PBTROLEUM BRANCH, AlME PAPER

Fidelity Union Building

Dallas, Texas
. NUMBER 614-G
THIS IS A PREPRINT - - - SUBJECT TO CORRECTION

tf1echanical Simulator That Uuplicates Behavior

Of Sucker Rod Pumping Systems
By

.!- .!!. Halderson, Member AlME,

Phillips Petroleum Co., Bartlesville, Okla.

Publication Rights Reserved

This paper is to be presented at the :nst Annual Fall Meeting of the Petroleum Branch of the American
Institute o~ Mining, Metallurgical, and Petroleum Engineers in Los Angeles, October 14-17, 1956, and is
oonaidered the property o~ the Petroleum Branch. Permission to publish is hereby restricted to an abstract
o~ not more than 300 lfords,with no illustrations, unleu the paper is speoifioally released to the press
by the Branch JUbllcati~s Committee Chairman or the Executive Secretary on his behalf. Such abstraot
should contain appropriat.e, conspicuous acknowledglllents. Publication elsewhere after publication in
JOU1"n8l o~ ~etroleU1ll Technolo81 1a granted on request, providing proper credit is given that pu.blioation
and the orisinal presentation o~ the paper.

Discussion of this paper is invited. Three copies of any disoussion should be sent to the Petroleum
Branch oftice; it will be presented at the above meeting with the paper and considered for publication in
~ournal o~Petroleum Technology.

INTRODUCT.ION Within the Technical Advisory Committee is a smaller

studT o~ the I$'UCker rod.· pumping Problem sliowa
, that the llIUJIlerOUS formulas being used to calcu.-
late loads and strokes in sucker rod pumping Q'stema
are not d~iTed ~om the d1t~erent1al equations that
define the behavior o~ the Q'atem, [2] that the for-
mulas being used give sUf~iciently accurate results
only in certain limited portions 01' the wide range
01' conditions to which sucker rod pumping systems are
applied,l and ['1 that the sucker rod pumping system
18 so complicated that the equations· which define its
behavior cannot be solved mathematically. 2,'
group called the Operating Committee which handles a
large part of the detail work.
Membership in Sucker Rod Pumping Research, Ino.,
now includes 29 producing and manufacturing companies
These are listed in Table I. Membership is open at
any time to any interested individual, producing
organization, manUfacturer, or supplier. There are
no penalties tor joining late. Those who join after
the charter date are reqUired to contribute only what
they would have contributed had they been ·oharter·
members.

