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Instructor’s Guide
Digital Communications 2
Edition 1 34935-10
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FIRST EDITION
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FOREWORD
This instructor's guide provides a unit-by-unit outline of the principal points made
in the FACET curriculum. For each unit, instructors are given a unit objective, a
brief description of the material covered in each unit and a list of important points
to emphasize. Review question answers, unit test answers, faults and circuit
modifications (CM) are provided in the appendices.
SAFETY
Safety is everyone's responsibility. All must cooperate to create the safest
possible working environment. Students must be reminded of the potential for
harm, given common sense safety rules, and instructed to follow the electrical
safety rules.
The voltage and current used in the F.A.C.E.T. Computer-Based Laboratory are,
in themselves, harmless to the normal, healthy person. However, an electrical
shock coming as a surprise will be uncomfortable and may cause a reaction that
could create injury. The students should be made aware of the following
electrical safety rules.
i
INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS
Installing Courseware
Courseware is to be installed using the Configurator of Tech-Lab. For more
detailed information on installing Courseware refer to the Tech-Lab and
GradePoint 2020 Installation Guide Courseware installation section. The manual
number is 34288-E0.
Installing Resources
Resources are to be installed using the Configurator of Tech-Lab. For more
detailed information on installing and linking Resources to the courseware refer
to the Tech-Lab and GradePoint 2020 Installation Guide Resource installation
section. The manual number is 34288-E0.
Installing Applications
Install all applications per the manufacturer’s recommended settings. Refer to the
manufacturer documentation for assistance.
ii
TABLE OF CONTENTS
UNIT 1: Circuit Board Familiarization 1-1
Exercise 1-1: Introduction to the Circuit Board 1-6
Exercise 1-2: Communications System Model 1-9
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CMs AVAILABLE
CM10 - Selects the FSK phase comparator filter in the SYNC DETECTOR PLL
circuit.
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required
1-7
EXERCISE 1-2 Communications System Model
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
• The DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2 circuit board has circuit blocks that per-
form the functions of all the elements of the comunications model.
• The ENCODER block genetates signals that are encoded with digital data.
• In the MODULATORS circuit block, the encoded signals modulate a carrier
signal.
• The CHANNEL SIMULATOR circuit block simulates the transmission medium
over which the modulated signal is carried.
• Demodulation is accomplished using the detectors.
• The MAN SYNC DECODER block recovers the NRZ and clock signals.
CMs AVAILABLE
None required
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required
PROCEDURE
1-9
• recover the Manchester signal from the ASK using the SYNC DETECTOR
circuit block
• decode the recovered Manchester signal into NRZ and clock signals using the
MAN SYNC DECODER circuit block
1-10
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Special line coding schemes are used with AMI signals to provide proper clock
recovery when long strings of 0's are transmitted.
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CMs AVAILABLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
2-5
EXERCISE 2-2 Decoding
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
• Sometimes data and clock signals are sent over separate lines.
• RZ and Manchester coded data can be decoded using a D-type flip-flop.
• An XOR gate can be used to decode Manchester coded data.
CMs AVAILABLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
DECODING RZ
• decode RZ using a D-type flip-flop
• compare RZ to decoded NRZ
• observe the limited clock information available from an RZ signal
• compare the decoded NRZ with the NRZ before it was coded as RZ
DECODE MANCHESTER.
• decode Manchester using an XOR gate.
• observe decoding spikes (glitches) that can occur.
• compare the decoded NRZ with the NRZ before it was Manchester
coded.
• lock the PLL
• recover the CLK from the Manchester.
• decode Manchester to NRZ.
2-9
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If the channel's passband is wide enough, two carrier signals can be used to
provide full-duplex operation. The BELL 103 standard defines a full-duplex 300
baud FSK modem using two audio carrier signals. The station originating the call
transmits 1070 Hz for a logic low and 1270 Hz for a logic high. The station
answering the phone transmits a 2025 Hz for a logic low and 2225 Hz for a logic
high. Each change in the baseband signal generates one change in the 300 baud
BELL 103 FSK carrier frequency.
FSK demodulators fall into two basic categories, synchronous and asynch-
ronous. Asynchronous demodulators filter the carrier signal before using an
envelope detector to recover the baseband signal. Synchronous demodula-tors
synchronize a reference signal with the carrier signal to detect changes in carrier
frequency and recover the baseband signal.
