Problem 11.

1 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Trapezoidal channel

Find: Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/y versus y for two different side slopes

Solution:

Available data b = 2⋅ m α1 = 30⋅ deg α2 = 60⋅ deg

1
The area is (from simple geometry of a rectangle and triangles) A = b ⋅ y + 2 ⋅ ⋅ y ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
2

y
The wetted perimeter is (from simple geometry) P = b + 2⋅
sin( α)

A y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
Hence the hydraulic radius is R= = which is the same as that listed in Table 11.1
P y
b + 2⋅
sin( α)

R b + y ⋅ cot( α)
We are to plot = with b = 2⋅ m for α = 30o and 60o, and 0.5 < y < 3 m.
y y
b + 2⋅
sin( α)

The graph is shown below; it can be plotted in Excel.

0.75
30 Degrees
60 Degrees

0.5
R/y

0.25

0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

y (m)

As the depth increases, the hydraulic radius becomes smaller relative to depth y - wetted perimeter becomes dominant over area
 Problem 11.2 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Circular channel

Find: Derive expression for hydraulic radius; Plot R/D versus D for a range of depths

Solution:

The area is (from simple geometry - a segment of a circle plus two triangular sections)

2 2 2
⋅ α + 2 ⋅ ⋅ ⋅ sin⎛⎜ π − ⎞ ⋅ ⋅ cos⎛⎜ π − ⎞ = ⋅ sin⎛⎜ π − ⎞ ⋅ cos⎛⎜ π − ⎞
D 1 D α D α D D α α
A= ⋅α +
8 2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 8 4 ⎝ 2⎠ ⎝ 2⎠

2 2 2 2 2
D D D D D
A= ⋅α + ⋅ sin( 2 ⋅ π − α) = ⋅α − ⋅ sin( α) = ⋅ ( α − sin( α) )
8 8 8 8 8

D
The wetted perimeter is (from simple geometry) P= ⋅α
2
2
D
⋅ ( α − sin( α) )
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
A 8 1 sin( α) ⎞
Hence the hydraulic radius is R= = = ⋅D which is the same as that listed in Table 11.1
P D
⋅α
4 ⎝ α ⎠
2

⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
R 1 sin( α) ⎞
We are to plot =
D 4 ⎝ α ⎠

⋅ cos⎛⎜ π −
α⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − cos⎛⎜
α ⎞⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − cos⎛⎜
D D D y 1 α ⎞⎞
We will need y as a function of α: y= + = or =
2 2 ⎝ 2⎠ 2 ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠ D 2 ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠

The graph can be plotted in Excel.

0.4

0.3
R/D

0.2

0.1

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1

y/D
 Problem 11.3 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Wave from a passing boat

Find: Estimate of water depth

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y

ft
Available data c = 10⋅ mph or c = 14.7
s

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

2
c
c= g⋅ y so y = y = 6.69 ft
g
 Problem 11.4 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Pebble dropped into flowing stream

Find: Estimate of water speed

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y and relative speeds will be Vwave = Vstream + c

7⋅ m m
Available data y = 2⋅ m and Vwave = Vwave = 7
1⋅ s s

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

m
c = g⋅ y so c = 4.43
s

m
Hence Vstream = Vwave − c Vstream = 2.57
s
 Problem 11.5 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Pebble dropped into flowing stream

Find: Estimate of water depth and speed

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y and relative speeds will be Vwave = Vstream + c

−5 ⋅ ft ft
Available data Vwaveupstream = Vwaveupstream = −5
1⋅ s s

13⋅ ft ft
Vwavedownstream = Vwavedownstream = 13
1⋅ s s

But we have Vwavedownstream = Vstream + c and Vwaveupstream = Vstream − c

Vwavedownstream + Vwaveupstream ft
Adding Vstream = Vstream = 4
2 s

Vwavedownstream − Vwaveupstream ft
Subtracting c = c=9
2 s

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

2
c
Hence c= g⋅ y so y = y = 2.52⋅ ft
g
 Problem 11.6 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Speed of surface waves with no surface tension

Find: Speed when λ/y approaches zero or infinity; Value of λ/y for which speed is 99% of this latter value

Solution:
g⋅ λ
Basic equation c= (1)
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
⎝ λ ⎠
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞ g⋅ λ
For λ/y << 1 tanh⎛⎜ approaches 1 tanh( ∞) → 1 so c=
⎝ λ ⎠ 2⋅ π

Hence c is proportional to λ so as λ/y approaches ∞ c= g⋅ y

We wish to find λ/y when c = 0.99⋅ g ⋅ y

g⋅ λ 2 g⋅ λ
Combining this with Eq 1 0.99⋅ g ⋅ y = or 0.99 ⋅ g ⋅ y =
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞ 2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
⎝ λ ⎠ ⎝ λ ⎠
2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 λ 2
Hence = Letting λ/y = x we find =x
⎝ λ ⎠ y ⎝ x ⎠
This is a nonlinear equation in x that can be solved by iteration or using Excel's Goal Seek or Solver

2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 1 x = 6.16 x = 4.74
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 4.74 x = 5.35 x = 5.09
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 5.09 x = 5.2 x = 5.15
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 5.15 x = 5.17 x = 5.16
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
2⋅ π ⎞ 2⋅ π ⎞
x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜ x = 0.99 ⋅ 2 ⋅ π⋅ tanh⎛⎜
2 2
x = 5.16 x = 5.17 x = 5.16
⎝ x ⎠ ⎝ x ⎠
λ
Hence = 5.16
y
 Problem 11.7 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Expression for capillary wave length

Find: Length of water and mercury waves

Solution:
σ
Basic equation λ = 2 ⋅ π⋅
ρ⋅ g

kg
Available data Table A.2 (20oC) SG Hg = 13.55 SG w = 0.998 ρ = 1000⋅
3
m

−3 N −3 N
Table A.4 (20oC) σHg = 484 × 10 ⋅ σw = 72.8 × 10 ⋅
m m

σHg
Hence λHg = 2 ⋅ π⋅ λHg = 12 mm λHg = 0.472 in
SG Hg⋅ ρ⋅ g

σw
λ w = 2 ⋅ π⋅ λw = 17.1 mm λw = 0.675 in
SGw⋅ ρ⋅ g
 Problem 11.8 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Expression for surface wave speed

Find: Plot speed versus wavelength for water and mercury waves

Solution:
⎛ g ⋅ λ + 2 ⋅ π⋅ σ ⎞ ⋅ tanh⎛ 2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
Basic equation c= ⎜ 2⋅ π ⎜ λ
⎝ ρ⋅ λ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

kg
Available data Table A.2 (20oC) SG Hg = 13.55 SG w = 0.998 ρ = 1000⋅
3
m

−3 N −3 N
Table A.4 (20oC) σHg = 484 × 10 ⋅ σw = 72.8 × 10 ⋅ y = 7 ⋅ mm
m m

Hence ⎛ g⋅ λ 2 ⋅ π⋅ σw ⎞
⎛ 2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞ ⎛ g⋅ λ 2 ⋅ π⋅ σHg ⎞
⎛ 2 ⋅ π⋅ y ⎞
cw( λ) = ⎜ 2 ⋅ π + SG ⋅ ρ⋅ λ ⋅ tanh⎜ λ cHg( λ) = ⎜ 2⋅ π + SG ⋅ ρ⋅ λ ⋅ tanh⎜ λ
⎝ w ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ Hg ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

0.7
Water
Mercury
0.6
Wave speed (m/s)

0.5

0.4

0.3

0.2

0.1
20 40 60 80 100

Wavelength (mm)
 Problem 11.9 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Sharp object causing waves

Find: Flwo speed and Froude number

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y

Available data y = 150 ⋅ mm θ = 30⋅ deg

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

m
c = g⋅ y so c = 1.21
s

From geometry

c c m
Hence sin( θ) = so V = V = 2.43
V sin( θ) s

V 1
Also Fr = Fr = 2 or Fr = Fr = 2
c sin( θ)
 Problem 11.10 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Shallow water waves

Find: Speed versus depth

Solution:
Basic equation c( y ) = g⋅ y

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

10

Rapid Flow: Fr > 1

Wave Speed (m/s)

Tranquil Flow: Fr < 1

0.1
−3
1× 10 0.01 0.1 1 10

Depth (m)
 Problem 11.11 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Motion of sumerged body

Find: Speed versus ship length

Solution:
Basic equation c= g⋅ y

We assume a shallow water wave (long wave compared to water depth)

V
In this case we want the Froude number to be 0.5, with Fr = 0.5 = and c= g⋅ x where x is the ship length
c

Hence V = 0.5⋅ c = 0.5⋅ g ⋅ x

100
Ship Speed (m/s)

10

1
3
1 10 100 1× 10

Ship Length (m)

 Problem 11.12 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Flow in a rectangular channel

Find: Froude numbers

Solution:
V
Basic equation Fr =
g⋅ y

m m
Available data y = 750 ⋅ mm V1 = 1 ⋅ V2 = 4 ⋅
s s

V1
Hence Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 0.369 Subcritical flow
g⋅ y

V2
Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 1.47 Supercritical flow
g⋅ y
 Problem 11.12 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Flow in a rectangular channel with wavy surface

Find: Froude numbers

Solution:
V
Basic equation Fr =
g⋅ y

Available data b = 10⋅ ft y = 6⋅ ft

A "wavy" surface indicates an unstable flow, which suggests critical flow Fr = 1

ft
Hence V = Fr ⋅ g ⋅ y V = 13.9
s

3
ft 5
Then Q = V⋅ b ⋅ y Q = 834 Q = 3.74 × 10 gpm
s
 Problem 11.14 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Downstream depth; Froude number

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y2 + h The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow.

Noting that p 1 = p 2 = p atm, (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes

2 2
V1 V2
+ y1 = + y2
2⋅ g 2⋅ g
3
m
The given data is b = 5⋅ m y 1 = 2.5⋅ m Q = 10⋅
s

Q Q
For mass flow Q = V⋅ A so V1 = and V2 =
b⋅ y1 b⋅ y2

2 2
⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ Q ⎞
⎜ b⋅ y ⎜ b⋅ y
Using these in the Bernoulli equation ⎝ 1⎠ + y = ⎝ 2⎠ + y (1)
2⋅ g 1 2⋅ g 2
2
⎛ Q ⎞
⎜ b⋅ y
The only unknown on the right is y2. The left side evaluates to ⎝ 1 ⎠ + y = 2.53 m
2⋅ g 1

To find y 2 we need to solve the non-linear equation. We must do this numerically; we may use the Newton method or similar, or
Excel's Solver or Goal Seek. Here we interate manually, starting with an arbitrary value less than y 1.

