Perforation Interval MD Start Perforation Interval MD End Skin Model Choice Local Skin
Feet Feet
10050 10700 Enter by hand 5000
This completes the definition for completion Tubing. Next, we proceed on to Junction2. The
position of Junction2 is again totally dependent on the specification of the items upstream.
It’s position, i.e. measured and true vertical depths are calculated. To see the calculated
position, simply click on Junction2 on the equipment window on the right.
Figure A12.18:
Junction2 data entry
screen
The definition of completion ‘Annular’ is very similar to completion ‘Tubing’. The major
differences are:
• The flow type of this completion is annular flow instead of tubing flow
• The description of the deviation of this completion is different because it is no longer
extending towards the positive x direction. Contrary, it extends towards the negative
x direction. Hence, we have to adjust the value of the azimuth to model this situation
• The perforation of this completion is divided into three segments
Bearing these differences in mind, we start the definition of completion Annular by clicking
on the completion labelled ‘Annular’ in the equipment list on the right hand side of the
window.
Figure A12.19:
Completion data entry
screen – Annular flow
To enter the deviation, the tubing length and diameter, etc. Click on the Input Data button on
the top right hand corner of the screen.
Figure A12.20:
Completion data entry
screen – Annular flow
We first describe the deviation. Since the smart well completion is perfectly horizontal, the
true vertical depth remains at 10000 ft. This section of the completion is 500 ft long. Hence,
the measured depth should be 11200 ft. But this time the well is extending in the negative x
direction, hence, the azimuth is 180 degree for this completion. In short, enter the following
data in this screen:
Next, we proceed on to specify the tubing length, diameter, etc. These data can be entered
in the Equipment section, by clicking the tab labelled ‘Equipment’.
Figure A12.21:
Completion data entry
screen – Annular flow
This section of the casing has a internal diameter of 6.969”, tubing has an internal diameter
of 2.041” and an external diameter of 2 3/8”. Hence, input the following data:
Figure A12.22:
Completion data entry
screen – Annular flow
Since this section of the completion has three sections of perforation, the following data is
entered. The local skin is assumed to be zero.
Perforation Interval MD Start Perforation Interval MD End Skin Model Choice Local Skin
Feet Feet
10700 10800 Enter by hand 0
10900 11000 Enter by hand 0
11100 11200 Enter by hand 0
This completes the definition for completion ‘Annular’. Next, we proceed on to define the
reservoir by clicking on the reservoir item on the equipment window on the right.
Figure A12.23:
Reservoir data entry
screen
Enter the following for the reservoir model type and reservoir fluid properties:
Next, we need to define the reservoir parameter. This can be done by clicking on the ‘Input
Data’ button on the top right hand corner of the screen.
Figure A12.24:
Reservoir data entry
screen
• Reservoir Permeability: 20 mD
• Reservoir Thickness: 50 feet
• Drainage Area: 500 acres
• Reservoir Top Depth: 9975 feet
• Vertical Permeability: 5 mD
This basically completes the model specification. Click | Done to leave the data entry screen.
To visualise the model constructed, from the PROSPER multilateral network window, we click
on | Visualise | Front to see the front view of the completion. The windows can be arranged
nicely by clicking on | Window | Tile.
Figure A12.25:
Network view and Front
view of the model
Figure A12.26:
Multilateral calculation
screen
The Multilateral calculation screen will appear. Set the calculation option to One Point. Since
we are going to specify the tie point pressure, we set the Pressure or Rate Option to ‘Rate
from Pwf’. To see the production rate at 3000 psig tie point pressure, enter a value of 3000
psig in the Pressure entry box in the One point results section.
Then click on | Calculate. PROSPER will now do the calculation iteratively to find a solution.
This will take some time dependent on the speed of the computer.
Once the calculation is completed, the user can see the solution results by clicking the
button | Details under the One point results section.
Figure A12.27:
Multilateral calculation -
branch and layer results
The overall production for a tie point pressure of 3000 psig will be around 11132STB/day.
The user can view the results for each branch, by selecting the branch of interest in the
Select Branch combo box. The results can be plotted by clicking on the | Plot button. To see
the pressure drop along the branches, in the plot window, click in | Variables. Then select all
three branches, set the Y-axis as measured depth and the X-axis as Pressure.
Figure A12.28:
Pressure along the
branches
It can be seen that the pressure drop along the Annulus is negligible if compared to the
pressure drop along the tubing. If the casing size is fixed, then there is a possibility of
increased production by increasing the tubing size. By increasing the tubing size, the
pressure drop in the tubing might be reduced significantly, and hence the production
increased.
Due to the restriction of the tubing used in the well bore (5 ½” OD, 4.778” ID), the maximum
tubing size that can be used in the completion is 3 ½” OD tubing. Below is a summary of the
tubing sizes that can be used.
In order to see the effect of different tubing sizes, we have to change the model. Double click
on the Tubing completion and change the tubing ID to 2.922”:
Figure A12.29:
Changing the
tubing ID
We also need to change the tubing ID and OD in the annular section. Click on the
completion ‘Annular’ in the equipment list on the right and change the tubing ID to 2.922”
and OD to 3.5”.
Figure A12.30:
Changing the tubing ID
and OD
Figure A12.31:
Calculating a IPR curve
Under the Curve Calculation section, set the Minimum Pressure as 10 psig and the Number
of Points as 10. Click on | Calculate to start the IPR calculation. The calculation will take
some time, dependent on the speed of the computer. Click on | Plot to see the IPR after the
calculation has finished.
Figure A12.32:
IPR curve for the smart
well completion
System Calculation
Once the inflow performance has been generated, it can be used to determine the
production rate given a wellhead pressure.
Exit the PROSPER Multilateral Network window by clicking on | Finish | Done. In the
PROSPER main screen, click on | Calculation | System (IPR + VLP).
Figure A12.33:
System calculation
We are going to determine the production rate for a wellhead pressure of 200 psig. Set the
following data in the System calculation screen:
Click on | Continue. We are not going to do any sensitivity studies. However, note that in
System Calculation for multilateral option, only the sensitivity variables that are affecting the
lift curve can be chosen. Those sensitivity variables that are affecting both the IPR and VLP
cannot be chosen since multilateral IPR model is much more complex than the ordinary
single branch IPR.
Click on | Continue | Calculate to start the calculation. Click on | Plot to see the solution. The
calculation shows that a production of around 12700 STB/day can be achieved.
Figure A12.34:
System calculation
This example can be found in the samples directory under the name of MULTILAT3.OUT
file. However following the steps indicated below, you would be able to generate the model
from scratch.