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EXERCISE 3-1 FSK Signal Generation
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Describe the relationship between FSK and the baseband digital modulating
signal. Describe how an analog multiplexer can be used as an FSK modulator.
Describe the frequency spectrum of an FSK signal.
DISCUSSION
CMs AVAILABLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None Required.
PROCEDURE
3-5
EXERCISE 3-2 FSK Asynchronous Detection
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
Recover the baseband NRZ signal from the FSK signal, demonstrate how a filter
can convert an FSK signal into changes that represent the baseband signal, and
demonstrate the operation of an asynchronous envelope detector.
DISCUSSION
• The FSK demodulator recovers the baseband digital signal by detecting the
frequency changes in the FSK carrier signal.
• An FSK signal consists of two on-off keying (OOK) signals.
• A bandpass filter can be used to pass one of the OOK carrier signals while
attenuating the other.
• The filter output will change in amplitude as the FSK changes frequency.
• The amplitude changes are detected by an asynchronous detector.
CMs AVAILABLE
3-7
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
• review the relationship between the modulating NRZ and modulated FSK
signals
• observe the amplitude changes in the bandpass filter output
• determine that the FWR block output is a full wave rectified ASK signal
• observe the data present in the low-pass filter output
• adjust the voltage comparator reference voltage to restore the logic levels
of the recovered coded data
• reduce the bandwidth of the channel simulator and observe that the NRZ is
more difficult to recover
3-8
EXERCISE 3-3 FSK Synchronous Detection
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
3-9
DISCUSSION
• The FSK demodulator recovers the baseband digital signal by detecting the
frequency changes in the FSK carrier signal.
CMs AVAILABLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None Required.
PROCEDURE
• observe that the PLL output is not synchronous with the FSK signal when
the phase comparator has no input
• observe that the phase comparator output keeps the VCO output
synchronous with the FSK signal
• observe the XOR function used by the phase comparator
• determine that the level of the VCO input (phase comparator output)
represents the frequency of the FSK signal
• measure the frequency of the VCO when the NRZ is high and low
• observe that the VCO input represents the state of the NRZ signal
• determine that the VCO input is low-pass filtered before the NRZ logic
levels are restored using a voltage comparator
• determine that a synchronous detection is less sensitive to amplitude
variations than asynchronous detection
• determine that synchronous detection is sensitive to phase noise
3-10
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The regenerated carrier signal is then combined with the PSK signal in a product
detector. The product detector output is low-pass filtered, and the resulting
pulses are shaped by a voltage comparator to recover the original digital
intelligence signal from the received signal.
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
• The original signal is shifted from 0 and +5V logic levels to -5V and +5V polar
logic levels.
• The polar digital signal is then multiplied with a carrier signal in a balanced
modulator.
• Multiplying by a positive voltage produces a 0° phase shift.
• Multiplying by a negative voltage produces a 180° phase shift.
• PSK can be used with any type of encoding.
4-2
CMs AVAILABLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
4-3
EXERCISE 4-2 Synchronous Detection
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
• The carrier synchronizer regenerates a carrier from the received PSK signal.
• The PLL VCO OUT frequency will also be twice the PSK signal frequency.
• The doubler is a full wave rectifier and bandpass filter which removes the
intelligence from the PSK and doubles its frequency.
• The final stage divides the VCO OUT frequency by 2 and shifts it by 90° to
produce the regenerated carrier.
• The regenerated carrier is mixed with the PSK to demodulate the signal.
• The low-pass filter and voltage comparator perform the final shaping of the
pulses.
CMs AVAILABLE
CM11 - Selectes the ASK/PSK phase comparator filter in the SYNC DETECT-
OR PLL circuit.
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
4-5
• observe the output of the rectifier on the DOUBLER block
• observe the output of the bandpass filter on the DOUBLER block
• determine that the PLL VCO has the same frequency as the DOUBLER
output
• observe the output of the PHASE SHIFTER
• adjust the balance of the mixer to obtain the intelligence information
• adjust the VOLT COMP reference to recover the baseband digital signal
• note that the ASYNC DETECTOR can not demodulate the PSK signal
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The carrier is disconnected (switch open) from the output for a binary 0. This
special technique of amplitude modulation is called on-off keying (OOK). The
abrupt on and off changes between signaling elements requires an increased
channel bandwidth over standard ASK.