Problems like the sucker rod pumping problem havl To date, the aooomplishments ~t Sucker Rod Pump-
occurred in other tields of engineering. These have ing Research, Inc., inolude the selection of the type
been solVed by the use 01' special analog systems or of simulator to be used for sucker rod pumping sys-
simulators. The objective 01' this paper is to pre- tems, the preparation of an inquiry that was sent to
se:pt the background and deta1.1s of a mechanical simu qualified research and development organizations·with
lator that is being constructed to solve the suoker· a request tor a bid to construot and instrumentize
rod pumping problem. the simulator, analysis of the nine bids received in
answer to the inquiry, and selection of Midwest Re-
SPONSOR search Institute .at Kansas City, Mo., to construct
and instrume~tize the simulator.
The simulator tor sucker rod pumping systems is
being tinanced by Sucker Rod Pumping Research, Inc., The inquiry that was sent to qualified organiza-
with headquarters in Bartlesville, Okla. This is a tions outlined the sucker rod pumping problem; stated
nonprOfit organization which has the objective of the objectives 01' the program, specified the range of
solving the ·sucker rod pumping problem. depths, pump sizes, sucker rod sizes, tUbing sizes,
strokes and strokes per minute over whioh the prob-
Sucker Rod Pumping Research, Ino., was chartered lem is to be soived, specified the loads and displace-
in the state of Delaware on Jan. 18, 1954. It has a ments that must be measurable, speoified the type of
rd of directors, oonsisting of one representative simulator to be constructed, and included an artiole
1,,1" each member desiring representation, and an Exec- in which the basic equations and scale factors for
utive Committee that is appointed by the directors. the design of the simulator were derived.
The organization also includes a Technical Advisory
Committee with a representative from each member. Midwest Research Institute has completed oonstruc-
Reterences and illustrations at end of paper tion of the parts of the simulator that simulate the
2 MECHANICAL SIMULATOR THAT DUPLICATES BEHAVIOR OF SUCKER ROD PUMPING SYSTEMS
pumping unit, prime mover, sucker rod string, tubing
string, fluid column, and the subsurface pump. In
process of being completed are a section to simulate
the lead line and a servosystem to couple the pump
to the tluid column. Completion of the simulator is
scheduled tor November, 1956. Cost ot the simulator,
complete with instruments'and ready to operate, will
be approximately $~8,000.
TYPE OF SIMULATOR
Selecting the type of simulator was an involved
problem in itself. This was principally due to the
tact that there were several possibilities for simu-
lating the sucker rod, fluid, and tubing strings.
Kemler, in his initial work on the sucker rod pumpinB
problem, consider-ed using artifici~l electric trans-
mission lines as analogs for the SUbsurface strings. 2
Howe investigated the application of both the elec-
tric transmission line and the electronic analog
computer.} Also, there was the possibility that the
digital computer could be used.
Specialists in given fields were inclined to teel
that the application of their specialty was the -only
correct approach to the problem. An electronics
engineer tor a major research organization stated
that the mechanical simulator was to the correct
approach as the old mechanical scanning for televi~
sion was to the modern method. The bpinion was exPo
pressed that the problem could best be solved by
using frequencies in the neighborhood ot fifty mega-
cycles wherein a 12;000-ft sucker-rod string could
be simulated by a pieceot twin lead a few teet long.
In another instance, the head of the analog computer
laboratory tor a major manufacturer ot electrical
equipment st~ted that the problem could not be scaled
mechanically and that .the analog computer was the
only way to handle the problem.
Atter careful consideration, the Technical Advi-
sory Committee selected the mechanical simulator
herein describ~ as the type that could best accom-
plish the objectives ot the program. This simulator
is a conception ot Frank W. Bubb.Bubb-prepared the
article on simulator design that was included in the
inquiry.
Advantages of the mechanical simulator which
prompted its adoption are as tollowsl
1. Permits including allot the essential parts
ot the'actual pumping system; namely, prime
mover, p~ing unit, rod string, pump, fluid
column, tubing, and lead line.
2. Can simulate pumping conditions over a wide
range ot depths, speeds, stroke lengths, rod Motor torque will be obtained by cradling the motor
sizes, pump sizes, and tubing sizes.
}. Can be adjusted to simulate ditterent pumping strain gage. Motor speed will be measured with a
conditions ~th a minimum of time.
4. Can be instrumented to measure loads and dis- .
placements at any points in the system.
5. Has accuracy equal to or better than other
types.
6. Design and construction require only
straightforward engineering and machine shop
procedures.
7. Permits observation of what is going on in
the system.