Figure A13.1:
Sketch of the TIE POINT @ 13000
Completion
Reservoir 1 Top
@ 13103 feet
Reservo
Reservoir 2 Top
@ 15206 feet
Reservo
Tubing ID=4.67”
Tubing OD=5.5”
Casing ID=8.5”
• The well is a straight hole completion with injection catering to two different reservoirs,
separated from each other by approximately 100 feet.
• The flow paths are as drawn by the arrows.
• The flow comes through the 5.5” tubing and at 13103 feet TVD it splits into two parts one
going through the top choke into the annulus and subsequently into the top reservoir.
• The rest of the tubing flow continues downwards, and goes through the bottom choke
from tubing to annulus and to bottom reservoir.
Then click Done to exit this screen. This completes the system setup and reinitialises the
program and governs the inputs that the user will be required to enter.
Figure A13.2:
PVT Input Screen
For this case we are using Lee et.al as the correlation to predict gas
viscosities. We also are not matching to any laboratory data.
Click Done on the above screen to exit. This marks the end of defining the PVT behaviour
Measured True
Depth Vertical
(feet) Depth
(feet)
0 0
13000 13000
While entering the deviation survey, PROSPER calculates automatically the cumulative
displacement and the angle of the well.
Figure A13.3:
Down hole Equipment
Input Data Screen
• The well has 4.67" ID tubing down to 13000 ft, which is the tie point.
• Click on the Type cells to get a combo box of options and enter the following
down hole equipment:
Type Measured IDs Roughness
Depth
(feet) (ins) (ins)
Xmas tree 0
Tubing 13000 4.67 0.0006
• Click Done to advance to the geothermal data entry screen. Once on the screen,
enter the following temperature profile:
Measured Formation
Depth Temperature
(feet) (deg F)
0 60
13000 270
Enter an overall heat transfer coefficient of 3 Btu/hr/ft2/F. Click | Done to exit the
screen.
• This takes you to the default heat capacity screen. Let it remain as it is. Click on
Done to go to the next screen.
• Now enter the injected fluid temperature as 135 F in the next screen.
Figure A13.4:
Equipment Input Screen
Click Summary and check that the equipment input data is consistent. As a further check
click Draw Down hole.
Figure A13.5:
Well Bore Sketch
When satisfied that the well equipment is correct, click Main to return to the PROSPER main.
When entering the IPR section, the first entry screen that appears asks for the injected fluid
PVT data. Supply the following data:
Figure A13.6:
Injection Gas PVT Input
Screen
122 - 164APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES
Figure A13.8:
Down hole network
System Drawing
The next task is to define the various components as drawn in the above screen. We will
start from the tie point and work our way towards the reservoirs.
Figure A13.9:
Tie point Input data
screen
Please note that on the right hand side of the input screen there is a
window that has all the components of the drawing listed in it. You can
proceed with data by clicking the next piece of equipment on this window.
This window will be always available during the whole process of data
entry.
The junction is the point where the fluids from the two reservoirs commingle; it is
at a depth of (13100, 13100) and is connected to the tubing with a 4.67” ID
tubing.
The tubing information entry is a two-step process. First we define the model for
pressure loss calculations. We will also be using the following model:
The screens for entering the tubing flow model are as shown below:
Figure A13.10:
Tubing Model Selection
screen
Once the model is entered, if on the above screen the Input Data button is pressed, the next
screen is displayed, where the deviation survey, including the azimuth, is to be entered.
Figure A13.11:
Tubing deviation survey
Input Screen
Note that for all the pieces of downhole equipment where the deviation
survey needs to be specified, PROSPER will calculate the measured depth
and TVD of the starting point automatically. For example in this the starting
point is at (13000,13000).
Once the deviation survey is entered we will need to enter the equipment information, like
the tubing diameters etc, in the next screen. This screen is accessed by clicking on the TAB
called EQUIPMENT in the bottom left hand corner of the screen shown above.
Figure A13.12:
Tubing description Input
Screen
Figure A13.13:
Junction Data Screen
Note that for this screen the TVD and measured depth have automatically
been picked up from the last point entered for the tubing, which is
(13100,13100).
The information for this part of the input for top completion is as follows
Figure A13.14:
Top Completion Model
Input Screen
Figure A13.15:
Top Completion
Deviation Survey Input
Screen
The Equipment
Note that we have defined the main flow type as annular but have tubing
flow from 13100 to 13103. This is done by using the casing in that bit of the
equipment description
Figure A13.16:
Top Completion
equipment description
Input Screen
Perforation Details
In the completion section, the additional piece of data entered is the detail of the
perforations. We need to define the measured depth\ TVD where the completion has
been perforated. For the top completion we have perforations all along the reservoir
thickness of 100 feet.
Note that we have defined the perforation interval in terms of the measured
depth. The program will calculate true vertical depths automatically on
basis of the deviation survey entered for the completion. You could also
enter the true vertical depth and the measured depths will be calculated
automatically.
This data is entered in the perforation details screen, which is accessed by clicking on the
PERFORATION DETAILS Tab as shown above.
Figure A13.17:
Top Completion
Perforation Input Screen
• To enter the skin data scroll towards the right hand side of the data entry screen,
by using the bottom scroll bar
Figure A13.18:
Perforation Input Screen
i) You could use the various skin models to calculate the local
geometric and Non-Darcy skin on this screen, by changing the Skin
Model / Non Darcy entry Method choice from enter by hand to the
applicable one.
ii) If we had selected the Gravel Pack option in the main option screen
in step1 of this example, the gravel pack entry screen would be
available as well.
The local is zero for the top completion. To calculate the Non-Darcy factor, hit on the
‘Calculate’ button. Enter the reservoir permeability (50 mD) and click on ‘Done’ to
calculate the Non-Darcy factor. The calculated value will be displayed on the screen.
The next step is defining the top reservoir. To go to the reservoir data entry screen,
click on the top reservoir in the right hand window of the above screen.
Figure A13.19:
Top reservoir Model Input
Screen
The next step is specify the reservoir characteristics. This is done by pressing the
INPUT DATA button on the above screen.
Figure A13.20:
Top reservoir Input
Screen
Figure A13.21:
Bottom Completion
Model Input Screen
Figure A13.22:
Bottom Completion
Deviation Survey Input
Screen
The Equipment
Note that we have defined the main flow type as annular but have tubing
flow from 13100 to 15206. This is done by using the casing in that bit of the
equipment description
Figure A13.23:
Bottom Completion
Equipment description
Input Screen
Perforation Details
For the bottom completion we have perforations all along the bottom reservoir
thickness of 100 feet.
