TOP

Franca Inver nizzi · Daniela Villani

Stefania Mastrantonio · David A. Hill
CEF A1 to B2+

GRAMMAR
UPGRADE
w
Ans ith
w
PET, FCE and TRINITY exam preparation
Key er
s
Lexical focus, extensive practice and revision

Interactive Book, CD-ROM and listenings

Digital
Edi

With 2 CD-ROMs
tion
 Contents

CONTENTS
The words of grammar 9

Present be
Lexical theme | Family and Friends
1 Be (I am, I’m not, Are you…?) 12
2 Be – Usi ed espressioni idiomatiche 14
3 There is / There are; Here is / Here are 16
4 It’s / That’s – Uso impersonale 18
Review 1 | Units 1–4 CD ROM 20
Exam Practice 1 22

have got
Lexical theme | Physical description and clothing
5 Have got (I’ve got, I haven’t got, Have you got…?) 24
6 Have e have got – Usi ed espressioni idiomatiche 26
Review 2 | Units 5–6 CD ROM 28
Exam Practice 2 30

Present simple
Lexical theme | Routines
7 Present simple – Forma (1) (I walk, I don’t walk) 32
8 Present simple – Forma (2) (Do you walk?) 34
9 Present simple & frequency adverbs – Usi (1) 36
10 Present simple – Usi (2) 38
Review 3 | Units 7–10 CD ROM 40
Exam Practice 3 42

Present continuous
Lexical theme | Hobbies
11 Present continuous – Forma (1) (I am leaving) 44
12 Present continuous – Forma (2) (I am not leaving, Are you leaving?) 46
13 Present continuous – Usi 48
14 Present simple and Present continuous – Differenze d’uso 50
15 Action verbs and state verbs 52
Review 4 | Units 11–15 CD ROM 54
Exam Practice 4 56

Past simple
Lexical theme | Holidays
16 Be past simple (I was, I wasn’t, Were you…?) 58
17 Past simple – Forma (1) (I worked, I went) 60
18 Past simple – Forma (2) (I didn’t go, Did you go…?) 62
19 Past simple – Usi 64
Review 5 | Units 16–19 CD ROM 66
Exam Practice 5 68

Used to and Past continuous

Lexical theme | Sport
20 Used to/Would 70
21 Past continuous – Forma (I was/wasn’t playing, Were you playing…?) 72
22 Past continuous – Usi e confronto con il past simple 74
Review 6 | Units 20–22 CD ROM 76
Exam Practice 6 78

3
TOP GRAMMAR UPGRADE AK © Helbling Languages
CONTENTS

Past participle and Present perfect simple

Lexical theme | The house
23 Past participle (worked, sent) 80
24 Present perfect simple – Forma (I have/haven’t visited, Have you visited…?) 82
25 Present perfect simple – Usi con just, already, yet, not… yet, still… not 84
26 Present perfect simple – Usi con ever, never, recently, today… 86
27 Present perfect simple – Usi con How long, for, since 88
28 Present perfect simple and Past simple – Differenze d’uso 90
Review 7 | Units 23–28 CD ROM 92
Exam Practice 7 94

Present perfect continuous

Lexical theme | Education
29 Present perfect continuous – Forma e usi (I’ve been learning, Have you been learning?) 96
30 Present perfect simple and continuous – Differenze d’uso 98
Review 8 | Units 29–30 CD ROM 100
Exam Practice 8 102

Past perfect simple and continuous

Lexical theme | School
31 Past perfect simple – Forma (I had/hadn’t started, Had you started?) 104
32 Past perfect simple – Usi 106
33 Past perfect continuous – Forma e usi (I had/hadn’t been learning, Had you been learning?) 108
Review 9 | Units 31–33 CD ROM 110
Exam Practice 9 112

Future with going to and will

Lexical theme | Jobs
34 The future: going to – Forma e usi (I’m/I’m not going to apply, Are you going to apply?) 114
35 The future: will – Forma (I will go, I won’t go, Will you go?) 116
36 The future: will – Usi (1) 118
37 The future: will – Usi (2) 120
Review 10 | Units 34–37 CD ROM 122
Exam Practice 10 124

Other ways to express the future, Future continuous and Future perfect
Lexical theme | Health
38 Present continuous and Present simple for the future 126
39 Going to / Present continuous / Will future – Differenze d’uso 128
40 Future continuous (I will be doing) and Future perfect (I will have done) 130
Review 11 | Units 38–40 CD ROM 132
Exam Practice 11 134