While the type of simulator was being selected
and the inquiry was being prepared, advisors to the
Technical Advisory Committee included R. G. Peity,
head of the Geophysics Section, Research and Develop-
ment Department, Phillips Petroleum Co., and Frank
W. Bubb, former head ot the Applied Mathematics De-
partment of Washington University at St. Louis, Mo.,
now head of Frank Bubb Associates, a firm of consult-
ants on research, development, and operation problems
R. J. Howe, Production Technical Services Division,
Shell Oil Co., was a member of the Technical Advisory
Committee. Howe studied t~e sucker~rod pumping prob-
lem and wrote a doctoral dissertation on the problem
while working under Emory N. Kemler at the University
of Minnesota. The advisors to the Technical Advisory
Committee ~re mentioned to dispel thinking that a
mechanical simulator was chosen primarily because a
group of production equipment engineers were preju-
diced in favor of a device which wheels and gears.
DESCRIPTION OF THE SIMULATOR
The simulator being constructed by Midwest Re-
search Institute for Sucker Rod Pumping Research,
Inc., includes all the components of the Sucker rod
pumping system. .A general idea· of the arrangement
ot the parts can be obtained from Fig. 1. This h
view of the simulator looking toward the pumping unit
The row of arms and weights on the left simulates the
sucker rod string, the center row simUlates the tubin~
string, and the row on th~ right simulates the fluid.
To the right of right-center of the picture is the
partially assembled instrument and control panel.
Not in the picture is the pump assembly which is
connected to the output end of the rod string. The
over-all length of the simulator is }9 tt.
Starting at the power input end, the prime mover
in the actual system is. represented in the simulator
by a small direct current motor whose speed and speed
vs ~rque characteristic can be varied over a wide
range. Motor speed will be changed by changing the
armature voltage with field excitation remaining con-
stant. Motor slip will be changed by introducing re-
sistance in the armature circuit. The initial de-
sign provides a speed range of 4 to 30 strokes/min.
Prime mover power output will be obtained by
measuring torque on the motor and electrically multi-
plying the motor torque by speed of the output shaft.
about the axis of its shaft and providing an arrange-
ment to measure reaction torque with a wire type
tachometer generator.
Figures 2 and 3 are photographs of the simulated
pumping unit. This is a scaled model of the actual
pumping unit. The pumping unit in the simulator will
have dimensions in the plane of motion equal to one-
eighth that of actual pumping units. Provisions are
 674-G M~ H. HALDERSON 3
lumped artificial electric transmission lines. This
made for changing the s~roke length, pitman length,
permitted calculating the root-mean-square error in
and working center distance to simulate strokes from
the response to given periodic inputs for different
24 to 120 in. numbers of sections.
Weights can be added to the beam on the simu- A third approach was to set up the torsional sys-
lated pumping unit in order to simulate beamcounter~
tem shown in Fig. 4. The elastic elem~nt is a one-
weights and the moment of inertia of the beam in the fourth in. vertical \bar fixed at the top. Attached
actual system. to the bar are flywheels made up of arms on which are
mounted weights. Positions of weights are adjustable
Rotary counterweight effect is provided by
so that moments of inertia can be varied. The number
, weights on an arm on a shaft that is extended from
of sections was varied over the range of 10 to 40.
the crank, as shown in Fig. 2.' Two weights are
For each condition, the stress-time response to a
placed on the arm and their positions are adjustable
step torque input at the free end was recorded at the
so that both inertia and counterweight effects can
fixed end.
be simulated.
All three approaches showed decreasing error with
The pumping unit will be ~quipped with strain increasing number of sections. This would be expect-
gages to measure polished rod load and crankshaft ed because the system becomes continuous as the num-
torque. The strain gage element for measuring crank ber of sections approaches infinity. However, all
shaft torque is built into the crank. The strain approaches showed that- errors'would not exceed 1 to
gage element for measuring polished rod load is 1-1/2 per cent when the continuous strings were rep~
mounted at the lower end of a flat bronze strip that resented by systems made up of 20 sections. To be on
is attached to the arc of the hanger. The bronze the safe side, rod, tubing, -and fluid strings in the
strip simulates the wire line on a pumping unit. simulator were made up of 25 sections.
This can be seen in Fig. 3.
The simulated sucker rod string is'connected to
The sucker rod string, tubing string, and fluid the pumping unit by a silent chain and sprocket.
column are represented in the simulator by rotating This arrangement converts the up and down motion of
systems. Each string consists of a row of 25 fly- the hanger of the pumping unit to oscillatory rotary
