Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
INTRODUCTION
In agriculture, the use of inorganic fertilizers does not necessarily lead to better
farming. Studies show that the continuous application of only inorganic fertilizers and
chemicals for plant protection, degrades soil quality which makes it unfit for plant cultivation
and production. These fertilizers have destroyed stable traditional ecosystem of the soil
(Palaniappan and Annadurai, 1999). Furthermore, intensive cropping and imbalanced use of
essential plant nutrients have also rendered the alluvial soils of sub-tropics to be poor in
organic carbon content and deterioration in physical properties (Speir et al., 2004) which lead
In order to combat this issue, several comparisons of multiple organic and inorganic
sources have been practiced for nutrient management options which improves crop yield.
Increasing nutrient management options are particularly important during increasing fertilizer
prices. Like micronutrients, the use of farm yard manure (FYM) was also considered as an
important source of macro and micronutrients that increase crop yield and production. Due to
higher prices of inorganic fertilizers, farmers could easily manage to prepare FYM in their
chemical and organic fertilizers to mitigate the deficiency of many secondary and
micronutrients in fields that continuously received only Nitrogen (N), Phosphorus (P) and
Potassium (K) fertilizers, without the addition of any micronutrient or organic source. Dutta
et al., (2003), reported that the use of organic fertilizers together with chemical fertilizers,
compared to the addition of organic fertilizers alone, had a higher positive effect on microbial
1
biomass and hence soil health. However application of organic manure in combination with
chemical fertilizer has been reported to increase absorption of N, P and K in sugarcane leaf
tissue in the plant and ratoon crop, compared to chemical fertilizer alone (Bokhtiar & Sakurai
2005). Integrated application of either of the organics with inorganic exhibited better impact
on the growth and yield characters and the 50:50 integration proved superior over others,
Incidentally, the popularity of the use of mud press has been increasing through the
years. This organic fertilizer has been found to be used traditionally by sugarcane farmers of
Barangay San Fernando Pilar, Capiz, Philippines. Sugarcane mud press is the solid residue
produced after filtration of sugarcane juice. The purification process separates the juice into a
clear liquid solution that rises to the top and goes for manufacture of sugar, and a mud is
collected at the bottom (Bokhtiar et al. 2001; Sharma et al. 2002). The mud is then filtered to
separate the suspended matter, which includes insoluble salts and fine bagasse (Jamil et al.
2008). The yield of filter cake or mud press is changeable from 1 to 7 kg (wet basis) per 100
kg of sugarcane (Singh et al. 2005). With a conventional yield of 2 % and a total manufacture
of 1700 million tons in 2009, the world production of fresh filter mud press can be estimated
to be about 30 million tons (Yaduvanshi & Swarup 2005). For sustainable crop production,
integrated use of chemical and organic fertilizer has proved to be highly beneficial.
Sugar plantation is one of the sources of livelihood in Capiz. Sugarcane planters use
commercial fertilizer or mud press as organic fertilizer and sometimes both for better crop
production. Thus, with the increasing demand for sugarcane and a traditional practice for the
use of organic and commercial fertilizer, this study aimed to assess and compare the yield
generated by the use of both commercial and organic fertilizers. Apart from that, this study
2
also wants to compare the effect of both fertilizers use at different concentrations in terms of
This study aims to assess the use of commercial and organic fertilizer in sugarcane
plantation of Barangay San Fernando, Pilar, Capiz through descriptive survey and Allium
cepa test.
1. determine and compare the yield produce by sugarcane farmers using organic and
concentrations;
The assessment for the use of commercial and inorganic fertilizers and the
determination of the optimal fertilizer concentration will prove beneficial for the emerging
sugarcane and agriculture industry. Considering the many industrial applications of mud
press, optimization of the fertilizer concentration for industrial applications will reduce the
cost of fertilizer application and increase crop yield. In addition, though the use of organic
fertilizers is well documented, the screening and production of sugarcane by mud press by are
3
1.4. Scope and Limitation
The analysis of this study was limited to experiments related to determination and
Barangay San Fernando Pilar, Capiz. The economic analysis was determined through survey
and the physiological and chlorophyll analysis were determined through Allium cepa test and
spectrophotometric assay.
4
CHAPTER II
The sugar industry in the Philippines is synonymous with the sugar cane industry.
