DET 6093

ELECTRICAL MAINTENANCE
: & REPAIR

ASSIGNMENT : 1

CLASS : DET 5A
SESSION : DECEMBER 2018
LECTURER NAME : PUAN NOR ASIKIN BT ABD HALIM

NAME: REGISTRATION NO:

MOHAMAD NURHAZWAN BIN MOHAMAD 03DET16F2034
YUSOFF
 Introduction

This is The Fire Triangle. Actually, it's a tetrahedron, because there are four elements that
must be present for a fire to exist. There must be oxygen to sustain combustion, heat to raise
the material to its ignition temperature, fuel to support the combustion and a chemical
reaction between the other three elements.
Remove any one of the four elements to extinguish the fire.
The concept of Fire Protection is based upon keeping these four elements separate.
A fire extinguisher is an active fire protection device used to extinguish or control small
fires, often in emergency situations. It is not intended for use on an out-of-control fire, such
as one which has reached the ceiling, endangers the user (i.e., no escape route, smoke,
explosion hazard, etc.), or otherwise requires the expertise of a fire brigade. Typically, a fire
extinguisher consists of a hand-held cylindrical pressure vessel containing an agent which can
be discharged to extinguish a fire. Fire extinguishers manufactured with non-cylindrical
pressure vessels also exist but are less common.

There are two main types of fire extinguishers: stored-pressure and cartridge-operated. In
stored pressure units, the expellant is stored in the same chamber as the firefighting agent
itself. Depending on the agent used, different propellants are used. With dry chemical
extinguishers, nitrogen is typically used; water and foam extinguishers typically use air.
Stored pressure fire extinguishers are the most common type. Cartridge-operated
extinguishers contain the expellant gas in a separate cartridge that is punctured prior to
discharge, exposing the propellant to the extinguishing agent. This type is not as common,
used primarily in areas such as industrial facilities, where they receive higher-than-average
use. They have the advantage of simple and prompt recharge, allowing an operator to
discharge the extinguisher, recharge it, and return to the fire in a reasonable amount of time.
Unlike stored pressure types, these extinguishers use compressed carbon dioxide instead of
nitrogen, although nitrogen cartridges are used on low temperature (-60 rated) models.
Cartridge operated extinguishers are available in dry chemical and dry powder types in the
U.S. and in water, wetting agent, foam, dry chemical (classes ABC and B.C.), and dry
powder (class D) types in the rest of the world.
Types of Fire Extinguishers : -

Water and Foam

Water and Foam fire extinguishers extinguish the fire by taking away the
heat element of the fire triangle. Foam agents also separate the oxygen
element from the other elements.
Water extinguishers are for Class A fires only - they should not be used on
Class B or C fires. The discharge stream could spread the flammable liquid
in a Class B fire or could create a shock hazard on a Class C fire.

Carbon Dioxide
Carbon Dioxide fire extinguishers extinguish fire by taking away the
oxygen element of the fire triangle and also be removing the heat with a
very cold discharge.
Carbon dioxide can be used on Class B & C fires. They are usually
ineffective on Class A fires.

Dry Chemical
Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire primarily by
interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Today's most widely used type of fire extinguisher is the multipurpose dry
chemical that is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works
by creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use
the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can
allow the fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished succesfully.

Wet Chemical
Wet Chemical is a new agent that extinguishes the fire by removing the heat
of the fire triangle and prevents re-ignition by creating a barrier between the
oxygen and fuel elements.
Wet chemical of Class K extinguishers were developed for modern, high
efficiency deep fat fryers in commercial cooking operations. Some may also
be used on Class A fires in commercial kitchens.
Clean Agent
Halogenated or Clean Agent extinguishers include the halon agents as well
as the newer and less ozone depleting halocarbon agents. They extinguish
the fire by interrupting the chemical reaction and/or removing heat from the
fire triangle.
Clean agent extinguishers are effective on Class A, B and C fires. Smaller
sized handheld extinguishers are not large enough to obtain a 1A rating and
may carry only a Class B and C rating.

Dry Powder
Dry Powder extinguishers are similar to dry chemical except that they
extinguish the fire by separating the fuel from the oxygen element or by
removing the heat element of the fire triangle.
However, dry powder extinguishers are for Class D or combustible metal
fires, only. They are ineffective on all other classes of fires.

Water Mist
Water Mist extinguishers are a recent development that extinguish the fire
by taking away the heat element of the fire triangle. They are an alternative
to the clean agent extinguishers where contamination is a concern.
Water mist extinguishers are primarily for Class A fires, although they are
safe for use on Class C fires as well.

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical

Cartridge Operated Dry Chemical fire extinguishers extinguish the fire
primarily by interrupting the chemical reaction of the fire triangle.
Like the stored pressure dry chemical extinguishers, the multipurpose dry
chemical is effective on Class A, B, and C fires. This agent also works by
creating a barrier between the oxygen element and the fuel element on
Class A fires.
Ordinary dry chemical is for Class B & C fires only. It is important to use
the correct extinguisher for the type of fuel! Using the incorrect agent can
allow the fire to re-ignite after apparently being extinguished successfully.
 Smoke alarms should be placed on each level of your home and outside of each
sleeping area. If bedroom doors are closed, additional alarms should be located inside the
bedrooms, as well. Since smoke rises, the installation should be on the ceiling at least four
inches away from the nearest wall and away from drafts from windows or air ducts. As
always, make sure to follow manufacturer's installation instructions and verify all codes and
compliance with your local authority. That could include your building inspector, fire
marshal or insurance bureau.