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Manchester.
CMs AVAILABLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
5-4
EXERCISE 5-2 ASK Signal Detection
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
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Noise can affect either the amplitude or phase of a signal. Phase noise is due to
inherent delays in circuits and components. Amplitude noise can be meas-ured
by determining the bit error rate (BER).
There are several ways to measure the BER. This block diagram shows the
method used by the BER COUNTER block on your circuit board.
The transmitted and received data are compared bit by bit. If the bits do not
match, an error pulse is generated. The errors are totalized in a counter over a
fixed time period generated by a one-shot. A display indicates how many err-ors
occurred within the time interval.
bandpass noise - noise that occurs over a band of frequencies, but not out-side
those frequencies.
bit error rate (BER) - the number of incorrect bits received in reference to the
total number of bits transmitted.
external noise - noise originating outside a communications system that can
enter the system via the channel.
internal noise - noise originating inside a circuit or component in a transmitter or
receiver.
low-pass noise - noise that ranges from dc to a certain cutoff frequency.
noise - random, undesirable electrical energy that can interfere with the
transmitted message in a communications system.
shot noise - random noise introduced by current flow in a semiconductor
junction.
signal-to-noise ratio - the ratio of signal amplitude to noise amplitude.
thermal noise - internal noise generated by thermal agitation of atoms.
white noise - a type of noise that has the same amount of energy over a wide
range of frequencies.
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• An XOR gate is used because an error can be defined as a condition where the
received data is not the same as the transmitted data.
• Each time you press and release the RESET pushbutton, the control circuit
simultaneously resets the counter and triggers a 106 ms one-shot. In your
circuit, 106 ms is the time required for 128 data bits.
• Error pulses from the XOR gate are totalized by the counter only during the 106
ms window.
• If you press and release RESET a second time, only the number of error pulses
in the second interval is displayed.
CMs AVAILABLE
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
6-7
EXERCISE 6-2 The Effects of Noise on ASK/PSK
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
• Noise can cause errors in digital transmission by causing logic levels to be read
incorrectly.
• Zero volts is much smaller than the amplitude of a normal ASK signal, so noise
is often not sufficient to affect the recovered digital signal.
• A low zero-state amplitude condition results in better noise immunity.
• Because the PSK signal has a constant amplitude, it is not as sensitive to
amplitude noise.
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EXERCISE 6-3 The Effects of Noise on FSK
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
6-12
DISCUSSION
• Noise can change the amplitude of an FSK signal, which also affects the
amplitude at the output of the bandpass filter.
• Amplitude changes are passed on to the envelope detector which results in
errors in the recovered digital signal.
• FSK signals can be detected either synchronously or asynchronously.
• Synchronous detection provides better amplitude noise response because the
phase comparator senses phase changes independent of the signal amplitude.
• In the case of asynchronous detection, noise response is improved by the
bandpass filter. Any noise frequencies outside the passband are attenuated by
the filter.
• Noise frequencies above the high cutoff frequency and below the low cutoff
frequency will be rejected by the channel.
• Telephone circuits are designed to pass a bandwidth limited to about 300 to
3000 Hz, which includes the high and low FSK carrier frequencies. Any noise
frequencies outside the passband are attenuated.
CMs AVAILABLE
CM10 - Selects the FSK phase comparator filter in the sync detector PLL circuit.
FAULTS AVAILABLE
None required.
PROCEDURE
6-13
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NEW TERMS AND WORDS
7-6
SCHEMATIC, CMs AND FAULTS (CONTINUED)
S2 CM2 data pattern = 10101010; sent at 300 bps
S1 & S2 CM1 & CM2 data pattern = 01000100; sent at 1200 bps
S4 CM4 changes modem from test loop 3 to
normal operation
S8 CM8 severely attenuates the CHANNEL output
S17 CM17 configures the modem for answer mode
S18 CM18 configures the modem for 1200 bps
S19 CM19 configures the modem for CCITT
S29 F9 opens the CHANNEL output
S32 F12 opens RAI to the modem
Refer to the schematic at the end of this volume.
EXERCISE OBJECTIVE
DISCUSSION
For the transmit section of the modem IC configured for FSK operation:
• The TXD input accepts digital information from the DTE.
• The data is modulated and filtered for transmission and then output from ATO.
• The control and mode selection circuitry has several external inputs used to
configure the modem.
