18 Scheme

Basic Electrical Engg.
Lab 18ELEL17
EXPT. NO.1: VERIFICATION OF KCL AND KVL FOR DC CIRCUITS.
1 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Basic Electrical Engg. Lab 18ELEL17
CIRCUIT - KCL:
CIRCUIT - KVL:

EXPT. NO.1: Verification of KCL and KVL for DC Circuits
AIM:
To verify Kirchhoff’s current law and Kirchhoff’s voltage law for the given circuit.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity
1 RPS (regulated power supply) (0-30V) 2
2 Resistance 330 , 220 1k 6
3 Ammeter (0-30mA)MC 3
4 Voltmeter (0-30V)MC 3
5 Bread Board & Wires -- Required
STATEMENT:
KCL: In any closed electric circuits, the algebraic sum of the currents meeting at junction is
equal to zero.
KVL: In any closed path / mesh, the algebraic sum of the EMFs and product of current and
resistance is equal to zero.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Voltage control knob should be kept at minimum position.
2. Current control knob of RPS should be kept at maximum position.
Procedure for KCL:

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.
2. Set a particular value in RPS.
3. Note down the corresponding ammeter reading.
4. Repeat the same for different voltages.
Procedure for KVL:

2. Set a particular value in RPS.
3. Note all the voltage reading.
4. Repeat the same for different voltages.

Tabular Column for KCL
Theoretical
Current Practical Value
Sl. Voltage E Value
No. I1 I2 I3 I1 = I 2 + I 3
Volts mA mA mA mA mA
1 5
2 10
3 15
4 20
5 25
Tabular Column for KVL

Sl. No. Input Voltage Voltage Drops Practical Value Theoretical Value
E1 E2 V1 V2 E1- E2 = V1 + V2
Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts Volts
1 3 2
2 5 4
3 7 6
4 10 8
5 15 10
Model Calculations:
1. I1 = I2 + I3
2. E1 - E2 = V1 + V2
Result:
Thus Kirchoff’s voltage law and Kirchoff’s current law are verified theoretically as well as
practically.

.
EXPT. NO.2
MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT, POWER AND POWER FACTOR OF
INCANDESCENT LAMP, FLUORESCENT LAMP AND LED LAMP

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
CALCULATIONS:
Wattmeter Reading
Power factor =
Voltmeter Reading × Ammeter Reading
TABULATION:
Types of loads Voltage Applied Current through Power consumed Power

a/c Lamp the lamp by Lamp factor
V volts I Amps W watts
Incandescent
lamp
Fluorescent lamp
LED lamp

.
EXPT. NO.2. Measurement of Current, Power and Power Factor of Incandescent lamp,
Fluorescent lamp and LED lamp
AIM: Measurement of current, power and power factor of incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp
and LED lamp.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1 Ammeter (0-5A) 1
2 Voltmeter (0-300V) 1
3 Wattmeter 250V, 5A, UPF 1
4 Bread Board & Wires -- Required
5 Incandescent lamp, fluorescent lamp and LED 1 each
lamp
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

2. Connect an incandescent lamp & apply 230 V supply.
3. Take the readings of ammeter, voltmeter and wattmeter.
4. Ammeter reads the current consumed by lamp.
5. Wattmeter reads the power consumed by lamp.
6. Calculate power factor of lamp using the formula.
7. Repeat the same procedure for fluorescent lamp and LED lamp.

.