2 2
⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ Q ⎞
⎜ b⋅ y ⎜ b⋅ y
For y 2 = 0.25⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 3.51 m For y = 0.3⋅ m ⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 2.57 m
2⋅ g 2 2 2⋅ g 2
2 2
⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ Q ⎞
⎜ b⋅ y ⎜ b⋅ y
For y 2 = 0.305 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 2.50 m For y = 0.302 ⋅ m ⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 2.54 m
2⋅ g 2 2 2⋅ g 2

Hence y 2 = 0.302 m is the closest to three figs.

Q m V2
Then V2 = V2 = 6.62 Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 3.85
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.15 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Rectangular channel

Find: Plot of specific energy curves; Critical depths; Critical specific energy

Solution:

Given data: b= 20 ft
1
⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ Q 2
⎞ 3
Specific energy: E = y + ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ 2 Critical depth: yc = ⎜⎜ 2
⎟⎟
⎝ gb ⎠
2
⎝ 2 gb ⎠ y

Specific Energy, E (ft·lb/lb) 5

Q = Q = Q = Q = Q =
y (ft) 0 25 75 125 200
0.5 0.50 0.60 1.37 2.93 6.71 4
0.6 0.60 0.67 1.21 2.28 4.91
0.8 0.80 0.84 1.14 1.75 3.23
1.0 1.00 1.02 1.22 1.61 2.55 3
1.2 1.20 1.22 1.35 1.62 2.28
1.4 1.40 1.41 1.51 1.71 2.19 y (ft)
1.6 1.60 1.61 1.69 1.84 2.21 Q=0
2
1.8 1.80 1.81 1.87 1.99 2.28 Q = 25 cfs
Q = 75 cfs
2.0 2.00 2.01 2.05 2.15 2.39 Q = 125 cfs
2.2 2.20 2.21 2.25 2.33 2.52 Q = 200 cfs
2.4 2.40 2.40 2.44 2.51 2.67 1
2.6 2.60 2.60 2.63 2.69 2.83
2.8 2.80 2.80 2.83 2.88 3.00
3.0 3.00 3.00 3.02 3.07 3.17 0
3.5 3.50 3.50 3.52 3.55 3.63 0 2 4 6
4.0 4.00 4.00 4.01 4.04 4.10 E (ft)
4.5 4.50 4.50 4.51 4.53 4.58
5.0 5.00 5.00 5.01 5.02 5.06

y c (ft) 0.365 0.759 1.067 1.46

E c (ft) 0.547 1.14 1.60 2.19
 Problem 11.16 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Rectangular channel flow

Find: Critical depth

Solution: 1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
Basic equations: yc = ⎜
⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠
3
m
Given data: b = 2.5⋅ m Q = 3⋅
s
1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
Hence yc = ⎜ y c = 0.528 m
⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠
 Problem 11.17 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Critical depth and velocity

Solution:
2
V
Basic equation: E=y+
2⋅ g
3
ft
The given data is: b = 20⋅ ft α = atan ( 2) α = 63.4deg S0 = 0.0016 n = 0.025 Q = 400⋅
s
2
Q
In terms of flow rate E=y+ where (Table 11.1) A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot ( α ) )
2
2⋅ A ⋅ g

2
Q
Hence in terms of y E=y+
2 2
2⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot ( α ) ) ⋅ y ⋅ g

2 2 2
dE Q Q ⋅ cot( α) Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) )
For critical conditions =0=1− − =1−
dy 3 2 2 3 3 3
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )

3 3 2
Hence g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) − Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) ) = 0

3 3 2
Let f ( y ) = g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) − Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) )

We can iterate or use Excel's Goal Seek or Solver to find y when f(y) = 0

7 7 7
6 ft 5 ft 5 ft
Guess y = 2 ⋅ ft f ( y ) = −1.14 × 10 y = 2.25⋅ ft f ( y ) = −1.05 × 10 y = 2.35⋅ ft f ( y ) = 3.88 × 10
2 2 2
s s s

The solution is somewhere between y = 2.25 ft and y = 2.35 ft, as the sign of f(y) changes here.

7 7 7
5 ft 4 ft ft
y = 2.3⋅ ft f ( y ) = 1.36 × 10 y = 2.275 ⋅ ft f ( y ) = 1.38 × 10 y = 2.272 ⋅ ft f ( y ) = −657
2 2 2
s s s

2
Hence critical depth is y = 2.27⋅ ft and A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) A = 48.0 ft

Q ft
and critical speed is V = V = 8.34⋅
A s
 Problem 11.18 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on rectangular channel

Find: Minimum specific energy; Flow depth; Speed

Solution:
2
V
Basic equation: E=y+
2⋅ g

In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point
3
ft
Q Q s
For a rectangular channel Q = V⋅ b ⋅ y or V= with = 10⋅ = constant
b⋅ y b ft

2 ⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
⎛ Q ⎞ ⋅ 1 =y+ ⎜
Hence, using this in the basic equation E=y+ ⎜ b⋅ y 2⋅ g ⋅
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 2⋅ b 2⋅ g y2
⎝ ⎠ 1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ Q2 ⎞
=1−⎜ y = ⎜
dE
E is a minimum when ⋅ =0 or y = 1.46⋅ ft
dy ⎜ b2⋅ g y 3 ⎜ b2⋅ g
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Q ft
The speed is then given by V = V = 6.85⋅
b⋅ y s
1
3
⎛ g⋅ Q ⎞ ft
Note that from Eq. 11.22 we also have Vc = ⎜ b Vc = 6.85⋅ which agrees with the above
⎝ ⎠ s

2
V
The minimum energy is then Emin = y + Emin = 2.19⋅ ft
2⋅ g
 Problem 11.19 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular channel

Find: Depths for twice the minimum energy

Solution:
2
V
Basic E=y+
equation: 2⋅ g
3
ft
Q Q s
For a rectangular channel Q = V⋅ b ⋅ y or V= with = 10⋅ = constant
b⋅ y b ft

2 ⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
⎛ Q ⎞ ⋅ 1 =y+ ⎜
Hence, using this in the basic eqn. E=y+ ⎜ b⋅ y 2⋅ g ⋅ and E = 2 × 2.19⋅ ft E = 4.38⋅ ft
⎝ ⎠ ⎜ 2⋅ b 2⋅ g y2
⎝ ⎠
⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
We have a nonlinear implicit equation for y y+ ⎜ ⋅ =E
⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2
⎝ ⎠
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start
with a y larger than the critical, and evaluate the left side of the equation so that it is equal to E = 4.38⋅ ft

⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
For y = 2 ⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 2.39⋅ ft For y = 4 ⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 4.10⋅ ft
⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2 ⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
For y = 4.5⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 4.58⋅ ft For y = 4.30⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 4.38⋅ ft
⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2 ⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

Hence y = 4.30⋅ ft

For the shallow depth

⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
For y = 1 ⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 2.55⋅ ft For y = 0.5⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 6.72⋅ ft
⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2 ⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠

⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1 ⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
For y = 0.6⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 4.92⋅ ft For y = 0.65⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 4.33⋅ ft
⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2 ⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2
⎝ ⎠ ⎝ ⎠
⎛ Q2 ⎞ 1
For y = 0.645 ⋅ ft y+ ⎜ ⋅ = 4.38⋅ ft Hence y = 0.645 ⋅ ft
⎜ 2 ⋅ b2⋅ g y 2
⎝ ⎠
 Problem 11.20 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Trapezoidal channel

Find: Critcal depth

Solution:
2
V
Basic equation: E=y+
2⋅ g

The critical depth occurs when the specific energy is minimized

For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.1) A = y ⋅ ( b + cot(α)⋅ y )

Q Q
Hence for V V= =
A y ⋅ ( b + cot(α)⋅ y )

2
⎡ Q ⎤ 1
Using this in Eq. 11.14 E=y+ ⎢ y ⋅ ( b + cot(α)⋅ y) ⎥ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g
⎣ ⎦

2 2
dE Q ⋅ cot(α) Q
E is a minimum when =1− − =0
dy 2 3 3 2
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

2 2
Q ⋅ cot(α) Q
Hence we obtain for y + =1
2 3 3 2
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

This can be simplified to
2
Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
=1
3 3
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

This expression is the simplest one for y; it is implicit

 Problem 11.21 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Critical depth

Solution:
2
V
Basic equation: E=y+
2⋅ g

In Section 11-2 we prove that the minimum specific energy is when we have critical flow; here we rederive the minimum energy point

α = atan⎛⎜
3⎞
For a trapezoidal channel (Table 11.1) A = ( b + cot(α)⋅ y ) ⋅ y and b = 10⋅ ft α = 71.6 deg
⎝1⎠
3
Q Q ft
Hence for V V= = and Q = 400 ⋅
A ( b + cot(α)⋅ y ) ⋅ y s

2
⎡ Q ⎤ ⋅ 1
Using this in the basic equation E=y+ ⎢ ( b + cot(α)⋅ y ) ⋅ y⎥ 2 ⋅ g
⎣ ⎦

2 2
dE Q ⋅ cot(α) Q
E is a minimum when =1− − =0
dy 2 3 3 2
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

2 2 2
Q ⋅ cot(α) Q Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot(α))
Hence we obtain for y + =1 or =1
2 3 3 2 3 3
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α))

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below, to make
the left side equal unity

2 2
Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) ) Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) )
y = 5 ⋅ ft = 0.3 y = 4 ⋅ ft = 0.7
3 3 3 3
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )

2 2
Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) ) Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) )
y = 3.5⋅ ft = 1.03 y = 3.55⋅ ft = 0.98
3 3 3 3
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )

2
Q ⋅ ( b + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) )
y = 3.53⋅ ft = 1.00 The critical depth is y = 3.53⋅ ft
3 3
g ⋅ y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
 Problem 11.22 [2]

Given: Data on venturi flume

Find: Flow rate

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow

Q
At each section Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y or V=
b⋅ y

The given data is b 1 = 2 ⋅ ft y 1 = 1 ⋅ ft b 2 = 1 ⋅ ft y 2 = 0.75⋅ ft

2 2
⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ Q ⎞
⎜ b ⋅y ⎜ b ⋅y
Hence the Bernoulli equation becomes (with p 1 = p 2 = p atm) ⎝ 1 1⎠ + y = ⎝ 2 2⎠ + y
2⋅ g 1 2⋅ g 2

(
2⋅ g⋅ y1 − y2 ) ft
3
Solving for Q Q = Q = 3.24⋅
2 2 s
⎛ 1 ⎞ −⎛ 1 ⎞
⎜ b ⋅y ⎜
⎝ 2 2 ⎠ ⎝ b1⋅ y1 ⎠
 Problem 11.23 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular channel and a bump