• Four inputs are connected to CM switches for external control. These inputs are
pulled high by external resistors, but they can be grounded by the CMs. CM4 is
a normally closed switch, while the others are normally open.
• CM17 allows you to select answer or originate mode (A#/O).
• With CM19, you can select the CCITT or Bell operating mode (C#/B).
• The TL# (test loop) input allows you to select one of several test loop modes for
checking modem operation.
• The test loop selected also depends on the modulation type (FSK or DPSK),
the standard (CCITT or Bell), and the BRS and A#/O input states.
• BRS (binary rate selection) sets the modem for a high speed of 1200 bps (BRS
= 1) or a low speed of either 300 or 600 bps (BRS = 0).
• A bit clock signal from the DTE is applied to a PLL via the TCLK input; this
synchronizes the chip's internal transmit clock.
• An internal clock circuit, in conjunction with an external crystal, provides all the
required synchronization of both internal and external circuitry.
For the receive section of the modem IC when it is configured for FSK operation:
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• measure the RCLK frequency and confirm that it is 16 times the bit rate
(300 x 16 = 4800)
• observe the DCD# output while making and breaking the connection
between RAI and ATO to confirm that the DCD# level indicates the
presence or absence of a signal at RAI
7-9
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• use the oscilloscope to measure the phase of the ATO at each bit time
• calculate the phase change between adjacent bit times
• use a table to confirm that the phase changes indicate dibit values of 00
• open TXD to input a continuous string of zeroes
• use the oscilloscope to measure the phase of the ATO at each bit time
• calculate the phase change between adjacent bit times
• use a table to confirm that the phase changes indicate dibit values of 11
• connect NRZ as the input signal to TXD
• compare the TXD and TEST signals and observe that the TEST output
signal is a reproduction of the NRZ input signal, but with an offset
• use the oscilloscope to determine the number of dibits by which TEST
lags TXD
• use the oscilloscope to measure the phase of the output signal at each
bit time
• calculate the phase changes between adjacent dibits
• use the phase changes to determine the data pattern of the output signal
• activate a CM to enable the scrambler circuit
• use the oscilloscope to confirm that the scrambler changes the
transmitted data pattern, and that the descrambler changes it back to the
original pattern
• connect the modem output through the CHANNEL and back to the
modem input
• activate a CM to attenuate the CHANNEL output, and turn the NOISE
pot to add noise to the signal
• view the ATO signal and observe that the noise and attenuation do not
significantly affect the modem output
• configure the modem for CCITT V.22, 600 bps, two-phase DPSK
operation
• ground the TXD input to simulate transmission of a string of zeroes
• measure the ATO signal phase at each bit time
• calculate the phase change between adjacent bit times to determine that
the data bits are all zeroes
• open the TXD input to simulate transmission of a string of ones
• measure the ATO signal phase at each bit time
• calculate the phase change between adjacent bit times to determine that
the data bits are all ones
7-13
APPENDIX A
1-2 C B C C D
2-1 D B B D B
2-2 C B D B A
3-1 A C A C B
3-2 C A B A D
3-3 D D C B D
4-1 C A D B C
4-2 B C C A D
5-1 D D B C B
5-2 B D C B C
A-1
Review Test Answers
Exercise Question Number
1 2 3 4 5
6-1 B A C D A
6-2 A B D C D
6-3 D C C A D
7-1 C D A A B
7-2 B A B C D
A-2
Unit Test Answers
Unit Number Question Number *
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
1 A D D B C C D C A A
2 C D C C A D A C B D
3 B B C A D C D A C B
4 B A A D C B C D A B
5 C A D A B D C D B C
6 D C A C B A A D C B
7 B B D A D A C B C C
* question numbers apply only when the question order is NOT randomized.
A-3
A-4
APPENDIX B
CIRCUIT MODIFICATIONS
NOTE: Only one circuit modification (CM) switch should be
activated at any one time. Fault and CM switches should not be
used together. Turning on multiple switches will cause
unpredictable results.
B-1
CIRCUIT SWITCH SWITCH EFFECT
BLOCK NUMBER (WHEN ON)
S17 Configures the MODEM for answer mode.
S18 Configures the MODEM for 1200 bps.
S19 Configures the MODEM for CTITT.
S20 Turns the MODEM input scrambler.