.
EXPT. NO. 3
MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE OF A CHOKE COIL
USING 3-VOLTMETER METHOD

.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Sl.No VS (V) VR (V) VL (V) I (A)
2
CALCULATIONS:
V − V 2− V 2
2
s R L
Power factor, Cosθ =
2VRVL
VL cos θ
Resistance of the coil, R = Ω
I
VL sin θ
Inductive reactance, XL = Ω
I
Inductance, L = XL/2Πf , Where f is the frequency of supply in Hertz = 50Hz
Phasor diagram :

.
EXPT. NO. 3: MEASUREMENT OF RESISTANCE AND INDUCTANCE OF A CHOKE COIL
USING 3-VOLTMETER METHOD
AIM: To measure resistance and inductance of a choke coil by 3 voltmeter method.
APPARATUS:
S.No Particulars Range/Specifications Type Quantity
1 Choke coil 230 V, 0.39A Copper wound 1 No
2 Ammeter 0-1/2 A, MI MI 1 No
3 Voltmeter 0-300V, MI MI 3 No
4 1-Phase autotransformer 230V/0-230V,10A 1 No
5 Rheostat 145Ω /2.8A Wire wound 1No
PROCEDURE:
2. Initially keep the auto-transformer in minimum position.
3. Switch on the mains supply.
4. Vary the applied voltage by varying the auto-transformer until rated current flows through the
choke coil.
5. Note down the readings from all the voltmeters and ammeter.
6. Bring the autotransformer to the original position and switch off the mains supply.
7. Draw the phasor diagram.
8. Calculate the resistance and inductance of the choke coil.
PRECAUTIONS:
1. Avoid loose connections
2. Keep autotransformer in minimum position before closing supply switch.
3.Readings are to be taken without parallax error.
RESULTS:
Resistance of the coil R in Ω=
Inductance of the coil L in H=
CONCLUSION:


EXPT. NO. 4
DETERMINATION OF PHASE AND LINE QUANTITIES IN THREE PHASE
STAR AND DELTA CONNECTION

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: STAR CONNECTION
TABULATION:
I in amps I in amps V in Volts V in Volts

Sl.NO
(line) (phase) (line) (phase)
DELTA CONNECTION:
TABULATION:
V1 in volt Vph in volt I in amps I in amps

Sl.No (phase)
(line) (line) (phase)

Expt. No. 4: Determination of phase and line quantities in three phase star and delta
Connection.
AIM: To determine the phase and line quantities in three phase star and delta Connection.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.no Particulars Range Quantity

1 Voltmeter MI 0-600V 2Nos
2 Ammeter MI 0-5A 2 Nos
3 3-φ Auto-transformer 415V/0-440V 1 No
4 Rheostat 50E/5A 3 Nos
5 Connecting wires -- Few
PROCEDURE:

2. Keep the position of the auto transformer at zero.
3. Switch ON the supply.
4. Set the rheostat to fixed value.
5. Gradually vary the auto transformer in steps.
6. Then note down the current and voltage readings.
7. Repeat the above procedure for delta connection.
8. Switch off the supply.
CONCLUSION:


EXPT.NO.5
MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER USING
TWO WATTMETER METHOD.

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULATION:
Sl.No V in Volts I in Amps W1x k W2 x k P=W1+W2

in Watts in Watts in watts

EXPT. NO-5
Measurements of three phase power using two wattmeter method.
AIM: Measurement of three phase power by using two wattmeter method during balanced and
Unbalanced load condition.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
SL.No Apparatus Range Quantity

1 3 phase Autotransformer 0-600V, 50HZ 1
2 A.C Wattmeter 0- 600 V, 750 W 02
3 A.C Voltmeter 0-600 V 01
4 A.C ammeter 0-10 A 01
5 Connecting wires few
CALCULATION:
Wattmeter Constant = k = (Set current x Set Voltage) / Full Scale Deflection
PROCEDURE:
 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

 Keep the three phase variac(autotransformer) at its zero position
 Switch on the main supply and gradually increase the input voltage so that all the meters give
readble deflection.
 Note down the readings of all the meters.
CONCLUSION:


EXPT. 6
TWO WAY AND THREE WAY CONTROL OF LAMP

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 2 WAY CONTROL OF LAMP:
TABULATION FOR 2 WAY CONTROL:
Switch position Lamp condition