Find: Elevation of free surface above the bump

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic + + y1 = + + y 2 + h The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
equation: ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
bump), the potential is y 2 + h, where h is the bump height

2
V
Recalling the specific energy E= +y and noting that p1 = p 2 = p atm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E2 + h
2⋅ g

Q
At each section Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y or V=
b⋅ y
3
ft
The given data is b = 10⋅ ft y 1 = 1 ⋅ ft h = 4 ⋅ in Q = 100 ⋅
s

Q ft
Hence we find V1 = V1 = 10⋅
b⋅ y1 s
2
V1
and E1 = + y1 E1 = 2.554 ⋅ ft
2⋅ g
2 2 2
V2 Q Q
Hence E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h or + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅ g 2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y 2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y 2
so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 2.22⋅ ft

2 2
Q Q
For y 2 = 1 ⋅ ft + y 2 = 2.55⋅ ft For y 2 = 1.5⋅ ft + y 2 = 2.19⋅ ft
2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

2 2
Q Q
For y 2 = 1.4⋅ ft + y 2 = 2.19⋅ ft For y 2 = 1.3⋅ ft + y 2 = 2.22⋅ ft
2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

Hence y 2 = 1.30⋅ ft

Q ft
Note that V2 = V2 = 7.69⋅
b⋅ y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 1.76 and Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 1.19
g⋅ y1 g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.24 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular channel and a bump

Find: Local change in flow depth caused by the bump

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y 2 + h The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
bump), the potential is y 2 + h, where h is the bump height
2
V
Recalling the specific energy E= +y and noting that p1 = p 2 = p atm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E2 + h
2⋅ g
Q
At each section Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y or V=
b⋅ y
3
ft
The given data is b = 10⋅ ft y 1 = 1 ⋅ ft h = 0.25⋅ ft Q = 20⋅
s
Q ft
Hence we find V1 = V1 = 2 ⋅
b⋅ y1 s
2
V1
and E1 = + y1 E1 = 1.062 ⋅ ft
2⋅ g
2 2 2
V2 Q Q
Hence E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h or + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅ g 2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y 2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select
y 2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 0.812 ⋅ ft

2 2
Q Q
For y 2 = 0.75⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.861 ⋅ ft For y 2 = 0.7⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.827 ⋅ ft
2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

2 2
Q Q
For y 2 = 0.65⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.797 ⋅ ft For y 2 = 0.676 ⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.812 ⋅ ft
2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

y2 − y1
Hence y 2 = 0.676 ⋅ ft and = −32.4⋅ %
y1

Q ft
Note that V2 = V2 = 2.96⋅
b⋅ y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 0.353 and Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.634
g⋅ y1 g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.25 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular channel and a bump

Find: Local change in flow depth caused by the bump

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y2 + h The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
bump), the potential is y 2 + h, where h is the bump height
2
V
Recalling the specific energy E = +y and noting that p1 = p 2 = p atm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E2 + h
2⋅ g

Q
At each section Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y or V=
b⋅ y
3
ft
The given data is b = 10⋅ ft y 1 = 0.3⋅ ft h = 0.1⋅ ft Q = 20⋅
s

Q ft
Hence we find V1 = V1 = 6.67⋅
b⋅ y1 s
2
V1
and E1 = + y1 E1 = 0.991 ⋅ ft
2⋅ g
2 2 2
V2 Q Q
Hence E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = + y2 + h or + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅ g 2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y 2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select y 2
so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 0.891 ⋅ ft

2 2
Q Q
For y 2 = 0.3⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.991 ⋅ ft For y 2 = 0.35⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.857 ⋅ ft
2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2

2 2
Q Q
For y 2 = 0.33⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.901 ⋅ ft For y 2 = 0.334 ⋅ ft + y 2 = 0.891 ⋅ ft
2 2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2 2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y2
y2 − y1
Hence y 2 = 0.334 ⋅ ft and = 11.3⋅ %
y1

Q ft
Note that V2 = V2 = 5.99⋅
b⋅ y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 2.15 and Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 1.83
g⋅ y1 g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.26 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on wide channel

Find: Stream depth after rise

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y2 + h The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow. Note that at location 2 (the
bump), the potential is y 2 + h, where h is the bump height

2
V
Recalling the specific energy E = +y and noting that p1 = p 2 = p atm, the Bernoulli equation becomes E1 = E2 + h
2⋅ g
y1
At each section Q = V⋅ A = V1 ⋅ b ⋅ y 1 = V2 ⋅ b ⋅ y 2 V2 = V1 ⋅
y2

ft
The given data is y 1 = 2 ⋅ ft V1 = 3 ⋅ h = 0.5⋅ ft
s
2
V1
Hence E1 = + y1 E1 = 2.14⋅ ft
2⋅ g
2 2 2 2 2
V2 V1 ⋅ y 1 1 V1 ⋅ y 1 1
Then E1 = E2 + h = + y2 + h = ⋅ + y2 + h or ⋅ + y 2 = E1 − h
2⋅ g 2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2
y2 y2

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y 2 and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We select
y 2 so the left side of the equation equals E1 − h = 1.64⋅ ft
2 2 2 2
V1 ⋅ y 1 1 V1 ⋅ y 1 1
For y 2 = 2 ⋅ ft ⋅ + y 2 = 2.14⋅ ft For y 2 = 1.5⋅ ft ⋅ + y 2 = 1.75⋅ ft
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2
y2 y2

2 2 2 2
V1 ⋅ y 1 1 V1 ⋅ y 1 1
For y 2 = 1.3⋅ ft ⋅ + y 2 = 1.63⋅ ft For y 2 = 1.31⋅ ft ⋅ + y 2 = 1.64⋅ ft
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2
y2 y2

Hence y 2 = 1.31⋅ ft

y1 ft
Note that V2 = V1 ⋅ V2 = 4.58⋅
y2 s

V1 V2
so we have Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 0.37 and Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.71
g⋅ y1 g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.27 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Water level upstream; Maximum flow rate

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y2 + h The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow.

Noting that p 1 = p 2 = p atm, and V 1 is approximately zero (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes

2
V2
y1 = + y2
2⋅ g

2
Q m
The given data is = 10⋅ y 2 = 1.25⋅ m
b s

Q m
Hence Q = V2 ⋅ A2 = V2 ⋅ b ⋅ y 2 or V2 = V2 = 8
b⋅ y2 s

⎛⎜ V 2 ⎞
2
Then upstream y1 = ⎜ + y2 y 1 = 4.51 m
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠

The maximum flow rate occurs at critical conditions (see Section 11-2), for constant specific energy

In this case V2 = Vc = g⋅ yc

2
Vc g⋅ yc 3
Hence we find y1 = + yc = + yc = ⋅ yc
2⋅ g 2⋅ g 2

2 m
Hence yc = ⋅ y1 y c = 3.01 m Vc = g⋅ yc Vc = 5.43
3 s
3
m
Q Q s
= Vc⋅ y c = 16.3⋅ (Maximum flow rate)
b b m
 Problem 11.28 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Flow rate

Solution:
2 2
p1 V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: + + y1 = + + y2 The Bernoulli equation applies because we have steady,
ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g incompressible, frictionless flow.

Noting that p 1 = p 2 = p atm, (1 = upstream, 2 = downstream) the Bernoulli equation becomes

2 2
V1 V2
+ y1 = + y2
2⋅ g 2⋅ g

The given data is b = 3 ⋅ ft y 1 = 6⋅ ft y 2 = 0.9⋅ ft

Q Q
Also Q = V⋅ A so V1 = and V2 =
b ⋅ y1 b ⋅ y2

2 2
⎛ Q ⎞ ⎛ Q ⎞
⎜ b⋅ y ⎜ b⋅ y
Using these in the Bernoulli equation ⎝ 1⎠ + y = ⎝ 2⎠ + y
2⋅ g 1 2⋅ g 2

2 2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b ⋅ y1 ⋅ y2 ft
3
Solving for Q Q = Q = 49.5⋅
y1 + y2 s

Q ft V1
Note that V1 = V1 = 2.75⋅ Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 0.198
b⋅ y1 s g⋅ y1

Q ft V2
V2 = V2 = 18.3⋅ Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 3.41
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.29 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Water depth and velocity after gate

Solution:
2 2
V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: E1 = + y1 = + = E2 For the gate
2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g

y3
=
1 ⎛
⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 2
2⎞
For the jump (state 2 before, state 3 after)
y2 2 ⎝ ⎠

m
The given data is y 1 = 1.5⋅ m V1 = 0.2⋅
s

2 2
m V1
Hence q = y 1 ⋅ V1 q = 0.3 E1 = + y1 E1 = 1.50 m
s 2⋅ g
2 2
V2 q
Then we need to solve + y 2 = E1 or + y 2 = E1 with E1 = 1.50 m
2⋅ g 2
2⋅ g⋅ y2

We can solve this equation iteratively (or use Excel's Goal Seek or Solver)

2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.5⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 0.518 m For y 2 = 0.05⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.89 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2

2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.055 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.57 m For y 2 = 0.057 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.47 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2

2
⎛q⎞
⎜y
For y 2 = 0.0563⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.50 m Hence y 2 = 0.056 m is the closest to three figs.
2⋅ g 2

q m V2
Then V2 = V2 = 5.33 Note that Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 7.17
y2 s g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.30 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Rectangular channel flow with hump and/or side wall restriction

Find: Whether critical flow occurs

Solution: 1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞ 2
yc = ⎜
Q 3
Basic equations: E=y+ A = b⋅ y Emin = ⋅ yc (From Example 11.4)
⎜ g⋅ b2 2 2
⎝ ⎠ 2⋅ g⋅ A
3
m
Given data: b = 2⋅ m y = 1⋅ m h = 350 ⋅ mm Q = 2.4⋅
s

2
Q 1
(a) For a hump with h = 35⋅ cm E1 = y + ⋅ E1 = 1.07 m
2 2
2⋅ g⋅ b y

Then for the bump Ebump = E1 − h Ebump = 0.723 m (1)

1
3
⎡⎢ ⎛ Q ⎞ 2⎤⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ b ⎠ ⎥ 3
yc = ⎢ y c = 0.528 m Emin = ⋅ yc Emin = 0.791 m (2)
⎣ g ⎥⎦
For the minimum specific energy
2

Comparing Eqs. 1 and 2 we see that the bump IS sufficient for critical flow

(b) For the sidewall restriction with b const = 1.5⋅ m as in Example 11.4 we have Econst = E1 Econst = 1.073 m (3)

