EE 214 - Electromagnetics: Chapter 10: Transmission Lines

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EE 214 – Electromagnetics
Chapter 10: Transmission Lines
Habib Fathallah, PhD EE

Associate Professor, Electrical Engineering Department, College of Engineering
Presentation prepared based on : Engineering Electromagnetics, William H. Hayt, Jr., Eight Edition
Teaching Assistance: Abdulmalik Alwarafy
EE Dept., KSU, hfathallah@ksu.edu.sa, Office: 2C36
outlines
 INTRODUCTION.
 10.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE PROPAGATION.
 10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS.
 10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION.
 10.4 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES.
 10.5 COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF SINUSOIDAL WAVES.
 10.6 TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS IN PHASOR FORM.
 10.7 LOW-LOSS PROPAGATION.
 10.8 POWER TRANSMISSION AND THE USE OF DECIBELS IN LOSS CHARACTERIZATION.
 10.9 WAVE REFLECTION AT DISCONTINUITIES.
 10.10 VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO.
 10.11 TRANSMISSION LINES OF FINITE LENGTH.
 10.12 SOME TRANSMISSION LINE EXAMPLES.
 10.13 GRAPHICAL METHODS: THE SMITH CHART.
Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 1

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INTRODUCTION
• Transmission lines are used to transmit electric energy and signals from one point
to another, specifically from a source to a load.
• Examples are :
 Connection between a transmitter and an antenna.
 Connections between computers in a network.
 Connections between a hydroelectric generating plant and a substation several

hundred miles away.
INTRODUCTION con.
• Examples of Transmission Line Structures:
(a) Coax cable.
(b) Wire over ground.
(c) Tri-lead wire.
(d) Twisted pair (two-wire line).
• Long distance interconnects.
+ -
(a) (b)
-
- + - + -
(c) (d)

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INTRODUCTION con.
• E & H Fields – Micro strip Case
Signal path
Y
Z (into the page)

X
Electric field
Magnetic field
Ground return path
The signal is really the wave propagating

between the conductors
INTRODUCTION con.
• Transmission Line Definitions:
• General transmission line : is a closed system in which power is transmitted from

a source to a destination.
• A two conductor wire system with the wires in close proximity, providing relative
impedance, velocity and closed current return path to the source.
• Characteristic impedance : is the ratio of the voltage and current waves at any
one position on the transmission line, and is given by:
V
Z0 
I
• Propagation velocity : is the speed with which signals are transmitted through
the transmission line in its surrounding medium.

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INTRODUCTION con.
• Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the

transmission lines.
• These fields are perpendicular to each other and to the

direction of wave propagation for TEM mode waves, which is
the simplest mode, and assumed for most simulators(except
for microstrip lines which assume “quasi-TEM”, which is an
approximated equivalent for transient response calculations).
• Electric field is established by a potential difference between

two conductors Implies equivalent circuit model must
contain capacitor.
• Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line
Implies equivalent circuit model must contain

inductor.
10.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF TRANSMISSION

LINE PROPAGATION
• The basic transmission line circuit

is shown in the figures, voltage
and current waves are initiated
by closing switch S1.

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10.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF

TRANSMISSION LINE PROPAGATION con.
• Transmission line can be represented as:
C1=C2=C3
L1=L2=L3=L4
Lumped-element model of a transmission line
10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS.
• Fig. shows Lumped-element model

of a short transmission line section
of length z with losses.
Applying Kirchoff’s voltage and current laws

• Applying KVL to the loop that includes
(KVL and KCL) to the indicated loop and node.
the entire section length to get:
• Solving this for the ratio, ∆𝑽/∆𝒛 :

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10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS con.
• Next, we write:
• Substituting this into (2) :
• In the limit as z approaches zero (or a small negligible value ) (4) simplifies to the
final form:
This eq. is the first of the two eq.s we are looking for
• To find the second eq., we apply KCL

to the upper central node in the
circuit shown noting from the
symmetry that the voltage at the Applying Kirchoff’s voltage and current laws
node will be 𝑽 + ∆𝑽/𝟐 : (KVL and KCL) to the indicated loop and node.
• Using (3) and simplifying, we get:

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• Again, we obtain the final form by allowing ∆𝒛 to be reduced to a negligible

magnitude. The result is:
The
second eq.
• These two equations are called Telegraphist’s equation, their solution leads
to wave equation in transmission line.
• Differentiating equation (5) with ‘z’ and (8) with ‘t’:
And
• Substituting equation (8) and (10) in equation (9) we get:
• Differentiating equation (5) with respect to ‘t’

and equation (8) with respect to ‘z’. Then, Eq. (5) These two equations are
and its derivative are substituted into the general wave equation
derivative of (8) to obtain an equation for the for transmission line.
current which is in identical to that of (11):

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10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION.