SW1 SW2
L1 L1 ON
L1 L2 OFF
L2 L1 OFF
L2 L2 ON

.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM FOR 3-WAY CONTROL OF LAMP:
TABULATION FOR 3-WAY CONTROL:
Sl. Switch S1 Switch S2 Switch S3 Lamp

No Condition
A1 connected to A2 B2 A3 connected to
Connected to Connected to
1 B1 C2 D2 C3 OFF
2 C1 C2 D2 C3 ON
3 C1 D2 C2 C3 OFF
4 C1 D2 C2 B3 ON

.
EXPT. 6. Two way and three way control of lamp
AIM: To control one lamp by two 2-way switches and 3-way switches.
APPARATUS:
S.No. Description Qty.

1. Kit Kat fuse: 5 Amps. 1Nos.
2. Single pole switch: 5 Amps 2 Nos.
3. Lamp holders: 5 Amps 2 Nos.
4. Lamps: 2 Nos.
5. Round /Square wooden block: 04 Nos.
6. Square wooden block: 01 Nos.
7. Battens, Nails, Clips, CTS wire, Fuse wire. --
PROCEDURE :
For Two Way Control of lamp
1. Verify the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Keep switch SW1 and SW2 in L1 position.
4. Note down the condition of the lamp.
5. Repeat the step 3 for different positions.
PROCEDURE :
For Three Way Control of lamp
1. Verify the circuit as per circuit diagram.

2. Switch on the supply.
3. Keep switches S1, S2 and S3 in as per the truth table.
5. Repeat the step 3 for different positions.

Expt. 7
MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE

.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:
TABULAR COLUMN:
Sl No Distance in mtr Resistance in Ω

.
Expt. 7: Measurement of earth resistance
AIM: To measure the resistance of the earth.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl No Particulars Quantity
1 Earth tester (Megger) 1
2 Connecting wires 5m
3 Measuring Tape 1
Effectiveness of earthing is quantified as “Earth Resistance” and is measured in ohms.
PROCEDURE:
1. Connect C1 and P1 terminals on the test set to the earth electrode as shown in circuit diagram.
2. Connect the terminal C2 to an electrode Z kept at 5m away from main electrode X and buried to a
depth of 6 – 12 inches.
3. Connect the terminal P2 to an electrode Y which is kept midway between X & Z and buried to a depth
of 6 – 12 inches.
4. Rotate the megger handle and record the resistance measurement.
5 .Note down the readings of measured resistance by changing the distance between electrodes.


.
EXPT.NO.8
STUDY OF EFFECT OF OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUITS IN SIMPLE CIRCUITS

.
CIRCUIT DIAGRAMS:
TO STUDY OPEN CIRCUIT FAULTS:

EXPT.NO.8 STUDY OF EFFECT OF OPEN AND SHORT CIRCUITS IN SIMPLE CIRCUITS
AIM: To study the effect of open and short circuit conditions on voltage and current in simple resistive
circuits.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl.no Components Range Quantity
1 Lamps 40W 2
2 SP Switch 230V/5A 2
3 Voltmeter 300V 1
4 Ammeter 5A 2
5 Connecting wires -- --

TO STUDY SHORT CIRCUIT FAULTS:

PROCEDURE:
2. Create the open circuit faults at different locations of circuit as shown in

figures 2
3. Switch OFF the power supply
4. Create the SHORT circuit faults at different locations of circuit as shown

in figures 3
5. Switch ON the power supply
6. Note down the current and voltage readings of different meters for
various fault conditions.
CONCLUSION: The effects of open circuit and short circuit components in resistive circuits are studied using
current and voltage measurements.


