Power for Foucault March 8, 2018

1. Subject producing What are the disadvantages of federalism in the Philippines?

2. Individualism - Political dynasty
3. Totalizing
4. Productive Leftwitch:
5. Knowledge Power What are institutions?
6. Resistance - The rules of the game; the norms
7. Disciplinary (Panopticism) What legitimizes institutions?
8. Spatial - Politics
9. Biopower
Democracy in its formal sense has two elements
March 1, 2018 1. Electoral
In a sovereign reign of power, the power is the King 2. Representative/Organizational
- Crimes are a violation of the King’s body What differentiates an institution from an organization?
Power lies in the specificities of power - The norms of the organization only applies to the members of the
Contrived panopticism – Hindi mo alam kung kalian iimplement organization; the institution may apply to non-members as well
Power is spatial – power embeds itself in spaces; it manifests itself in - Institutions are comprised of organizations as well
spaces. It is tangible within space What are the political essentials in a democracy?
The farther you are from power, the closer you are to its effects The codified formal institutions:
- Balance of power
People - Political parties
Territory - Bureaucracy
Capacity to interfere with the heads of state - Human rights
- Military strength
Presidents have fixed terms, prime minister does not have fixed terms two general informal institutions
- Bounded uncertainty
Presidential – bicameral – republican o Institution in democracy that states uncertainty
Parliamentary – federal- unicameral
 o There is no way to predict with absolute certainty who is o If you are elite, you have some access to economic capital
going to lead the country o Not all elites have economic capital, they have other
o Even if we do not know what the leaders are going to do, forms of capital
they are bounded by the rules of the game (by the - Social
institutions) o Elites think alike
o Pres. Duterte has violated the bounded uncertainty. It is o Same friends, same hobbies etc.
now just uncertainty - Cultural
- Contingent consent o Skills that define eliteness
o It’s when people give their contingent consent to a group - Religious
of politicians to govern o Mastery of the religious ceremonies that govern their
o The knowledge that political parties will not prosecute communal life
the other if they win - Symbolic
 You cannot use the might of the government to - Elites can be through the form of carrying knowledge
crush your opposition - Being healthy is a part of elite
For example: fisherfolk
- Livelihood  labor March 22, 2018
- Aquatic resources Ideology – third phase of power

Religion as an institution?
Do the institutions of development and democracy work together?
Development
- Growth
- Growth is not compatible with democracy; growth is dependent
on stability. Democracy is not stable
Five forms of capital for the elite:
- Economic
o Possession of money and other assets
- Asks the question whether we can ask human ideas in a scientific
manner
- There are ideological institutions in society that structure human
thought, that make human thought predictable and sort of
moldable
- First appeared in English in 1796, as a direct translation of the
French word ideologie
- Proposed by the rationalist Philosopher Destutt de Tracy
- “the science of ideas”  logy
Napoleon Bonaparte
 - “it is to the doctrine of the ideologues—to this diffuse
metaphysics, which in a contrived manner seeks to find the
primary causes and on this foundation, would erect the
legislation of peoples instead of adapting the laws to the
knowledge of the human heart and the lessons of history – to
which one must attribute all the misfortunes which have befallen
our beautiful France. “
Marx:
 The ideas of the ruling class are in every epoch the ruling ideas,
the class which Is the ruling material force of society, is at the
same time the ruling intellectual force. The class which has the
means of mental production at its disposal, has control at the
same time over the means of mental production.
 Ruling class: capitalists
 Ruling system: capitalism
Overthrow capitalism in a scientific manner  that is what science means
for communists
Ideology: with big I  third face of power
Hannah Arendt: The Origins of Totalitarianism
 It is the logic of an idea. Its subject matter is history, to which the
idea is applied, the result of this application is not a body of
statements about something that is, but the unfolding of a
process which is in constant change. The ideology treats the
course of events as though it followed the same law as logical
exposition of its idea. Ideologies pretend to know the mysteries
of the whole historical process – the secrets of the past, the
intricacies of the present, the uncertainties of the future –
because of the logic inherent in their respective ideas.
Ideological framework – makes you have all the “Answers”
Definitions of Ideology (Eagleton)
a) The process of production of meanings, signs and values n social
life
b) A body of ideas characteristic of a particular social group or class
c) Ideas which help to legitimate a dominant political power
d) False ideas which help to legitimate a dominant political power
e) Systematically distorted communication
f) That which offers a position for a subject
g) Forms of though motivated by social interests
h) Identity thinking
i) Socially necessary illusion
j) The conjuncture of discourse and power
k) The medium in which conscious social actors make sense of their
world
l) Action-oriented set of beliefs
m) The confusion of linguistic and phenomenal reality
n) Semiotic closure
o) The indispensable medium in which individuals live out their
relations to a social structure
p) The process whereby social life is converted to a natural reality
-
  Ideological spectrum – - French revolution also invented bureaucracy