• Lossless propagation:
 Power is not dissipated but, deviated as the wave travels in the transmission line.
 All power at the I/P end reaches the O/P end.
• In our model, lossless propagation occurs when R=G=0 equation (11) becomes:
• The solution of equation (13) is of the form:
• Take the partial derivatives to equation (14) with respect to ‘z’ and ‘t’, using chain
rule the ‘z’ partial derivative is:
10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION con.
• Where, f’ is derivative of ‘f’.
• Partial derivative w.r.t time ‘t’ is:
• The second derivative can also be taken w.r.t ‘z’ and ‘t’:
• Substitute eqn (17) in eqn (13), we have:

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• So the wave velocity for lossless propagation is:
• We have from Telegraphist’s equation,(5) and (8), for lossless condition R=G=0:
• Substitute (14) in (20) and use the Chain rule:
• Integrating (22) over time, obtaining the current in its forward and backward
propagating components:
• So here ‘𝑳𝒗’ is the characteristic impedence ‘𝒁𝒐 ’ for the lossless transmission line, and
is defined as the ratio of voltage to the current in a transmission line:

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• Figure shows the forward

and backward propagating
voltage waves 𝑽+ and 𝑽−
both have positive polarity.
Current directions in waves

having positive voltage polarity.
• From (14) and (23):
• The current that associated with these voltages will flow in opposite direction.
• The –ve sign in the backward wave is due the –ve current
Summary
• Transmission lines (TLs) used to transmit signals from one point to another,
examples are: Coax cable, Wire over ground, Tri-lead wire, and Twisted pair.
• Characteristic impedance is the ratio of the voltage and current waves at any point
on the TL.
• Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the TLs and they are perpendicular
to each other and to the direction of wave propagation for TEM mode waves.
• TLs can be represented as a Lumped-element model.
• Wave eq.s in TLs are obtained through the solution of Telegraphist’s equation.
• In lossless propagation, power is not dissipated in the TL and all power at the I/P
end reaches the O/P end.

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outlines
Introduction .
10.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF TRANSMISSION LINE PROPAGATION.
10.4 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES.
10.5 COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF SINUSOIDAL WAVES.
10.6 TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS IN PHASOR FORM.
10.7 LOW-LOSS PROPAGATION.
10.8 POWER TRANSMISSION AND THE USE OF DECIBELS IN LOSS CHARACTERIZATION.
10.9 WAVE REFLECTION AT DISCONTINUITIES.
10.10 VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO.
10.11 TRANSMISSION LINES OF FINITE LENGTH.
10.12 SOME TRANSMISSION LINE EXAMPLES.
10.13 GRAPHICAL METHODS: THE SMITH CHART.
• Any transmitted signal can be decomposed into a discrete or continuous

summation of sinusoids.
• Beginning by assigning sinusoidal functions to the voltage functions in Eq. (14).
• We consider a specific frequency 𝒇𝟏 = 𝒇𝟐 = 𝑽𝟎 𝒄𝒐𝒔(𝝎𝒕 + ∅)
𝝎
• Where, |𝑽𝟎 | is the value of 𝑽 at 𝒛 = 𝟎, 𝒕 = 𝟎, ∅ = 𝟎, and phase constant 𝜷 =
𝒗𝒑
Real instantaneous
form of transmission
line voltages.

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10.4 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION OF SINUSOIDAL VOLTAGES con.
• Which we identify as a simple periodic function that repeats every incremental

distance 𝝀, known as the wavelength. The requirement is that 𝜷𝝀 = 𝟐𝝅, and so:
• Sinusoidal functions in complex form, based on Euler identity is:
(31)
• Where 𝒋 = −𝟏 and c.c is the complex conjugate of the preceding term.

• Then our voltage eqn becomes:
(32)
• i.e. our complex instantaneous eqn can be written as:

(33)
• And Phaser Voltage is , i.e for a study state condition:

(34)

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10.5 COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF SINUSOIDAL WAVES con.
(35)
(36)
10.5 COMPLEX ANALYSIS OF SINUSOIDAL WAVES con.