.
DEMONSTRATION EXPT.1
DEMONSTRATION OF FUSE AND MCB BY CREATING FAULT

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

.
DEMONSTRATION OF FUSE AND MCB BY CREATING FAULT
AIM: Demonstration of Fuse under normal / fault conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No. Particulars Range Quantity
1 Fuse element 3A/5A Few samples
2 Fuse wire Connector -- 01 set
3 S.P.Swicth 230V,6A 06 Nos
4 Incandescent lamps 200W,250V 06 Nos
5 Lamp holder -- 06 Nos
6 Switch Board 10’’X12’’ 01 No.
DEMONSTRATION OF MCB OPERATION BY CREATING FAULT
CIRCUIT DIAGRAM:

.
Demonstration of MCB operation by creating fault
AIM: Demonstration of MCB normal / fault conditions.
APPARATUS REQUIRED:
Sl. No. Particulars Range Quantity
1 S.P.MCB 6A/10/16A 01 No.
2 S.P. Switch 230V,6A/16A 01 No.
3 Incandescent lamp 200W,250V 01 No.
4 Lamp Holder -- 01No.
5 Switch Board 6’’X 8’’ 01 No.
PROCEDURE:
1. Make the connections as per the circuit diagram.

2. Initially keep the switch (s) in off position.
3. Switch ON the power supply.
4. Gradually switch on the switches one by one.
5. Observe that fuse/MCB trips due to overload/short circuit fault.
6. Turn off mains power supply.

DEMONSTRATION OF CUTOUT SECTIONS OF ELECTRICAL MACHINES

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UNDERSTANDING AC AND DC SUPPLY, USE OF TESTER & TEST LAMP

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TEST LAMP AND TESTER
Aim:- Study of test lamp and tester
A test light, test lamp, voltage tester, or mains tester is a piece of electronic testequipment used
to determine the presence of electricity in a piece of equipment under test.
How does the tester work?

The tip of the tester is touched to the conductor being tested (for instance, it can be used on
a wire in a switch, or inserted into a hole of an electric socket). A neon lamp takes very little current to
light, and thus can use the user's body capacitance to earth ground to complete the circuit.
Polarity Test and Identification of AC and DC: ... Insert the two supply wire leads in thepotato about 1 cm
to 2 cm deep as shown in the picture.
Polarity Test and Identification of AC and DC
According to the nature of flow of current and magnitude of voltage with respect to time voltage
and current are of two types. In this article I will describe various methods available to identify ac and dc
and there polarity too.
Polarity Test of DC Using Voltmeter Method:

The polarity of dc can be test using a very simple method known as voltmeter method. In this
method we have to simply connect the voltmeter to the dc supply. Connect the positive or red wire of
the voltmeter to any one terminal of the supply and connect the negative or black wire to the other
terminal of the supply voltage. Remember that for this process we have to use moving iron type
instrument. If the needle or pointer deflects in clockwise direction this indicates that the terminal
connected to the positive of voltmeter is positive of dc supply and the terminal connected to the negative
of voltmeter is negative of supply. If the voltmeter deflects in reverse direction this indicates that the
supply terminal are just opposite of voltmeter terminal.
The same test can be done using a digital multimeter. All the process will be same as in case of
analog voltmeter, only you have to rotate the selector switch to the high value of dc range if you don’t
know the rating of supply or if you know the rating than place the selector switch just higher than the
rating of supply. If the digital multimeter shows positive reading this means that positive wire of
multimeter is connected to the positive of supply terminal and the negative wire of multimeter is
connected to the negative of supply terminal. If the reading is negative this means this the digital
multimeter terminal are just opposite of supply. In simple positive of supply is connected to negative of
multimeter and negative of the supply is connected to the positive of the multimeter.

Polarity Test of DC Using Potato Method:
Take a piece of potato and cut the potato into two equal pieces. Insert the two supply wire leads
in the potato about 1 cm to 2 cm deep as shown in the picture. Remember that the distance between the
two wires not too close as this will cause direct short circuit. Switch on the power supply. As soon as you
switch on the power supply you will see greenish color circle around one of the wire. The wire which is
surrounded by greenish color is the positive one and the rest one is negative.