1
3
⎡ ⎛ Q ⎞ 2⎤
⎢ ⎥
⎢ ⎜⎝ b const ⎠ ⎥ 3
With b const: yc = ⎢ ⎥ y c = 0.639 m Eminconst = ⋅ yc Eminconst = 0.959 m (4)
⎣ g ⎦ 2

Comparing Eqs. 3 and 4 we see that the constriction is NOT sufficient for critical flow

(c) For both, following Example 11.4 Eboth = E1 − h Eboth = 0.723 m (5)

Eminboth = Eminconst Eminboth = 0.959 m (6)

Comparing Eqs. 5 and 6 we see that the bump AND constriction ARE sufficient for critical flow (not surprising, as the bump alone is
sufficient!)
 Problem 11.31 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Hydaulic jump data

Find: Energy consumption; temperature rise

Solution:

Basic equations: P = ρ⋅ g ⋅ Hl⋅ Q (1)

Hl is the head loss in m of fluid); multiplying by ρg produces energy/vol; multiplying by Q produces energy/time, or power

Urate = ρ⋅ Q⋅ cH2O⋅ ∆T (2)

Urate is the rate of increase of internal energy of the flow; cH20∆T is the energy increase per unit mass due to a ∆T temperature rise;
multiplying by ρQ converts to energy rise of the entire flow/time

3
m kg kcal
Given data: From Example 11.5 Q = 9.65⋅ Hl = 0.258 ⋅ m ρ = 999 ⋅ and cH2O = 1 ⋅
s 3 kg⋅ K
m

From Eq. 1 P = ρ⋅ g ⋅ Hl⋅ Q P = 24.4 kW a significant energy consumption

g ⋅ Hl −4
Equating Eqs. 1 and 2 ρ⋅ g ⋅ Hl⋅ Q = ρ⋅ Q⋅ cH2O⋅ ∆T or ∆T = ∆T = 6.043 × 10 ∆°C
cH2O

The power consumed by friction is quite large, but the flow is very large, so the rise in temperature is insignificant.
In English units:

5 −3
P = 32.7 hp Q = 1.53 × 10 gpm ∆T = 1.088 × 10 ∆°F
 Problem 11.32 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on rectangular channel and hydraulic jump

Find: Flow rate; Critical depth; Head loss

Solution: 1

⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
⎛ Q2 ⎞
3
Basic equations:
y2
⎛ 1
= ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
Hl = E1 − E2 = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y + yc = ⎜
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎜ g⋅ b 2
⎝ ⎠

The given data is b = 4⋅ m y 1 = 0.4⋅ m y 2 = 1.7⋅ m

2 y2
We can solve for Fr 1 from the basic equation 1 + 8⋅ Fr 1 = 1 + 2⋅
y1

2
⎛ y2 ⎞
⎜ 1 + 2⋅ y −1
Fr 1 =
⎝ 1⎠
Fr 1 = 3.34 and Fr 1 =
V1
8 g⋅ y1

m
Hence V1 = Fr 1 ⋅ g ⋅ y 1 V1 = 6.62
s

3
m
Then Q = V1 ⋅ b ⋅ y 1 Q = 10.6⋅
s
1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
The critical depth is yc = ⎜ y c = 0.894 m
⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠

Q m V2
Also V2 = V2 = 1.56 Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.381
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2

⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
The energy loss is Hl = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y + Hl = 0.808 m
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

( y2 − y1)3
Note that we could used Hl = Hl = 0.808 m
4⋅ y1⋅ y2
 Problem 11.33 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump

Find: Jump depth; Head loss

Solution:
⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
Basic equations:
y2
⎛ 1
= ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
Hl = E1 − E2 = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y +
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

3
m
Q s
The given data is = 10⋅ y 1 = 1⋅ m
b m

Also Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y

Q m V1
Hence V1 = V1 = 10.0 Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 3.19
b⋅ y1 s g⋅ y1

Then y2 =
y1
⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
y 2 = 4.04 m
2 ⎝ ⎠

Q m V2
V2 = V2 = 2.47 Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.393
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2

⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
The energy loss is Hl = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y + Hl = 1.74 m
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

( y2 − y1)3
Note that we could use Hl = Hl = 1.74 m
4⋅ y1⋅ y2
 Problem 11.34 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump

Find: Jump depth

Solution:

Basic equations:
y2
=
1 ⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠
3
m
Q s
The given data is = 2⋅ y 1 = 500 ⋅ mm
b m

Also Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y

Q m V1
Hence V1 = V1 = 4.00 Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 1.806
b⋅ y1 s g⋅ y1

Then y2 =
y1
⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
y 2 = 1.05⋅ m
2 ⎝ ⎠

Q ft V2
Note: V2 = V2 = 6.24⋅ Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.592
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2
 Problem 11.35 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump

Find: Jump depth; Head loss

Solution:
⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
Basic equations:
y2
⎛
1
= ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
Hl = E1 − E2 = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y +
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

3
ft
The given data is Q = 200 ⋅ b = 10⋅ ft y 1 = 1.2⋅ ft
s

Also Q = V⋅ A = V⋅ b ⋅ y

Q ft V1
Hence V1 = V1 = 16.7⋅ Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 2.68
b⋅ y1 s g⋅ y1

Then y2 =
y1
⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
y 2 = 3.99⋅ ft
2 ⎝ ⎠

Q ft V2
V2 = V2 = 5.01⋅ Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.442
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2

⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
The energy loss is Hl = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y + Hl = 1.14⋅ ft
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

( y2 − y1)3
Note that we could use Hl = Hl = 1.14⋅ ft
4⋅ y1⋅ y2
 Problem 11.36 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on wide channel and hydraulic jump

Find: Flow rate; Head loss

Solution:
⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
Basic equations:
y2
⎛ 1
= ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
Hl = E1 − E2 = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y +
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

The given data is b = 5 ⋅ ft y 1 = 0.66⋅ ft y 2 = 3.0⋅ ft

2 y2
We can solve for Fr 1 from the basic equation 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1 = 1 + 2 ⋅
y1

2
⎛ y2 ⎞
⎜ 1 + 2⋅ y −1
Fr 1 =
⎝ 1⎠
Fr 1 = 3.55 and Fr 1 =
V1
8 g⋅ y1

ft
Hence V1 = Fr 1 ⋅ g ⋅ y 1 V1 = 16.4⋅
s

3
ft
Then Q = V1 ⋅ b ⋅ y 1 Q = 54.0⋅
s

Q ft V2
Also V2 = V2 = 3.60⋅ Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 0.366
b⋅ y2 s g⋅ y2

⎛⎜ V1
2⎞ ⎛⎜ V2 ⎞
2
The energy loss is Hl = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y + Hl = 1.62⋅ ft
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

( y2 − y1)3
Note that we could use Hl = Hl = 1.62⋅ ft
4⋅ y1⋅ y2
 Problem 11.37 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on wide spillway flow

Find: Depth after hydraulic jump; Specific energy change

Solution:
⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
Basic equations:
y2
⎛ 1
= ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
Hl = E1 − E2 = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y +
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

m
The given data is y 1 = 0.9⋅ m V1 = 25
s
V1
Then Fr 1 is Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 8.42
g⋅ y1

y2 =
y1
⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
y 2 = 10.3 m
2 ⎝ ⎠
Hence

y1 m
Then Q = V1 ⋅ b ⋅ y 1 = V2 ⋅ b ⋅ y 2 V2 = V1 ⋅ V2 = 2.19
y2 s

2
V1
For the specific energies E1 = y 1 + E1 = 32.8 m
2⋅ g

2
V2 E2
E2 = y 2 + E2 = 10.5 m = 0.321
2⋅ g E1

The energy loss is Hl = E1 − E2 Hl = 22.3 m

( y2 − y1)3
Note that we could use Hl = Hl = 22.3⋅ m
4⋅ y1⋅ y2
 Problem 11.38 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on rectangular channel flow

Find: Depth after hydraulic jump; Specific energy change

Solution:
⎛⎜ V1 ⎞ ⎛⎜
2
V2 ⎞
2
Basic equations:
y2
⎛ 1
= ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
Hl = E1 − E2 = ⎜ y 1 + − ⎜y +
y1 2 ⎝ ⎠ ⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ 2 2⋅ g ⎠

3
m
The given data is y 1 = 0.4⋅ m b = 1⋅ m Q = 6.5
s

Q m
Then Q = V1 ⋅ b ⋅ y 1 = V2 ⋅ b ⋅ y 2 V1 = V1 = 16.3
b⋅ y1 s

V1
Then Fr 1 is Fr 1 = Fr 1 = 8.20
g⋅ y1

y2 =
y1
⎛
⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 1
2⎞
y 2 = 4.45 m
Hence
2 ⎝ ⎠

Q m
and V2 = V2 = 1.46
b⋅ y2 s

2
V1
For the specific energies E1 = y 1 + E1 = 13.9 m
2⋅ g

2
V2
E2 = y 2 + E2 = 4.55 m
2⋅ g

The energy loss is Hl = E1 − E2 Hl = 9.31 m

( y2 − y1)3
Note that we could use Hl = Hl = 9.31⋅ m
4⋅ y1⋅ y2
 Problem 11.39 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on sluice gate

Find: Water depth before and after the jump

Solution:
2 2
V1 p2 V2
Basic equation: E1 = + y1 = + = E2 For the gate
2⋅ g ρ⋅ g 2⋅ g

y3
=
1 ⎛
⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 2
2⎞
For the jump (state 2 before, state 3 after)
y2 2 ⎝ ⎠

m
The given data is y 1 = 1.5⋅ m V1 = 0.2⋅
s

2 2
m V1
Hence q = y 1 ⋅ V1 q = 0.3 E1 = + y1 E1 = 1.50 m
s 2⋅ g
2 2
V2 q
Then we need to solve + y 2 = E1 or + y 2 = E1 with E1 = 1.50 m
2⋅ g 2
2⋅ g⋅ y2

We can solve this equation iteratively (or use Excel's Goal Seek or Solver)

2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.5⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 0.518 m For y 2 = 0.05⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.89 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2
2 2
⎛q⎞ ⎛q⎞
⎜y ⎜y
For y 2 = 0.055 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.57 m For y 2 = 0.057 ⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.47 m
2⋅ g 2 2⋅ g 2

2
⎛q⎞
⎜y
For y 2 = 0.0563⋅ m
⎝ 2 ⎠ + y = 1.50 m Hence y 2 = 0.056 m is the closest to three figs.
2⋅ g 2

q m V2
Then V2 = V2 = 5.33 Note that Fr 2 = Fr 2 = 7.17
y2 s g⋅ y2

For the jump (States 2 to 3) y3 =

y2
⎛ ⋅ −1 + 1 + 8 ⋅ Fr 2
2⎞
y 3 = 0.544 m
2 ⎝ ⎠
 Problem 11.40 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Surge wave

