PROJECT

IN
MAPEH

SUBMITTED BY: VANESSA T. RIVERA

SUBMITTED TO: CONNIE BUENAVISTA

ATLETIC TRACKS & FIELD

LONG JUMP
The long jump (historically called the broad jump) is a track and field event in which athletes
combine speed, strength and agility in an attempt to leap as far as possible from a take off
point. Along with the triple jump, the two events that measure jumping for distance as a group
are referred to as the "horizontal jumps". This event has a history in the Ancient Olympic
Games and has been a modern Olympic event for men since the first Olympics in 1896 and for women
since 1948.

RULES
Each competitor has a set number of attempts. That would normally be three trials, with three
additional jumps being awarded to the best 8 or 9 (depending on the number of lanes on the track
at that facility, so the event is equitable to track events) competitors. All legal marks will be
recorded but only the longest legal jump counts towards the results. The competitor with the
longest legal jump (from either the trial or final rounds) at the end of competition is declared
the winner. In the event of an exact tie, then comparing the next best jumps of the tied
competitors will be used to determine place. In a large, multi-day elite competition (like the
Olympics or World Championships), a set number of competitors will advance to the final round,
determined in advance by the meet management. A set of 3 trial round jumps will be held in order
to select those finalists. It is standard practice to allow at a minimum, one more competitor
than the number of scoring positions to return to the final round, though 12 plus ties and
automatic qualifying distances are also potential factors. (For specific rules and regulations in
United States Track & Field see Rule 185).[1]

TECHNIQUE
There are five main components of the long jump: the approach run, the last two strides, takeoff,
action in the air, and landing. Speed in the run-up, or approach, and a high leap off the board
are the fundamentals of success. Because speed is such an important factor of the approach, it is
not surprising that many long jumpers also compete successfully in sprints.

THE APPROACH
The objective of the approach is to gradually accelerate to a maximum controlled speed at
takeoff. The most important factor for the distance travelled by an object is its velocity at
takeoff – both the speed and angle.
THE LAST TWO STRIDE
The penultimate stride is longer than the last stride. The competitor begins to lower his or her
center of gravity to prepare the body for the vertical impulse. The final stride is shorter
because the body is beginning to raise the center of gravity in preparation for takeoff.

TAKEOFF
The objective of the takeoff is to create a vertical impulse through the athlete's center of
gravity while maintaining balance and control.

KICK
The kick style takeoff is where the athlete actively cycles the leg before a full impulse has
been directed into the board then landing into the pit. This requires great strength in the
hamstrings.
TEAM SPORTS
SOFTBALL
Softball is a variant of baseball played with a larger ball on a smaller field. It was invented
in 1887 in Chicago as an indoor game. It was at various times called indoor baseball, mush ball,
playground, softball, kitten ball, and because it was also played by women, ladies' baseball. The
name softball was given to the game in 1926

EQUIPMENT
Equipment required in softball includes a ball, a bat (metal or wooden), gloves, uniforms and
protective gear: for example, helmets for the offensive team and a helmet, shin guards and chest
protector for the defensive catcher. Also cleats, sliding shorts, face masks and knee sliders may
be worn for softball.

BALL
The ball is most often covered in white or yellow leather in two pieces roughly the shape of a
figure-8 and sewn together with red thread, although other coverings are permitted. The core of
the ball may be made of long fiber kapok, or a mixture of cork and rubber, or
a polyurethane mixture, or another approved material.[

BAT
The bat used by the batter can be made of wood, aluminum, or composite materials such as carbon
fiber. Sizes may vary but they may be no more than 34 inches (86 cm) long, 2.4 inches (6 cm) in
diameter, or 38 ounces (1.1 kg) in mass.

GLOVES
All defensive players wear fielding gloves, made of leather or similar material. Gloves have
webbing between the thumb and forefinger, known as the "pocket". No part of the glove is allowed
to be the same color as that of the ball, including that of its seams. Pitchers are also not
allowed to have any white on their gloves including the seams. It is up to the umpire's
discretion if he or she believes that any coloring on the glove interferes with or hinders the
batter from seeing the ball clearly.
UNIFORM
Each team wears a distinctive uniform. The uniform may include a cap or visor, a shirt, tight
sliding undershorts (optional), socks, and pants; these are the components for which standards
are set.
ROCKET SPORTS
BADMINTON
Badminton is a racquet sport played using racquets to hit a shuttlecock across a net. Although it
may be played with larger teams, the most common forms of the game are "singles" (with one player
per side) and "doubles" (with two players per side). Badminton is often played as a casual
outdoor activity in a yard or on a beach; formal games are played on a rectangular indoor court.
Points are scored by striking the shuttlecock with the racquet and landing it within the opposing
side's half of the court.

RULES
The following information is a simplified summary of badminton rules based on the BWF Statutes
publication,

COURT
The court is rectangular and divided into halves by a net. Courts are usually marked for both
singles and doubles play, although badminton rules permit a court to be marked for singles
only.[12] The doubles court is wider than the singles court, but both are of same length.

SERVING
The server hits the shuttlecock so that it would land in the receiver's service court. This is
similar to tennis, except that a badminton serve must be hit below waist height and with the
racquet shaft pointing downwards, the shuttlecock is not allowed to bounce and in badminton, the
players stand inside their service courts unlike tennis.

SCORING
Each game is played to 21 points, with players scoring a point whenever they win a rally
regardless of whether they served[12] (this differs from the old system where players could only
win a point on their serve and each game was played to 15 points). A match is the best of three
games.
LETS
If a let is called, the rally is stopped and replayed with no change to the score. Lets may occur
because of some unexpected disturbance such as a shuttlecock landing on court (having been hit
there by players playing in adjacent court) or in small halls the shuttle may touch an overhead
rail which can be classed as a let

EQUIPMENTS
Badminton rules restrict the design and size of racquets and shuttlecocks.

RACQUETS
Badminton racquets are lightweight, with top quality racquets weighing between 70 and 95 grams
(2.5 and 3.4 ounces) not including grip or strings.

STRINGS
Badminton strings are thin, high performing strings with thicknesses ranging from about 0.62 to
0.73 mm. Thicker strings are more durable, but many players prefer the feel of thinner strings.

GRIP
The choice of grip allows a player to increase the thickness of their racquet handle and choose a
comfortable surface to hold. A player may build up the handle with one or several grips before
applying the final layer.

SHUTTLECOCKS
A shuttlecock (often abbreviated to shuttle; also called a birdie) is a high-drag projectile,
with an open conical shape: the cone is formed from sixteen overlapping feathers embedded into a
rounded cork base.
TARGET SPORTS
DART
Darts is a form of throwing sport in which small missiles are thrown at a circular dartboard
fixed to a wall.[2] Though various boards and rules have been used in the past, the term "darts"
usually now refers to a standardized game involving a specific board design and set of rules

EQUIPMENTS
DARTBOARD
Darts were historically used in warfare in ancient history; skirmishers used darts of varying
sizes, similar to miniature javelins. It was the practice of this skill that developed into a
game of skill. Before the First World War, pubs in the United Kingdom had dartboards made from
solid blocks of wood, usually elm.

DART
Initially the missiles were simply cut down arrows or crossbow bolts.[11] The first purpose made
darts were manufactured in one piece from wood; wrapped with a strip of lead for weight and
fitted with flights made from split turkey feathers. These darts were mainly imported from France
and became known as French darts

SCORING
The standard dartboard is divided into 20 numbered sections, scoring from 1 to 20 points, by wires
running from the small central circle to the outer circular wire.