Polarity Test of DC Using Salt Water Method:
Take a glass of water and add few drop of salt in it and stir the salt in water. Remember the
vessel used for this test should not be metal, glass vessel is best for this test. Solder each supply terminal
with a piece of iron rod and insert the two supply terminal inside the salt water solution. To avoid short
circuit you can use an insulator like rubber or glass in between the two iron rod. Switch on the power
supply. As soon as you switch on the power supply you will see gas bubbles are produced from one of the
rod, this is the positive wire and the rest one is negative. If you add sulfuric acid in the water instead of
salt gas bubbles will produce from the negative wire.
Polarity Test of AC Using Neon Lamp Method:

This is a very simple test just simply touch one of supply wire using a neon lame tester. If the
neon lamp glows this means that the touched wire is phase and the rest one is neutral. If the neon lamp
does not glow just switch the neon tester to the next one. Sometime neon tester glows in both the wire
this does not means that both the wire is phase. I will explain it in my next article briefly. Remember that
neon tester operate at 60 volt onward. So if you will test the polarity using a neon lamp make sure that
the supply voltage is greater than 60 volt. To test ac below this voltage we have two different methods.

Identification of AC or DC Using Potato Method:
This test is very similar to polarity test of dc using potato method. The only difference in this test
is in the result. In simple you will observe greenish color circle in the wires unlike dc. A beautiful sketch is
shown below for better understanding.
Identification of AC or DC Using Salt Water Method:
This test is similar to polarity test of dc using salt water method. Arrange all the things as described above
and switch on the power supply. In this test you will observe gas bubbles are produced from both the
wire. The same observation is for both salt water solution and for sulfuric acid and water solution.

UNDERSTANDING OF UPS
(Online & Offline)

ONLINE UPS


18 Scheme

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Basic Electrical Engg.

EXPT. NO.1: VERIFICATION OF KCL AND KVL FOR DC CIRCUITS.

1 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

2 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Procedure for KCL:

Procedure for KVL:

3 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Tabular Column for KVL

4 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

MEASUREMENT OF CURRENT, POWER AND POWER FACTOR OF

INCANDESCENT LAMP, FLUORESCENT LAMP AND LED LAMP

5 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Types of loads Voltage Applied Current through Power consumed Power

6 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Sl.No. Apparatus Range Quantity

1. Make the connections as shown in the circuit diagram.

7 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

8 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

9 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Sl.No VS (V) VR (V) VL (V) I (A)

10 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

S.No Particulars Range/Specifications Type Quantity

1 Choke coil 230 V, 0.39A Copper wound 1 No

4 1-Phase autotransformer 230V/0-230V,10A 1 No

5 Rheostat 145Ω /2.8A Wire wound 1No

2. Keep autotransformer in minimum position before closing supply switch.

3.Readings are to be taken without parallax error.

Resistance of the coil R in Ω=

Inductance of the coil L in H=

11 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

12 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

13 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

I in amps I in amps V in Volts V in Volts

V1 in volt Vph in volt I in amps I in amps

14 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Sl.no Particulars Range Quantity

1. Connections are made as per the circuit diagram.

15 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

16 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

MEASUREMENT OF THREE PHASE POWER USING

TWO WATTMETER METHOD.

17 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Sl.No V in Volts I in Amps W1x k W2 x k P=W1+W2

18 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

Measurements of three phase power using two wattmeter method.

SL.No Apparatus Range Quantity

Wattmeter Constant = k = (Set current x Set Voltage) / Full Scale Deflection

 Make the connections as per the circuit diagram

19 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

20 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

TWO WAY AND THREE WAY CONTROL OF LAMP

21 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

TABULATION FOR 2 WAY CONTROL:

Switch position Lamp condition

22 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

TABULATION FOR 3-WAY CONTROL:

Sl. Switch S1 Switch S2 Switch S3 Lamp

23 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

S.No. Description Qty.

1. Verify the circuit as per circuit diagram.

1. Verify the circuit as per circuit diagram.

24 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101

MEASUREMENT OF EARTH RESISTANCE

25 DEPT. OF E& E, TONTADARYA COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING, GADAG 582101