Figure A13.24:
Bottom Completion
Perforation Input Screen
To enter the skin data, scroll towards the right hand side of the data entry screen by using
the bottom scroll bar.
The local is zero for the bottom completion. To calculate the Non-Darcy factor, hit on the
‘Calculate’ button. Enter the reservoir permeability (50 mD) and click on ‘Done’ to calculate
the Non-Darcy factor. The calculated value will be displayed on the screen.
Figure A13.25:
Perforation Input Screen
Figure A13.26:
Bottom Reservoir
Model Input Screen
Figure A13.27:
Bottom reservoir
Input Screen
This completes data entry. Click on Done to exit to the main drawing of the system.
The next step is to visualise the system defined. To see the system defined on the main
drawing screen click on, VISUALISE | ALL as shown in the figure below.
Figure A13.28:
Invoking Visualisation
of the System
Once this is done, we can see the Top, Side and Front view of the completion system
defined as shown in the following figure.
Figure A13.29:
Different views of the
completions
Once we have established that the system is okay, we need to generate the IPR for the
system. This is done by clicking on ANALYZE | CALCULATE on the above screen. Once
this is done the calculate screen appears as shown below:
Figure A13.30:
IPR Calculation
Option screen
On this screen, there are various Calculation options; we will select the following options
and hit Calculate.
i) Curve Option allows the user to generate the whole IPR curve. The
user can also use this screen do a point calculation and see the
pressure/ production profiles along the whole network.
ii) There are two point calculations available, one is calculating rate
from bottom hole pressures and other is calculating pressure for a
given rate at tie point.
iii) The Conductivity switch is to use/ ignore the pressure loss in the
completion during the calculations. Selecting ‘Finite conductivity’
includes pressure loss in IPR calculations.
iv) The minimum pressure for producers is the minimum tie point
pressure below which no calculations will be made. For injectors it
is the highest pressure at tie point above which no calculations will
be made.
v) The number points is the number of calculations that are made to
generate the IPR curve
Figure A13.31:
IPR of the
Injection Well
On the IPR Plot Click Main to take you to the multi-lateral drawing. Click | Finish |
APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES139 - 164
Figure A13.32:
System Calculation
Input Data screen
• Once this screen is defined, we want the wellhead injection pressure to be a sensitivity
variable. To define that on this screen, press Continue. This takes us to the next screen,
where the sensitivities variables are selected as indicated
Figure A13.33:
Sensitivity Variable
Selection screen
• As soon as you select this variable another screen for defining the values of this variable
comes up. Enter the five values in this from 7000 Psig to 8000 Psig as shown below
Figure A13.34:
Sensitivity Variable
value Input screen
Figure A13.35
System Solution
Calculation Screen
• Once the calculations are finished on the calculation screen, hit on Sensitivity. The
sensitivity plot is shown. On this plot click on Variable and select the Gas Rate as
variable. This gives us the plot of gas injection rate versus the well head pressures:
Figure A13.36
Gas Injection
Rate versus well
head pressure
If we want to look at the pressure and production profiles, in the completion for one of the
cases, On the main calculation screen shown below press on Solution Details:
Figure A 13.37
Accessing
Solution Details
Once the solution details is pressed the following screen with the details of the solution
comes up. This screen gives the details of pressure temperature, density etc at the well
head and tie point.
Figure A13.38
Solution Details
On the solution details screen, we can go into further details of the inflow, if we press Inflow
Layer Details button as shown above.
Figure A13.39
Inflow Layer
Details
On this screen Press on Plot. On the plot screen, by going to variable screen, we can select
the completions, and variables we want to see. Following are some of these plots.
Figure A13.40
Top Completion
Pressure and
reservoir
pressure
variation
Figure A13.41
Top Completion
Rate per unit
length
i) You can plot the details for other completions, tubing etc as well by
selecting the appropriate variables by going to the top section of the
plot.
ii) If you want to do sensitivity on various inflow variables like down-hole
choke sizes, reservoir pressures, perforation intervals etc, go back to
the IPR section, make the changes and regenerate the whole IPR
curve, before doing sensitivities again.
Note: To be able to build this model, the user must set the pump and the
rod database first. To learn how to set up the correspondent database for
Progressive Cavity Pumps the user must refer to Chapter 11 section 11.7.1
of PROSPER manual.
Figure A14.1
The multilateral data entry screen is accessed by choosing | System | Inflow Performance
from the PROSPER main menu, as with the single well IPR.
Figure A14.2
System Summary
Inflow type: Multilateral
Begin by starting the program. From the PROSPER main menu, select File New to
reinitialise the program input and output files.
The ‘New’ menu item under File is only available if a file has already been loaded. If
there is no file loaded skip this step and go to next step.
• To begin setting up the system options, select Options Options or double-click on the
‘SUMMARY DATA’ area and make the following selections:
• Fluid: Oil and Water
• Method: Black Oil
• Separator: Single-Stage Separator
• Flow type: Tubing Flow
• Well type: Producer
• Predict: Pressure and Temperature (Offshore)
• Model: Rough Approximation
• Range: Full System
• Output: Show Calculating Data
• Type: Cased Hole
• Gravel pack: No
• Reservoir: Multi-Lateral well.
Then click Done to exit this screen. This completes the system setup and reinitialises
the program and governs the inputs that the user will be required to enter.
Figure A14.3:
PVT Input Screen
Click Done on the above screen to exit. This marks the end of defining the PVT behaviour
The next task is to define the well bore itself and surface lines (if any). This is done in the
following steps.
Measured True
Depth Vertical
(feet) Depth
(feet)
0 0
4000 4000
While entering the deviation survey, PROSPER calculates automatically the cumulative
displacement and the angle of the well.
Figure A14..4:
Equipment Input Screen
• Click Done to advance to the geothermal data entry screen. Once on the screen,
enter the following temperature profile:
Measured Formation
Depth Temperature
(feet) (deg F)
0 60
4000 159
Enter an overall heat transfer coefficient of 8 Btu/hr/ft2/F. Click | Done to exit the screen.
• This takes you to the default heat capacity screen. Let it remain as it is. Click on
Done to go to the next screen.
