Warsaw University of technology

Faculty of Power and Aeronautical Engineering (MEiL)

Department of Automation and Aeronautical Systems

Intermediate Project
Topic- Numerical modeling of a tail rotor
SUPERVISOR: dr inż. Przemysław Bibik

Purn Prakash (281142)

Winter Semester, 2018-2019

Contents
1. Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 3
2. Summary ......................................................................................................................... 3
3. Expressions ...................................................................................................................... 4
3.1. Flapping angle: ....................................................................................................... 4
3.2. Thrust coefficient and Thrust:................................................................................. 6
3.3. Angle of attack of rotor disk ................................................................................... 7
3.4. Accelerating torque (Qa) ........................................................................................ 7
3.5. Decelerating Torque (Qd) ....................................................................................... 8
3.6. Torque (Q) and Power (P) ....................................................................................... 9
3.7. Profile drag ............................................................................................................. 9
3.8. Effect of pitch setting and tip-speed ratio on profile drag-lift ratio ........................ 9
3.9. Determining of 𝛿0 , 𝛿1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2............................................................................ 10
3.10. Limits of validity of theory .................................................................................... 10
3.11. Effect of Compressibility on advancing blade ....................................................... 10
4. Parameters and Calculation ........................................................................................... 11
5. Note for the MATLAB code and Calculation ................................................................... 12
5.1. The subscript of coefficients ................................................................................. 12
5.2. Special identifiers ................................................................................................. 12
5.3. Calculation of 𝐶𝑑0𝑚𝑖𝑛 ......................................................................................... 13
Reference ............................................................................................................................ 14
Appendix.............................................................................................................................. 14
1. Coefficient List ......................................................................................................... 14
2. MATLAB code .......................................................................................................... 14
3. MATLAB result for azimuthal angle 𝜓 = 15° ........................................................... 14
Page2
1. Introduction

This project aims to appropriate a mathematical model for tail rotor of a helicopter. A
model was developed by Dr. F. J. Bailey, Jr. for owning a model which is of engineering
practical use to calculate characteristic expressions of a rotor. Basically, he derived
theoretical formulas for all such characteristic expressions in terms of two basic
parameters: inflow velocity represented by inflow factor (λ) and
blade pitch angles (θ0 and θ1 ). This model is published on internet under the title “A
SIMPLIFIED THEORATICAL METHOD OF DETERMINING THE CHARACTERISTICS OF A LIFTING
ROTOR IN FORWARD FLIGHT”, published on NASA website, documented as Report no. 716.
Hence, this project is a MATLAB adaptation of the theoretical model for a main-rotor of
helicopter published by Dr. Bailey to a theoretical model of a tail-rotor of a helicopter. It is
assumed that the expressions calculated for main-rotor are applicable for tail-rotor also.

2. Summary

In the model presented by Dr. Bailey, he has considered a non-feathering rotor with hinged,
rectangular, linearly twisted blades. Here forth, we will call this model of him as “Report
716” because this model is documented in report no. 716. He has derived theoretical
expressions for the following characteristics of a lifting rotor in forward flight:
a. Flapping coefficient
b. Thrust coefficient
c. Angle of attack
d. Accelerating torque coefficient
e. Decelerating torque coefficient
f. Profile drag-to-lift ratio
g. Determination of 𝛿0 , 𝛿1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2 for the equation
𝑐𝑑 0 = 𝛿0 + 𝛿1 ∗ 𝛼𝑟 + 𝛿2 ∗ 𝛼𝑟2
h. Limitation of validity of the theory
This project limits itself to calculating the five characteristics from top to down. Although,
coefficient required for the remaining characteristics expressions are still attached in
MATLAB code file for the other expressions, while reader may find the expressions in the
report of Dr Bailey (Report 716).
Fascinatingly, exclusively for engineering purpose, all these expressions are derived to
depend only upon two input variables:
Page3

• The inflow velocity across the rotor represented by inflow factor ( 𝜆 ).

 Where,
𝑉∗sin 𝛼𝐷 +νi
𝜆= Ω∗𝑅
𝛼𝐷 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] is angle of attack for the blade
𝑚
𝑉 [ ] is free inflow velocity
𝑠
𝑚
𝜈𝑖 [ ] is induced velocity
𝑠
𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠
Ω[ ] is angular Velocity of the rotor
𝑠
R [m] is radius of the blade

To generalize this model for different kinds of rotors, we can’t use the above formula
to calculate 𝜆 because it requires specific parameters of a rotor blade. In this model,
we will derive inflow factor ( 𝜆 ) from equation of torque equilibrium of the rotor.
𝐶𝑄𝑎 𝐶𝑄
( ) = ( 𝑑)
𝜎 𝜎

• the blade pitch of the rotor blades ( 𝜃0 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜃1 ).

𝜃0 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] is blade pitch angle at hub.
𝜃1 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] is difference between hub and tip pitch angle.
In MATLAB code produced after this project, the reader will need these coefficients input
from the tables of Dr Bailey.

3. Expressions

Before we go into details of derivation of expressions described by Dr Bailey, the reader

should be aware that there are two lists of reference provided in this report. One list is
represented by regular numbers which represent reference used by Dr Bailey in his “report
716”, while the another one is represented by Greek numbers which represent references
used for developing this project.
The expressions used by Dr. Bailey in his report are as explained below.

3.1. Flapping angle:

The flapping angle of blade is expressed as function of position of blade in azimuthal plane
of the rotor.
Page4
 𝛽 = 𝑎0 − 𝑎1 ∗ cos 𝜓 − 𝑏1 ∗ sin 𝜓 − 𝑎2 ∗ cos 2𝜓 − 𝑏2 ∗ sin 2𝜓 (1)

Where,
• 𝜓 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] is azimuthal angle for the blade, measured from down-wind position in
direction of rotation.
• 𝑎0 , 𝑎1 , 𝑎2 , 𝑏1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏2 are non-dimensional coefficients and can be calculated from the
following equations:

𝑎0 1 𝑀𝑊
= 𝑡11 ∗ 𝜆 + 𝑡12 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡13 ∗ 𝜃1 − ( ) ∗ (2)
𝛾 𝛾 𝐼1 ∗ Ω^2

𝑎1 = 𝑡14 ∗ 𝜆 + 𝑡15 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡16 ∗ 𝜃1 (3)

𝑏1 1 𝑀𝑊
= 𝑡17 ∗ 𝜆 + 𝑡18 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡19 ∗ 𝜃1 − 𝑡110 ∗ ( ) ∗ (4)
𝛾 𝛾 𝐼1 ∗ Ω^2