Imperative, Infinitive and -ing form

Lexical theme | Shopping and money
41 Imperative – Forma e usi (Go! Don’t go! Let’s go!) 136
42 Infinitive – Forma e usi (to play, not to play, to have played) 138
43 -ing form – Forma e usi (going, having gone) 140
44 Verbs + infinitive (I want to go) 142
45 Verbs + -ing form / + infinitive (I started reading / to read) 144
46 Prepositions + -ing form; -ing clauses (I’m good at skiing, Before/After going…) 146
Review 12 | Units 41–46 CD ROM 148
Exam Practice 12 150

4
TOP GRAMMAR UPGRADE AK © Helbling Languages
 CONTENTS
Modal verbs to express ‘potere’
Lexical theme | Celebrations
47 Modals: Can / Could – Caratteristiche generali 152
48 Modals: Can / Could – Usi e verbi sostitutivi 154
49 Modals: May / Might 156
Review 13 | Units 47–49 CD ROM 158
Exam Practice 13 160

Modal verbs to express ‘dovere’

Lexical theme | Rules and regulations
50 Modals: Must 162
51 Have to / Have got to; Be to; Mustn’t / Don’t have to 164
52 Need to / Need + -ing; Had to / Will have to; Be obliged / Be compelled 166
Review 14 | Units 50–52 CD ROM 168
Exam Practice 14 170

Other modal verbs for ‘dovere’

Lexical theme | The weather / the climate
53 Modals: Shall / Should 172
54 Had better; Ought to; Be due; Be bound to 174
Review 15 | Units 53–54 CD ROM 176
Exam Practice 15 178

Other modal verbs for ‘volere’

Lexical theme | Inviting and offering
55 Modals: Will / Would 180
56 Would like to; Want to; Would prefer to / Would rather 182
Review 16 | Units 55–56 CD ROM 184
Exam Practice 16 186

The passive
Lexical theme | Arts and crafts; Literature
57 Passive form 188
58 Passive form – Present and past tense 190
59 Passive form – Perfect tenses and Future 192
60 Passive form – Infinitive, Modal Verbs and Conditional 194
61 Passive form – Verbs with double object; He is said to be… 196
Review 17 | Units 57–61 CD ROM 198
Exam Practice 17 200

Structures to express ‘far fare’

Lexical theme | Where we live
62 Make / Let someone do something; Get someone to do something;
Have / Get something done 202
63 See someone do / doing something; See something being done 204
Review 18 | Units 62–63 CD ROM 206
Exam Practice 18 208

5
TOP GRAMMAR UPGRADE AK © Helbling Languages
CONTENTS

Articles
Lexical theme | The Environment and Geography
64 The indefinite article: a /an 210
65 The definite article: the (1) 212
66 The definite article: the (2) 214
67 No article vs. the 216
Review 19 | Units 64–67 CD ROM 218
Exam Practice 19 220

Nouns, possessive case

Lexical theme | Leisure time
68 Nouns: gender and plurals 222
69 Irregular plurals; compound nouns 224
70 Nouns: countables and uncountables (1) 226
71 Nouns: countables and uncountables (2) 228
72 Collective and plural nouns; adjectives used as nouns 230
73 Possessive case (Tom’s friend, A friend of Tom’s) 232
Review 20 | Units 68–73 CD ROM 234
Exam Practice 20 236

Adjectives
Lexical theme | Music
74 Qualifying adjectives (a big red apple / the book is new) 238
75 Adjective formation (surprising, surprised); nouns used as adjectives (a film star) 240
76 The comparative of adjectives (1) (cheaper than / more expensive than) 242
77 The comparative of adjectives (2) (as interesting as / less interesting than) 244
78 The superlative of adjectives (the cheapest / the most expensive / the least expensive) 246
79 The comparative and superlative of adverbs (faster / fastest; more quickly / most quickly) 248
80 Comparative and superlative: irregular forms (better / the best) 250
81 Comparatives with nouns and verbs (more / less … than; as much … as / as many … as) 252
Review 21 | Units 74–81 CD ROM 254
Exam Practice 21 256