Liberalism Conservatism

 Breakdown of feudalism brought about by forces against Defence of the ancient regime
absolutism and feudal privilege
 Edmund Burke
 Market or capitalist society
- Rejected abstract principles of the French Revolution. Argued the
 Constitutional or Representative government
wisdom resided largely in experience, tradition, and history.
 Classical Liberalism (Atomism)
- Change in order to conserve
o Intense focus on the individual and his rights
- Government could prevent evil but rarely promote good. Market
o Libertarian
forces as natural law
 Modern liberalism (Social Liberalism)
 Paternalistic conservatism
 Elements of Liberalism
 Elements of Conservatism
o Individualism
o Tradition
o Liberty
o Human imperfection
o Reason and progress
 Human beings taken individually suck
o Equality
 People are stronger when they are ruled by other
o Toleration
people
o Consent
o Organicism
 Consent to be governed
 Human societies are always hierarchical, and they
o Constitutionalism
have always worked
 The constitution only applies within the territory
 Obedience
of the country
o Hierarchy
 Liberalisms are soft ideologies
o Authority
o Property
 Societies are not static  it is always progressing as a
 Neoliberalism
community, always moving forward
o Pillars: the market and the individual
o Still based on toleration and equality
o Principal goal: Roll back the frontiers of the state.
French revolution brought about the birth of the left and the right Unregulated market capitalism
 o Private, good. Public: bad o Politicians can slide along that scale depending on
o Against the nanny state context
o There is no such thing as society, only individuals and  Note Duterte: he speaks with so much authority
their families – Thatcher when he talks about federalism – because he is
 Neoconservatism very knowledgeable about the subject. But when
o Principal goal: Restore authority and return to traditional he talks about human rights, he starts joking
values, especially with regard to family, religion and the around because he isn’t as knowledgeable
nation o Three patterns of populists:
o Authority guarantees social stability, generates discipline  Appeal to people, bad manners, there is a threat
and respect, with shared values and a common culture that will justify the populists
generating social cohesion and civilization  Populists pit the elite against the people
o Against the culture of permissiveness o Populists have a compelling story behind them
 “They are elites, but they are not similar to the
What are we talking about? elites in the Philippines:
 The most bureaucratic person: german chancellor  Cory commutes, Duterte does some
pimple stuff
 Styles of politics:
o Appeal to the people can take the form of many things,
o Populist
from the use of common slang to certain gestures and
o Bureaucratic
certain fashions
o Technocratic
 For example: Duterte’s style is the rejection of all
o Totalitarian
the grandeur
 The difference is in the way they carry themselves
o Appeal to the people ca n also include claims about the
Style – a way of mediating or communicating a message without saying political correctness of the elite. Which is used to
anything determine if the people knows what the populists is
thinking
- Just as much, politics have style  It is natural for a person to believe in authority
- Duterte is not a populist o Further, it can take the denial of expert knowledge. And
- Styles change depending on context, populism as a style slides the championing of common sense. It is what you call
along a scale. epistemological populism
  FPJ: Hindi man ako matalino, ako ay para sa o The frailty of the body and mortality is blamed on
Pilipino external ends
o Bad manners: slang, swearing, political incorrectness, o Part of the blame goes to media
overtly colorful as oppose to composure, rigidity, r use of  They simplify and polarize, and stereotype
right language candidates
o What constitutes bad manners in populism depends on  Media also screws up populists because they are
different cultures very emotional
o Crisis breakdown threat: a populist will never be o Populism IN GENERAL
successful unless he can manufacture a crisis, a  Appeal to the people
breakdown, or a threat  Dicothomy between the people and the
 Duterte introduced us a problem and gave us a elite
simple solution  Anti-elite, you have to prioritize conflict
 Can be represented by the citizens  Denial of expert knowledge
 It’s effective to manufacture a crisis because it is  Bad manners
much more effective  Disregard appropriateness
 This serves as a quick solution as opposed to the  Personalization, you are speaking of the
common consultations, and just in general a very heart
long process that is usually required in every  Political incorrectness b cause you
crisis want to stereotype the elites as different
 Populists don’t have to manufacture the crisis  You have to be colorful, you have to be
themselves, they can take advantage of existing emotional
crisis themselves  Because you have to garner support from
o The effect of the invocation of the emergency in this the people
fashion is to simplify radically the terms and terrain  Crisis breakdown threat
o Populism: politics becomes extremely utilitarian  So you can simplify the solution
o When you want to be a populist leader, you have to be  Instrumentalize politics  you focus on scandals
conveyed as a popular leader where you are raised to be
celebrity in the eyes of your audience How do you create a crisis?
o Most populists are male
- The first step is we have to identify the failure
- Second is you elevate the framework of the crisis, put in a wider
framework and make it temporal
- Third, you frame the people as being against those responsible
the crisis
- Fourth, use the media to propagate guidance
- Fifth, present simple solutions and propose strong leaderships
- Last step is to continue the crisis – it never has to end