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This example will illustrate the procedures to design a steel beam to BS 5400 Part 3. The concrete deck and live
loading are included to demonstrate the use of load factors only, they do not represent a solution for a deck
design.
Problem:
Design a simply supported beam which carries a 150mm thick concrete slab together with a nominal live load of
10.0 kN/m2 . The span of the beam is 9.0m centre to centre of bearings and the beams are spaced at 3.0m
intervals. The slab will be assumed to be laid on top of the beams with no positive connection to the
compression flange.
γconc. = 24kN/mm3
Load factors for ultimate limit state from BS 5400 Part 2 Table 1:
Dead Load:
Live Load:
γfL HA = 1.50
BS 5400 Pt. 3
Use BS EN 10 025 steel grade S275, then nominal yield stress σy = 265 N/mm2
= M × γm × γf3 / σy
cl.9.3.7
cl.9.3.7.2
web:
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cl.9.3.7.3.1
compression flange:
cl.9.6
cl.9.6.2
le = k1 k2 ke
k1 L = 1.0 (flange is free to rotate in plan)
k2 = 1.0 (load is not free to move laterally)
ke = 1.0 (check later for initial value)
L= 9000mm
le = 1.0 × 1.0 × 1.0 × 9000 = 9000mm
cl.9.7
Slenderness:
cl.9.7.1
cl.9.7.2
λLT = le k4 ην / ry
k4 = 0.9
η = 0.94 (From Fig. 9(b): MA/MM = MB/MA = 0)
λF = le/ry(tf/D)
λF = 9000/49.6 (19.6/611.9) = 5.81
i = Ic/(Ic+It)
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i = 0.5
ν = 0.78 (from Table 9)
λLT = 9000 × 0.9 × 0.94 × 0.78 / 49.6 = 120
cl.9.8.
cl.9.9.1.2
MD = MR /γm γf3
MD = 409 / (1.2 × 1.1) = 310 kNm < 608 kNm
hence section too small.
{Note: If the compression flange is cast into the deck slab then le = 0 (cl.9.6.4.2.1) which results in
MR = Mult = 974 kNm giving MD = 974 / (1.2 × 1.1) = 738 kNm > 608 kNm}
Section is compact
λF = 5.2
ν= 0.81
λLT = 108
MR/Mult = 0.51
MD = 733 kNm > 608 hence OK
cl.9.6.2(a)
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cl.9.14.2.1
The ends of bearing stiffeners should be closely fitted or adequately connected to both flanges (cl.9.14.1). Hence
the compressive edge of the bearing stiffener is fully restrained at the point of maximum bending. Therefore
yield stress can be developed in both tension and compression edges of the bearing stiffener (λLT = 0).
cl.9.14.2.1
Deflection of cantilever :
δt = F a3 / 3 E I
0.000378 = 1×(744.2)3 / (3×20500× I )
I = 1.773 × 106 mm4
I of end stiffener :
I = 250×15.63/12 + t×2503/12
t min = 1.3 mm
Use at least 10mm plate hence OK
cl.9.12.5
End stiffeners have to be provided to support the compression flange for a pinned end condition (k1 = 1.0 in
cl.9.6.2).
cl.9.12.5.2.2
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Fs1 = 0.005(M/(df{1-(σfc/σci)2}))
df = 769.6 - 25.4 = 744mm
σfc = M / Zxc = 608×106 / 6.234×106 = 97.5 N/mm2
σci = π2ES/λLT2
S = Zpe/Zxc = 7.167 / 6.234 = 1.15
σci = π2 × 205000 × 1.15 / 1082 = 199 N/mm2
Fs1 = 0.005(608×106/(744{1-(97.5/199)2}))×10-3
Fs1 = 5.4 kN
cl.9.12.5.2.3
cl.9.12.5.2.4
Assume no camber is provided to the beams and the bearings are aligned square to the longitudinal axis of the
beam, then :
Fs3 = RdL(Δ/D+θLtanα)/D
α=0
R = 60 × 9 / 2 = 270 kN
dL = 810 say (allow 40mm for depth of bearing)
Fs3 = 270 × 0.81 × ( 1/200 ) / 0.77 = 1.4 kN
cl.9.12.5.2.5
cl.9.12.5.2.1
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say Fs = 9 kN
cl.9.14.2.1(c)
Use 762 × 267 × 197 kg/m UB with 10mm thick end bearing stiffener.
cl.9.9.2.2
dwe = 685.8mm
λ = (dwe/tw)*(σyw/355)0.5
λ = (685.8/15.6)*(265/355)0.5 = 38
Transverse web stiffeners will not improve the shear strength of the web.
dw = D = 769.6
hh = 0
γf3 = 1.1 (Clause 4.3.3)
γm = 1.05 (Table 2)
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