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A study of generator performance with linear permanent magnet in various coil

configuration and rotor-stator geometry

Conference Paper  in  AIP Conference Proceedings · April 2017

DOI: 10.1063/1.4981200

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A study of generator performance with linear permanent magnet in various coil
configuration and rotor-stator geometry
Hasyim Asy’ari, Sarjito, and Septian Heri Prasetio

Citation: AIP Conference Proceedings 1831, 020059 (2017); doi: 10.1063/1.4981200

View online: http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.4981200
View Table of Contents: http://aip.scitation.org/toc/apc/1831/1
Published by the American Institute of Physics

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 A Study of Generator Performance with Linear Permanent
Magnet in Various Coil Configuration and Rotor-Stator
Geometry

Hasyim Asy’ari 1,a), Sarjito 2,b) and Septian Heri Prasetio3,c)

1,3
Electrical Engineering Dept, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta Jl. A. Yani Tromol
Pos 1 Pabelan Kartasura, Surakarta 57102, Indonesia
2
Mechanical Engineering Dept, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta
Jl. A. Yani Tromol Pos 1 Pabelan Kartasura, Surakarta 57102, Indonesia
a)
Hasyim.Asyari@ums.ac.id
b)
sarjito@ums.ac.id

Abstract. The aim of the research work describe in this paper was to design and optimize a permanent magnet
linear generator for renewable energy power plants. It is cover of first stage of designing stator and rotor
permanent magnet linear generator. Stator design involves determining dimensions, number of slots, diameter of
wire, and the number of winding in each slot. The design of the rotor includes rotor manufacture of PVC pipe
material, 10 pieces of permanent magnet type ferrite 271 mikroweber, and resin. The second stage was to
assemble the stator and rotor that has been done in the first stage to be a permanent magnet linear generator. The
third stage was to install a permanent magnet linear generator with induction motors. Further stage was to test
performance of a permanent magnet linear generator by utilizing of induction motor as a prime mover
experimentally. In this study, permanent magnet linear generator with a rotor consists of five pairs of permanent
magnets. The stator consists of 6 slots of the stator frame, each slot mounted stator coil of 200, 300, 400, 500, and
800 windings, and dimensions of wire used was 0.4 mm. The stator frame was made from acrylic. Results of the
experiment that, permanent magnet linear generator when no load was able to generate a DC voltage of 14.5 volts
at 300 rpm, and at the output of the linear generator when it is connected to the DC fan as a load only generated
of 6.7 volts. It concludes that permanent magnet linear generator output can be used as an input device hybrid
system. Data obtained from this experiment in laboratory scale can be developed in a larger scale by varying the
type of magnet being used, the number of windings, and the speed used to generate more power.

INTRODUCTION

The energy shortage is being global issue among countries. The Indonesian goverment has plant to add
capacity of electric generate station to approximately 35.000 MW. The type of electric generator is
conventional energy use coal as prime energy. Interconnection system is one of promising solution to increase
reliable system will be adopted. Another method for reliable system is by using hybrid system.
Hybrid system is two or more renewable energy sources used together to provide higher system efficiency
as well as greater balance in energy supply. The renewable energy can reduce cost of operational in electrical
generation, that way, it can be more efficent. The kind of renewable energy are photovoltaic, wind energy,
geothermal, speed bump, biomass energy and residual energy such as a man powered stationary bike as well
as briquette coal as an alternative energy sources [1]. There is no such thing as free energy, any electrical
power from solar cells, wind tidal, geothermal, and hydroelectric is only free, after starting up these methods
for generating electric power by providing some capital cost. Energy becomes free only after some point since

7th International Conference on Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering

AIP Conf. Proc. 1831, 020059-1–020059-8; doi: 10.1063/1.4981200
Published by AIP Publishing. 978-0-7354-1499-0/$30.00

020059-1
we do not have to pay charges for electric power generated through these non-conventional methods for
generating electric power [2].
Linear generator is uncommon used. When converting a form of mechanical energy into electrical energy,
mostly rotating motion is used. Generators in conventional power stations (coal, gas oil, nuclear, hydro, wind),
in hydro power stations, in wind turbines, in vehicles all use rotating generators. When these linear systems
have to break, the machine is also operated in generator mode. However, in this case the objective is not to
convert energy from a mechanical form to an electrical form in an efficient way, the objective is just to slow
down the motion or to position the moving part [3].
Induction generators are becoming more and more popular in the applications of renewable energy
sources. There are several advantages of induction generators such as roughness, brushless (in squirrel cage
construction), in absence of separate DC source for exitation, easy maintenance, self protection against severe
overloads and short circuits etc. Also they do not need any frequency control equipment and have low initial
investments and maintenance cost. But the performance of an induction generator is poor in terms of voltage
regulation as it requires a magnetizing current from the source for excitation [4].
Generator is one of many types of electric machines. Generator use converting mechanical energy into
electrical energy. There are many types of generators such as induction generator, synchronous generator, DC
generator, and a permanent magnet generator.

Electromagnetic Theory

The basic electromagnetic theory briefly reviewed here as a foundation for understanding the operation of
permanen magnet linear generator. For a circuit carrying a current I was adopted to express the magnetic
Intensity dH produced by a Line Element dL of the current I circuit. In design generator a magnetic field was
quantified using appropriate formula also the permeability as a function [5].
The magnetization M is the magnetic moment per unit volume at a given point in a medium. The magnetic
moment is associated with the orbital and spinning motion of electrons. It has the same unit as the magnetic
field intensity. The stator and translator linear system are shown in Fig. 1.