Figure A14.5:
Geothermal Gradient
Top layer:
Reservoir Pressure 1900 psig
Reservoir Temperature 160 degrees F
Oil Gravity 13 API
Gas Gravity 0.67 sp. gravity
Water Salinity 10000 ppm
Water Cut 0 percent
Total GOR 100 scf/STB
Horizontal Permeability 300 md
Formation Thickness 140 feet
Drainage Area 500 acres
Depth of Reservoir Top 4050 feet
Vertical Permeability 300 md
Bottom Layer
Reservoir Pressure 2000 psig
Reservoir Temperature 160 degrees F
Oil Gravity 13 API
Gas Gravity 0.67 sp. gravity
Water Salinity 10000 ppm
Water Cut 0 percent
Total GOR 100 scf/STB
Horizontal Permeability 210 md
Formation Thickness 200 feet
Drainage Area 400 acres
Depth of Reservoir Top 4200 feet
Vertical Permeability 210 md
According to the drilling program, the tie point will be considered at measured depth of 9700
ft (8800 ft vertical depth). The deviation survey of the original well and the side track are
indicated below.
Completion 1
Vertical
section
The user interface consists of a framework window that contains several child windows, as
well as the menu and toolbar from which commands are issued. The child windows include
the network windows that contain the system network drawing, the navigator window that
can assist in the viewing of large networks and up to three visualisation windows, which can
show the multilateral network drawn to scale from three orthogonal points of view.
Figure A14.6
PROSPER
Multilateral
Network
To start drawing your multilateral system according to the well sketch, start selecting the tie
point , junction, Completion (1) and Completion (side track) as well as the top and bottom
reservoir.
Figure A14.7
Adding the
completion and
reservoirs
Once drafted the basic drawing according to your well sketch and drilling program, it is
possible to connect the blocks using the button Add Link.
To enter the required data for each section all you have to do is to double click on each icon.
It is recommended to start from the tie point to the reservoir according to the well sketch.
Figure A14.8
Linking the tie
point with the joint,
completion and
reservoir.
After double clicking on the tie point, enter the measured depth and true vertical depth as
indicated previously. The tie point is the node where the IPR is solved, and is located at the
top of the system (in vertical depth). Hence, the tie-point can only be a starting point.
The Junction point will be a branching node. It can only have one link into it (from a tie-point
or a completion).
Once these two points have been defined, then Deviation Survey, Downhole Equipment and
Perforation Details can be entered. In the case of the Deviation Survey, there is an
additional azimuth entry.
When the user has entered the information for each branch, the calculations can be
performed.
Tie point :
Data: Measured depth of 4000 ft , True Vertical Depth of 4000 ft
Junction 1:
The tubing information entry is a two step process. First we define the model for pressure
loss calculations. We will also be using the following model:
Completion 1:
The screens for entering the flow model are as shown below:
Figure A14.9
Tubing Model Selection
screen
Once the model is entered, selecting the Input Data button, the following screen is displayed,
where the deviation survey, including the azimuth, can be entered:
Figure A14.10
Tubing deviation survey
Input Screen
Once the deviation survey is entered, we will need to enter the equipment information like
the tubing diameters etc, in the following screen. This screen is accessed by clicking on the
TAB called EQUIPMENT in the bottom left hand corner of the screen shown above.
Figure A14.11
Tubing description Input
Screen
According to the drilling program, this completion has been perforated from 4200 ft to 4400
ft.
Figure A14.12
Vertical well
Perforation details
Select the information required such as vertical flow model, well bore radius, and Dietz
shape factor.
For this example the Petroleum Experts 2 correlation will be used, a well bore radius of 0.345 ft
and Dietz shape factor of 30 will be considered.
Figure A14.13
Re entry 1,
Calculation options
screen.
When pressing the option Input Data, there are three tabbed dialogs in this data input
screen, which allow the entry of a deviation survey, equipment descriptions and completion
information. The first two dialogs contain tables very similar to the ones encountered by
selecting System | Equipment from the PROSPER main menu and then the ‘Deviation
Survey’ and ‘Downhole Equipment’ buttons. In the case of the deviation survey there is
an additional azimuth entry.
Figure A14.14
Re entry
Deviation Survey
Screen
Once entered the deviation survey, select the equipment and select tubing, according to
the deviation survey, the tubing in the completion 1 has been run down to 4330 ft and has a
diameter of 2.89 in.
Figure A14.15
Re entry
Equipment
According to the drilling program, this completion has been perforated from 4100 ft to 4250
ft:
Figure A14.16
Completion 1
Perforation details
Finally double click on the reservoir and enter the PVT data, as well as the information
required to calculate the inflow performance based on the Darcy Model.
The information has been provided at the beginning of this example.
Figure A14.17
Lower sand
PVT Data
Press Input Data to continue and enter the information for the reservoir:
Figure A14.18
Bottom Reservoir
Inflow data
based on
Darcy Reservoir
Model
Now the correspondent data for the second sand can be entered.
Figure A 14.19
Re entry
PVT Data
Figure A14.20
Re entry
Input Data
Press input to continue and enter the information for the reservoir.
Once you enter the information for the two branches (completion 1 and side track), from
PROSPER – Multilateral Network Menu, select the option Visualise all:
Figure A14.21
Visualise All
The Calculate screen gives the option of calculating one IPR point or a curve.
Also, calculations can be switched between infinite and finite conductivity modes of
calculation. In the latter case the pressure drop in the tubing is taken into account.
Figure A14.22
Calculate
The finite conductivity solution takes in account the pressure drop and interference, whilst
the Infinite conductivity considers equal pressure and constant production rate at all times.
The flow distribution is used then to calculate the pressure around the source.
APPENDIX A – WORKED EXAMPLES159 - 164
The pressure of the reservoir approaches a constant value, then if in one particular branch in
the reservoir is surrounded by a constant pressure boundary, the pressure in the well and
the boundary will become constant (steady state pressure), when the steady state pressure
is normalized respect to the flow rate, it provides a measure of the pressure draw-down
required to flow a unit of volume per unit time.
The Details button is used to display pressure and rate-related parameters with respect to
the measured and vertical tubing depths of each branch. If a curve has been calculated,
these details pertain to the last point in the curve.
Figure A14.23
Plot
From the PROSPER main screen just perform a nodal analysis without the PCP pump to
determine if the well is capable to flow on its own.
Figure A14.24
Calculation
IPR+VLP
Figure A14.25
VLP IPR results
Notice that with out the pump and based on the nodal analysis the well can produce only
120 bpd.
In order to be able to set a Progressive Cavity Pump, you will have to set the Pump And Rod
string database as explained in the previous example.
Provided the fact that you have the pump database set up according to data provided by the
manufacture then you can set from the main screen the PCP.
Figure A14.26
PCP
Based on the completion program, the pump is to be set at 3900 ft, and it is expected to
produce 700 bpd:
Figure A14.27
PCP
Figure A14.28
PCP
When the calculation is finished, select done and design; form this panel you will be able to
select the pump and rods, the more pumps there are in the database, the wider is the range
of choices.