Find: Surge speed V2 At rest

Solution: y1

2 2 2 2 V 2 = VSurge y2
V1 ⋅ y 1 y1 V2 ⋅ y 2 y2
Basic equations: + = +
g 2 g 2

(This is the basic momentum equation for the flow)

V1 y2
V1 ⋅ y 1 = V2 ⋅ y 2 or =
V2 y1

⎡⎛ V ⎞ 2
2 ⋅ V2
2 ⎤ 2 ⋅ V 2 ⎡⎛ y ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢ 1 ⎥ 2 ⎢ 2 ⎥
y 2 − y 1 = ⋅ ⎛ V1 ⋅ y 1 − V2 ⋅ y 2⎞ =
2 2 2 2 2
Then ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ y1 − y2 = ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ y1 − y2
g ⎝ ⎠ ⎢ V ⎥ ⎢ y ⎥
g
⎣⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎦ g
⎣⎝ 1 ⎠ ⎦

2 ⋅ V2 ⎛y 2
2 ⎞ 2⋅ V 2⋅ y ( y − y )
2 2 ⎜ 2 2 2 2 1
y2 − y1 = ⋅
⎜ y − y2 = ⋅
g
⎝ 1 ⎠ g y 1

y2 V2
2
2 g y2 + y1 ( )
Dividing by (y 2 - y 1) y2 + y1 = 2⋅ ⋅ or V2 = ⋅ y 1 ⋅
g y1 2 y2

g⋅ y1 ⎛ y1 ⎞
V2 = ⋅⎜1 +
2
⎝ y2
⎠
g⋅ y1 ⎛ y1 ⎞
But V2 = VSurge so VSurge = ⋅⎜1 +
2
⎝ y2
⎠
 Problem 11.41 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Tidal bore

At rest
Find: Speed of undisturbed river
V1 = Vr + Vbore y2
Solution:
2
V2 ⋅ y 2 y2
2 2
V1 ⋅ y 1 y1
2 y1
Basic equations: + = +
g 2 g 2

(This is the basic momentum equation for the flow)

V2 y1
V2 ⋅ y 2 = V1 ⋅ y 1 or =
V1 y2

ft
Given data Vbore = 18⋅ mph Vbore = 26.4⋅ y 1 = 8 ⋅ ft y 2 = y 1 + 12⋅ ft y 2 = 20⋅ ft
s

⎡⎛ V ⎞ 2
2 ⋅ V1
2 ⎤ 2 ⋅ V 2 ⎡⎛ y ⎞ 2 ⎤
⎢ 2 ⎥ 1 ⎢ 1 ⎥
y 1 − y 2 = ⋅ ⎛ V2 ⋅ y 2 − V1 ⋅ y 1⎞ =
2 2 2 2 2
Then ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ y2 − y1 = ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ y2 − y1
⎝ ⎠ ⎢ ⎥ ⎢ ⎥
g g
⎣⎝ V1 ⎠ ⎦ g
⎣⎝ y2 ⎠ ⎦

2 ⋅ V1 ⎛y 2
2 ⎞ 2⋅ V 2⋅ y ( y − y )
2 2 ⎜ 1 1 1 1 2
y1 − y2 = ⋅ − y1 = ⋅
⎜
g
⎝ y2 ⎠ g y2

y1 V1
2
2 g y1 + y2( )
Dividing by (y 2 - y 1) y1 + y2 = 2⋅ ⋅ or V1 = ⋅ y 2 ⋅
g y2 2 y1

g⋅ y2 ⎛ y2 ⎞ ft
V1 = ⋅⎜1 + V1 = 33.6⋅ V1 = 22.9⋅ mph
2
⎝ y1
⎠ s

ft
But V1 = Vr + Vbore or Vr = V1 − Vbore Vr = 7.16⋅ Vr = 4.88⋅ mph
s
 Problem 11.42 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Rectangular channel flow

Find: Discharge

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 2 ⋅ m and depth y = 1.5⋅ m we find from Table 11.1

2 b⋅ y
A = b⋅ y A = 3.00⋅ m Rh = Rh = 0.600 ⋅ m
b + 2⋅ y

Manning's roughness coefficient is n = 0.015 and Sb = 0.0005

2 1
3
1.49 3 2 m
Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb Q = 3.18⋅
n s
 Problem 11.43 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular channel

Find: Depth of flow

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
m b⋅ y
For a rectangular channel of width b = 2.5⋅ m and flow rate Q = 3 ⋅ we find from Table 11.1 A = b⋅ y R=
s b + 2⋅ y

Manning's roughness coefficient is n = 0.015 and Sb = 0.0004

2
1
3
b⋅ y
⋅ b ⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅S 2
1
Hence the basic equation becomes Q= b
n ⎝ b + 2⋅ y ⎠
2
3
b⋅ y ⎞ = Q⋅ n
y ⋅ ⎛⎜
Solving for y
⎝ b + 2⋅ y ⎠ 1
2
b ⋅ Sb

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below, to make the
Q⋅ n
left side evaluate to = 0.900 .
1
2
b ⋅ Sb

2 2
3 3
b⋅ y b⋅ y
For y = 1 ( m) y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ = 0.676 For y = 1.2 ( m) y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ = 0.865
⎝ b + 2⋅ y ⎠ ⎝ b + 2⋅ y ⎠
2 2
3 3
b⋅ y b⋅ y
For y = 1.23 ( m) y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ = 0.894 For y = 1.24 ( m) y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ = 0.904
⎝ b + 2⋅ y ⎠ ⎝ b + 2⋅ y ⎠

The solution to three figures is y = 1.24 (m)

 Problem 11.44 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapzoidal channel

Find: Depth of flow

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
α = atan ⎛⎜
1⎞ ft
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 8 ⋅ ft α = 26.6deg Q = 100⋅ S0 = 0.0004
⎝ 2⎠ s

n = 0.015

y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot(α)) y ⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot ( α ) ) = y ⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y ) Rh = =
2⋅ y 8 + 2⋅ y ⋅ 5
b +
2 sin ( α )
2 1 1
3
y⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y)⎤
⋅ y ⋅ ( 8 + 2 ⋅ y ) ⋅ y ⋅ ⎡⎢
1.49 3 2 1.49 2
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥ ⋅ 0.0004 = 100(Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.015 ⎣ 8 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5 ⎦
5
3
[ y⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y) ]
Solving for y = 50.3
2

( 8 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5 5
3 3
[ y⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y) ] [ y⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y) ]
For y = 2 ( ft) = 30.27 For y = 3 ( ft) = 65.8
2 2

( 8 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3 ( 8 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3
5 5
3 3
[ y⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y) ] [ y⋅ ( 8 + 2⋅ y) ]
For y = 2.6 ( ft) = 49.81 For y = 2.61 ( ft) = 50.18
2 2

( 8 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3 ( 8 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 2.61 (ft)

 Problem 11.45 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Depth of flow

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
α = atan⎛⎜
1⎞ m
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 2.5⋅ m α = 26.6 deg Q = 3⋅ S0 = 0.0004
⎝2⎠ s

n = 0.015

y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + cot( α) ⋅ y ) = y ⋅ ( 8 + 2 ⋅ y ) R= =
2⋅ y 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 5
b+
cot( α)
2
2 1 1
3
( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ⋅ y⎤
⋅ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ⋅ ⎡⎢
1 3 2 1 2
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥ ⋅ 0.0004 = 3 (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.015 ⎣ 2.5 + 2⋅ y ⋅ 5 ⎦
5
3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ]
Solving for y = 2.25
2

( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ]
For y = 1 ( m) = 3.36 For y = 0.8 ( m) = 2.17
2 2

( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3 ( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3
5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.5 + 2 ⋅ y ) ]
For y = 0.81 ( m) = 2.23 For y = 0.815 ( m) = 2.25
2 2

( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3 ( 2.5 + 2⋅ y⋅ 5) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 0.815 (m)

 Problem 11.46 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on flume

Find: Discharge

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 6 ⋅ ft and depth y = 3 ⋅ ft we find from Table 11.1

2 b⋅ y
A = b⋅ y A = 18⋅ ft Rh = Rh = 1.50⋅ ft
b + 2⋅ y

1 ⋅ ft
For concrete (Table 11.2) n = 0.013 and Sb = Sb = 0.001
1000⋅ ft
2 1
3
1.49 3 2 ft
Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb Q = 85.5⋅
n s
 Problem 11.47 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on flume

Find: Slope

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 3 ⋅ ft and depth y = 6 ⋅ ft we find

2 b⋅ y
A = b⋅ y A = 18⋅ ft Rh = Rh = 1.20⋅ ft
b + 2⋅ y
3
ft
For wood (not in Table 11.2) a Google search finds n = 0.012 to 0.017; we use n = 0.0145 with Q = 90⋅
s

2
⎛ n⋅ Q ⎞ −3
Sb = ⎜ Sb = 1.86 × 10
2
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.49⋅ A⋅ R 3
⎝ h ⎠
 Problem 11.48 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on square channel

Find: Dimensions for concrete and soil cement

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

2
2 b⋅ y b b
For a square channel of width b we find A= b R= = =
b + 2⋅ y b + 2⋅ b 3

3
1 8
2
1 8 ⎛⎜ 2 ⎞
2
1 ⎛ b⎞
2
3
2 Sb 3 ⎜ 3 ⋅Q ⎟
3
Q = ⋅b ⋅⎜ ⋅ Sb = ⋅b b=⎜ ⋅n
1 ⎟
Hence or
n ⎝ ⎠
3 2
⎜ ⎟
n⋅ 3
3 ⎜ Sb 2
⎝ ⎠
3
m
The given data is Q = 20⋅ Sb = 0.003
s

For concrete, from Table 11.2 (assuming large depth) n = .013

b = 2.36 m

For soil cement from Table 11.2 (assuming large depth) n = .020

b = 2.77 m
 Problem 11.49 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Bed slope

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
m
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 2.4⋅ m α = 45⋅ deg y = 1.2⋅ m Q = 7.1⋅
s

For bare soil (Table 11.2) n = 0.020

2 y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + cot( α) ⋅ y ) A = 4.32 m Rh = Rh = 0.746 m
2⋅ y
b+
sin( α)
2
⎛ Q⋅ n ⎞ −3
Hence Sb = ⎜ Sb = 1.60 × 10
2
⎜ ⎟
⎜ A⋅ R 3
⎝ h ⎠
 Problem 11.50 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on triangular channel

