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ABSTRACT
This research deals with the question of whether, and under what circumstances, the
presence of underground structures should be taken into account for the earthquake
resistant design of neighbouring surface structures. In order to investigate the effect
of underground structures on surface seismic motion, a series of dynamic plane-
strain numerical analyses were conducted, considering a circular tunnel embedded in
a viscoelastic half-space, and a harmonic SV-wave excitation. The numerical
methodology, based on the Finite Difference Method, aims at quantifying the effect
of the soil medium characteristics, excitation frequency, tunnel diameter, depth of
construction, and relative flexibility of the lining compared to that of the surrounding
soil. Conclusions contain preliminary criteria identifying the cases when the presence
of an underground structure should be considered in the design of a surface structure.
INTRODUCTION
The most important parameters, rising from the analytical results of the
aforementioned researchers to be influencing the response at the ground surface, are:
The ratio of the depth of structure axis over the radius of structure, H/ . For
smaller depths, not only the amplification due to the underground cavity is
larger, but also seismic waves are “trapped” between the cavity and the
ground surface, thus producing more complex response patterns.
The dimensionless frequency n=2 / , where is the wavelength. Higher
values of n generally produce higher amplifications and more complex
response patterns.
The dimensionless distance from the structure axis on the ground surface,
x/ , where is the radius of the structure. The affected wave field, resulting
from the presence of the underground structure, attenuates at low rates and is
approximately analogous to the inverse square root of the distance from the
structure. However, analytical methods proposed in the literature have
produced results limited to x/a<4.
The relative stiffness of the structure, compared to the surrounding soil, as
stiffer structures appear to produce lower amplifications.
The analytical solutions proposed in the literature provide a clear overview of the
problem, and the basic parameters influencing the ground response. Nevertheless, as
they are based on complex mathematics, they cannot be used for parametric analyses
to examine the effect of a wide range of values of the aforementioned parameters.
For this reason, in the present work the problem is treated numerically, with the aid
of the commercially available Finite Difference Code FLAC (Itasca, 1999).
Following the verification of the numerical model, a series of parametric analyses are
presented, aiming at the definition of preliminary criteria identifying the cases when
the presence of an underground structure should be considered in the design of
surface structures.
The numerical model is verified against the analytical results of Luco and De
Barros (1994), who used an indirect boundary integral method based on two-
dimensional Green’s functions, to obtain the harmonic motion on the ground surface.
Their model consisted of an infinitely long unlined cavity of circular cross-section
with radius , parallel to the free surface of the half-space and embedded at a depth
H. The soil was treated as a viscoelastic medium, characterized by density and
propagation velocities of P and SV waves equal to a and b respectively. The
simplifying assumption for hysteretic damping a= b= was also adopted.
In this paper, the numerical model was constructed along the above lines in order to
provide the means of verification. The commercially available Finite Difference
Code FLAC (Itasca, 1999) was selected to perform the analyses. The boundary
conditions applied at the artificial boundaries were a) lateral dashpots to minimize
wave reflections and achieve free-field conditions, b) absorbing boundaries at the
bottom i.e. normal and shear dashpots of coefficient c= CsVs (Kramer, 1996) to
represent the effect of radiation damping and c) a stress boundary of amplitude
xy=2 CsVs at the bottom to simulate the incoming harmonic SV- wave. The factor of
2 in the above relation corresponds to the fact that half of the input energy is
absorbed by the viscous boundary, while in the above relations Cs is speed of S-wave
propagation through medium, is the mass density and Vs the seismic particle
velocity. Despite the existence of a vertical plane of symmetry, the full model was
used due to the limitations of the numerical code with respect to lateral dashpots.
Hysteretic damping is simulated in an approximate fashion as Rayleigh damping
according to the guidelines of Itasca (1999) and Sofianos (2003).
Figure 1 depicts a sample of the satisfactory comparison with the Luco & De
Barros analytical model. Displacement amplitudes are normalized against the
amplitude of the incident motion on the free-field ground surface Us.
PARAMETRIC ANALYSES
and lining = 0.2. Combined to the soil characteristics, it yields two values, namely J=5
and J=150.
2 3
2 E soil (1 lining ) Rlining
J=
Elining (1 + soil )t lining
3
he extent of the retained strong ground motion was investigated for 18 structure
radii. Finally, a special parameter that was separately examined was the hysteretic
damping of the soil. Three values compatible with the elastic model were selected,
namely =1%, 2% and 5%, corresponding to soft rock-stiff soil formations. Results
have shown no practical difference between the three values, therefore =2% was
adopted in all analyses.
Figure
RESULTS
Figure 12. Normalized vertical displacement amplitudes for n=0.4, H/ =2 and 5 for
an unlined cavity (J=inf), very flexible lining (J=150) and stiff lining (J=5).
CONCLUSIONS
In order to extract preliminary criteria identifying the cases when the presence of an
underground structure can or cannot be neglected in the design of a surface structure,
all results were evaluated via combined plots of the maximum amplification values
and of the location of that maxima on the ground surface. Figures 13 and 14 are only
samples of such plots, as the complete results cannot be shown due to space
limitations. From Figure 13 it is drawn that maximum amplification of the horizontal
motion reaches about 1.5 for a shallow (H/ <2) unlined tunnel. In Figure 14 it may
be seen that for small depths (H/ <2), only the area close to the tunnel is affected
(0<x/ <1.0). For 2<H/ <4 the affected area extends to 5 radii and for larger depths it
starts at 2 and extends to 7 radii.
Summarizing observations from all relevant diagrams, the following can be said for
an unlined tunnel:
Ground response for excitations with wavelengths larger than the tunnel
diameter is not affected by the presence of the tunnel.
The presence of a tunnel results in amplifications that should be considered
in the design of a surface structure for ratios H/ <3.0.
The horizontal component of motion can be amplified by 20% to 85% within
a distance of eleven radii from the tunnel axis (0<x/ <11).
The ground response is further complicated by the appearance of a parasitic
vertical component of motion. Maximum vertical displacement amplitudes
occur within four radii from the tunnel axis (0<x/ <4), reaching values of 1/3
up to 3 times the value of horizontal free-field component.
From the analyses for a lined tunnel, the following observations can be made:
Stiffer linings generally attenuate the effect of the tunnel presence on the
ground response.
For n>0.8 and H/ >6.0 stiffer structures cause unexpected for such depths
amplifications of about 30%.
The horizontal component of motion can be amplified from 20% to 40%.
The vertical component of motion reaches values from 1/3 to 1.5 times the
value of the horizontal free-field component.
The value of the relative stiffness does not alter the affected surface area,
which therefore coincides with that of the unlined tunnel.
Figure 14. Combined plot of the maxima amplification location, due to the presence
of a flexible tunnel (J=150), for all depths and frequencies.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The research was funded by Earthquake Planning and Protection Organization, Greece.
REFERENCES