B-2
APPENDIX C
FAULTS
NOTE: Only one circuit modification (CM) switch should be
activated at any one time. Fault and CM switches should not be
used together. Turning on multiple switches will cause
unpredictable results.
C-1
C-2
APPENDIX D
D-1
What process can be used to convert a PSK signal into an RZ
signal?
a. decoding
b. encoding
c. demodulation
d. modulation
D-2
Which statement best describes the frequency spectrum of an
FSK modulated signal?
a. FSK contains the frequency components of the baseband
signal.
b. FSK contains one frequency component at each of the
carrier frequencies.
c. FSK contains the frequency components of two OOK
modulated carrier signals.
d. FSK contains a strong dc component.
Which of the following will have the least effect on the output of
an FSK synchronous detector?
a. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s amplitude
b. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s phase
c. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s frequency
d. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s digital data
D-3
Why are voice grade telephone lines limited to about 1200 baud
when using an FSK modulated carrier signal?
a. The phone system provides a limited passband.
b. The data is NRZ encoded.
c. It is the maximum baud rate for any FSK signal.
d. The phone system cannot pass dc signals.
D-4
What is the purpose of the carrier synchronizer in a PSK
synchronous detector?
a. to suppress the carrier signal
b. to regenerate the carrier from the PSK signal
c. to modulate the intelligence signal
d. to demodulate the intelligence signal
D-5
What type of change(s) is(are) detected in an ASK signal to
recover the original modulating signal?
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. phase
d. frequency and amplitude
D-6
How can you improve communications in the presence of
noise?
a. expand the channel’s bandwidth
b. decrease the SNR
c. increase the SNR
d. none of the above
D-7
In two-phase DPSK modulation, the data is represented by
changes in
a. amplitude.
b. phase.
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
D-8
What type of modulation uses one of four possible differential
phases to represent data?
a. dibit DPSK
b. two-phase DPSK
c. PSK
d. FSK
D-9
DIGITAL COMMUNICATIONS 2 – POSTTEST
D-10
What process can be used to convert a PSK signal into an RZ
signal?
a. decoding
b. encoding
c. demodulation
d. modulation
D-11
Which statement best describes the frequency spectrum of an
FSK modulated signal?
a. FSK contains the frequency components of the baseband
signal.
b. FSK contains one frequency component at each of the
carrier frequencies.
c. FSK contains the frequency components of two OOK
modulated carrier signals.
d. FSK contains a strong dc component.
Which of the following will have the least effect on the output of
an FSK synchronous detector?
a. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s amplitude
b. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s phase
c. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s frequency
d. changes in the FSK carrier signal’s digital data
D-12
Why are voice grade telephone lines limited to about 1200 baud
when using an FSK modulated carrier signal?
a. The phone system provides a limited passband.
b. The data is NRZ encoded.
c. It is the maximum baud rate for any FSK signal.
d. The phone system cannot pass dc signals.
D-13
What is the purpose of the carrier synchronizer in a PSK
synchronous detector?
a. to suppress the carrier signal
b. to regenerate the carrier from the PSK signal
c. to modulate the intelligence signal
d. to demodulate the intelligence signal
D-14
What type of change(s) is(are) detected in an ASK signal to
recover the original modulating signal?
a. amplitude
b. frequency
c. phase
d. frequency and amplitude
D-15
How can you improve communications in the presence of
noise?
a. expand the channel’s bandwidth
b. decrease the SNR
c. increase the SNR
d. none of the above
D-16
In two-phase DPSK modulation, the data is represented by
changes in
a. amplitude.
b. phase.
c. both of the above
d. none of the above
D-17
What type of modulation uses one of four possible differential
phases to represent data?
a. dibit DPSK
b. two-phase DPSK
c. PSK
d. FSK
D-18
APPENDIX E
Courseware Problems
The F.A.C.E.T. courseware has been written to meet carefully
selected objectives. All exercises have been tested for
accuracy, and information presented in discussions has been
reviewed for technical content. Tolerances have been computed
for all procedure and review question answers to assure that
responses are not invalidated by component or instrument
errors.
E-1
We will do our best to help you resolve problems if you call the
number below. However, for best results, and to avoid
confusion, we prefer that you write with a description of the
problem.
techsupport@labvolt.com
Lab-Volt Systems
P.O. Box 686
Farmingdale, NJ 07727
ATTN: Technical Support
E-2
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