Figure A14.29
PCP design
For this particular design and pump selection, if one wants to produce 800 bpd at downhole
conditions, 300 RPM of pump speed are required. Also the program will provide rod stress,
etc.
From the main screen select Calculation/ System (IPR+VLP) to perform nodal analysis
considering the pump, it is possible to see that now we will be able to lift 600 bpd:
Figure A14.30
PCP results
In Plot, choose the option Variables. Change the variables, selecting IPR, VLP and Pump
Discharge:
Figure A14.31
PCP results
1. Sutton, R.P. and Farshad, F.F.: ‘Evaluation of Empirically Derived PVT Properties
for Gulf of Mexico,’ SPE Reservoir Engineering, (Feb. 1990), 79-86.
2. Beal, C.: ‘The Viscosity of Air, Water, Natural Gas, Crude Oil and its Associated
Gases at Oil Field Temperatures and Pressures,’ Trans., AIME (1946) 165, 94-98.
3. Beggs, H.D. and Robinson, J.R.: ‘Estimating the Viscosity of Crude Oil Systems,’
JPT (Sept. 1975), 1140-1144.
5. Eilerts et al: ‘Phase Relations of Gas Condensate Fluids,’ Monograph 10, U.S.
Bureau of Mines, Washington D.C. (1957).
6. Brinkman, F.H. and Sicking, J.N.: ‘Equilibrium Ratios for Reservoir Studies’, SPE
(Nov. 1959), SPE reprint series No. 15, 240-246.
7. Katz, D.L. and Kurata, F.: ‘Retrograde Condensation’, Ind. Eng. Chem. (June,
1940) 32, No. 6, 817-827.
8. Katz, D.L., Monroe, R.R. and Trainer, R.P.: ‘Surface Tension of Crude Oils
Containing Dissolved Gases,’ Trans., AIME (1943), 1624, 285-294.
9. Lee et al: ‘The Viscosity of Natural Gases’, Trans., AIME (1966), 997-1002.
11. Coats, K.H.: ‘An Equation of State Compositional Model’, paper SPE 8284
presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, Las Vegas,
Nevada, Sept. 23-26, 1979.
12. Nghiem, L.X., Fong, D.K. and Aziz, K.: ‘Compositional Modelling with an Equation
of State’, paper SPE 9306 presented at SPE Annual Technical Conference and
Exhibition, Dallas, Texas, Sept. 21-24, 1980.
13. Winkler, H.W., Eads, P.T.: ‘Algorithm for More Accurately Predicting Nitrogen-
Charged Gas-Lift Valve Operation at High Pressures and Temperatures’, paper
SPE 18871 presented at SPE Production Operations Symposium, Oklahoma City,
Oklahoma, March 13-14, 1988.
14. Peng, D.-Y. and Robinson, D.B.: ‘A New Two-Constant Equation of State’, I.&E.C.
Fundamentals (1976) 15, No.1, 59-64.
2-5 APPENDIX B - REFERENCES
B2 IPR Calculations
1. Dietz: ‘Determination of Average Reservoir Pressure From Build Up Surveys,’
Trans., AIME.(1965).
2. Fetkovich M.J.: ‘The Isochronal Testing of Oil Wells,’ paper SPE 4529 presented
at the SPE 1973 Annual Fall Meeting, Las Vegas, Sept. 30-Oct. 3.
4. Goode P.A. and Kuchuk F.J., ‘Inflow Performance of Horizontal Wells,’ SPE
Reservoir Engineering (Aug. 1991) 6, No. 3, 319-323.
5. Jones L.G., Blount, E.M et al: ‘Use of Short Term Multiple Rate Flow Tests to
Predict Performance of Wells Having Turbulence,’ paper SPE 6133 presented at
the 1976 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New Orleans, Oct. 3-6.
6. Vogel J.V.: ‘Inflow Performance Relationships for Solution Gas Drive Wells,’ JPT
(Jan. 1968), 83-92.
7. Houzé, O.P., Horne, R. and Ramey, H.J. Jr.: ‘Infinite Conductivity Vertical Fracture
in a Reservoir with Double Porosity Behaviour’, paper SPE 12778 presented at
SPE Regional Meeting, Long Beach, California, April 11-13, 1984.
9. Dikken, B.J.: ‘Pressure Drop in Horizontal Wells and its Effect on Their Production
Performance’, Journal of Petroleum Technology, November, 1990; Trans., AIME,
289.
10. Chaperon, I.: ‘Theoretical Study of Coning Towards Horizontal and Vertical Wells
in Anisotropic Formations: Subcritical and Sub-Critical Rates’, Paper SPE 15377
presented at the 1986 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhibition, New
Orleans, Oct. 5-8.
11. Goode, P.A. and Wilkinson, D.J., : ‘Inflow Performance of Partially Open
Horizontal Wells’, Paper SPE 19341 presented at the 1989 SPE Eastern Region
Meeting, Morgantown, WV, Oct. 24-27. Also Journal of Petroleum Technology,
August 1991, pp 983-985.
12. Papazatacos, P., Herring, T.R., Martinsen, R. and Skjaeveland, S.M.: ‘Cone
Breakthrough Time for Horizontal Wells’, Paper SPE 19822 presented at the 64th
Annual Technical Conference, San Antonio, Texas, Oct. 8-11.
13. Cinco-Ley, H., Samaniego, F. and Dominguez, N.: ‘Transient Pressure Behaviour
for a Well With a Finite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture’, Paper SPE 6014 presented
at the 51st Annual Technical Conference, New Orleans, Louisiana, Oct. 3-6, 1976.
14. Mavor, M.J. and Cinco Ley, H: 'Transient Pressure Behaviour of Naturally
Fractured Reservoirs', Paper SPE 7977 presented at the California Regional
Meeting of the SPE, Ventura, California, April 1979
15. Wong, D., Harrington, A. and Cinco Ley, H: 'Application of the Pressure
Derivative Function in th Pressure Transient testing of Fractured Wells', Paper SPE
13056 presented at the 59th annual Technical Conference, Houston, Texas, Sept.
16-19, 1984
16.
4-5 APPENDIX B - REFERENCES
2. Ashford, F.E, and Pierce, P.E.: ‘The Determination of Multiphase Pressure Drops
and Flow Capacities in Downhole Safety Valves (Storm Chokes)’, paper SPE 5161
presented at the 1974 SPE Annual Fall Meeting, Houston Oct. 6-9.