Find: Required dimensions

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
m
For the triangular channel we have α = 45⋅ deg Sb = 0.001 Q = 10⋅
s

For concrete (Table 11.2) n = 0.013 (assuming y > 60 cm: verify later)

2 2 y ⋅ cos( α) y
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ cot( α) = y Rh = =
2 2⋅ 2

2 1
2 1 8 1 8 1
3 3
⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅S = 1 ⋅y 3 ⋅⎛ 1 ⎞ ⋅S 2 = 1 ⋅y 3 ⋅S 2
1 3 2 1 2 y
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = b n ⎜8
⎝ ⎠ b 2⋅ n b
n n ⎝ 2⋅ 2 ⎠
3
8
Solving for y y= ⎛ 2⋅ n⋅ Q ⎞ y = 2.20 m (The assumption that y > 60 cm is verified)
⎜ S
⎝ b⎠
 Problem 11.51 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on semicircular trough

Find: Discharge

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For the semicircular channel D = 1⋅ m y = 0.25⋅ m Sb = 0.01

⎛y− D⎞
⎜ 2
Hence, from geometry α = 2 ⋅ asin⎜ ⎟ + 180 ⋅ deg α = 120 ⋅ deg
⎜ D
⎝ 2 ⎠
For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to n = 0.022

1 2 2
Hence from Table 11.1 A = ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) ⋅ D A = 0.154 m
8

⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
1 sin( α) ⎞
Rh = ⋅D Rh = 0.147 m
4 ⎝ α ⎠
2 1
3 3
1 3 2 m m
Then the discharge is Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb ⋅ Q = 0.194
n s s
 Problem 11.52 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on semicircular trough

Find: Discharge

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For the semicircular channel D = 1⋅ m α = 180 ⋅ deg Sb = 0.01

For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to (Table 11.2) n = 0.022

1 2 2
Hence from Table 11.1 A = ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) ⋅ D A = 0.393 m
8

⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
1 sin( α) ⎞
Rh = ⋅D Rh = 0.25 m
4 ⎝ α ⎠
2 1
3 3
1 3 2 m m
Then the discharge is Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb ⋅ Q = 0.708
n s s
 Problem 11.53 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on flume with plastic liner

Find: Depth of flow

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 6 ⋅ ft and depth y we find from Table 11.1

b⋅ y 6⋅ y
A = b⋅ y = 6⋅ y R= =
b + 2⋅ y 6 + 2⋅ y

1 ⋅ ft
and also n = 0.010 and Sb = Sb = 0.001
1000⋅ ft
2
2 1 1
3
6⋅ y
⋅ 6 ⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅ 0.001 2 = 85.5 (Note that we don't use units!)
1.49 3 2 1.49
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb =
n 0.010 ⎝ 6 + 2⋅ y ⎠
5 5
3 3
y 85.5⋅ 0.010 y
Solving for y = or = 0.916
2 1 2 2
3 2 3 3
( 6 + 2⋅ y) 1.49⋅ .001 ⋅ 6 ⋅ 6 ( 6 + 2⋅ y)

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start
with Problem 11.46's depth
5 5
3 3
y y
For y = 3 ( feet) = 1.191 For y = 2 ( feet) = 0.684
2 2
3 3
( 6 + 2⋅ y) ( 6 + 2⋅ y)

5 5
3 3
y y
For y = 2.5 ( feet) = 0.931 For y = 2.45 ( feet) = 0.906
2 2
3 3
( 6 + 2⋅ y) ( 6 + 2⋅ y)
5
3
y
For y = 2.47 ( feet) = 0.916 y = 2.47 (feet)
2
3
( 6 + 2⋅ y)
 Problem 11.54 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapzoidal channel

Find: New depth of flow

Solution: 2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
m
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 2.4⋅ m α = 45⋅ deg Q = 10⋅ Sb = 0.00193
s

For bare soil (Table 11.2) n = 0.020

y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + cot( α) ⋅ y ) = y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) R= =
2⋅ y 2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 2
b+
sin( α)
2
2 1 1
3
y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y )
⋅ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ⋅ ⎡⎢ ⎤ ⋅ 0.00193 2 = 10
1 3 2 1
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥ (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.020 ⎣ 2.4 + 2 ⋅ y⋅ 2⎦
5
3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ]
Solving for y = 4.55
2

( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start
with a larger depth than Problem 11.49's.
5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ]
For y = 1.5 ( m) = 5.37 For y = 1.4 ( m) = 4.72
2 2

( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3 ( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3
5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ]
For y = 1.35 ( m) = 4.41 For y = 1.37 ( m) = 4.536
2 2

( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3 ( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 1.37 (m)

 Problem 11.55 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapzoidal channel

Find: New depth of flow

Solution: 2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
m
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 2.4⋅ m α = 45⋅ deg Q = 7.1⋅ Sb = 0.00193
s

For bare soil (Table 11.2) n = 0.010

y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) Rh = =
2⋅ y 2.4 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 2
b+
2 sin( α)
2 1 1
3
y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y )
⋅ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ⋅ ⎡⎢ ⎤ ⋅ 0.00193 2 = 7.1 (Note that we don't use units!)
1 3 2 1
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥
n 0.010 ⎣ 2.4 + 2 ⋅ y⋅ 2⎦
5
3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ]
Solving for y = 1.62
2

( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3
This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start
with a shallower depth than that of Problem 11.49.
5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ]
For y = 1 ( m) = 2.55 For y = 0.75 ( m) = 1.53
2 2

( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3 ( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3
5 5
3 3
[ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ] [ y ⋅ ( 2.4 + y ) ]
For y = 0.77 ( m) = 1.60 For y = 0.775 ( m) = 1.62
2 2

( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3 ( 2.4 + 2⋅ y⋅ 2) 3

The solution to three figures is y = 0.775 (m)

 Problem 11.56 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Data on semicircular trough

Find: New depth of flow

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
m
For the semicircular channel D = 1⋅ m Sb = 0.01 Q = 0.5⋅
s

For corrugated steel, a Google search leads to (Table 11.2) n = 0.022

⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
sin( α) ⎞
⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
1 2 1 1 1 sin( α) ⎞
From Table 11.1 A= ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) ⋅ D = ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) Rh = ⋅D =
8 8 4 ⎝ α ⎠ 4 ⎝ α ⎠
2
2 1 1
3
⋅ ⎡⎢ ⋅ ( α − sin( α) )⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎡⎢ ⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 −
1 3 2 1 1 1 sin( α) ⎞⎤ 2
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥ ⋅ 0.01 = 0.5 (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.022 ⎣ 8 ⎦ ⎣4 ⎝ α ⎠⎦

2 5
−
3 3
Solving for α α ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) = 2.21

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for α and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start
with a half-full channel
2 5 2 5
− −
3 3 3 3
For α = 180 ⋅ deg α ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) = 3.14 For α = 160 ⋅ deg α ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) = 2.25

2 5 2 5
− −
3 3 3 3
For α = 159 ⋅ deg α ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) = 2.20 For α = 159.2 ⋅ deg α ⋅ ( α − sin( α) ) = 2.212

The solution to three figures is α = 159 ⋅ deg

⋅ ⎛⎜ 1 − cos⎛⎜
D α ⎞⎞
From geometry y = y = 0.410 m
2 ⎝ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎠
 Problem 11.57 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Triangular channel

Find: Proof that wetted perimeter is minimized when sides meet at right angles

Solution:

2 2⋅ y
From Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ cot( α) P=
sin( α)

A
We need to vary z to minimize P while keeping A constant, which means that y= with A = constant
cot( α)

A 1
Hence we eliminate y in the expression for P P = 2⋅ ⋅
cot( α) sin( α)

dP 2 ⋅ ( A⋅ cos( α) − A⋅ sin( α) ⋅ tan( α) )

For optimizing P =− =0
dα sin( 2 ⋅ α) ⋅ A⋅ tan( α)

1
or A⋅ cos( α) − A⋅ sin( α) ⋅ tan( α) = 0 = tan( α) tan( α) = 1 α = 45⋅ deg
tan( α)

For α = 45o we find from the figure that we have the case where the sides meet at 90o. Note that we have only proved that this is
a minimum OR maximum of P! It makes sense that it's the minimum, as, for constant A, we get a huge P if we set α to a large
number (almost vertical walls); hence we can't have a maximum value at α = 45o.
 Problem 11.58 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Normal depth and velocity

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
ft
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 20⋅ ft α = atan( 2 ) α = 63.4 deg Q = 400 ⋅ Sb = 0.0016 n = 0.025
s
y ⋅ ⎛⎜ 20 + ⋅ y⎞
1

Hence from Table 11.2 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = y ⋅ ⎛⎜ 20 +

1
⋅ y⎞ Rh =
y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
=
⎝ 2 ⎠
⎝ 2 ⎠ b+
2⋅ y 20 + y ⋅ 5
2 sin( α)
3
2 1 ⎡ y ⋅ ⎛ 20 + 1 ⋅ y⎞ ⎤ 1
⎢ ⎜ ⎥
1 3 2 1
⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ 20 + ⋅ y⎞ ⋅ ⎢
1 ⎝ 2 ⎠ 2
Hence Q = ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥ ⋅ 0.0016 = 400 (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.025 ⎝ 2 ⎠ ⎣ 20 + y ⋅ 5 ⎦
5
3
⎡y⋅ ⎛ 20 + 1 ⋅ y⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎥
Solving for y ⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
= 250 This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We
2 can use one of a number of numerical root finding techniques, such as
Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can
( 20 + y⋅ 5) 3 manually iterate, as below. We start with an arbitrary depth

5 5
3 3
⎡y⋅ ⎛ 20 + 1 ⋅ y⎞⎤ ⎡y⋅ ⎛ 20 + 1 ⋅ y⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ ⎥
For y = 5 ( ft)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
= 265 For y = 4.9 ( ft)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
= 256
2 2

( 20 + y⋅ 5) 3 ( 20 + y⋅ 5) 3
5 5
3 3
⎡y⋅ ⎛ 20 + 1 ⋅ y⎞⎤ ⎡y⋅ ⎛ 20 + 1 ⋅ y⎞⎤
⎢ ⎜ ⎥ ⎢ ⎜ ⎥
For y = 4.85 ( ft)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
= 252 For y = 4.83 ( ft)
⎣ ⎝ 2 ⎠⎦
= 250
2 2

( 20 + y⋅ 5) 3 ( 20 + y⋅ 5) 3
2
The solution to three figures is y = 4.83⋅ ft Then A = ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) ⋅ y A = 108 ⋅ ft

Q ft
Finally, the normal velocity is V = V = 3.69⋅
A s
 Problem 11.59 [Difficulty: 5]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency