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10.6 TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS IN

PHASOR FORM.
• From Wave eqn, for the real instantaneous voltage, we have:
• The wave equation in terms of phasor voltage:
• Z is the net series impedance and Y is the shunt admittance in a transmission

line. Where, 𝜸 is the propagation constant given by:
(41)
• Solution of eqn (38) is:

(42a)
10.6 TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS AND THEIR SOLUTIONS IN PHASOR

FORM con.
(42b)
• In the same way as eqn. (37b), I(z,t) can be written as:
(43)
• Telegraphistic equation can be written as:
(44a)
(44b)

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FORM con.
• Substituting (42a) and (42b) into either (44a) or (44b) [we will use (44a)]:
(45)
• Equating coefficients of 𝒆−𝜸𝒛 and 𝒆𝜸𝒛
(46)
• From eqn (43) and (44):
(47)
• Comparing with ((37b) and (43),the phase of the characteristic impedance,

𝜽 = ∅ − 𝝃.

FORM con.

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• Incorporating (41) into (42a) to obtain:
• Multiply by 𝒆𝒋𝒘𝒕 to get:
𝒏𝒆𝒑𝒆𝒓𝒔 𝑵𝒑
• Attenuation coefficient 𝜶 [ ]
𝒎 𝒎
10.7 LOW-LOSS PROPAGATION con.

• The low-loss approximation allows us to use the first three terms in the binomial series:
(54a)
(54b)

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• Applying the low-loss approximation to the characteristic impedance, Eq. (47). Using
(51), we find:

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10.8 POWER TRANSMISSION AND THE USE OF DECIBELS IN LOSS

CHARACTERIZATION
• Having found the sinusoidal voltage and current in a lossy transmission line, we
next evaluate the power transmitted over a specified distance as a function of
voltage and current amplitudes.
• The instantaneous power is:
• The time-averaged power < 𝑷 > is of interest:
• The time-averaged power in (60) is obtained from the phasor forms through:
Applies to any
single-frequency wave
• Where, the asterisk ∗ denotes the complex conjugate

CHARACTERIZATION con.
• Using (61) and (62) in (63):
Identical to the
time-integrated
result in (60).
• An important result of the preceding exercise is that power attenuates as 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒛 , or:
• Power drops at twice the exponential rate with distance as either voltage or current.
• A conventional measure of power loss is in decibel units. This is based on expressing
the power decreases as a power of 10, i.e. :
• Where, the constant k to be determined by setting 𝜶𝒛 = 𝟏, so:

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• And by the definition, the power loss in dB is:
• Or equivalently:
• Where:


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summary
• Any transmitted signal can be decomposed into a discrete or

continuous summation of sinusoids.
• Power attenuates as 𝒆−𝟐𝜶𝒛 in TLs.
• A conventional measure of power loss is in decibel units. This is based

on expressing the power decreases as a power of 10.
outlines
Introduction .

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• A voltage wave is presumed to be incident on the load, and is expressed in

phasor form for all z as:
• When the wave reaches the load, a reflected wave is generated that back-
propagates.
• Fig. shows voltage wave reflection

from a complex load impedance.
• The phasor voltage at the load is the sum of the incident and reflected
voltage phasors, evaluated at z = 0:
10.9 WAVE REFLECTION AT DISCONTINUITIES con.
• The current through the load is the sum of the incident and reflected currents, also
at z = 0:
• And the reflection coefficient, 𝜞 is:
• Using (71) with (73), we write:
• And the transmission coefficient, 𝝉 is:

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• The fractions of the incident wave power that are reflected and dissipated by the
load need to be determined.
• The incident power is found from (64), where we position the load at Z=L, with line
input at z = 0.
• The reflected power is found by substituting the reflected wave voltage into (76a);
• The fraction of reflected power at the load is obtained by the ratio of (76b) to (76a):
• The fraction of the incident power that is transmitted into the load (or dissipated by
it) is therefore:
• For the connection of two semi-infinite transmission lines having different

characteristic impedances, reflections will occur at the junction, with the second line
being treated as the load.
• For a wave incident from line 1 (𝒁𝟎𝟏 ) to line 2 (𝒁𝟎𝟐 ), we find:
• The fraction of the power that propagates into the second line is then 𝟏 − 𝚪 𝟐 .

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• The ratio of the maximum voltage to the minimum voltage is the
voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) or ( SWR) given by:
Slotted line
10.10 VOLTAGE STANDING WAVE RATIO con.
• To understand the voltage measurements:

 First, if the slotted line is terminated by a matched impedance, then no reflected
wave occurs; the probe indicates the same voltage amplitude at every point.
• Fig. shows a sketch of

a coaxial slotted line
with distance scale.
The load is in place,
𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟓, and the
min. occurs at a scale
reading of 47 cm.
• For a short circuit,
the min. is located at
a scale reading of 26
cm.