wheels that are connected by torsional elastic motion in the rod string. The sprocket and chain can
elements. be seen in Fig. 3.
Actual sucker rod strings, fluid columns, and Figure' 5 is an elevation view of two sections of
Jing strings can be simulated by rotating systems the sucker rod string. Each flywheel is made up of
of this type because the basic equations that define two weights mounted on an arm that is attached to a
the behavior of actual pumping st~ings are of the hollow oscillating shaft. Each shaft is supported by,
same form as those for the rotating systems. A com- two pillow-block 'bearings that'are mounted on a cast
parison of the differential equations for both sys- iron pedestal. The flywheel arma are slotted to per-
tems gives the relationships which permit converting mit setting the weights at different pos~tlon.. T~e
the loads and displacements measured in the rotating single groove sheaves are p~ovided to drive special
system to equivalent loads and displacements in the damping devices if it should become necessary.
actual system.
The torsional elastic elements that connect the
In the rotational simulation of reciprocating flywheels are flat 'strips of steel with an effec~ive
strings, torque is proportional to Torce, angular length of about 5 in., a width of 2 in., and th1ck-
displacement is proportional to linear displacement, ness that will vary from one-eighth to one-fifth of
moment of inertia is proportional to mass, and tor- an in. Different sizes of sucker rods are simulated
sional elasticity is proportional to longitudinal by adjusting the position of weights on the arms and
elasticity. by changing the flat torsional springs that c~nect
the flywheels.- To simulate the smaller sucker rod.,
In the simulator, the continuous, uniformly dis- the weights are moved closer to the center of the
tributed mass and elasticity of the rod, flUid, and oscillating shaft and the lighter spring elements
tubing strings are simulated by systems having a are installed. The larger sucker rods are simulated
finite number of inertia-elastic elements or sec~ by moving the weights to positions farther from the
tions. A question that had to be answered before shaft and using heavier-elastic elements. The system
designing the simulator was how few sections could has been designed to simulate rod sizes from five-
be used in the simulator and still duplicate the eighths in. to 1-1/8 in. Tapered rod strings ban be
behavior of the continuous strings. This problem simulated by using different settings of weights and
was approached in three ways. different elastic elements in different parts of ,the
string.
In one, the response of a continuous torsional
s..... ~tem to a given periodic input torque was calcu-
By changing the time scale factor and the radius
~. Then this response was compared to the re-
of the sprocket at the input end of the rod string,
sponses calculated for equivalent sectional or lumped
the 25-section rotating system can simulate rod
systems with different numbers of sections. strings from 1,500 to 12,000 ft in length.
A second approach made use of an error function Provisions are made to measure stress at each of
that was developed for calculating)the error in
"
 4 ~eHANICAL SIMULATOR THAT DUPLICATES BEHAVIOR OF SUCKER ROD PUMPING SYSTEMS
the 25 sec~ions of the sucker rod string. This is revolutions of the fluid column.
done with wire type strain gages that are mounted on
thin strips of steel. These strips parallel the A tachometer generator will be connected to t~4
torsional elastic elements and are fixed at one end fluid column at the output end to permit recordil
to form cantilever beams that are deflected in pro- instantantous flow rate. Provision also will be
portion to the angular displacement between fly- made to read total production.
wheels. Leads from the strain gages are carried
through the hollow shafts and are brought out at the As was the case with static rod load, analysis
pump end of the ·string. showed that static fluid load could be. introduced
into the system at one point. This is done by
Mathematical an&lysis showed that the static rod pressurizing the tank into which th~ pump discharges,
load could be introduced at one point. This is done as shown in Fig. 8.
by attaching the pisto~ of an air cylinder to an ex-
tension of the silent chain that drives the rod col~_ The lead line, which will be connected to the
umn. The air cylinder is connected to the air tank surface end of the fluid column, will be simulated
that appears in the upper right-hand corner of by a flywheel and one torsional elastic element.
Fig. 1. Pressure in the air tank is adjusted easily The moment of inertia, damping, and the elasticity
to simulate static rod weight for any given well con of the elastic element will be adjustable over a
dition. Volume of the air tank is large enough that wide range and provision will be made tQ apply a
essentially constant pressure is maintained as the constant torque to this disc assembly to simulate
piston moves up and down in the cylinder. static fluid head.