Here,
𝛾 is called mass constant of rotor blade and defined as:
𝑐 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑎 ∗ 𝑅4
mass constant (𝛾) =
𝐼1
𝑐, 𝜌, 𝑎, 𝐼1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑅 are parameters for the blade for which we must perform engineering
analysis.
𝑐 is chord of the blade
𝜌 is density of air flow
𝑎 is …
𝑅 is radius of the blade
And, 𝐼1 is mass moment of inertia of rotor blade about horizontal hinge.
In the current analysis, the value of 𝛾 is assumed to be 15 which is a typical mass constant
of main-rotor blade.
𝛾 = 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 15.
Please note that the report permits value of 𝛾 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 25.
𝑎2
= 𝑡21 ∗ 𝜆 + 𝑡22 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡23 ∗ 𝜃1 (5)
𝜇2
Page5
 𝑏2
= 𝑡24 ∗ 𝜆 + 𝑡25 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡26 ∗ 𝜃1 (6)
𝜇2
Where,
𝜇 is called as tip-speed ratio and defined as
𝑉 ∗ cos 𝛼𝑟
tip_speed ratio (𝜇) =
Ω∗𝑅
𝜇 = 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑒𝑑 0.35
This project allows value of 𝜇 𝑢𝑝 𝑡𝑜 0.5.
As mentioned previously,
𝜃0 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] is blade pitch angle at hub.
𝜃1 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] is difference between hub and tip pitch angle.
𝜃1 = 0 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] for rectangular blade with no linear twist.
𝛼𝑟 is angle of attack of blade with respect to inflow of air.
𝛼 is angle of attack of rotor disk, which will be calculated in later part.
The value of 𝑖𝑛𝑓𝑙𝑜𝑤 𝑓𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑜𝑟 (𝜆) will be calculated by balancing the accelerating torque
against decelerating torque. The expressions for these two torques are derived in later part
of this project.
𝐶𝑄𝑎 𝐶𝑄
( ) = ( 𝑑)
𝜎 𝜎

3.2. Thrust coefficient and Thrust:

The thrust coefficient equation is adapted from the formula provided by Wheatley, John B.
[reference I] in equation 8-14.
The above formula is adapted by Dr Bailey in the following form

𝐶𝑇
2∗ = 𝑡31 ∗ 𝜆 + 𝑡32 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡33 ∗ 𝜃1 (7)
𝜎∗𝑎
Where,
𝜆 is calculated by balancing accelerating and decelerating torque and 𝜃0 ,and 𝜃1 are
parameters of blade, as mentioned earlier.
Sequentially, we can derive the amount of thrust (T) produced by the rotor for individual
geometry of blades from the pre-calculated thrust coefficient using the following formula
Page6
 𝑇 = 𝜌 ∗ (Ω ∗ 𝑅)2 ∗ 𝜋 ∗ 𝑅2 ∗ 𝐶𝑇 (8)

The formula for thrust will depend upon parameters of blade of rotor for which the analysis
is performed. Here, 𝜌 represents density of air and expressed in SI units. The resultant
output of thrust will be in Newton.

3.3. Angle of attack of rotor disk

After calculating the thrust coefficient, angle of attack can be calculated.

For small angle of attack (alpha)
1
∗ 𝐶𝑇 ∗ Ω ∗ 𝑅
𝜆 ∗ Ω ∗ 𝑅 = 𝑉 ∗ sin 𝛼 − 2 (9)
√𝜆2 + 𝜇2

1
𝜆 ∗𝐶
tan 𝛼 = + 2 𝑇 (10)
𝜇 𝜇 ∗ √𝜆2 + 𝜇2
𝜆 [ ] is inflow factor
𝜇 [ ] is tip-speed ratio
This formula is adapted by Dr Bailey to generalise it in such a form
𝜆 𝐶𝑇
𝛼 =( )+ (11)
𝜇 2 ∗ 𝜇2

3.4. Accelerating torque (Q a )

Dr Bailey has derived the generalised formula based on this rudimentary formula as derived
in reference 5.
2𝜋 𝐵
𝑏 1 sin2 𝜙
𝑄𝑎 = ∗ ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝑐 ∗ Ω2 ∗ 𝑅 4 ∗ ∑ ΔΨ ∑ 𝑢2𝑇 ∗ 𝐶𝐿 ∗ ∗ 𝑥 ∗ Δ𝑥 (12)
2∗𝜋 2 cos2 𝜙
0 0

𝑄𝑎 = 𝐶𝑄𝑎 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ Ω2 ∗ 𝝅 ∗ 𝑅5 (13)

𝑏∗𝑐
And 𝜎= is solidity of the rotor.
𝜋∗𝑅
Then,
Page7
 2𝜋 𝐵
𝐶𝑄 1 1
( 𝑎 ) = ( ) ∗ (( ) ∗ ∑ ΔΨ ∑ 𝑢 𝑇 ∗ 𝐶𝐿 ∗ (sin 𝜙/ cos 2 𝜙) ∗ 𝑥 ∗ Δ𝑥) (14)
𝜎 2 2∗𝜋
0 0

Using this formula (14) he has generalised the expression so that it can be represented only
with two parameters which is a very practical approach for engineering purpose.
1 2 ∗ 𝐶𝑄𝑎
∗( ) = 𝑡41 ∗ 𝜆2 + 𝑡42 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡43 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ 𝜃1 + 𝑡44 ∗ 𝜃02
𝑎 𝜎
𝑀𝑊
+ 𝑡45 ∗ 𝜃0 ∗ 𝜃1 + 𝑡46 ∗ 𝜃12 + 𝑡47 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ ∗𝜃
𝐼1 ∗ Ω2 1
𝑀𝑊 𝑀𝑊 (15)
+ 𝑡48 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡49 ∗ 𝛾 ∗ ∗𝜃
𝐼1 ∗ 𝜔 𝐼1 ∗ Ω2 1
𝑀𝑊 2
+ 𝑡410 ∗ ( )
𝐼1 ∗ Ω2

Where,
𝜎, 𝜆 , 𝜃0 , 𝜃1 are explained as earlier.
MW
The last four terms of the equation are negligible for combinations of 𝛾 and as
I1 ∗Ω2
it was found in autogiro designs in reference 1.

3.5. Decelerating Torque (Q d )

The decelerating torque coefficient ( CQd )of the rotor is derived from the integral form
of decelerating torque as derived in reference 1.

2 ∗ 𝐶𝑄𝑑 𝜋 1
1
= ∗ ∫ 𝑑𝜓 ∗ ∮ 𝑢2𝑇 ∗ 𝐶𝑑0 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 𝑑𝑥
𝜎 2∗𝜋 0 0
2∗𝜋 1
1
+ ∗ ∫ 𝑑𝜓 ∮ 𝑢2𝑇 ∗ 𝐶𝑑0 ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 𝑑𝑥 (16)
2∗𝜋 0 −𝜇∗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜓
2∗𝜋 −𝜇∗𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜓
1
−( ) ∗ ∫ 𝑑𝜓 ∮ 𝑢2𝑇 ∗ 𝐶𝑑0 ′ ∗ 𝑟 ∗ 𝑑𝑥
2∗𝜋 0 0

The above equation is then simplified in the following form:

Page8
 2 ∗ 𝐶𝑄𝑑
= 𝛿0 ∗ 𝑡51 + 𝛿1 ∗ (𝑡52 ∗ 𝜆 + 𝑡53 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡54 ∗ 𝜃1 )
𝜎 (17)
+ 𝛿2 (𝑡55 ∗ 𝜆2 + 𝑡55 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ 𝜃0 + 𝑡57 ∗ 𝜆 ∗ 𝜃1 + 𝑡58 ∗ 𝜃02
+ 𝑡59 ∗ 𝜃0 ∗ 𝜃1 + 𝑡510 ∗ 𝜃12

where,
σ is the solidity factor of the rotor, while 𝜆 , 𝜃0 and 𝜃1 are either calculated or constants
mentioned in earlier part of this project?