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 Second, if the slotted line is terminated by an open or short circuit , then the total
voltage in the line is a standing wave and the voltage probe provides no output when
it is located at the nodes; these occur periodically with half-wavelength spacing. As
the probe position is changed, its output varies as |cos(𝜷𝒛 + 𝝋)|, where z is the
distance from the load, and where the phase, φ, depends on the load impedance.
Fig. shows travelling

and standing waves
in a lossless open
circuited T.L
• If the load is a short circuit, the requirement of zero voltage at the short leads to a
null occurring there, and voltage in the line will vary as |sin(𝜷𝒛)| (where 𝝋 = ±𝝅/𝟐.
• A complicated situation, when the reflected voltage is neither 0 nor 100 percent of
the incident voltage. Some energy is absorbed by load and some is reflected.
• Slotted line supports a voltage that is composed of both a traveling wave and a
standing wave. It is customary to describe this voltage as a standing wave, even
though a traveling wave is also present.
• For animation video about SWR click: SWR.MP4

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• Voltage does not have zero amplitude at any point for all time, and the degree to
which the voltage is divided between a traveling wave and a standing wave is
expressed by the ratio of the max. amplitude found by the probe to the min.
amplitude (VSWR).
• This information, along with the positions of the voltage minima or maxima with
respect to that of the load, enable one to determine the load impedance.

• For the forward and backward-propagating waves occurring within the slotted line when
load is positioned at z = 0, with taking the I/P wave amplitude as V0, the total phasor
voltage is given by:
• If the load is a short circuit (𝒁𝑳 = 𝟎), ∅ is equal to 𝝅 ; if 𝒁𝑳 is real and less than 𝝅 𝒁𝟎 , ∅
is also equal to 𝝅 ; and if 𝒁𝑳 is real and greater than 𝒁𝟎 , ∅ is zero.
• Applying the algebraic trick of adding and subtracting the terms we get:

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• In real instantaneous form:
• Portion of the incident wave that reflects and back-propagates in slotted line
interferes with an equivalent portion of the incident wave to form a standing wave.
The rest of the incident wave (which does not interfere) is the traveling wave
• The min. and max. voltage amplitudes:
• The min. voltage amplitude is obtained when the two terms subtract directly
(having a phase difference of π). This occurs at locations:

• All positions within the slotted line occur at -ve values of z. Substitution of the
above eqn in 𝑽𝒔𝑻 (𝒛) leads to the min. amplitude:
• The voltage oscillates (through zero) in time, with amplitude 𝑽𝟎 (𝟏 − |𝚪|).

• Next, the max. voltage amplitude is obtained when the two terms 𝑽𝒔𝑻 (𝒛) add
in-phase. This will occur at locations:
• Substituting (89) into (85):

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• A voltage max. is located at the load (z = 0) if φ = 0; moreover, φ = 0 when reflection
coefficient is real and positive. This occurs for real 𝒁𝑳 when 𝒁𝑳 > 𝒁𝟎.
• Thus there is a voltage max. at the load when the load impedance is greater than 𝒁𝟎
and both impedances are real.
• With φ = 0, maxima also occur at 𝒁𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝒎𝝅/𝜷 = −𝒎𝝀/𝟐.
• For a zero-load impedance, φ = π, and the maxima are found at 𝒁𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝝅/
(𝟐𝜷), −𝟑𝝅/(𝟐𝜷), 𝒐𝒓𝒁𝒎𝒂𝒙 = −𝝀/𝟒, −𝟑𝝀/𝟒, and so forth.
• The minima are separated by multiples of one half-wavelength , and for a zero load
impedance, the first min. occurs when −𝜷𝒛 = 𝟎, or at the load.
• In general, a voltage min. is found at z = 0 whenever φ = π; this occurs if 𝒁𝑳 <

𝒁𝟎 where 𝒁𝑳 is real. The general results are illustrated in the following Fig.
• The SWR is given by:
The reflection coefficient phase

is φ, leads to the indicated
locations of max. and min.
voltage amplitude, as found
from Eqs. (86) and (89).