The sucker rod pump is simulated by a scaled THE lmKNOWN

model of the actual pump. The pump.rod is attached
to a cross bar that is clamped to two silent ~hains. The simulator has been designed to simulate all
The chains work over sprockets on a shaft that is physical parts of the actUal sucker rod pumping sys-
connected to the output end of the sucker rod string tem. It can also simulate strokes, speeds, pumping
Thus, as the rod string rotates back and forth, the unit geometry, prime mover characteristics, anchored
pump moves up and down as in the actual system. and unanchored. tubing, variable;net lift, pounding,
Scale factors have been chosen such that the stroke in fact, any known item or quantity in the actual
of the pump in the simulator will be from one-eighth system. However, there is one factor on which very
to one-forty eighth of -stroke in the actual system. little data is available. This is damping.
Plunger diameters will be equal to diameters of
plungers in the actual system and can-be as large as The simulat6r initially will be equipped so tr._ J

2-3/4 in. Figure 6 is a close-up view of the sub-
surface pumpas8embly. Figure 6 also shows part of
a linkage that connects the pump barrel to the tUb-
ing string in order to simulate unanchored tubing.
The whole pump assembly is shown schematically in
Fig. 7. The pump barrel is free to move up and down
in the pump housing to the extent permitted by move- ing will be determined by making carefully con~rolled
ment of the tubing string. However, the tubing
string can be locked in place to simulate anchored
tubing.
SimUlation of the tUbing string is accomplished
by a 25 section rotating system like the sucker rod
string except that the torsional elastic elements
are stiffer Md the flywheel weights are heavier.
Two, 2-1/2 and 3 in. tubing can be simulated by ad-
justing positions of-weights on the arms and chang- meter card will be measured and thus determined. A
ing elastic elements.
The static weight of tne tubing string does not
influence the behavior of the system and is not in-
c luded in the simulator.
rUbbing friction can be applied to the rod string
and viscous damping can be applied to the fluid col-
umn. Provisions will be made to vary the degree of
,damping.
Average values for damping and the range of damp-
field tests where dynamometer cards are taken and
all possible information obtained as to loads, dis-
placements. and operating conditions, rod string de-
sign, pump size. tubing size, pumping fluid level,
etc. The known conditions on these tests will be
set into the simulator. Then damping will be adjust-
ed until the field dynamometer cards· are duplicated.
On each of these tests, the degree of damping that
has to be introduced to duplicate the field dynamo-
- preliminary estimate is that determination of damping
on 40 or 50 carefully controlled field tests will be
sufficient to establish an average value of damping
that can be used in obtaining the general solution
to the sucker rod pumping problem.