3.6. Torque (Q) and Power (P)

The general equation for torque in terms of torque coefficient is given by

𝑄 = 𝐶𝑄 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ Ω2 ∗ 𝑅3
Or
𝑄 = 𝜌 ∗ (Ω ∗ 𝑅)2 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑄

𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶𝑄𝑎 + 𝐶𝑄𝑑

𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑎𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑚𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡ℎ𝑎𝑡 𝐶𝑄 = 𝐶𝑃

Also,
𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 (𝑃) = 𝑇𝑜𝑟𝑞𝑢𝑒 ∗ 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑

𝑄 = 𝜌 ∗ (Ω ∗ 𝑅)2 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝐶𝑄
Hence,
𝑃 = 𝐶𝑃 ∗ 𝜌 ∗ 𝐴 ∗ 𝜔3 ∗ 𝑅3 (18)

3.7. Profile drag

The (profile drag) to (lift) ratio of rotor has been expressed in generalised form by Dr bailey
in his report but is not within the scope of this project.

3.8. Effect of pitch setting and tip-speed ratio on profile drag-lift ratio
Page9

Relevant information on effect of pitch setting and tip-speed ration of profile drag-lift ratio
is also mention the report but it is not in the scope of this project.
 3.9. Determining of 𝛿0 , 𝛿1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2

The profile-drag coefficient 𝐶𝑑 0 has been expressed in terms of the angle of attack of a
blade element (𝛼𝑟 ) by the series

𝐶𝑑 0 = 𝛿0 + 𝛿1 ∗ 𝛼𝑟 + 𝛿2 ∗ 𝛼𝑟2 (19)

Where, 𝛿0 , 𝛿1 , 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2 are constant coefficients chosen so that the series closely
approximate an experimental curvature of drag-coefficient against angle of attack over the
important part of the angle-of-attack range.
𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡
𝛿0 − 𝐶𝑑 0 = 0.0003 + 0.0025 ∗ (20)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡

𝛿1 1 𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡
= −0.0025 ∗ − 0.0458 ∗ 2 (21)
𝑎 𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡
(𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡 )

𝛿2 1
= −0.0229 ∗ 2 (22)
𝑎
(𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 − 𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡 )

3.10. Limits of validity of theory

This theory proposed by Dr bailey are based on some assumptions and hence the theory
has its limitations depending on limits of these assumptions. For example, profile-drag
coefficient formula will be valid only up to a range of Angle of attack.
The report includes all such limitations.

3.11. Effect of Compressibility on advancing blade

Page10

The compressibility-shock wave usually forms on aerofoil sections at between 75% to 80%
of the speed of sound. This limits the maximum speed of the Helicopter (V). The expression
to calculate this limiting velocity has been expressed by Dr bailey in his report but is not
within the scope of this project.

4. Parameters and Calculation

Tip loss factor (B) = 0.97
Tip-speed Ratio (𝜇) = 0.35
Blade mass constant (𝛾) = 15
Solidity Factor (𝜎) = 0.08
air flow density (𝜌) = 1.223 kg/m^3
rpm (Ω) = 32.88 radians/sec
Radius of rotor (R) = 7.315 meters
Inflow velocity (U)= 78 m/s
Data considered from data available for Boeing AH-64 Apache.
1. The first step in calculation requires geometric parameters of the blade:
blade chord (c), Radius of blade (R), density of air-flow (𝜌), and Inertia of rotor blade
with respect to horizontal hinge for main-rotor (relative axes for tail-rotor) (𝐼1 ) are
required to calculate mass constant (𝛾).
Dr Bailey has considered (𝛾) = 15, which is a typical value for main-rotors so this project also
considers the same.
2. Next, reader should decide which aerofoil will be used for the blades of the rotor and
collect related data for the aerofoil corresponding to a Reynolds number 0.75 * R of
the blade at an estimated inflow velocity for the rotor. From this data, extract
necessary parameters as such:
𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.45
𝑎 [𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠] = 5.73 which is slope of lift coefficient to angle of attack of the aerofoil,
𝐶𝑑 0 = 0.0082 and
𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡 = 0.08 are data for 𝑅𝑒 = 2,000,000 = 2𝑀.

At this stage, reader should estimate tip-speed ratio (𝜇).

𝜇 = 0.35
The rotor is assumed to be autorotating at this tip-speed ratio while blade pitch angle (𝜃0 )
is assumed as 4°.
𝜃0 = 4°
3. The values of dimensionless coefficient 𝛿0 , 𝛿1 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝛿2 can be calculated using the
Page11

formulas aforementioned:
𝛿0 = 0.0087
 𝛿1 = −0.0216
𝛿2 = 0.400
4. Here after, the expressions for accelerating and decelerating torque derived by Dr
Bailey can be equated to calculate inflow ratio (𝜆).
𝜆 = −0.005
5. After 𝜆 and 𝜃0 are known, the calculation of the flapping angle is carried out.
𝛽 = 6.23° 𝑓𝑜𝑟 Ψ = 15°, 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑥𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒
6. Next step is to calculate thrust coefficient:
𝐶𝑇 = 0.005348
7. From the above calculated thrust coefficient, thrust is calculated:
𝑇 = 57860.4 𝑁
which, in more general term, equal to gravitational force upon 5898 𝑘𝑔 of mass.
8. The last calculation is for the angle of attack of rotor dick (𝛼):
𝛼 = 0.007399 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛𝑠 = 0.43916°

5. Note for the MATLAB code and Calculation

5.1. The subscript of coefficients

The MATLAB code has been attached in appendix 1. One may notice that there are lists of
identifiers for coefficients mentioned in the code. These identifiers correspond to
coefficients necessary for the Bailey’s report but come with a pattern of nominal change in
their subscript numbering, for example:
𝑡1,1 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡11
𝑡1,10 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡110
𝑡5,14 𝑖𝑠 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑒𝑑 𝑎𝑠 𝑡514
But, according this syntax
𝑡1,12 𝑎𝑛𝑑 111,2 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 ℎ𝑎𝑣𝑒 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑠 𝑡112
Fortunately, within the limitation of table of coefficients in the bailey’s report, there is no
such case where two coefficients will have similar representations according to this way of
representing identifiers.

5.2. Special identifiers

Page12

In the code, two abnormal identifiers named as “FACTOR1” and “FACTOR2” are used. They
are used because they represent a part of equation which repeats itself many times in
different equations.
In the script file of MATLAB, we have called one of these functions as “FACTOR1”
1 𝑀𝑊
𝐹𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅1 = ( ) = −0.606 (23)
𝛾 𝐼1 ∗ Ω2

While we have called another identifier named “FACTOR2” defined as

𝐹𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅2 = 𝐹𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅1 ∗ 𝛾
(24)
𝑀𝑊
= −0.606 ∗ 𝛾 = −0.606 ∗ 15 = 9.09
𝐼1 ∗ 𝛺2
The data for FACTOR1 = −0.606 is taken as such suggested by Dr Bailey.
Hence, 𝐹𝐴𝐶𝑇𝑂𝑅2 = 9.09 is used for the current example where 𝛾 = 15.