3. Beggs, H.D. and Brill, J.P.: ‘A Study of Two Phase Flow in Inclined Pipe,’ JPT
(May 1973), 606-617.
5. Fancher, and Brown, G.G.: ‘Prediction of Pressure Gradients for Multiphase Flow
in Tubing,’ SPE Journal (Mar. 1963), 59-64.
6. Fortunati, ‘Two Phase Flow Through Well-head Chokes,’ paper SPE 3742
presented at 1972 SPE European Spring Meeting, Amsterdam, May 17-18.
8. Mandhane et al, ‘A Flow Pattern Map for Gas-liquid Flow in Horizontal Pipes,’
International Journal Multiphase Flow, 1, 537-541.
9. Moody, ‘Friction Factor for Pipe Flow,’ Trans., AIME (1944), 66, 671-675.
10. Mukherjee, H. and Brill, J.P.: ‘Liquid Holdup Correlations for Inclined Two-Phase
Flow,’ JPT (May 1983), 1003-1008.
11. Oranje, ‘Condensate Behaviour in Gas Pipeline is Predictable,’ Oil and Gas Journal
(July 1973), 39-43.
12. Orkiszewski, ‘Predicting Two Phase Pressure Drop in Vertical Pipes,’ JPT (June
1967), 829-833.
13. Duns, H. Jr and Ros, N.C.J.: ‘Vertical Flow of Gas and Liquid Mixtures in Wells,’
Proc., Sixth World Petroleum Congress, Frankfurt (1963) 451.
14. Tansev, E. Startzman, R.A. and Cooper, A.M.: ‘Predicting Pressure Loss and
Heat Transfer in Geothermal Wellbores,’ paper SPE 5584 presented at the 1975
SPE Annual Fall Meeting, Dallas, Sept. 28-Oct. 1.
15. Gould, T.L, Tek, M.R. and Katz, D.L.: ‘Two-Phase Flow Through Vertical, Inclined,
or Curved Pipe,’ JPT, August, 1974, 915-925.
B4 Temperature Calculations
1. Chiu, K. and Thakur, S.C.: ‘Modeling of Wellbore Heat Losses in Directional Wells
Under Changing Injection Conditions,’ paper SPE 22870 presented at the 1991
SPE Annual Fall Meeting, Dallas, Oct. 9-9. pp 517 - 528.
2. Hasan, A.R. and Kabir, C.S.: ‘Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in
Wellbores: Part I - Formation Temperature,’ paper SPE 22866 presented at the
1991 SPE Annual Fall Meeting, Dallas, Oct. 9-9. pp 469 - 478.
3. Hasan, A.R. and Kabir, C.S.: ‘Heat Transfer During Two-Phase Flow in
Wellbores: Part II - Wellbore Fluid Temperature,’ paper SPE 22948 presented at
the 1991 SPE Annual Fall Meeting, Dallas, Oct. 9-9. pp 695 - 708.
4. Carslaw, H.S. and Jaeger, J.C.: ‘Conduction of Heat in Solids,’ Oxford Science
Publications, Oxford, U.K., 1959.
PSEP
TSEP
Total GOR is the total of separator and tank
γgtot TANK GOR.
Rtot = Rsep + Rtnk
Known Parameters:
Produced Gas Gravity γgt
Condensate specific gravity ρc
The condensate to gas ratio CGR STB/SCF
Air Mol. Wt. 28.966 lb/lb.mol
Water density 62.43 lb/cu.ft
Air density @ SC 0.0764 lb/Scf
Mol.wt of condensate Mc lb/lb.mol
γ =
MWmix
lb(lb.mol =
) 1
×
Total.Mass.of .mixture.entering lb
28.966 lb(lb.mol
)
lb Total .moles.of .mixture.entering lb.mol
28.966
lb.mol
Total inlet mass calculation:
lb
= 1(SCF ) × γ gt × 0.0764
SCF
= 0.0764γ gt (lb )
Cu. ft lb
= CGR(STB ) × 5.615 × ρ c × 62.43
STB Cu. ft
0.0764γ gt (lb )
=
lb
γ gt × 28.966
lb.mol
0.0764
= (lb.mol )
28.966
1 Total.Mass.of .mixture.entering lb
γ = ×
lb Total.moles.of .mixture.entering lb.mol
28.966
lb.mol
1 0.0764 × γ gt + 5.615 × 62.43 × CGR × ρ c lb
= ×
lb 0.0764 + 5.615 × 62.43 × CGR × ρ c lb.mol
28.966
lb.mol 28.966 M c
Â
4 - 15 APPENDIX C - EQUATIONS
γ g sep - γ g tot
CGRsep =
4588.3 ρ cond - 132904 γ g sep ρ cond /M cond
Also assuming that the condensate is above dew point, the initial CGR under reservoir
conditions is,
1
CGRres =
Rsep + Rtnk
γ
gsep
γgtnk
Rsep
P=Psep Rtnk
T=Tsep
γ gres
ρcondsc
Cres
SEPARATOR TANK
Thus, we can have two independent equations, which are
• At Reservoir conditions:
γ g t + 4588 ρ condsc CGRres
γ g res =
1 + 132904 ρ condsc CGRres /M cond
• At Separator Conditions:
γ g sep - γ g tot
CGR sep =
4588.3 ρ csc - 132904 γ g sep ρ condsc /M cond
NOTE:
γgt > γgsep ⇒ CGRsep negative
1
CGRres =
Rsep + Rtnk
The CGR at pressures lower than dew point is estimated by a second degree polynomial as
shown
2
P f
CGR = CGRmin + (CGRres − CGRmin ) −
P f
dewpoint 1 −
where
Pmin
f =
Pdew
Pmin being the maximum liquid dropout pressure and a function of the dewpoint pressure.
i.e. (
Pmin = F Pdewpoint )
Pdew is an input to the model.
The vaporised CGR curve as a function of pressure looks as below:
comp
2
f P
-f
P 1 Pdewpo int
Pdew
1- f
M cond
γ g tot -
% Gas Mole Fraction = 28.966
M cond
γg-
28.966
7.08
f = 0.15 + + 1.45 * % Condensate (From Eilerts et al)
TRES - 161
Bg
CGRmin = CGRres - Lmax
561.5 Bo
Thus we need to estimate Bo and Bg to find CGRmin from the following equation
=
CGR res − Lmax Bg
CGRmin
561.5 Bo
k ∂P
q o = 2πrh o ∗
µ o ∂r
k g ∂P
q g = 2πrh ∗
µ ∂ r
g
k ∂P
q w = 2πrh w ∗
µ w ∂r
Total Mass Flow Rate:
k kg k ∂P
mr = 2πrh ρ o o + ρ g + ρw w
µ µg µ w ∂r
o
∂ k o kg k ∂P ∂ρ
1 and 2 ⇒ r ρ o + ρg + ρw w = rφ .......................