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10.11 TRANSMISSION LINES OF FINITE LENGTH
• When considering the prop. of sinusoidal voltages on finite-length lines with loads
that are not impedance matched, numerous reflections occur between the load
and generator, setting up a multiwave bidirectional voltage distribution in the line.
• To determine the net power transferred to the load in steady state, we must
include the effect of the forward- and backward-reflected waves.
Finite-length transmission line configuration Its equivalent circuit

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10.11 TRANSMISSION LINES OF FINITE LENGTH con.
• The line exists along the negative part of z axis.
• The easiest method of approaching the problem is not to attempt to analyze
every reflection individually, but rather to recognize that: in steady state, there
will exist one net forward wave and one net backward wave, representing the
superposition of all waves that are incident on the load and all waves that are
reflected from it.
• We may thus write the total voltage in the line as:
−
• Where, 𝑽+
𝟎 and 𝑽𝟎 are complex amplitudes, composed respectively of the sum
of all individual forward and backward wave amplitudes and phases.

• In similar way, we may write the total current in th line as:
• We define the wave impedance, 𝒁𝒘 (𝒛) as the ratio of the total

phasor voltage to the total phasor current, and given by:

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• Where, :
• And:
• From Euler identity:
• We have at 𝒛 = −𝒍 :

• One special case is that in which the line length is half wave length, or an
integer multiple therefore:
• For half-wave line, the equivalent circuit can be constructed simply by removing the
line completely and placing the load impedance at the input.
• Another important special case is that in which the line length is an odd multiple of
a quarter wavelength i.e.:

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• An application of the last equation is to the problem of joining two lines having
different characteristic impedances:
• Suppose the impedances are (from the left to the right) 𝒁𝟎𝟏 and 𝒁𝟎𝟑 .
• At the joint we can insert an additional line whose characteristic impedance is 𝒁𝟎𝟐
with length 𝝀/𝟒.
• We thus have a sequence of joined lines whose impedances progress as
𝒁𝟎𝟏 , 𝒁𝟎𝟐 , 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒁𝟎𝟑 in that order.
• Now a voltage wave is incident from line 1 onto the joint between 𝒁𝟎𝟏 and 𝒁𝟎𝟐 .
• Therefore the effective load at the far end of line 2 is 𝒁𝟎𝟑 . and the input impedance to
line 2 at any frequency is now: Zin(line 2) equals:

• And since the length of line 2 is 𝝀/𝟒, we have:
• Reflections at the 𝒁𝟎𝟏 − 𝒁𝟎𝟐 interface will not occur if

𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝟏 = 𝒁𝟎𝟏 𝐛𝐞𝐜𝐚𝐮𝐬𝐞 𝐨𝐟 𝐢𝐦𝐩𝐞𝐝𝐚𝐧𝐜𝐞 𝐦𝐚𝐭𝐜𝐡𝐢𝐧𝐠 . Therefore, we can match
the junction (allowing complete transmission through the three-line sequence.
• If 𝒁𝟎𝟐 is chosen so that:
• This value of 𝒁𝟎𝟐 leads to 𝒁𝒊𝒏 𝐥𝐢𝐧𝐞 𝟏 = 𝒁𝟎𝟏

• This technique is called quarter-wave matching.

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summary
• When the wave reaches the load, a reflected wave is generated that back-propagates.
• The phasor voltage (or current) at the load is the sum of the incident and reflected voltage
phasors.
• When connecting two semi-infinite transmission lines having different characteristic

impedances, reflections will occur at the junction, and the second line is treated as the load.
• Voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) or ( SWR) is the ratio of the maximum voltage to the
minimum voltage.
• When considering the propagation of sinusoidal voltages on finite-length lines that have
loads that are not impedance matched, numerous reflections occur at the load and at the
generator, setting up a multi-wave bidirectional voltage distribution in the line.
• The wave impedance, 𝒁𝒘 (𝒛) is the ratio of the total phasor voltage to the total phasor
current.
outlines
Introduction .

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10.12 SOME TRANSMISSION LINE EXAMPLES con.

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• Basically, this diagram shows curves of constant resistance and constant reactance.
• The diagram is constructed within a circle of

unit radius, using polar coordinates, with
radius variable |𝜞| and counterclockwise
angle variable 𝝓, where 𝜞 = 𝜞 𝒆𝒋𝝓 =
• The polar coordinates of the smith chart are
the magnitude and phase angle of the
reflection coefficient.
• The rectangular coordinates are the real and
the imaginary parts of the reflection
coefficient. We can reduce the TL problems
• The entire chart lies within the circle 𝜞 = 𝟏. labor, without seriously affecting
the accuracy, by using Smith charts

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10.13 GRAPHICAL METHODS: THE SMITH CHART con.