The code attached along with the project explains step by step calculation of different
characteristics of a rotor at auto-rotating stage.
Assumptions:
• Rectangular blade of NACA 23012 aerofoil section.
➢ 𝑅𝑒𝑦𝑛𝑜𝑙𝑑𝑠 𝑁𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 = 2,000,000
➢ 𝐶𝑙 𝑚𝑎𝑥 = 1.45
➢ 𝑎 [𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑛] = 5.73
➢ 𝐶𝑑 0 = 0.0082 as for current Reynolds Number = 2 M.
𝑚𝑖𝑛
➢ 𝐶𝑙 𝑜𝑝𝑡𝑚 = 0.08
• Blade pitch angle (𝜃0 ) = 4° .
• No linear twist in blade (𝜃1 ) = 0°

5.3. Calculation of 𝐶𝑑 0
𝑚𝑖𝑛

Reynolds number = 2,000,000 = 2e6, corresponding to the chord and the rotational speed
at 0.75 * R.
𝐶𝑑 0 at Standard Reynolds number 8.16 ∗ 106 = 0.0070
𝑚𝑖𝑛

𝑅𝑠𝑡𝑑 0.11
𝐶𝑑 0 = (𝐶𝑑 0 ) ∗ ( ) (25)
𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑚𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑡𝑑 𝑅
Page13
 0.11
8.16 ∗ 106
= 0.0070 ∗ ( )
2 ∗ 106
= 0.0082
Hence,
𝐶𝑑 0 = 0.0082
𝑚𝑖𝑛

6. Reference
1. Wheatley, John B.: An aerodynamic Analysis of the Autogiro Rotor with a
Comparison between Calculated and Experimental Results.
2. Wheatley, John B.: An Analytical and Experimental Study of the Effect of Periodic
Blade Twist on the Thrust, Torque. And Flapping Motion of an Autogiro Rotor.
3. Sissingh, G.: Contribution to the Aerodynamic of Rotating-wing Aircraft.
4. Jacobs, Eastman N., and Sherman, Albert: Airfoil Section Characteristics as
Affected by Variation of the Reynolds Number.
5. Bailey, F. J., Jr.: A Study of the Torque Equilibrium of an Autogiro rotor.
6. Jacobs, Eastman N., and Abbott, Ira H.: Airfoil Section Data Obtained in the
N.A.C.A. Variable-Density tunnel as Affected by Support Interference and Other
Corrections.
7. Bicknell, Joseph: Determination of the Profile Drag of an Airplane Wing in Flight at
High Reynolds Numbers.
Additional reference,
I. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Boeing_AH-64_Apache

Appendix
1. Coefficient List
2. MATLAB code
3. MATLAB result for azimuthal angle 𝜓 = 15°
Page14
 Appendix- 1
Coefficient List

First………………….…………..…………………..………………….Flapping Coefficient.…………………...………………

1 5 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵7
𝑡11 = ∗ 𝐵3 + .04 ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 − ∗( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
6 144 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 1 1 25 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
𝑡12 = ∗ 𝐵4 + ∗ 𝐵2 ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 − ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 − ∗( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
8 8 64 576 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 1 1 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵9
𝑡13 = ∗ 𝐵5 + ∗ 𝐵3 ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 − ∗( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
10 12 30 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

2 1 3
10 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵4
𝑡14 = ( 2 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 ;
𝐵 2 ∗ 𝐵4 27 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

8 4 3
0.212 4
25 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵5
𝑡15 = ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 ;
3∗𝐵 3 ∗ 𝐵3 𝐵4 54 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 3
16 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵6
𝑡16 = 2 ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ ( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 ;
𝐵2 45 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

2 1 0.0767 1
𝑡17 = ∗ 𝐵2 ∗ 𝑚𝑢 − ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 +
9 9 𝐵 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
32 7
∗( + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 ;
3 162

1 1 1
𝑡18 = ∗ 𝐵3 ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 + 0.0175 ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 +
6 12 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
92 7
∗( ∗𝐵+ ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵9 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 ;
9 216
1
Page
 2 2 1
𝑡19 = ∗ 𝐵4 ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + ∗ 𝐵2 ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 + 0.0140 ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 +
15 45 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
7
∗ (8 ∗ 𝐵2 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵10 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢3 ;
270

4 2 0.140
𝑡110 = − ∗ 𝑚𝑢 + 3
∗ 𝑚𝑢3 − ∗ 𝑚𝑢;
3∗𝐵 3∗𝐵 𝐵4
Second-----------------------------Flapping Coefficient …………………-++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++

1 7
𝑡21 = 2 8
∗ (16 ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎3 ∗ 𝐵9 ) ;
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 108

1 46 7
𝑡22 = 2 8
∗ ( ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵2 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎3 ∗ 𝐵10 ) ;
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 3 144

1 7
𝑡23 = 2 8
∗ (12 ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵3 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎3 ∗ 𝐵11 ) ;
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 180

5 𝐵5
𝑡24 = − ∗ (𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ );
9 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

25 𝐵6
𝑡25 = − ∗ (𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ );
36 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

8 𝐵7
𝑡26 = − ∗ (𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ );
15 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
2
Page
Third…………………..…………………..…………………..……………torque coefficient ……...…………………..………………

1 1 1 5 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵6
𝑡31 = ∗ 𝐵2 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 + ( ∗ 𝐵2 − ∗( )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
2 4 4 36 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 1 4
𝑡32 = ∗ 𝐵2 + ∗ 𝐵 ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 − ∗ 𝑚𝑢3
3 2 9 ∗ 𝑝𝑖
1 25 𝐵7
+( − ∗ (𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
3 ∗ 𝐵 144 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 1 7 2 𝐵8
𝑡33 = 4 ∗ 𝐵4 + 4 ∗ 𝐵2 ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 + (32 − 15 ∗ (𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 144+𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗𝐵8 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;

3
Page
Fourth…………..…………………..…………………..…………………...………Accelerating Coeffecient…………..……………

1 5 1
𝑡41 = ∗ 𝐵2 + ( + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
2 4 1296
1 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵6
+( +
2 ∗ 𝐵2 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
4 37 77
∗( − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 ∗ 𝐵16 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
3 162 46656

1 8 1 2
𝑡42 = ∗ 𝐵3 + ( ∗ 𝐵 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵9 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢3
3 3 864 9 ∗ 𝑝𝑖
8 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵7
+( +
3 ∗ 𝐵 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
224 11 11
∗( − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 ∗ 𝐵16 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
9 648 31104

1 1
𝑡43 = ∗ 𝐵4 + (2 ∗ 𝐵2 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵10 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
4 1080
65 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
+( +
32 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
236 7 47
∗( − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 ∗ 𝐵16 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
15 108 38880

8 1
𝑡44 = ( ∗ 𝐵2 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵10 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
9 2304
20 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
+( +
9 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
305 65 5
∗( + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 ∗ 𝐵16 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
36 1296 82944

4 1
𝑡45 = ( ∗ 𝐵3 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵11 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
3 1440
10 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵9
+( ∗𝐵+
3 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
57 7 11
∗( + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 ∗ 𝐵16 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
5 144 51840
4
Page
 1 1
𝑡46 = ( ∗ 𝐵4 + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵12 ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
2 3600
5 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵10
+ ( ∗ 𝐵2 +
4 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
92 1 17
∗( + ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 ∗ 𝐵16 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
25 150 129600