∂r µ o µg µ w ∂r ∂t
1 ∂ ρ ∂r _
By Definition: C = * or =ρc
ρ ∂P T
∂P
C = S wC w + S o Co + S g C g
Equation 3 becomes:
∂ ρ o ρg ρ ∂P _
∂P
r k o + kg + kw w = r φ ρ c
∂r µ o µg
µ w ∂r ∂t
To Linearize this Equation:
p
k ρg ρ
m( p ) = ∫ ρ o o + k g + k w w ∂P
µ µg µ w
0 o
k k g µo k µ
p
= ∫ o ρo + ρ + w o ρ w ∂P
µ o ko µ g ko µ w
g
0
k
p
qg q
= ∫ o ρ o + ρ g + w ρ w ∂P
0
µo qo qo
ko
p
GORout B g WORout Bw
=∫ ρ o + ρg + ρ w ∂P
0
µo Bo Bo
Combining we get:
∂ ∂m( p ) rφ r c µ o ∂m( p)
r ko = ∗
∂r ∂r F ∂t
GORout Bg WORout Bw
Where F = ρo + ρg + ρw
Bo Bo
∂ 2 m( p ) 1 ∂m( p) _
µ o ∂m( p)
⇒ + = φ c
∂r 2
r ∂r Bo ∂t
So ρ o + S g ρ g + S w ρ w
C = c
F
For Condensates:
∂ 2 m( p ) 1 ∂m( p) µ g ∂m( p)
+ = φc
∂r 2
r ∂r kg ∂t
So ρo + S g ρg + Sw ρ w
C=c
Fg
Bo CGRout B WGR
Fg = ρo + ρ g + w ρw
Bg Bg
C3 Temperature Models
Enthalpy Balance temperature model in PROSPER applies the general energy equation for
flowing fluid:
mv 2 mgz
∆U + ∆ + ∆ + ∆( pV ) − Q = 0
2g c gc
In terms of Enthalpy H = U + pV , this is written:
mv 2 mgz
∆H + ∆ + ∆ − Q = 0
2g c gc
If heat transfer with the surroundings (Q) is neglected, the usual pressure equation solved in
multiphase flow results. PROSPER solves the general energy equation by considering the
enthalpy balance across an incremental length of pipe. The enthalpy term includes the
effects of pressure (including Joule-Thomson effect) and phase changes.
Where
∆Q 1V 2
∆H = - + ∆Lcosθ + tot
ρ l ql + ρ g qg 2 g
The heat transfer coefficient is used to calculate dQ within the enthalpy balance iterations
and not the temperature.
The heat transfer coefficient is itself a function of the temperature of both the fluid and the
surroundings; therefore iteration is required to find both the heat transfer coefficient and the
enthalpy balance. The formation is a thermal sink at temperature Te. The temperature
profile near the wellbore is dependent upon producing time and the thermal diffusivity of the
formation. The heat diffusivity equation accounts for localised heating (or cooling) of the
formation by the well fluids.
(T − T )
f e
dQ = 2π ∆L
f (t ) + 1
k r U
e to TO
Where: T − T is the temperature difference between the fluid and the formation at infinity.
f e
k e is the effective thermal conductivity of the formation (including allowance
for well fluids in porous formations)
This integral poses numerical problems as u→0 and is slow. This equation is
evaluated for very early times only.
For intermediate times, PROSPER uses a fit of the TD vs tD generated using the
exact solution. At later times a logarithmic approximation is used:
αt k
f (t ) = 0.982 log 1 + 1.81 Where thermal diffusivity α =
e r ρ Cp
n
This formulation approximates the exact solution with less than 1% error. (From Kwan-Chu
and Subash Thakur).
U TO is the overall heat transfer coefficient.
1 1 1 1 1
= + + +
U TO h f hc hr hco
The overall heat transfer coefficient takes into account forced convection inside the pipe and
free convection outside the pipe plus radiation and conduction.
• Conduction ∆Q = 2π k ∆L
(T1 − T2 )
r
log e 2
r1
• Forced Convection ∆Q = 2π r2 h f ∆L ( T1 − T2 )
Now, let us examine the components of the overall heat loss coefficient individually:
hf is due to forced convection inside the pipe
1
0.023 k Ren0.8 Pr 3
hf =
rti
Where k is the average conductivity.
k av = k gas (1 − holdup) + k liquid ( holdup)
H2
rti H1 P1 , T 1
where σ is the Stefan-Boltzman
constant and ε is emissivity.
rto
rci
rco
rcem
The dry rock properties are modified to wet rock properties upon the porosity, permeability
and rock consistency.
Where:
Ta1 = Ambient temperature at L1
T1 = Fluid temperature at entry
T(x) = Fluid temperature at current location
θ = Deviation angle
m& = Fluid mass flow rate
Cp = Specific heat capacity
U = Overall heat transfer coefficient referred to pipe inside diameter
D = Pipe inside diameter
G = Geothermal gradient
W = Product of phase mass flow rates and heat capacities m& oCpo +
m& wCpw + m& gCpg
C6 Choke Calculation
From Bernoulli:
1 1
P + ρ V2 = P + ρ V2
1 2 1 1 o 2 o 0
From Mass Conservation:
ρ AV =ρ A V
1 1 1 0 0 0
In the throat, the maximum velocity is the speed of sound. Under critical conditions, the
choke becomes independant of the downstream pressure and temperature.
n
P V 2 n + 1
1 1 0
= 1 + n - 1
P 2 V
o ms
λ ρ + λ ρ
g g i i
V2 =
ms λ λ
g l
+
ρ V2 ρ V2
g gs l ls
λ C + λ C
l pl g pg
n =
λ C + λ C
l vl g vg
q
g
λ = ; λ = 1 - λ
g q + q l g
l g
Vms : 2 phase sound velocity from FORTUNATI, Vms will be much lower than the velocity of
either phase. Critical conditions are reached at much lower velocities.
