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Introduction
In nature, resonance occurs in various situations. In physics, resonance is the tendency of a system to
oscillate with greater amplitude at some frequencies than at others (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Resonance)
Interaction of electromagnetic waves with matter, nuclear magnetic resonance (e.g.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear_magnetic_resonance), resonance in electric circuits (see e.g.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electrical_resonance) or mechanical resonance represent typical examples of
various types of resonance.
Frequency, at which the amplitude of response has local maximums, is called the system's resonance
frequency. Frequencies of self-oscillations correspond to resonant frequencies.
In mechanical systems, self-oscillations occur only in some specific combinations of inertial, elastic
and viscose properties. Some mechanical systems do not oscillate. The same holds for resonance.
System´s behavior at resonant frequency (or close to it) dramatically differs from the system´s
behavior in other frequencies. Generally holds, response of system´s output on its input is distinctively
higher in the state of resonance.
Resonance principle is applied in many sensitive measurements (NMR, EPR, RMA and others). On
resonance principle is also based operation of antennas in electronics and functioning of many musical
instruments. On the other hand, resonance in mechanics is often connected with origin of dangerous
vibrations which is important namely in building engineering and industry.
Resonance measurements in mechanics (RMA, resonance mechanical analysis, see also Resonance meters
for viscoelasticity measurement-ppt.pptx ) are more sensitive and more precise alternative to direct method
(DMA, dynamic mechanical analysis, see also http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic_mechanical_analysis) of
measurement of viscoelasticity.
Theory
weight
závaží self-oscillations
Force equilibrium:
F (t ) FE (t ) FI (t ) (1)
Energy is inserted into system using short impulse of force F. The force is the sum of the elastic force
(FE) and of the inertial force (FI).
Constitutive equation:
d 2 y (t )
F (t ) H y (t ) M , (2)
d t2
where H is the spring constant, y is the deformation of spring, M is the mass of weight.
Self-oscillations
Application of Laplace transform (see Operational calculus in viscoelaticity.docx) leads to equation (3).
F ( p) H p 2 M . y ( p) , (3)
where p is new variable, instead of t.
H
Roots of the denominator of eq. (5) are .
M
For deformation in time domain it holds:
y(t ) A sin t , (6)
Where:
H
(7)
M
elastic rod
mass in
centrum of
gravity
external mass
a) b)
Fig. 2. Elastic rod with external inertial weight (a) and single elastic rod (b) in tensile loading.
F
a) b)
Fig. 3. Elastic rod with external inertial weight (a), single elastic rod (b) in bending loading.
For resonance of elastic rod, formulae (1) – (7) holds. But in reality, mass is acting in the centrum of
gravity of whole system. Consequently, the inertial force (eq. 2 and further) must be adequately
converted ( see Operational calculus in viscoelaticity.docx, page 5).
Fig. 4. Example of resonance curve of elastic system. Parameters: of: H= 100 N/m, M= 1kg.
spring
dash pot
energy inserted
dy (t ) d 2 y(t )
F (t ) H y (t ) N M , (12)
dt d t2
where H is the spring constant (Hooke´s coefficient), y is the deformation, N is the Newton´s
coefficient, M is the mass.
Self-oscillations
Laplace transformation of (12) leads to eq. (13):
F ( p) H pN y( p) p 2 M . y( p) , (13)
For the impulse A of the force it holds:
A p 2 M . y ( p) p N H . (14)
For deformation it holds:
1
y A (15)
M p N p H
2
4M .H N 2
(17)
2M
and
N
(18)
2M
d ( ( H M 2 ) 2 N 2 2 )
0 (23)
dt
Thus for resonance frequency it holds:
1 4M .H N 2
fR (24)
2 2M
Resonance frequency corresponds to eq. (17).
For the amplitude of vibrations at resonance it holds:
1
y AR (25)
N
In practical situation, entire resonance curve may be important. Namely, how “sharp” is the resonance
curve. Simulation is in viscoelastic resonance.xlsx. Example is on Fig. 6.
deformace (mm)
deformation (mm)
200
180
160
140
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
frekvence (Hz)
frequency (Hz)
Fig. 6. Example of resonance curve of real viscoelastic system. Parameters: of: H= 100 N/m, N= 0,02
Ns/m , wooden rod 100x4x4 mm.
Resonance curves of real viscoelastic systems
General constitutive differential equation for linear systems is:
n m
a0 y ai y (i ) b0 F F j x ( j ) (26)
i 1 j 1
where a and b are constant coefficients, i and j are degree of derivatives, x is the input quantity
(force), y is the output quantity (deformation).
In Laplace transformation it holds:
n m
a0 y ai y (i ) b0 F b j F ( j ) (27)
i 1 j 1
n
a 0 y ( p) ai y ( p ) ( i ) A (28)
i 1
y R (t ) B j . e
ji .t
sin ( j .t j ) (32)
j
Introduction
Analysis of long rods and cables resonance is important namely for building industry, and engineering.
Main practical problems are connected with calculation of resonance frequency, dumping of vibration,
elimination of self-oscillations etc. Application of classical approach fails, as long structures are
systems with distributed parameters. Consequently, models with lumped parameters (e.g. classical
rheological models) cannot be used. Satisfactory theory of mechanical behavior of mechanical systems
with distributed parameters currently does not exist.
Nevertheless, practical solutions of some problems on this field may be based on analysis of
mechanical wave propagation.
λ/4
node antinode
node node
More detailed analysis may also lead to calculation of dumping as well as to the way of vibration
elimination.