Fifth…………..…………………..…………………..…………………...Decelerating Coefficient..…………………..……………

1 1 1
𝑡51 = + ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 − ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
4 4 32

1 5 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵5
𝑡52 = − ∗( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
3 72 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 1 25 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵6
𝑡53 = + ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 − ∗( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
4 4 288 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 1 1 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵7
𝑡54 = + ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 − ∗( ) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
5 6 15 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8

1 1 1 1 1 1 1
𝑡55 = + (− + 2 + 4
+ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵4 − ∗ 𝐵5 + ∗ 𝐵6 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
2 4 𝐵 2∗𝐵 162 81 144
3 1 1
+ (− + + + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2
4 ∗ 𝐵2 𝐵4 4 ∗ 𝐵6
1 1 1 1 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2
∗ (− ∗ 𝐵2 + ∗ 𝐵3 + ∗ 𝐵4 − ∗ 𝐵6 ) +
162 162 324 576 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
2
7 37 13 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎
∗ ( ∗ 𝐵2 − ∗ 𝐵3 − ∗ 𝐵4 ) + ∗ 128 ∗ 𝐵2
9 27 27 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 7 7 7
+ 2 8
∗( ∗ 𝐵10 − ∗ 𝐵11 − ∗ 𝐵12 )
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 2916 1458 2592
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 193 10
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎6
+ ∗ ∗ 𝐵 +
(144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 162 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
49
∗( ∗ 𝐵18 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
23328
5
Page
 2 4 4 1 1 1 4
𝑡56 = +( + 3
+ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵5 − ∗ 𝐵6 + ∗ 𝐵7 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2 + ∗ 𝑚𝑢3
3 3∗𝐵 3∗𝐵 108 54 96 9 ∗ 𝑝𝑖
1 8 1 1 13 1
+ (− + 3
+ 5 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ (− ∗ 𝐵4 + ∗ 𝐵5 − ∗ 𝐵7 )
𝐵 3∗𝐵 𝐵 108 864 384
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 161 811 113
+ 2 8
∗( ∗ 𝐵3 − ∗ 𝐵4 − ∗ 𝐵5 )
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 108 324 108
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 736 3
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4
+ ∗ ∗ 𝐵 +
(144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 3 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
7 11
7 12
7 13
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4
∗( ∗𝐵 − ∗𝐵 − ∗𝐵 )+
1944 972 1728 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
6
233 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 49
∗( ∗ 𝐵11 ) + ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵19 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
108 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 15552

1 1 1 2 1
𝑡57 = + (1 + 2 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵6 − ∗ 𝐵7 + ∗ 𝐵8 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
2 𝐵 135 135 120
11 2 3
+ (− + 2+ + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2
16 𝐵 4 ∗ 𝐵4
1 2 23 1 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2
∗ (− ∗ 𝐵4 − ∗ 𝐵5 + ∗ 𝐵6 − ∗ 𝐵8 ) +
810 405 2160 480 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
2
157 37 13 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎
∗( ∗ 𝐵4 − ∗ 𝐵5 − ∗ 𝐵6 ) + ∗ (192 ∗ 𝐵4 )
135 18 18 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 7 7 7
+ 2 8
∗( ∗ 𝐵12 − ∗ 𝐵13 − ∗ 𝐵14 )
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 2430 1215 2160
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 229 12
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎6
+ ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵 ) +
(144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 135 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
49
∗( ∗ 𝐵20 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
19440

1 1 8 1 1 1
𝑡58 = +( + 2
+ 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵6 − ∗ 𝐵7 + ∗ 𝐵8 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
4 4 9∗𝐵 288 144 256
1 4 8
+ (− + 2
+ + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2
32 3 ∗ 𝐵 9 ∗ 𝐵4
1 1 11 1 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2
∗( ∗ 𝐵4 − ∗ 𝐵5 + ∗ 𝐵6 − ∗ 𝐵8 ) +
288 96 1152 1024 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
119 94 47 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 1058
∗( ∗ 𝐵4 − ∗ 𝐵5 − ∗ 𝐵6 ) + 2 8 2
∗( ∗ 𝐵4 )
162 81 72 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 ) 9
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 7 7 7
+ 2 8
∗( ∗ 𝐵12 − ∗ 𝐵13 − ∗ 𝐵14 )
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 5184 2592 4608
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 2557 12
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎6
+ ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵 ) +
(144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 2592 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
49
6

∗( ∗ 𝐵20 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
Page

41472
 2 1 4 1 1 1
𝑡59 = +( + + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵7 − ∗ 𝐵8 + ∗ 𝐵9 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
5 3 3∗𝐵 180 90 160
4 2 1 2 41 1
+( 3
+ + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵5 − ∗ 𝐵6 + ∗ 𝐵7 − ∗ 𝐵9 )
3∗𝐵 𝐵 216 135 2880 640
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 617 2087 107
+ 2 8
∗( ∗ 𝐵5 − ∗ 𝐵6 − ∗ 𝐵7 )
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 540 1080 120
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 5)
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4
+ ∗ (184 ∗ 𝐵 +
(144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8
7 13
7 14
7 15
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4
∗( ∗𝐵 − ∗𝐵 − ∗𝐵 )+
3240 1620 2880 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
6
31 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 49
∗ ( ∗ 𝐵13 ) + ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵21 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
20 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 25920

1 5 1 1 1
𝑡510 = + ( + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝐵9 + ∗ 𝐵10 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢2
6 8 450 225 400
1 3 1 7 19 1
+( + + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵6 − ∗ 𝐵7 + ∗ 𝐵8 − ∗ 𝐵10 )
2 ∗ 𝐵2 4 675 1350 3600 1600
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 4 6
4 7
3 8
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2
+ ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵 − ∗ 𝐵 − ∗ 𝐵 ) +
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 9 5 10 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
4
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 7 7 7
∗ (72 ∗ 𝐵6 ) + 2 8
∗( ∗ 𝐵14 − ∗ 𝐵15 − ∗ 𝐵16 )
144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎 ∗ 𝐵 8100 4050 5400
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎4 137 14
𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎6
+ ∗ ( ∗ 𝐵 ) +
(144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2 225 (144 + 𝑔𝑎𝑚𝑚𝑎2 ∗ 𝐵8 )2
49
∗( ∗ 𝐵22 )) ∗ 𝑚𝑢4 ;
64800

7
Page
 Appendix- 2
MATLAB code

degree_to_radian = pi()/180;
radian_to_degree = 180/pi();

%Rotor Size
% Airfoil selection, and autorotating at tip-speed ratio = 0.35
% NACA 23012
B=.97; %B (tip-loss factor)
mu=.35; %The model is valid upto mu (tip-speed ratio)=.5
gamma=15; %The model is valid upto gamma (blade mass constant)=25
sigma = 0.08; %solidity factor
PURN = -.606; %special parameter
FACTOR = PURN*gamma;