• The basic relationship upon which the chart is constructed is:
• The impedances that we plot on the chart will be normalized with respect to the
charc. impedance. Let us identify the normalized load impedance as 𝒛𝑳,
• In polar form, we have used 𝜞 and 𝝓 as the magnitude and angle of 𝜞. With
𝜞𝒓 and 𝜞𝒊 as the real and imaginary parts of 𝜞, we write:
• Thus:
• The real and imaginary parts of this equation are:

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• After several lines of elementary algebra we get:
(112)
(113)
Constant-r circles are shown on the 𝜞𝒓 , 𝜞𝒊

plane. The radius of any circle is 𝟏/(𝟏 + 𝒓)
• The first equation describes a family of circles, where each circle is associated
with a specific value of resistance r.
• For example, if 𝒓 = 𝟎, the radius of this zero resistance circle is seen to be unity,
and it is centered at the origin (𝜞𝒓 = 𝟎, 𝜞𝒊 = 𝟎), and this for a pure reactance
termination leads to a reflection coefficient of unity magnitude.
• If 𝒓 = ∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒁𝑳 = ∞ and we have 𝜞 = 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎.
• The circle described by eq. (112) is centered at 𝜞𝒓 = 𝟏, 𝜞𝒊 = 𝟎 and has zero
radius. It is therefore the point 𝜞 = 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎.
• As another example, the circle for 𝒓 = 𝟏, is centered at 𝜞𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝜞𝒊 = 𝟎 and
has a radius of 0.5. This circle is shown in the last, along with circles for
𝒓 = 𝟎. 𝟓, 𝒂𝒏𝒅 𝒓 = 𝟐, All circles are centered on the 𝜞𝒓 axis and pass through the
point 𝜞 = 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎.

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• Equation (113) also represents a family of circles, but each of these circles is defined by a
particular value of x, rather than r.
• If 𝐱 = ∞, 𝒕𝒉𝒆𝒏 𝒁𝑳 = ∞ and again 𝜞 = 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎

• The circle described by (113) is centered at 𝜞 = 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎
and has zero radius.
• If 𝒙 = +𝟏, then the circle is centered at 𝜞 = 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟏 and
has unit radius. Only one-quarter of this circle lies
within the boundary curve 𝜞 = 𝟏 as shown.
• A similar quarter-circle appears below the 𝜞𝒓 axis for
𝒙 = −𝟏
• The portions of other circles for 𝒙 = 𝟎. 𝟓, −𝟎. 𝟓, 𝟐, The portions of the circles of constant 𝒙
𝒂𝒏𝒅 − 𝟐 are also shown. The “circle” representing 𝒙 = lying within 𝜞 = 𝟏 are shown on the 𝜞𝒓,𝜞𝒊
axes. The radius of a given circle is 𝟏/|𝒙|
𝟎 is 𝜞𝒓 axis; this is also labeled in the Fig.
• An example, if 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐𝟓 + 𝒋𝟓𝟎 𝜴 line.
The reflection coefficient is approximately 0.62 at an angle φ of 83◦.

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• By the current:
• Obtaining the normalized input impedance:
• Replacing 𝒛 with −𝒍 and dividing numerator and denominator by 𝒆 𝒋𝜷𝒍, we have

the general equation relating normalized input impedance, reflection coefficient,
and line length:
• The last equation shows that the Input impedance at any point 𝒛 = −𝒍 can be
obtained by replacing 𝜞 𝐛𝐲 𝜞𝒆−𝒋𝟐𝜷𝒍 𝐢𝐧 𝐭𝐡𝐞 𝐞𝐱𝐩𝐫𝐞𝐬𝐬𝐢𝐨𝐧 𝐨𝐟 𝒛𝑳
• Hence the angle of 𝜞 decreases by 𝟐𝜷𝒍 as we move from the load to the line I/P.
• Only the angle of 𝜞 changes, the magnitude remains constant.
• Thus, as we proceed from the load 𝒛𝑳 to the input impedance 𝒛𝒊𝒏 , we move toward
the generator a distance 𝒍 in the transmission line, but we move through a clockwise
angle of 𝟐𝜷𝒍 on the Smith chart.
• Since the magnitude stays constant, the movement toward the source is made along a
constant-radius circle.
• One lap around the chart is accomplished whenever 𝜷𝒍 changes by 𝝅 𝒓𝒂𝒅, or when 𝒍
changes by one half wavelength. This agrees with our earlier discovery that the input
impedance of a half-wavelength lossless line is equal to the load impedance.