There are two broad types of fire alarm systems; heat detectors and smoke alarms. Knowing
the differences between the various types of fire alarms available is key to matching the
appropriate product to the application.

Fire Alarm Types:

Heat Detectors:
Heat detectors are the oldest type of automatic fire detection device. Heat detectors feature a
detecting element inside the unit that activates when it reaches a predetermined fixed
temperature or when a specific increase in temperature has occurred. Heat detectors are best
suited for:

 applicationswhere detection speed is not a prime consideration or where ambient

conditions would not allow the use of a smoke detector
 fire detection in small, confined spaces where rapidly burning, high heat fires are
anticipated

Heat detectors have a lower false alarm rate, but they are also slower than smoke detectors in
detecting fires. Studies have shown that heat detectors are not as effective as smoke detectors
in detecting fires in residential homes.

Smoke Alarms:
Smoke alarms will detect most fires more rapidly than heat detectors. There are currently
three types of smoke alarms on the market: ionization, photoelectric and combination
ionization/photoelectric.

An ionization smoke alarm contains a small amount of radioactive material. The radiation
passes through an ionization chamber which is an air-filled space between two electrodes and
permits a small, constant current between the electrodes. Any smoke that enters the chamber
absorbs the alpha particles, which reduces the ionization and interrupts this current, setting
off the alarm. This type of alarm responds best to fast raging fires.

Photoelectric smoke alarms operate using a light source, a light beam collimating system and
a photoelectric sensor. When smoke enters the optical chamber and crosses the path of the
light beam, some light is scattered by the smoke particles, directing it at the sensor and thus
activating the alarm. This type of alarm responds best to slow smoldering fires.

Combination smoke alarms feature both ionization and photoelectric technologies.

Ionization smoke alarms respond faster to high energy fires, whereas photoelectric detectors
respond better to low energy smoldering fires. The NFPA recommends using both smoke
alarms in the home for the best protection.
Smoke Alarm Power Sources

Smoke alarms also vary in how they are powered. 9 volt battery powered smoke alarms are
very popular due to their low cost, however, care must be taken to replace the battery on a
regular basis.

Smoke alarms are also available in 120 volt and a long life 10 year rated lithium battery.
Many local or state building codes may require 120 volt interconnected smoke alarms with a
battery back-up in case of power outages. The interconnected feature allows all smoke alarms
to be linked together. This is especially important in multi-levels homes or in apartment
buildings. Smoke alarms with high intensity strobe lights are also available for the hearing
impaired.

Regardless of the type of detector or alarm selected, the proper placement and maintenance of
the device is crucial. Follow all manufacturers instructions for placement, testing and
maintenance. The NFPA suggests battery replacement at least once a year on battery
equipped units and a monthly detector test to verify the alarm function. Many users utilize
daylight saving time in the spring and the fall as a reminder to change batteries.
Pump Systems

Pump systems are major energy users and responsible of around 20% of electricity use
in industry. The use of pumps is highest in the petrochemical, the pulp and paper and the
chemicals industry, although pump systems are to be found in most industries. Studies indicate
that pumping efficiency in manufacturing plants can be less than 40%. Oversized pumps and
the use of throttled valves were identified as the two major contributors to the loss of efficiency.
Energy savings in pumping systems of between 30% and 50% could be realised through
equipment or control system changes. With a through assessment of the entire system and
implementation of other measures, additional savings can be realized. Similar to other motor
driven systems, best results in efficiency improvement are achieved by adopting a systems
approach in designing, installing, operating, and maintaining the pump systems.
 FIRE HOSEREEL - FIRE HOSE

Fire hose reels are located at strategic places in buildings to provide a reasonably accessible
and controlled supply of water for fire extinguishing.
Fire hose reel systems consist of pumps, pipes, water supply and hose reels located strategically
in a building, ensuring proper coverage of water to combat a fire.
The system is manually operated and activated by opening a valve enabling the water to flow
into the hose that is typically 30 meters away. The system pressure loss will activate the pump
ensuring adequate water flow and pressure to provide a water jet of typically a minimum of 10
meter from the nozzle.

All fire hose reels come with a unique ball valve shut-off device, a plastic or solid brass hose
reel nozzle and mounting bracket. There should be visible hosereel signs indicating that there
is a hosereel.

Universal Swing Hose Reels are tested and approved to BS EN671-1:1995. They are elegantly
designed and of rugged construction providing performance and reliability for fire fighting.
These type of hose reels are designed for mounting on a flat wall where access is limited or
even in a recess position. Hose Reels are supplied with a brass chrome jet nozzle, a PUB
approved gate valve and an EN694 Red color Fire Hose. It is available in two sizes namely the
3/4″ or the 1″ diameter type.