C_l_max = 1.45; %C_l_max- max lift coeff of selected airfoil of rotor

a = 5.73; %a - airfoil slope [units- (radians)^-1]
C_d_knot_min_std = .007; %standard min drag coeff. at Reynolds No=8.16e6
Re_std = 8.4*10^6;
Re = 2*10^6;
C_d_knot_min = C_d_knot_min_std*(Re_std/Re)^0.11;
C_l_opt = .08; %optimum lift coefficient

% Rectangular, pitch angle = 4 degree, without linear twist

theta_0_degree = 4; %pitch-angle of blade in degrees
theta_0 = theta_0_degree*degree_to_radian;
Page1

theta_1_degree = 0; %pitch-angle of blade-tip in degrees

theta_1 = theta_1_degree/180*radian_to_degree;

% Assuming Autorotating at (tip-speed ratio = 0.35)

% Accelerating and Decelerating Torques can be represented
% in non-dimensional form.
% To express C_d_knot and C_d_knot_prime in terms of 'psi' and 'x', we
% assume that C_d_knot and C_d_knot_prime can be represented as by
% a power series which include delta_knot, delta_one, delta_two.
% We can find values of delta_knot, delta_one, and delta_two by refering
% to appropriate graphs in the Bailey's report or by following formulas:

delta_0 = C_d_knot_min + 0.0003 + 0.0025*(C_l_opt/(C_l_max-C_l_opt));

delta_1 = a*(-0.0025*(1/(C_l_max-C_l_opt))-0.0458*(C_l_opt/(C_l_max-C_l_opt)^2));
delta_2 = a^2*(0.0229*(1/(C_l_max-C_l_opt)^2));

% These will give values: 0.0086, -0.0216, 0.4006

% .......................................................................

% Now we will equate accelerating and decelerating representative terms

% to find out two values of inflow factor (lambda)

% Accelerating torque coefficients

t41=1/2*B^2+(5/4+1/1296*gamma^2*B^8)*mu^2+(1/(2*B^2)+(gamma^2*B^6)/(144+gam
ma^2*B^8)^2*(4/3-37/162*gamma^2*B^8-77/46656*gamma^4*B^16))*mu^4;
t42=1/3*B^3+(8/3*B+1/864*gamma^2*B^9)*mu^2+2/(9*pi)*mu^3+(8/(3*B)+(gamma^2*
B^7)/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(224/9-11/648*gamma^2*B^8-
11/31104*gamma^4*B^16))*mu^4;
Page2

t43=1/4*B^4+(2*B^2+1/1080*gamma^2*B^10)*mu^2+(65/32+(gamma^2*B^8)/(144+gam
ma^2*B^8)^2*(236/15-7/108*gamma^2*B^8-47/38880*gamma^4*B^16))*mu^4;
t44=(8/9*B^2+1/2304*gamma^2*B^10)*mu^2+(20/9+(gamma^2*B^8)/(144+gamma^2*B
^8)^2*(305/36+65/1296*gamma^2*B^8-5/82944*gamma^4*B^16))*mu^4;
t45=(4/3*B^3+1/1440*gamma^2*B^11)*mu^2+(10/3*B+(gamma^2*B^9)/(144+gamma^2
*B^8)^2*(57/5+7/144*gamma^2*B^8-11/51840*gamma^4*B^16))*mu^4;
t46=(1/2*B^4+1/3600*gamma^2*B^12)*mu^2+(5/4*B^2+(gamma^2*B^10)/(144+gamma
^2*B^8)^2*(92/25+1/150*gamma^2*B^8-17/129600*gamma^4*B^16))*mu^4;
% t47=-
1/108*B^5*mu^2+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(47/9*B^3+7/486*gamma^2*B^11)*mu^4;
% t48=-
1/144*B^6*mu^2+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(485/108*B^4+(5/1296)*gamma^2*B^12)*mu
^4;
% t49=-
1/180*B^7*mu^2+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(18/5*B^5+13/3240*gamma^2*B^13)*mu^4;
% t410=1/36*B^2*mu^2+7/144*mu^4;

% Decelerating torque coefficients

t51=1/4+1/4*mu^2-1/32*mu^4;
t52=1/3-5/72*((gamma^2*B^5)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
t53=1/4+1/4*mu^2-25/288*((gamma^2*B^6)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
t54=1/5+1/6*mu^2-1/15*((gamma^2*B^7)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
t55=1/2+(-1/4+1/B^2+1/(2*B^4)+gamma^2*(1/162*B^4-1/81*B^5+1/144*B^6))*mu^2+(-
3/(4*B^2)+1/B^4+1/(4*B^6)+gamma^2*(-1/162*B^2+1/162*B^3+1/324*B^4-
1/576*B^6)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(7/9*B^2-37/27*B^3-
13/27*B^4)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*128*B^2+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)
*(7/2916*B^10-7/1458*B^11-
7/2592*B^12)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*193/162*B^10+gamma^6/(144+gamma
^2*B^8)^2*(49/23328*B^18))*mu^4;
t56=2/3+(4/(3*B)+4/(3*B^3)+gamma^2*(1/108*B^5-
1/54*B^6+1/96*B^7))*mu^2+4/(9*pi)*mu^3+(-1/B+8/(3*B^3)+1/B^5+gamma^2*(-
1/108*B^4+13/864*B^5-1/384*B^7)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(161/108*B^3-
811/324*B^4-
113/108*B^5)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*736/3*B^3+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*
B^8)*(7/1944*B^11-7/972*B^12-
Page3
7/1728*B^13)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(233/108*B^11)+gamma^6/(144+gamm
a^2*B^8)^2*(49/15552*B^19))*mu^4;
t57=1/2+(1+1/B^2+gamma^2*(1/135*B^6-2/135*B^7+1/120*B^8))*mu^2+(-
11/16+2/B^2+3/(4*B^4)+gamma^2*(-1/810*B^4-2/405*B^5+23/2160*B^6-
1/480*B^8)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(157/135*B^4-37/18*B^5-
13/18*B^6)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(192*B^4)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8
)*(7/2430*B^12-7/1215*B^13-
7/2160*B^14)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(229/135*B^12)+gamma^6/(144+gamm
a^2*B^8)^2*(49/19440*B^20))*mu^4;
t58=1/4+(1/4+8/(9*B^2)+gamma^2*(1/288*B^6-1/144*B^7+1/256*B^8))*mu^2+(-
1/32+4/(3*B^2)+8/(9*B^4)+gamma^2*(1/288*B^4-1/96*B^5+11/1152*B^6-
1/1024*B^8)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(119/162*B^4-94/81*B^5-
47/72*B^6)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(1058/9*B^4)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*
B^8)*(7/5184*B^12-7/2592*B^13-
7/4608*B^14)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(2557/2592*B^12)+gamma^6/(144+ga
mma^2*B^8)^2*(49/41472*B^20))*mu^4;
t59=2/5+(1/3+4/(3*B)+gamma^2*(1/180*B^7-
1/90*B^8+1/160*B^9))*mu^2+(4/(3*B^3)+2/B+gamma^2*(1/216*B^5-
2/135*B^6+41/2880*B^7-1/640*B^9)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(617/540*B^5-
2087/1080*B^6-
107/120*B^7)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(184*B^5)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*
B^8)*(7/3240*B^13-7/1620*B^14-
7/2880*B^15)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(31/20*B^13)+gamma^6/(144+gamma^
2*B^8)^2*(49/25920*B^21))*mu^4;
t510=1/6+(5/8+gamma^2*(1/450*B^8-
1/225*B^9+1/400*B^10))*mu^2+(1/(2*B^2)+3/4+gamma^2*(1/675*B^6-
7/1350*B^7+19/3600*B^8-1/1600*B^10)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(4/9*B^6-
4/5*B^7-
3/10*B^8)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(72*B^6)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*
(7/8100*B^14-7/4050*B^15-
7/5400*B^16)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(137/225*B^14)+gamma^6/(144+gamm
a^2*B^8)^2*(49/64800*B^22))*mu^4;
%t511=(-(2/27)*B+(4/27)*B^2-(1/12)*B^3)*mu^2+((2/(27*B))-(2/27)-
(1/27)*B+(1/48)*B^3+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-
(32/(9*B))+(64/9)+4*B)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-
(7/486)*B^7+(7/243)*B^8+(7/432)*B^9))*mu^4;
Page4