Pronouns
Lexical theme | Life around the world
82 Personal pronouns (I, you, he…/ me, you, him…) 258
83 Possessive adjectives and pronouns (my, your… / mine, yours…) 260
84 Reflexive and emphasizing pronouns (myself / yourself…) 262
85 Demonstrative adjectives and pronouns (this / these, that / those) 264
86 one / ones 266
87 Distributive adjectives and pronouns (1) (each / every / everyone…);
Reciprocal pronouns (each other / one another) 268
88 Distributive adjectives and pronouns (2) (both / either / neither);
Correlative structures (both… and… / either… or… / neither… nor…) 270
89 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns (1) (some / any / no / a little / a few) 272
90 Indefinite adjectives and pronouns (2) (a lot / much / many; too much / too many /
enough; most / all) 274
91 Compounds of some, any, no (1) 276
92 Compounds of some, any, no (2); Compounds with -ever 278
Review 22 | Units 82–92 CD ROM 280
Exam Practice 22 282

6
TOP GRAMMAR UPGRADE AK © Helbling Languages
 CONTENTS
Numbers, dates, relative pronouns
Lexical theme | Information Technology; Figures
93 Cardinal numbers 284
94 Ordinal numbers and dates 286
95 Relative pronouns in defining clauses 288
96 Relative pronouns in non-defining clauses 290
97 Relative adverbs where, when, why; which, what, all that in relative clauses 292
Review 23 | Units 93–97 CD ROM 294
Exam Practice 23 296

Wh- words, questions, agreeing and disagreeing

Lexical theme | Communication
98 Interrogative adjectives and pronouns; Exclamations 298
99 Interrogative adverbs 300
100 Structure of Yes / No questions and Wh- questions 302
101 Asking for confirmation: question tags; short questions 304
102 Agreeing (So do I / Neither do I / Nor do I. / I think so.);
Disagreeing (Don’t you? I do. / Do you? I don’t. / I don’t think so.) 306
Review 24 | Units 98–102 CD ROM 308
Exam Practice 24 310

Adverbs
Lexical theme | Film and Theatre
103 Adverbs of manner (quickly, slowly…) 312
104 Adverbs of time 314
105 Adverbs of degree (too, very, quite, rather…) 316
106 Word order in statements 318
Review 25 | Units 103–106 CD ROM 320
Exam Practice 25 322

Prepositions
Lexical theme | Business life
107 Prepositions of time (1) 324
108 Prepositions of time (2) 326
109 Prepositions indicating place and position (1) 328
110 Prepositions indicating place and position (2) 330
111 Prepositions indicating movement (1) 332
112 Prepositions indicating movement (2) 334
113 Prepositions to and for; Verbs with double object 336
114 Other prepositions 338
Review 26 | Units 107–114 CD ROM 340
Exam Practice 26 342

Reported speech
Lexical theme | Outdoor activities
115 Verbs say and tell 344
116 Reported speech (1) 346
117 Reported speech (2) 348
118 Reported speech (3) 350
Review 27 | Units 115–118 CD ROM 352
Exam Practice 27 354

7
TOP GRAMMAR UPGRADE AK © Helbling Languages
CONTENTS
If clauses
Lexical theme | Extremes
119 Conditional verb form; future in the past 356
120 If clauses – Type zero and type one 358
121 If clauses – Type two 360
122 If clauses – Type three 363
123 Conditional clauses introduced by when, unless… I wish… / If only… 364
Review 28 | Units 119–123 CD ROM 366
Exam Practice 28 368

Connectors and linkers

Lexical theme | Food and drink
124 Connectors and linkers (1): coordinating, concessive 370
125 Connectors and linkers (2): reason, result and purpose 372
126 Connectors and linkers (3): time linkers and sequencers 374
127 Other connectors and linkers (4) 376
Review 29 | Units 124–127 CD ROM 378
Exam Practice 29 380

Word formation, prepositions, phrasal verbs

Lexical theme | Reflecting on words
128 Word formation (1): Prefixes 382
129 Word formation (2): Suffixes 384
130 False friends 386
131 Prepositional verbs 388
132 Adjectives followed by prepositions 390
133 Phrasal verbs (1) 392
134 Phrasal verbs (2) 394
135 Phrasal verbs (3) 396
Review 30 | Units 128-135 CD ROM 398
Exam Practice 30 400

Word Bank 402

Verb Maps 432

Round Up 436

APPENDIX
Easily mistaken words: English-Italian 444
Easily mistaken words: Italian-English 447
British and American English – Main grammatical differences 452
International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) 453
Punctuation marks 454
Modals and other verbs related to communicative functions 455
Modal verbs – tenses 456
Use of modal verbs in if clauses 457
Comparing quantities 458
Conjugation of a regular verb 459
Main irregular verbs 460

INDEX 462

Student's Book Answer Key 468

8
TOP GRAMMAR UPGRADE AK © Helbling Languages