The pump discharges into a servosystem that
_drives the fluid column at a rate directly propor~
tional to the rate at which fluid is discharged from
the pump. The servosystem also provides for apply-
ing dynamic fluid loads to the pump outlet. A dia-
gram of the bottom-hole- system is shown in Fig. 8.
The fluid column is a 25 section torsional sys-
tem ~lke the rod and tubing strings except that the
flywheels and torsional elastic elements are differ-
ent. Production is proportional to the number of
Dry friction is applied to the rod string by
small steel plungers that press against flat-surfaces
of the flywheel arms. The plungers work in small air
cylinders. A common air supply is attached to the
cylinders and the force with Which the plungers bp ~
against the flywheel arms is set by controlling t.
air pressure.
Viscous damping in the fluid column is provided
through the use of eddy current discs and electro-
magnets. Excitation of the electro-magnets will
 M. H. HALDERSON 5
dynamometer cards that will be taken during the
be varied to change the degree of damping. The many tests. This will expand greatly the use of the
eddy current discs of the fluid column can be seen polished rod dynamometer as an everyday operating
.Fig. 1. tool because it-will provide a means ot interpreting
dynamometer cards with ~n accuracy never possible
More elaborate damping devices can be added to before.
the system later if it is found to be necessary.
Present thinking is that this will not be necessary. With the funds that the members of the organiP
zation have made available-up to this time, it is
INSTRUMENTATION I expected 'that the general ao1ut1on of the BUCker r~
pumping problem will be obtained over the present
A multi-channel oscillograph will be used to re-- range ot application ot sucker rod pumping, that the
cord simultaneously against time all essential Joads quick selection charts covering standard sizesot
and displacements. These include crank angle, .. pumping units' will be prepared, and that the catalog
~rankshaft torq~e, polished rod position, polished of dynamometer. cards will be aBBembled. A maxi1llWlL ot
rod load, pump position, pump load, instantaneous two years' time after completion of the simulator has
well production, prime mover speed, and load in the been allotted for this work.
sucker rod string at four selected points between
the top and bottom of the hole. A photo-copy devel~. Atter the first phase of the program is completed
oper Will be provided that will deliver damp-dry additional funds no doubt will be provided for ex-
finished records within thirty seconds, and complete panding the program to ,olve specific special prob-.
ly dry records within, ten minutes. lems that members may have and to provide factual in-
formation on items such as the behavior of sucker rod
PoliShed rod dynamometer cards and bottom-hole pumping systems applied to directionally drilled
dynamometer cards will be recorded on XY plotters. wells, the effects of pounding wells to various de-
grees, the effects of changing the g~ometry of pump-
A cathode ray oscilloscope will be used to trace ingunits, the variation of system efficiency with
top and botto~hole ~ynamometer cards when making changes in counterweight and- directiQn ot crank reta-
adjustments prior to taking complete recordings. tion, actual stresses at points in rod strings where
The oscilloscope also will be used to show. simultane- rod breaks are confined to one small interval in the
ously the load at all 25 sections of the sucker rod string, effects of changing the speed-torque charac-
string. Tbis will be accomplished by the use of a teristic of the prime mover, the merits ot pumping
-~tor driven scanning switch to whioh leads from all with a long stroke and slow speed compared to pumping
the strain gages will be connected. with a short stroke and high speed, effects of plac-
ing different types of shock absorbers at the top ot
All the instruments will be mounted on a central the rod string, and effects ot placing a concentrated
instrument panel. The panel will include means for mass at the bottom end of' the string just above the
adjusting and reading loads such as static rod load" plunger.
static fluid load, static lead line pressure, and
the values of the various types of damping introducec PRELIMINARY TESTS
into the system.
Tests have been made with a simplified system
OBTAINING THE GENERAL sOLUTION that included the pumping unit, rod string, and an
incomplete pump assembly. This testing was done pri~
The general solution to the sucker rod pumping marily to check strain gages and instrumentation for
problem will, in effect, be obtained empirically by the pumping unit and rod string, but the results show
making hundreds of tests on the simulator with dif- that the simulator can duplicate certain behavior of
ferent combinations of depths, pump sizes, speeds, actual sucker rod pumping systems.
strokes, etc.
One series of tests permitted comparing the re- _
From measurements taken on the simulator, as sim- spo~ses of an actual sucker rod string and the simu-.
pIp and direct a procedure as possible will be de- lated rod string to a sudden change in load. In Fi~.
veloped for determining -prime mover horsepower,-peak 9, the first trace shows the response of an actual
crankshaft torque, required counterbalance, peak pol- string of rods to a sudden load change. The load
ished rod load, polished rod horsepower, and plunger change generated several steps of a square· wave. A
,stroke for any given set of conditions that may be similar test on the silllU1ated rod string without da~ _
-selected. The solution Will be expressed in terms of ing is shown by the second trace. Again a square wave'
formulas, charts or graphs, or a combination of for- is generated, but in this cas~, it continues for more
mulas, charts and graphs. than twice as l.ong a time. This shows that the siinu.- '
• lated string is inherently much less damped than the
From the general solution, it is expected that a actual string. The third trace va.S ta1l;en ,'on the simu-
sYstem of charts will be developed that will permit lated string With damping added. In this case, the
ck and accurate selection of the correct size of response was almost identical to the actual string,
p..m.ping unit, prime mover, and subsurface equipment Iboth as to degree of damping and speed of' stress
to do a given job; that is, lift a given number of transmission.
barrels a day from a given depth.
Other test work included taking dynamometer cards
Finally, there will be assembled a catalog of !with the simplified simulator system. These cards
6 MECHANICAL SIMULATOR THAT DUPLICATES BEHAVIOR OF SUCKER ROD PUMPING SYSTEMS