%t512=(-(1/18)*B^2+(1/9)*B^3-(1/16)*B^4)*mu^2+((1/18)*B-
(13/144)*B^2+(1/64)*B^4+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-
(92/27)+(184/27)*B+(23/6)*B^2)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-
(7/648)*B^8+(7/324)*B^9+(7/576)*B^10))*mu^4;
%t513=(-(2/45)*B^3+(4/45)*B^4-(1/20)*B^5)*mu^2+((1/135)*B+(4/135)*B^2-
(23/360)*B^3+(1/80)*B^5+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-
(8/3)*B+(16/3)*B^2+3*B^3)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-
(7/810)*B^9+(7/405)*B^10+(7/720)*B^11))*mu^4;
%t514=((1/4)-(4/(9*B))+(2/(9*B^2)))*mu^2+(-(1/16)+(1/(9*B^2))+(2/(9*B^3))-
(2/(9*B^4)))*mu^4;

% To find root of polynomial (a*x^2 + b*x + c = 0)in Matlab, the follwing

% procedure is followed:
% We will find two possible values of inflow angle (lambda) from
% quadratic equation obtained by equating accelerating and decelerating
% torques at autorotation condition of tip-blade ratio (mu) = 0.35

poly_a = (a*t41 - delta_2*t55);

poly_b = (a*t42*theta_0 + a*t43*theta_1 - delta_1*t52 - delta_2*t56*theta_0 -
delta_2*t57*theta_1);
poly_c = a*(t44*theta_0^2 + t45*theta_0*theta_1 + t46*theta_1^2) - delta_0*(t51) -
delta_1*(theta_0*t53 + theta_1*t54)- delta_2*(t58*theta_0^2 + t59*theta_0*theta_1 +
t510*theta_1^2);
polynomial = [poly_a poly_b poly_c];
lambda_vector = roots(polynomial);
lambda1 = lambda_vector(1);
lambda2 = lambda_vector(2);
lambda = lambda2;
% lambda1 = -0.0688 & lambda2 = -0.0051
% Bailey says that bigger lambada value corresponds to
% operation at a positive angle of attack. Hence, lambda = -.0051;
Page5

% .......................................................................
% flapping coefficient- part 1
t11=1/6*B^3+.04*mu^3-5/144*((gamma^2*B^7)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
t12=1/8*B^4+1/8*B^2*mu^2-1/64*mu^4-
25/576*((gamma^2*B^8)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
t13=1/10*B^5+1/12*B^3*mu^2-1/30*((gamma^2*B^9)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
t14=(2/B^2)*mu+1/(2*B^4)*mu^3+10/27*((gamma^2*B^4)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^3;
t15=8/(3*B)*mu+4/(3*B^3)*mu^3+0.212/B^4*mu^4+25/54*((gamma^2*B^5)/(144+gamm
a^2*B^8))*mu^3;
t16=2*mu+1/B^2*mu^3+16/45*((gamma^2*B^6)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^3;
t17=2/9*B^2*mu-
1/9*mu^3+0.0767/B*mu^4+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(32/3+7/162*gamma^2*B^8)*mu^3;
t18=1/6*B^3*mu+1/12*B*mu^3+0.0175*mu^4+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(92/9*B+7/216*g
amma^2*B^9)*mu^3;
t19=2/15*B^4*mu+2/45*B^2*mu^3+0.0140*B*mu^4+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(8*B^2+7/
270*gamma^2*B^10)*mu^3;
t110=-4/(3*B)*mu+2/(3*B^3)*mu^3-0.140/B^4*mu;
% flapping coeffecient- part 2
t21=1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(16*gamma*B+7/108*gamma^3*B^9);
t22=1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(46/3*gamma*B^2+7/144*gamma^3*B^10);
t23=1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(12*gamma*B^3+7/180*gamma^3*B^11);
t24=-5/9*(gamma^2*B^5/(144+gamma^2*B^8));
t25=-25/36*(gamma^2*B^6/(144+gamma^2*B^8));
t26=-8/15*(gamma^2*B^7/(144+gamma^2*B^8));

% Flapping angle coeffecients

a0=gamma*(t11*lambda + t12*theta_0 + t13*theta_1 - PURN);
a1=t14*lambda + t15*theta_0 + t16*theta_1;
b1=gamma*(t17*lambda + t18*theta_0 + t19*theta_1 + t110*PURN);
Page6

a2=mu*mu*(t21*lambda + t22*theta_0 + t23*theta_1);

b2=mu*mu*(t24*lambda + t25*theta_0 + t26*theta_1);

% Flapping angle
prompt = 'Enter the azimuthal angle[degrees] of the blade for calculating the flapping
coeffecient, [degrees]:\n';
psi_degree = input(prompt);
beta_degree = a0 - a1*cos(psi_degree) - b1*sin(psi_degree) - a2*cos(2*psi_degree) -
b2*sin(2*psi_degree);
fprintf('Result- The claculated flapping angle is %f [degrees].\n',beta_degree);

% .......................................................................

% Thrust coefficient
t31=1/2*B^2+1/4*mu^2+(1/4*B^2-5/36*((gamma^2*B^6)/(144+gamma^2*B^8)))*mu^4;
t32=1/3*B^2+1/2*B*mu^2-4/(9*pi)*mu^3+(1/(3*B)-
25/144*(gamma^2*B^7/(144+gamma^2*B^8)))*mu^4;
t33=1/4*B^4+1/4*B^2*mu^2+(7/32-2/15*(gamma^2*B^8/(144+gamma^2*B^8)))*mu^4;

C_T=(1/2)*sigma*a*(t31*lambda + t32*theta_0 + t33*theta_1);

fprintf('The thrust coeffecient is calculated as C_T = %f.\n',C_T)

% .......................................................................
% .......................................................................
%General Formulas are calculated by now.
% Now, we will assume some dimensions of rotor and caluculate parameters
% for any special case of rotor.