C P g
p
For a mono phase V 2 = 144 o
g C ρ
r
1 2.07
30.9
2
1 2.72
31.6 4
1 0.232
27.6 4
1 0.115
27.1 4
60°
1
21.9 3.39
3
1 22.6 1 3.13
2 2
1 5.38 1 0.607
4 2
1 2.36 1 0.111
5
2
4 0.098
12.9 3
In water-drive reservoirs
4.57 19.1
In reservoirs of unknown
1 10.8 production character
25
2
D
*
* UNITS for each data item are assumed to be whatever is the current
* setting at the time of import
*
* TABLE IDENTIFIER RECORD
*
* N LINES TEMP BP
*
* N - Table Number
* LINES - Number of lines in the table (max 15)
* TEMP - Table Temperature
* BP - Table Bubble Point Pressure (Dew Point for condensate)
1 3 100 1300
1.21 453 .99 46 2000
1.31 454 .98 47 2010
1.41 455 .97 49 2020
2 3 200 1310
2.21 553 .89 56 3000
2.31 554 .88 57 3010
2.41 555 .87 59 3020
3 3 300 1390
3.21 653 .79 76 4000
3.31 654 .78 77 4010
3.41 655 .77 79 4020
6 3 400 1400
4.21 753 .69 86 5000
4.31 754 .68 87 5010
4.41 755 .67 89 5020
2-7 APPENDIX E - FILE FORMATS
8 3 500 1800
5.21 853 .59 96 6000
5.31 854 .58 97 6010
5.41 855 .57 99 6020
* Note that the units used in PROSPER and the PVT table must be the same. Once the
tables have been read in, PROSPER’s Units system can be used to display the values in any
desired units.
E3 Lift Curves
The following is an example of a flowing well lift curve in ECLIPSE format:
-- VFP TABLE for PRODUCER --
VFPPROD
1 10430 'LIQ' 'WCT' 'GOR' /
100 1000 10000 /
114.696 514.696 5014.7 /
0 0.5 0.9 /
0.8 1 5 /
0 /
1 1 1 1 2002.17 1258.71 2733.66 /
1 1 2 1 1479.42 1083.09 2655.25 /
1 1 3 1 413.537 806.953 4503.13 /
1 2 1 1 3948.98 2376.35 3439.27 /
1 2 2 1 3619.42 1985.43 3270.18 /
1 2 3 1 494.134 928.339 3352.16 /
1 3 1 1 4913.94 4485.14 4672.16 /
1 3 2 1 4895.27 4343.38 4563.92 /
1 3 3 1 3925.4 2141.93 3460.48 /
2 1 1 1 3629.53 2559.11 3358.56 /
2 1 2 1 3539.7 2209.16 3216.7 /
2 1 3 1 1098.95 1408.86 4038.35 /
2 2 1 1 4817.47 3863.58 4190.39 /
2 2 2 1 4746.81 3540.81 3985.01 /
2 2 3 1 1916.92 1594.64 3434.72 /
2 3 1 1 5347.77 5166.94 5283.46 /
2 3 2 1 5337.64 5102.83 5210.6 /
2 3 3 1 5138.74 3590 4155.85 /
3 1 1 1 8202.54 8206.84 8494.42 /
3 1 2 1 8081.09 8085.64 8397.43 /
3 1 3 1 7436.73 7142.24 8450.65 /
3 2 1 1 9393.27 9014.22 9196.49 /
3 2 2 1 9308.64 8911.21 9105.01 /
3 2 3 1 8567.24 7774.64 8436.27 /
3 3 1 1 9912.37 9798.83 9952.61 /
3 3 2 1 9906.65 9776.86 9924.11 /
3 3 3 1 9813.74 9404.22 9463.37 /
E4 IPR
*
* This is an example IPR input file
*
The format is pressure, rate, curve value
*
The numbers can be space, tab or comma delimited
* Up to twenty points per curve, up to five curves
*
*Blank lines or lines with an asterisk (*) in the first
* column are ingored.
*
0 5000 1000
1000 4000 1000
2000 3000 1000
3000 2000 1000
4000 1000 1000
5000 0 1000
*
* Next curve
*
0 3000 2000
1000 2000 2000
2000 1000 2000
3000 0 2000
E5 ESP PUMPS
* Blank lines or lines begining with an asterisk are ignored.
* The format for the pump data is
* Line 1 Manufacturer pumpname size (ins) frequency(hz) Min. rte Max. rate No. of Stages
* Line 2 six coefficients for head curve (ft of water)
* Line 3 six coefficients for power curve (HP)
****************************
****************************
****************************
*** CENTRILIFT PUMPS ***
****************************
****************************
****************************
E6 ESP MOTORS
*Manufacturer
Reda
2 3450. 60.0
*Series OD
456 4.56
*amps
6.53822E-01 -1.34128E+00 8.86349E-01 -1.06114E-01 5.61883E-01 3.43896E-01 *
*rpm
-6.24718E+01 2.04999E+02 -3.03911E+02 1.45552E+02 -1.15803E+02 3.58291E+03 *
*efficiency
-5.57129E-01 1.60591E+00 -7.30540E-01 -1.98693E+00 2.49918E+00 1.91886E-03 *
* power factor
-5.44220E-01 2.16557E+00 -2.81504E+00 7.11957E-01 1.04810E+00 2.49609E-01 *
*Series OD
540 5.4
*amps
-2.16508E-01 6.79101E-01 -5.79651E-01 3.59379E-01 5.24583E-01 2.26834E-01 *
*rpm
-2.14557E+01 8.55182E+01 -1.66122E+02 9.44086E+01 -1.44510E+02 3.58175E+03 *
*efficiency
3.67150E-01 -1.64327E+00 3.01018E+00 -3.02514E+00 1.72215E+00 4.17187E-01 *
* power factor
4.64765E-01 -2.48102E+00 5.12024E+00 -5.23541E+00 2.71560E+00 2.75835E-01 *
E7 ESP CABLES
* Cable Type
* Volt drop coefficient Maximum ampage
#1 Copper
0.26 115
#2 Copper
0.33 95
#4 Copper
0.53 70
#6 Copper
0.84 55
#8 Copper
1.32 50
#10 Copper
2.08 50
#12 Copper
3.32 50
#1 Aluminium
0.33 95
#2 Aluminium
0.53 70
#4 Aluminium
0.84 55
#6 Aluminium
1.32 50
#8 Aluminium
2.08 50
#10 Aluminium
3.32 50
E8 HSP PUMPS
*
* H Y D R A U L I C D R I V E D O W N H O L E P U M P S
* ================= ========= =============== =========
****************************
****************************
****************************
*** WEIR PUMPS ***
****************************
****************************
****************************
E9 HSP TURBINES
Turbine Manufacturer
WEIR
* Number of Turbines
1
****************
* *
* WEIR T30 *
* *
****************
* Turbine Type
T30
* Number of Settings
4