FIGURE 1. Heaving Linear Generator Power Take-Off Device for Wave Energy Conversion [6]

The second of the three Maxwell’s equations was adopted here, that is also known as Gauss law. It states
that the net flux of B in any volume is zero. Unlike electrical field lines a magnetic field line must complete a
closed continuous curve. This must always be taken into account in the design of the magnetic circuit of a
linear generator.

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 Generator Model

The structure of the primary core is shown as below, where ɡ eq is the equivalent air gap. The primary
core is the stator and the scondary core is the stanslator as shown in fig. 2.

FIGURE 2. Schematic Representation of Unslotted Primary Core [7, 8].

The stator circuit windings run through slots in the stator, then the slot dimension are shown below in fig. 3

FIGURE 3. Illustration of Primary Core Slots [7].

An equaivalent circuit model of the generator is shown in Fig 4:

e1 Ls Ra V1

RL

FIGURE 4. Equivalent Circuit of 1-Phase Winding of Generator (from Ref. [7, 8]).

The generator terminal phase voltage are:

vj i j RL , j = 1, 2, 3. (1)
The electromagnetic force for each phase (ph = 1, 2, 3) can therefore be computed using:
S § Sz ·
Fph N phI ph sin¨ ¸i ph (2)
W © W ¹
Induced voltage generator can be calculated by the following equation:
Ns
Erms 4,44 u N u f u Imax u (3)
N ph
Erms : effective induction generator voltage (V)
N : the number of loops
f : frequency (Hz)

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 ‫׎‬max : maximum flux (Wb)
Ns : number of coils
Nph : the number of phases

METHODOLOGY

In carrying out the research, three stages process were undertaken. First stage: designing a permanent
magnet linear generator, calculate the dimensions of the stator, determine the number of slots, the number of
coil of each stator slot and hardware manufacture. The second stage of calculating the dimensions of the
rotor, the rotor material, the type and manufacture of permanent magnet rotor hardware. The last step was
assembly of individual components into generator linear permanent magnet, which is installed with an
induction motor, which is used as the prime mover.
The experimental prototype device as designed was developed at electrical engineering laboratory,
Engineering Faculty Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta. There are two primary types of permanent magnet
linear synchronous generators: tubular permanent magnet linear generator and flat permanent magnet linear
generators. The tubular permanent magnet linear generators is cylindrical. The force-to-wieght ratio of such
machines has been proved to be higher than flat generators [9]. However, flat generators was selected as it
less expensive and easier to build. The detailed stator and rotor produced in front, top and side view are
shown in Fig. 5 and Fig. 6 consecutively.
Stator was designed from acrylic material having dimensions of 50 mm and stator frame built within 6
slots. The dimension coil was 0.4 mm. Rotor design uses 10 pieces of permanent magnet type ferrite. DC Fan
used as a load capacity of 6 W.
In testing permanent magnet linear generator was initiated by utilizing an induction motor as the prime
mover to the condition of 300 rpm. The performance of generator was distinguished by amount of coil in each
slots, with the number of turns in each slot is 200, 300, 400, 500, and 800 windings. Initial winding process was
in clockwise direction, from the first slot to the forthcoming slot was connected in anticlockwise direction.
Design direction and relationship coil in each slot is shown in Fig. 7.

FIGURE 5. Stator Design

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 FIGURE 6. Rotor Design

FIGURE 7. Design arragement of Direction and Connection Methode of email wire

And then, Fig.8. showed: induction motor was used as the prime mover in this experiment. An induction
motor could be changed with gas or wind turbine, wheel of stationary bicycle, Ocean wave Ocean, etc. The
induction motor is connected to the pully by V-belt, the pully connected to connecting rod and crank shaft.
Connecting rod converts the motor rotation induction into translation moving forward and backward in a
o
permanent magnet linear generator, so that the magnetic field in the rotor can be crossover by 90 in the
stator coil, it is a factor of permanent magnet linear generator producing an electrical voltage.

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 Induction Motor

V-belt

Permanent
magnet Linear
generator
Conecting rod

FIGURE 8. Experiment Apparatus Permanent Magnet Linear Generator

RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS

The variation in the calculated output maximum voltage generator of 14.5 volts with no-load in the range
of turning email wire was determined using formula number 1.3 and the results were compared with the best-
fit experimental data correlation, as shown in Fig. 9.

FIGURE 9. Correlation of generator output voltage and sum of turn each slots with no-load

Good agreement between the trends in the experimental and calculation results is evident, with the
experimental data consistently slightly lower than the values obtained from the best-fit experimental
correlation. A small scatter in the experimental data is revealed.

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 FIGURE 10. Correlation of generator output voltage and sum of turn each slots with load

The maximum output voltage generator was 6.7 volts when the permanent magnet linear generator output
is connected to the load represented by 6 W electric Fan. Drop voltage output generator for their losses.
Correlation of generator output voltage and sum of turn of wire is shown in fig. 10. The correlation of sum of
turn each slots and current (mA) when the experimental with load is shown in fig. 11

FIGURE 11. Correlation of generator output voltage and sum of turn each slots with load

CONCLUSION

The experiment of permanent linear magnet (ferrite) linear generator design has been studied. Analysis of
winding amount in each slots indicates that increasing total winding in each slot increased of the output
voltage permanent magnet linear generator. Good agreement between the trends in the experimental and
calculation results is revealed. The experiment showed that this small scale is promising to be developed in an
industrial scale.

ACKNOWLEDGMENT

Authors would like to thank to the ministry of higher education research and technology (RISTEK-DIKTI) on
the research grant competition (Hibah Bersaing) HB 2016 implementation. The support obtained from
Universitas Muhammadiyah Surakarta is also gratefully acknowledged.

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