% Assumed Parameters
Page7

rho= 2.225;
omega= 32.88;
R = 7.315;
T= (1/2)*rho*(omega*R)^2*(pi()*R^2)*C_T;
fprintf('Result- The thrust is T = %f Newton.\n',T);
T_kg = T/9.81;
fprintf('Result- The thrust in ambiguous way, T_kg = %f kg.\n',T_kg);

alpha_radian = lambda/mu + C_T/(2*mu^2);

% alpha_radian = lambda/mu+C_T/((2*mu^2)*(lambda^2+mu^2)^(1/2));
alpha_degree = 180/pi()*alpha_radian;
fprintf('Result- The required Angle of Attack, alpha = %f radians.\n',alpha_radian);
fprintf('Result- The required Angle of Attack, alpha = %f degrees.\n',alpha_degree);

%sixth- profie drag

% t61=(1/4)+(3/4)*mu^2+(3/32)*mu^4;
% t62=1/3+(1/2-(1/(3*B^2)))*mu^2+((1/(4*B^2))-(1/(12*B^4)))*mu^4-
(5/81)*(gamma^2*B^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
% t63=(1/4)+(3/4-4/(9*B))*mu^2+(1/(3*B)-2/(9*B^3))*mu^4-
25/324*(gamma^2*B^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;t64=(1/5)+(1/6)*mu^2+(1/4-
1/(6*B*B))-(8/135)*((gamma^2*B^6)/(144+gamma^2*B^8))*mu^4;
% t65=1/2+(1/4+1/(2*B^4)+gamma^2*((1/162)*B^4-
(1/81)*B^5+(1/144)*B^6))*mu^2+((1/(2*B^2))+(1/(4*B^4))+(1/(4*B^6))+gamma^2*((-
1/162)*B^2+(1/162)*B^3+(1/108)*B^4-
(1/108)*B^5+(1/576)*B^6)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*((7/9)*B^2-
(79/27)*B^3+(2/3)*B^4-
(5/18)*B^5)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(128*B^2)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^
8)*((7/2916)*B^10-
(7/729)*B^11+(7/2592)*B^12)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(193/162)*B^10+gamm
a^6/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(49/23328)*B^18)*mu^4;
% t66=2/3+(1-2/(3*B^2)+4/(3*B^3)+gamma^2*((1/108)*B^5-
(1/54)*B^6+(1/96)*B^7))*mu^2-8/(9*pi)*mu^3+(2/(3*B)+1/(2*B^2)+2/(3*B^3)-
Page8

(1/6*B^4)+1/B^5+gamma^2*(-1/108*B^4+(7/288)*B^5-
(1/72)*B^6+(1/384)*B^7)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(161/108*B^3-
1817/324*B^4+41/36*B^5-
25/72*B^6)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(736/3)*B^3+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B
^8)*(7/1944*B^11-
7/486*B^12+7/1728*B^13)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(233/108)*B^11+gamma^
6/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(49/15552)*B^19)*mu^4;
% t67=1/2+(1/2+1/(2*B^2)+gamma^2*(1/135*B^6-
2/135*B^7+1/120*B^8))*mu^2+(7/16+3/(4*B^2)+5/(8*B^4)+gamma^2*(-1/810*B^4-
2/405*B^5+13/720*B^6-
1/90*B^7+1/480*B^8)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(289/270*B^4+193/45*B^5+9/10
*B^6-
4/15*B^7)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(192*B^4)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)
*(7/2430*B^12-
(14/1215)*B^13+(7/2160)*B^14)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(229/135*B^12)+ga
mma^6/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(49/19440)*B^20)*mu^4;
% t68=1/4+(3/4-8/(9*B)+8/(9*B^2)+gamma^2*(1/288*B^6-
(1/144)*B^7+(1/256)*B^8))*mu^2+(3/32+2/(3*B)+4/(9*B^2)-
4/(9*B^3)+8/(9*B^4)+gamma^2*(1/288*B^4-1/96*B^5+5/384*B^6-
1/192*B^7+1/1024*B^8)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(119/162*B^4-
451/162*B^5+23/48*B^6)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(1058/9*B^4)+gamma^4/(1
44+gamma^2*B^8)*(7/5184*B^12-7/1296*B^13-
7/4608*B^14)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(2557/2592*B^12)+gamma^6/(144+ga
mma^2*B^8)^2*(49/41472)*B^20)*mu^4;
% t69=2/5+(1-2/3+2/(3*B)+gamma^2*(1/180*B^7-
1/90*B^8+1/160*B^9))*mu^2+(1/2+1/B-1/(3*B^2)+1/B^3+gamma^2*(1/216*B^5-
2/135*B^6+19/960*B^7-
1/120*B^8+1/640*B^9)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(1109/1080*B^5-
2279/540*B^6+91/120*B^7)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(184*B^5)+gamma^4/(14
4+gamma^2*B^8)*(7/3240*B^13-
7/810*B^14+7/2880*B^15)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(31/20*B^13)+gamma^6/(
144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(49/25920)*B^21)*mu^4;
% t610=1/6+(3/8+gamma^2*(1/450*B^8-
1/225*B^9+1/400*B^10))*mu^2+(1/2+1/(4*B^2)+gamma^2*(1/675*B^6-
7/1350*B^7+3/400*B^8-
1/300*B^9+1/1600*B^10)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(16/45*B^6-
8/5*B^7+3/10*B^8)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(72*B^6)+gamma^4/(144+gamma
^2*B^8)*(7/8100*B^14-
7/2025*B^15+7/7200*B^16)+gamma^4/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(137/225*B^14)+gamma
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^6/(144+gamma^2*B^8)^2*(49/64800)*B^22)*mu^4;
% t611=(-2/27*B+4/27*B^2-1/12*B^4)*mu^2+(2/(27*B)-2/27-1/9*B+1/9*B^2-
1/48*B^3+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-32/(9*B)+128/9-
4*B)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-7/486*B^7+14/243*B^8-7/432*B^9))*mu^4;
% t612=(-1/18*B^2+1/9*B^3-1/16*B^4)*mu^2+(1/18*B-
7/48*B^2+1/12*B^3+1/64*B^4+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-92/27+368/27*B-
23/6*B^2)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-7/648*B^8+7/162*B^9-7/576*B^10))*mu^4;
% t613=(-2/45*B^3+4/45*B^4-1/20*B^5)*mu^2+(1/135*B+4/135*B^2-
13/120*B^3+1/15*B^4-1/80*B^5+1/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-8/3*B+32/3*B^2-
3*B^3)+gamma^2/(144+gamma^2*B^8)*(-7/810*B^9+14/405*B^10-7/720*B^11))*mu^4;
% t614=(2/(9*B^2)-4/(9*B)+1/4)*mu^2+(-2/(9*B^4)+2/(9*B^3)+1/(3*B^2)-
1/(3*B)+1/16)*mu^4;

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 Appendix- 3
Result of the MATLAB code for azimuth angle 𝜓 = 15°

>> formulas_2018_12_27_final
Enter the azimuthal angle[degrees] of the blade for calculating the flapping
coefficient, [degrees]:
15
Result- The calculated flapping angle is 6.233877 [degrees].
The thrust coefficient is calculated as C_T = 0.005348.
Result- The thrust is T = 57860.382736 Newton.
Result- The thrust in ambiguous way, T_kg = 5898.102216 kg.
Result- The required Angle of Attack of rotor disk, alpha = 0.007399 radians.
Result- The required Angle of Attack of rotor disk, alpha = 0.423916 degrees.
>>

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