were taken at random speeds and without setting simulator, when completed, will duplicate the be-
fluid loads at any particular value. A search was havior 9f sucker rod pumping systems.
made to find similar dynamometer cards among those
that weie included in an article by Hosford and REFERENCES
Kemler.
1. Halderson, M. H.: ~ . and~. Prac. [1953]
The results of the search are shown in Fig. 10. 210-221.
Here cards from the simulator are matched with cards 2. Kemler, Emory N.: Trans. AIME, [1936] 118,
found in the article. It is seen that the simpli- 89-99.
fied simulator system produced several dynamometer 3. Howe, R. J.: "An Investigation of Methods :tor
cards that are very similar in shape to those taken Determining the Behavior of Sucker -Rod Pumping
on actual installations. In one or two cases, a Systems," Doctoral Dissertation, University o:t
slight change in pumping speed of the simulator Minnesota [1953]~
would have produced cards practically identical in- 4. Hosford, Eugene and Kemler, Emory,: Drill. and
form to cards taken in the field. Pr04. Prac. [1939] 81-204.

CONCLUSION

These tests support the conclusion that the simu

TABLE ±

SUCKER ROD PUMPING RESEARCH, INC.

August 31, 1956

Ajax Iron Works

Alten Foundry & Machine Works, Inc •
.Amerada Petroleum. Corporation
The Atlantic Refining Company
Axelson Manufacturing Company
Bethlehem Supply Company
The British-American Oil Producing Co.
Cabot Shops, Inc.
Cities Service Oil Company
limsco Manufacturing Company
Fluid Packed I;mip Compally'
S. M. Jones Company
Kerr-McGee Oil Industries, Inc.
Lawton Oil Corporation
Lion Oil Oompany
Lufkin Foundry & Machine Company
Murphy Corporation
The National Supply Company
W. C. Norris Mtr., Inc.
The Ohio Oil C9Dlpany'"
Pacific Pumps, Inc.
Petroleum Specialty Company, Inc.
Phillips Petroleum Company
The Pure Oil Company
Richfield Oil Corporation
Sargent Engineering Corporation
Shell Oil Company
SohioPetro1eum'Company
Sunray Oil Corporation
 . {SUCKER ROD STRING _ . " " { TUBING STRING
PICKUP SHOCK TEST
-RUN-AROUND - LOWERY WELL NO. 3
w.-----;CHAIN DRIVES
2500tBS.
--.L
~r-'\"""""""
IDLER IDLER . -10.94 SEC.!-
SUCKER ROD DIA.

SHOCK TEST ON SIMULATOR ROD

J[2500 LBS. STRING WITHOUT DAMPING
.
-,nn.no"""'",,

PUMP BODY
SEA~ FRAME
~~~;-IINLET
STANDING SHOCK TEST ON SIMULATOR ROD
VALVE --TUBING 0. D.
STRING WITH DAMPING
SCHEMATIC OF BOTTOM HOLE PUMP ASSEMBLY -.i.2500 LBS.

FIGURE 7
-, ,.,'"
CARDS TAKEN ON SIMULATOR CARDS TAKEN ON WELlS·

COMPARISON OF RESPONSES OF ACTUAL

SUCKER ROD STRING AND SIMULATOR ROD
STRING TO A SUDDEN CHANGE IN LOAD

FIGURE 9

OIL COLUMN

<Y -<:>
~~
COMPARISON OF DYNAMOMETER CARDS TAKEN . PRESSURIZED
ON SIMPLIFIED SiMULATOR WITH CARDS TAKEN RESERVOIR
ON ACTUAL PUMPING INSTALLATIONS
FIGURE 10 SKETCH OF BOTTOM HOLE SERVOSYSTEM
FIGURE 8