4/26/2014

4/26/2014
• To obtain the location of the 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 &𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 from Smith chart, we know that a max. or
min. must occur at the load when 𝒁𝑳 is a pure resistance;
 If 𝑹𝑳 > 𝒁𝟎 there is a max. at the load.
 If 𝑹𝑳 < 𝒁𝟎 there is a min.
• We can cut off the load end of a TL at a point where 𝒁𝒊𝒏 is a pure resistance and
replace that section with a resistance 𝑹𝒊𝒏 ; there would be no changes on the
generator portion of the line.
• Then, that the location of 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 &𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 is at those points where 𝒁𝒊𝒏 is a pure
resistance.
• Purely resistive 𝒁𝒊𝒏 must occur on the x = 0 line (the 𝚪𝒓 axis) of the Smith chart.
• 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒎𝒊𝒏 occur when r > 1, or 𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒕𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓, and 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 𝒐𝒓 𝑰𝒎𝒂𝒙 occur when r
< 1, or at 𝒘𝒕𝒈 = 𝟎.

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• In Example 10.10, then, the max. at 𝒘𝒕𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓𝟎 occurs 0.250 − 0.135 = 0.115
wavelengths toward generator from the load.
• This is a distance of 0.115 × 200, or 23 cm from the load.
• The value of 𝒔 is read as the value of r at the

intersection of the |𝚪| circle and the r
axis, 𝒓 > 𝟏.
• In our example, this intersection is marked
point C, and 𝒓 = 𝟒. 𝟐; 𝒕𝒉𝒖𝒔, 𝒔 = 𝟒. 𝟐.
• TL charts also used for normalized admittances, we let 𝒚𝑳 = 𝒀𝑳 /𝒀𝟎 = 𝒈 + 𝒋𝒃 and

use the r circles as g circles and the x circles as b circles.
• The two differences are:

1. Line segment where g > 1 and b = 0 corresponds to 𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 .
2. 180◦ must be added to the angle of 𝚪 as read from the perimeter of the chart. We use the
Smith chart in this way in next section.
• Special charts are available for non-normalized lines, particularly 𝟓𝟎 𝛀 charts and
𝟐𝟎 𝒎𝑺 charts.

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• We next consider two examples of practical TL problems.

1. The determination of load impedance from experimental data.
2. The design of a single-stub matching network.
• Assuming we made
experimental measurements
on a 50 slotted line that
𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟓.
• This determined by moving a
sliding carriage back and forth
along the line to determine
A sketch of a coaxial slotted line with distance scale.
𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙&𝑽𝒎𝒊𝒏 readings as shown.
The load in place, s = 2.5, and min. occurs at a scale
reading of 47 cm. For a short circuit, min. is located at
a scale reading of 26 cm. The wavelength is 75 cm.
• Let us locate short circuit one 𝝀/𝟐 away at 26.0 − 37.5 = −11.5 cm on the scale.
• Since the short circuit replaced the load, the load is located at −11.5 cm.
• Data show that the min. is 47.0 − (−11.5) = 58.5 cm from the load, or subtracting 𝝀/𝟐 ,
a min. is 21cm from the load.
• 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙 is thus 21−(37.5/2) = 2.25 cm from the load, or 2.25/75 = 0.03 wavelength from
the load.
• Now, we turn to the Smith chart. At 𝑽𝒎𝒂𝒙, the 𝒁𝒊𝒏 is a pure resistance equal to 𝒔𝑹𝟎 ;
on a normalized basis,𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟓.

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• We enter the chart at 𝒁𝒊𝒏 = 𝟐. 𝟓 and read 𝟎. 𝟐𝟓 on the wtg scale.
• Subtracting 0.03 wavelength to reach the load, we find that the intersection of the
𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟓 (𝒐𝒓 |𝚪| = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟐𝟗) circle and the radial line to 0.22 wavelength is at
𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖.
• The construction is sketched as shown.

• Thus 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟏𝟎𝟓 + 𝒋𝟒𝟎, a value assumes its
location at a scale reading of −11.5 cm, or
an integral # of 𝝀/𝟐 from that position.
• As a final example, lets match this load to the 𝟓𝟎 𝛀 line by placing a short-circuited
stub of length d1 a distance d from the load as shown.
• We want to determine the lengths d &d1.
• 𝒀𝒊𝒏 of the length d containing the load

must be 𝟏 + 𝒋𝒃𝒊𝒏 for addition of 𝒀𝒊𝒏 of
the stub 𝒋𝒃𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒃 to give 𝒀𝒕𝒐𝒕 = 𝟏 + 𝒋 𝟎.
• Hence, the stub admittance is −𝒋𝒃𝒊𝒏 .
• We will therefore use the Smith chart as
an admittance chart instead of an
impedance chart.
A short-circuited stub of length d1 located at
distance d from a load 𝒁𝑳 , is used to provide
a matched load to the left of the stub.