Solution: 2 1
1 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
α = atan⎛⎜
1⎞ m
For the trapezoidal channel we have α = 26.6⋅ deg Q = 250⋅ Sb = 0.001 n = 0.020
⎝2⎠ s

2⋅ y
From Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) P=b +
sin ( α )

We need to vary b and y to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead of two
independent variables b and y, we eliminate b by doing the following

A A 2⋅ y
b= − y ⋅ cot( α) and so P= − y ⋅ cot ( α ) +
y y sin ( α )

∂ 1 ∂ A 2
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y P= ⋅ A − − cot ( α ) +
∂y y ∂y
y
2 sin ( α )

∂ ∂
But at optimum conditions P=0 and A=0
∂y ∂y

2
A 2 2⋅ y 2
Hence 0=− − cot( α) + or A= − y ⋅ cot( α)
2 sin( α) sin( α)
y
2
2⋅ y 2
Comparing to A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) we find A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = − y ⋅ cot( α)
sin( α)

2⋅ y
Hence b= − 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α)
sin( α)

2⋅ y
A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) + y ⋅ cot( α) ⎞ = y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
2 2
Then
⎝ sin( α) ⎠ ⎝ sin( α) ⎠

2⋅ y 4⋅ y
− 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) = 2 ⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
2
P=b+ =
sin( α) sin( α) ⎝ sin( α) ⎠
 y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
2 2

and Rh =
A
=
⎝ sin( α) ⎠ = y
2 ⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞
P 2 2
⎝ sin( α) ⎠

2
2 1 1
3
⋅ ⎡⎢y ⋅ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞⎤⎥ ⋅ ⎛⎜
1 3 2 1 2 2 y⎞ 2
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⋅ Sb
n n ⎣ ⎝ sin( α) ⎠⎦ ⎝2⎠

8 1
3 2
y ⋅ Sb
⎛
Q= ⎜
2 ⎞
− cot( α) ⋅
⎝ sin( α) ⎠ 2
3
n⋅ 2
3
8
⎡ 2 ⎤
⎢ 3
⎥
⎢ 2 ⋅ n⋅ Q ⎥
Solving for y y =
⎢ 1⎥ y = 5.66 (m)
⎢ 2 ⎥
⎢ ⎛⎜ − cot( α) ⎞ ⋅ Sb ⎥
2
⎣ ⎝ sin( α) ⎠ ⎦

2⋅ y
Finally b = − 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cot( α) b = 2.67 (m)
sin( α)
 Problem 11.60 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapezoidal channel

Find: Normal depth

Solution: 2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equation: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
α = atan⎛⎜ ⎞
1 ft
For the trapezoidal channel we have b = 20⋅ ft α = 33.7 deg Q = 1000⋅
⎝ 1.5 ⎠ s

S0 = 0.0002 n = 0.014

y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) y ⋅ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y )
Hence from Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = y ⋅ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) Rh = =
2⋅ y 20 + 2 ⋅ y ⋅ 3.25
b+
sin( α)
2
2 1 1
3
y ⋅ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) ⎤
⋅ y ⋅ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) ⋅ ⎡⎢
1.49 3 2 1.49 2
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⎥ ⋅ 0.0002 = 1000 (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.014 ⎣ 20 + 2 ⋅ y⋅ 3.25⎦
5
3
[ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) ⋅ y ]
Solving for y = 664
2

( 20 + 2⋅ y⋅ 3.25)
3

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5 5
3 3
[ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) ⋅ y ] [ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) ⋅ y ]
For y = 7.5 ( ft) = 684 For y = 7.4 ( ft) = 667
2 2

( 20 + 2⋅ y⋅ 3.25)
3
( 20 + 2⋅ y⋅ 3.25)
3

5 5
3 3
[ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) ⋅ y ] [ ( 20 + 1.5⋅ y ) ⋅ y ]
For y = 7.35 ( ft) = 658 For y = 7.38 ( ft) = 663
2 2

( 20 + 2⋅ y⋅ 3.25)
3
( 20 + 2⋅ y⋅ 3.25)
3

The solution to three figures is y = 7.38 (ft)

 Problem 11.61 [Difficulty: 5]

Given: Trapezoidal channel

Find: Geometry for greatest hydraulic efficiency

Solution:
2⋅ y
From Table 11.1 A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot ( α ) ) P=b+
sin( α)

We need to vary b and y (and then α!) to obtain optimum conditions. These are when the area and perimeter are optimized. Instead
of two independent variables b and y, we eliminate b by doing the following

A A 2⋅ y
b = − y ⋅ cot ( α ) and so P= − y ⋅ cot ( α ) +
y y sin ( α )

∂ 1 ∂ A 2
Taking the derivative w.r.t. y P= ⋅ A − − cot ( α ) +
∂y y ∂y 2 sin ( α )
y
∂ ∂
But at optimum conditions P=0 and A =0
∂y ∂y
2
A 2 2⋅ y 2
Hence 0=− − cot( α) + or A= − y ⋅ cot( α) (1)
2 sin( α) sin( α)
y

( )=0 ( )
2
∂ 2 ⋅ y ⋅ cos( α) 2 2 2 ⋅ cos( α) 2
Now we optimize A w.r.t. α A=− − y ⋅ −1 − cot( α) or − + cot( α) + 1 = 0
∂α sin( α)
2
sin( α)
2

2 2 2
2 cos( α) sin( α) + cos( α) 1
But cot( α) + 1 = +1= =
2 2 2
sin( α) sin( α) sin( α)

α = acos⎛⎜
1⎞
Hence −2 ⋅ cos( α) = −1 α = 60 deg
⎝2⎠

2 2
2⋅ y 2 2⋅ y 1 2 ⎛ 4 − 1 ⎞ ⋅ y2 = 3⋅ y2
We can now evaluate A from Eq 1 A= − y ⋅ cot( α) = − ⋅y = ⎜
sin( α) 3 3 ⎝ 3 3⎠
2

A = y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) ) = y ⋅ ⎛⎜ b + ⋅ y⎞
1
But for a trapezoid
⎝ 3 ⎠

A = ⎛⎜ b + ⋅ y⎞ ⋅ y = ⎛ 3 − 1 ⎞ ⋅y = 2 ⋅y
1 2
Comparing the two A expressions 3⋅ y we find b= ⎜
⎝ 3 ⎠ ⎝ 3⎠ 3
 2⋅ y 2 4
But the perimeter is P=b+ = b + 2⋅ y⋅ =b+ ⋅ y = b + 2⋅ b = 3⋅ b
sin( α) 3 3

In summary we have α = 60 deg

1
P− ⋅P
1 3 1
and b= ⋅P so each of the symmetric sides is = ⋅P
3 2 3

We have proved that the optimum shape is equal side and bottom lengths, with 60 angles i.e., half a hexagon!
 Problem 11.62 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Rectangular channel flow

Find: Critical depth

Solution: 1
3 2 1
⎛ Q2 ⎞
yc = ⎜
1.49 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
⎜ g⋅ b2 n
⎝ ⎠

For a rectangular channel of width b = 2 ⋅ m and depth y = 1.5⋅ m we find from Table 11.1

2 b⋅ y
A = b⋅ y A = 3.00⋅ m Rh = Rh = 0.600 ⋅ m
b + 2⋅ y

Manning's roughness coefficient is n = 0.015 and Sb = 0.0005

2 1
3
1.49 3 2 m
Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb Q = 3.18⋅
n s
1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
Hence yc = ⎜ y c = 0.637 m
⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠
 Problem 11.63 [Difficulty: 4]

Given: Data on rectangular channel and weir

Find: If a hydraulic jump forms upstream of the weir

Solution: 1
2 1 3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
yc = ⎜
1 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb
n ⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠
Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

For a rectangular channel of width b = 2.45⋅ m and depth y we find from Table 11.1
3
b⋅ y 2.45⋅ y m
A = b ⋅ y = 2.45⋅ y Rh = = and also n = 0.015 and Sb = 0.0004 Q = 5.66⋅
b + 2⋅ y 2.45 + 2 ⋅ y s
2
2 1 1
3
2.45⋅ y
⋅ 2.45⋅ y ⋅ ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅ 0.0004 2 = 5.66
1 3 2 1
Hence Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = (Note that we don't use units!)
n 0.015 ⎝ 2.45 + 2⋅ y ⎠
5 5
3 3
y 5.66⋅ 0.015 y
Solving for y = or = 0.898
2 1 2 2
3 2 3 3
( 2.45 + 2 ⋅ y ) .0004 ⋅ 2.54⋅ 2.54 ( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y )

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with the given depth
5 5
3 3
y y
For y = 1.52 ( m) = 0.639 For y = 2 ( m) = 0.908
2 2
3 3
( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y ) ( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y )
5 5
3 3
y y
For y = 1.95 ( m) = 0.879 For y = 1.98 ( m) = 0.896
2 2
3 3
( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y ) ( 2.54 + 2 ⋅ y )
1
3
⎛ Q2 ⎞
y = 1.98 (m) This is the normal depth. We also have the critical depth: yc = ⎜ y c = 0.816 m
⎜ g⋅ b2
⎝ ⎠

Hence the given depth is 1.52 m > y c, but 1.52 m < y n, the normal depth. This implies the flow is subcritical (far enough upstream
it is depth 1.98 m), and that it draws down to 1.52 m as it gets close to the wier. There is no jump.
 Problem 11.64 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on rectangular flume

Find: Optimum geometry

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb and from Table 11.3, for optimum geometry b = 2⋅ yn
n

Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
ft ft
Available data Sb = 10⋅ Sb = 0.00189 Q = 40⋅
mile s

For wood (unplaned), a Google seach gives n = 0.013

2
2 A 2⋅ y n yn
Hence A = b⋅ yn = 2⋅ yn Rh = = =
P y n + 2⋅ y n + y n 2

2
2 1 1
3
1.49 3 2 1.49 2 ⎛ yn ⎞ 2
Then Q= ⋅ A ⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⋅ 2⋅ y n ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ Sb
n n ⎝ 2⎠

3
5
⎛⎜ 2 ⎞

⎜ Q⋅ n⋅ 2 3 ⎟
yn = ⎜ y n = 2.00 b = 2y n b = 4.01
1⎟
Solving for y n (ft) (ft)
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 4 ⋅ 1.49⋅ Sb 2
⎝ ⎠
 Problem 11.65 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on rectangular channel

Find: Expressions valid for critical depth at optimum geometry

Solution:
2 1
1 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb and from Table 11.3, for optimum geometry b = 2⋅ yn
n

Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

2
2 A 2⋅ yn yn
Hence A = b⋅ yn = 2⋅ yn Rh = = =
P yn + 2⋅ yn + yn 2

2 1
2 1 1 8 1
3
2 ⎛ yn ⎞
3
1 3 2 1 2 2 3 2
Then Q = ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⋅ 2 ⋅ y n ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ Sb or Q= ⋅ y ⋅ Sb
n n ⎝2⎠ n n

We can write the Froude number in terms of Q

V Q Q Q
Fr = = = or Fr =
g⋅ y A⋅ g ⋅ y 1 5
2 2 2
2⋅ yn ⋅ g⋅ yn 2⋅ g⋅ yn

5 5
Q 2 2
Hence for critical flow, Fr = 1 and y n = y c, so 1= or Q = 2⋅ g⋅ yc Q = 6.26⋅ y c
5
2
2⋅ g⋅ yc

To find Sc, equate the expressions for Q and set Sb = Sc

1
8 1 5 4 1
3 − 2
2 3 2 2 3 2 3 24.7⋅ n
Q= ⋅ y ⋅ Sc = 2⋅ g⋅ yc or Sc = 2 ⋅ g ⋅ n ⋅ y c Sc =
n c 1
3
yc
 Problem 11.66 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on trapezoidal canal

Find: Critical slope

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2 y ⋅ ( b + y ⋅ cot( α) )
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb and A = y ⋅ b + y ⋅ cot ( α ) Rh =
n 2⋅ y
b+
sin( α)
Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!
3
α = atan⎛⎜
2⎞ ft
Available data b = 10⋅ ft α = 63.4⋅ deg Q = 600⋅
⎝1⎠ s

For brick, a Google search gives n = 0.015

For critical flow y = yc Vc = g⋅ yc

3
( ) (yc⋅ b + yc⋅ cot( α))⋅
ft
so Q = A⋅ Vc = y c⋅ b + y c⋅ cot( α) ⋅ g ⋅ y c g⋅ yc = Q with Q = 600⋅
s

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for y c and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below. We start with the given depth

For yc = 5 ( ft) (yc⋅ b + yc⋅ cot( α))⋅ g ⋅ y c = 666 For y c = 4.5 ( ft) (yc⋅ b + yc⋅ cot( α))⋅ g ⋅ y c = 569

For y c = 4.7 ( ft) (yc⋅ b + yc⋅ cot( α))⋅ g ⋅ y c = 607 For y c = 4.67 ( ft) (yc⋅ b + yc⋅ cot( α))⋅ g ⋅ y c = 601

Hence y c = 4.67 (ft) and Acrit = y c⋅ b + y c⋅ cot( α) Acrit = 49.0 (ft2)

(
y c⋅ b + y c⋅ cot( α) )
Rhcrit = Rhcrit = 2.818 (ft)
2⋅ yc
b+
sin( α)

2 1
2
1.49 3 2 ⎛ n⋅ Q ⎞
Solving the basic equation for Sc Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb Sbcrit = ⎜ Sbcrit = 0.00381
n 2
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.49⋅ A ⋅ R 3
⎝ crit hcrit ⎠
 Problem 11.67 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on wide channel

Find: Critical slope

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb and A = b ⋅y Rh = y
n

Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
ft
s
Available data q = 20⋅
ft

From Table 11.2 n = 0.015

For critical flow y = yc Vc = g⋅ yc

2 2
3 3
Q = A⋅ Vc = b ⋅ y c⋅ g ⋅ y c yc = ⎛ Q ⎞ yc = ⎛ q ⎞
so or ⎜ ⎜
⎝ b⋅ g ⎠ ⎝ g⎠

Hence y c = 2.316 (ft)

2 1 2 1
1.49 3 2 1.49 3 2
Solving the basic equation for Sc Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⋅ b ⋅ y c⋅ y c ⋅ Sb
n n

2 2
⎛ n⋅ Q ⎞ ⎛ n⋅ q ⎞
Sbcrit = ⎜ Sbcrit = ⎜ Sbcrit = 0.00247
2 5
⎜ ⎟ ⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.49⋅ b⋅ y ⋅ y 3 ⎜ 1.49⋅ y 3
⎝ c c ⎠ ⎝ c ⎠

Note from Table 11.2 that a better roughness is n = 0.013

2
⎛ n⋅ q ⎞
and then Sbcrit = ⎜ Sbcrit = 0.00185
5
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.49⋅ y 3
⎝ c ⎠
 Problem 11.68 [Difficulty: 2]

Given: Data on optimum rectangular channel

Find: Channel width and slope

Solution:
2 1
1.49 3 2
Basic equations: Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb and from Table 11.3, for optimum geometry b = 2⋅ yn
n

Note that the Q equation is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
ft
Available data Q = 100 ⋅ n = 0.015 (Table 11.2)
s
2
2 A 2⋅ yn yn
Hence A = b⋅ yn = 2⋅ yn Rh = = =
P yn + 2⋅ yn + yn 2

We can write the Froude number in terms of Q

V Q Q Q
Fr = = = or Fr =
g⋅ y A⋅ g ⋅ y 1 5
2 2 2
2⋅ yn ⋅ g⋅ yn 2⋅ g⋅ yn

5
Q 2
Hence for critical flow, Fr = 1 and y n = y c, so 1= or Q = 2⋅ g⋅ yc
5
2
2⋅ g⋅ yc
2
5
yc = ⎛ Q ⎞ y c = 2.39 b = 2⋅ yc b = 4.78
Hence ⎜ (ft) and (ft)
⎝ 2⋅ g ⎠
2 1
2 1 1 8 1
3
2 ⎛ yc ⎞
3
1.49 3 2 1.49 2 1.49⋅ 2 3 2
Then Q= ⋅ A⋅ Rh ⋅ Sb = ⋅ 2⋅ yc ⋅ ⎜ ⋅ Sc or Q= ⋅ y c ⋅ Sc
n n ⎝ ⎠
2 n

2
⎛ n⋅ Q ⎞
Hence Sc = ⎜ Sc = 0.00615
1 8
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.49⋅ 2 3 ⋅ y 3
⎝ c ⎠
2
⎛ n⋅ Q ⎞
Using (from Table 11.2) n = 0.013 Sc = ⎜ Sc = 0.00462
1 8
⎜ ⎟
⎜ 1.49⋅ 2 3 ⋅ y 3
⎝ c ⎠
 Problem 11.69 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on broad-crested wier

Find: Maximum flow rate/width

Solution: 3
2
Basic equation: Q = Cw⋅ b ⋅ H

Available data H = 1 ⋅ ft P = 8 ⋅ ft − 1 ⋅ ft P = 7 ⋅ ft Cw = 3.4

3
3 ft
Q 2 s
Then = q = Cw⋅ H = 3.4⋅
b ft
 Problem 11.70 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir

Find: Required weir height

Solution:
3
2 2
Basic equations: Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b'⋅ H where Cd = 0.62 and b' = b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H with n = 2
3
3
m
Given data: b = 1.6⋅ m Q = 0.5⋅
s
3 3
Hence we find
2 2 2 2
Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b'⋅ H = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H
3 3
3
2 3⋅ Q
Rearranging ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H =
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ g⋅ Cd

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5
3⋅ Q 2
The right side evaluates to = 0.273 ⋅ m
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ g⋅ Cd

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 1⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 1.40⋅ m For H = 0.5⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.530 ⋅ m

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 0.3⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.253 ⋅ m For H = 0.35⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.317 ⋅ m

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 0.31⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.265 ⋅ m For H = 0.315 ⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.272 ⋅ m

3 5
2 2
For H = 0.316 ⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.273 ⋅ m H = 0.316 m

But from the figure H + P = 2.5⋅ m P = 2.5⋅ m − H P = 2.18 m

 Problem 11.71 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir

Find: Discharge

Solution:
3
2
Basic equation: Q = Cw⋅ b ⋅ H where Cw = 3.33 and b = 8 ⋅ ft P = 2 ⋅ ft H = 1 ⋅ ft

Note that this is an "engineering" equation, to be used without units!

3
3
2 ft
Q = Cw⋅ b ⋅ H Q = 26.6
s
 Problem 11.72 [Difficulty: 3]

Given: Data on rectangular, sharp-crested weir

Find: Required weir height

Solution:
3
2 2
Basic equations: Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b'⋅ H where Cd = 0.62 and b' = b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H with n = 2
3
3
m
Given data: b = 1.5⋅ m Q = 0.5⋅
s
3 3
Hence we find
2 2 2 2
Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ b'⋅ H = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2 ⋅ g ⋅ ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H
3 3
3
2 3⋅ Q
Rearranging ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H =
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ g⋅ Cd

This is a nonlinear implicit equation for H and must be solved numerically. We can use one of a number of numerical root finding
techniques, such as Newton's method, or we can use Excel's Solver or Goal Seek, or we can manually iterate, as below.

5
3⋅ Q 2
The right side evaluates to = 0.273 ⋅ m
2 ⋅ 2 ⋅ g⋅ Cd
3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 1⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 1.30⋅ m For H = 0.5⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.495 ⋅ m

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 0.3⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.237 ⋅ m For H = 0.35⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.296 ⋅ m

3 5 3 5
2 2 2 2
For H = 0.34⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.284 ⋅ m For H = 0.33⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.272 ⋅ m

3 5
2 2
For H = 0.331 ⋅ m ( b − 0.1⋅ n ⋅ H) ⋅ H = 0.273 ⋅ m H = 0.331 m

But from the figure H + P = 2.5⋅ m P = 2.5⋅ m − H P = 2.17 m

 Problem 11.73 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on V-notch weir

Find: Flow head

Solution:
5

Q = Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2⋅ g ⋅ tan ⎛⎜ ⎞ ⋅ H
8 θ 2 L
Basic equation: where Cd = 0.58 θ = 60⋅ deg Q = 150⋅
15 ⎝2⎠ s
2
5
H = ⎛ Q ⎞ H = 0.514m
⎜
⎜ Cd ⋅ ⋅ 2⋅ g ⋅ tan ⎛⎜ ⎞
8 θ
⎝ 15 ⎝2⎠⎠
 Problem 11.74 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on V-notch weir

Find: Discharge

Solution:
5
2
Basic equation: Q = Cw⋅ H where H = 1.5⋅ ft Cw = 2.50 for θ = 90⋅ deg

Note that this is an "engineering" equation in which we ignore units!

5
3
2 ft
Q = Cw⋅ H Q = 6.89
s
 Problem 11.75 [Difficulty: 1]

Given: Data on V-notch weir

Find: Weir coefficient

Solution:
5
2 L
Basic equation: Q = Cw⋅ H where H = 180 ⋅ mm Q = 20⋅
s

Note that this is an "engineering" equation in which we ignore units!

Q
Cw = Cw = 1.45
5
2
H