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1. 𝒁 of the load is 𝟐. 𝟏 + 𝐣𝟎. 𝟖, and its location is at −11.5 cm.

2. 𝒀 of the load is therefore 1/(2.1+ j0.8), and this value may be determined by adding 𝝀/𝟒 on
the Smith chart, as 𝐙𝐢𝐧 for a 𝝀/𝟒 line is 𝐑𝟐𝟎 /𝐙𝐋 , or 𝐙𝐢𝐧 = 𝟏/𝐙𝐋 , or 𝐘𝐢𝐧 = 𝐙𝐋 .
3. Entering the chart at 𝒁𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟖,

we read 0.22 on the wtg scale.
4. We add (or subtract) 0.25 and find

𝒀 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟏 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 corresponding to this
𝒁, this point is still located on the
𝒔 = 𝟐. 𝟓 𝒄𝒊𝒓𝒄𝒍𝒆.
A normalized load, 𝒛𝑳 = 𝟐. 𝟏 + 𝒋 𝟎. 𝟖, is
matched by placing a 0.129-wavelength short-
circuited stub 0.19 wavelengths from the load.
• Now, finding the point or points on this circle in which the real part of 𝒀equal to unity.
5. There are two answers, 𝟏 + 𝒋𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒕𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔, and 𝟏 − 𝒋𝟎. 𝟗𝟓 𝒂𝒕 𝒘𝒕𝒈 =
𝟎. 𝟑𝟒, as shown.
• We select the 1st value since it leads to

the shorter stub. Hence 𝒚𝒔𝒕𝒖𝒃 =
− 𝒋𝟎. 𝟗𝟓, and the stub location
corresponds to 𝒘𝒕𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔.
6. Because the load 𝒀 was found at

𝒘𝒕𝒈 = 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕𝟎, then we move
(𝟎. 𝟓 − 𝟎. 𝟒𝟕) + 𝟎. 𝟏𝟔 = 𝟎. 𝟏𝟗
wavelength to get to the stub location.

EE 214 - Electromagnetics: Chapter 10: Transmission Lines

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EE 214 - Electromagnetics: Chapter 10: Transmission Lines

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4/26/2014

Chapter 10: Transmission Lines

Habib Fathallah, PhD EE

Teaching Assistance: Abdulmalik Alwarafy

EE Dept., KSU, hfathallah@ksu.edu.sa, Office: 2C36

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 1

 Connections between computers in a network.

 Connections between a hydroelectric generating plant and a substation several

(b) Wire over ground.

(c) Tri-lead wire.

(d) Twisted pair (two-wire line).

• Long distance interconnects.

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 2

• E & H Fields – Micro strip Case

Z (into the page)

Ground return path

The signal is really the wave propagating

• Transmission Line Definitions:

• General transmission line : is a closed system in which power is transmitted from

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 3

• Both Electric and Magnetic fields are present in the

• These fields are perpendicular to each other and to the

• Electric field is established by a potential difference between

• Magnetic field induced by current flowing on the line

Implies equivalent circuit model must contain

10.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF TRANSMISSION

• The basic transmission line circuit

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 4

10.1 PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION OF

Lumped-element model of a transmission line

10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS.

• Fig. shows Lumped-element model

Applying Kirchoff’s voltage and current laws

• Solving this for the ratio, ∆𝑽/∆𝒛 :

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 5

10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS con.

• Substituting this into (2) :

10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS con.

• To find the second eq., we apply KCL

• Using (3) and simplifying, we get:

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 6

10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS con.

• Again, we obtain the final form by allowing ∆𝒛 to be reduced to a negligible

10.2 THE TRANSMISSION LINE EQUATIONS con.

• Substituting equation (8) and (10) in equation (9) we get:

• Differentiating equation (5) with respect to ‘t’

derivative of (8) to obtain an equation for the for transmission line.

current which is in identical to that of (11):

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 7

10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION.

• The solution of equation (13) is of the form:

10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION con.

• Where, f’ is derivative of ‘f’.

• Partial derivative w.r.t time ‘t’ is:

• Substitute eqn (17) in eqn (13), we have:

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 8

10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION con.

• So the wave velocity for lossless propagation is:

• Substitute (14) in (20) and use the Chain rule:

10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION con.

Dr Habib Fathallah, EE 214, Spring 2014 9

10.3 LOSSLESS PROPAGATION con.