This is because sugar cane is one of the country’s major crops and the main source of
centrifugal or refined sugar. This sugar is also more affordable than sugar extracts from
coconut, corn, or beets. Globally, the main sources of sugar are sugar cane and beets. Both
contain large quantities of sucrose. Sugar was grown as a subsistence crop long before it
became an export commodity. Sugar cane production expanded in the 18th century with the
onset of the sugar plantations in the West Indies and the Americas. Previous to this, people
used honey to sweeten their food (Zabaleta, 1997). The earliest recorded sugarcane
cultivation and plantation can be traced to India in the 5th century. Merchant Arab Persian
vessels from the Celebes brought sugar cane cuttings to Mindanao thousands of years before
the Spanish colonization. Eventually, sugarcane cultivation by the native inhabitants spread
further north to the Visayan Islands and Central Luzon. The Spanish colonizers introduced
the encomienda which granted big tracts of land to the Filipino elite who became big sugar
plantation owners or hacienderos, millers, and traders and exporters in Iloilo and Negros. By
the 1570s, sugarcane was planted in large numbers in Bulacan, Cebu, Pampanga, Laguna, and
Pangasinan. The hacienda system which evolved, particularly in Negros, was built on
sharecropping and debt relations. It was founded on a paternalistic relationship between the
rich sugar families, all with Spanish roots, and the tenant farmers (Elauria et al., 2012).
The Spanish monopoly of the galleon trade restricted the entry of Asian ships
bringing in Asian goods to the Port of Manila. A shift in the world market in 1815 resulted in
the abandonment of the Manila-Acapulco galleon trade. Shortly after, direct and tariff-free
5
trade between the islands and Spain started and cash crops were cultivated for trade with
Europe and Latin America (Elauria et al, 2012). Sugar became a lucrative cash crop and the
Spanish colonizers started the large-scale cultivation of sugarcane in the hacienda and
introduced the hacienderos to foreign commerce. By the 1860s, Negros Occidental was the
colony’s “sugar bowl” and the Ilonggo planters, the wealthiest among the regional elite. The
sugar trade between the Philippines and the United States started when the SS Astrea of
Salem docked in Manila upon the lifting of restrictions at the Port of Manila by a Spanish
Royal Decree in 1796. Since then, the U.S. has become the country’s principal export market.
With its excellent harbor, Manila became an open port for Asian, European, and North
The sugar planting time in the Philippines is from October to May. There are
four crop growth phases of sugarcane with their respective growth periods over a 12-month
crop season: germination, tillering, grand growth phase and maturity, and ripening. The initial
cost of production for a one-hectare sugar farm is PHP 58,640. The cost covers various
activities from land preparation, to planting and maintenance. This excludes harvesting which
Monitoring Reports, 2015). Sugarcane growing areas cover 30 Mill Districts (MDs) – 7 MDs
in Luzon (includes Isabela Mill District), 3 MDs in Mindanao, 4 MDs in Panay, 3 MDs in
Eastern / Central Visayas, 2 MDs in Negros Oriental and 11 MDs in Negros Occidental. SRA
created the Mill District Development Committees (MDDCs) in the mill districts to oversee
and implement programs and projects for the development of the sugarcane industry. It is
composed of representatives from the mills, planters associations, PHILSURIN and SRA as
Secretariat. The MDDCs were transformed into SEC-registered foundations or Mill District
6
Development Council Foundation, Inc. (MDDCFIs) in order to avail of the Sugar ACEF
grant in 2001. Hectarage of sugarcane harvested per mill district from crop year 2009-2010 to
2013-2014 are given in Table 1. Generally, within the five-crop-year period examined,
sugarcane areas harvested were on the uptrend from 385,662 hectares in crop year 2009-2010
to 424,132 hectares in crop year 2012-2013. Figure 2 shows the distribution of sugarcane
plantations by island in crop year 2013-2014. Negros Island shares 53% of the sugarcane
production areas, followed by Mindanao with 22% share, Luzon with 14% share, Panay with
7% share and Eastern/Central Visayas with a share of 4%. Figure 3 illustrates the trend of
sugarcane hectares for the ten-crop year period from a low of 377,182 hectares in crop year
Monitoring Reports). Table 2 gives the farm profiles of sugarcane farms on the national and
the number of small farmers with less than 5 hectares of farmlands rose to 81.46% which
corresponds to a total plantation area of 120,364 hectares equivalent to 26.61% of the total
7
s
Fig. 3. Sugarcane Areas (In Hectares) Harvested for the Past 10 Crop Years, 2004-05 to 2013-14
(Source: SRA Agricultural Extension Monitoring Reports, 2017)
8
Table 1. Areas of Sugarcane Harvested (Hectares) from Crop Yea .
MILL DISTRICTS 2013-14 2012-13 2011-12 2010- 11 2009-10
Region II
Carsumco – 4,060 5,100 5,383 6,055 6,051
Cagayan
Region III
Tarlac 15,106 16,235 15,700 12,700 13,400
Pampanga 7,132 8,023 8,342 8,342 9,497
Region IV-A
Balayan, - Batangas 16,273 16,273 16,273 16,246 16,246
Don Pedro – 14,186 14,186 14,177 13,617 13,617
Batangas
Region V
Pensumil – 4,500 4,473 4,825 4,700 4,481
Camarines Sur
Region VI
A. Negros Occidental
La Carlota 18,592 18,592 18,592 16,335 16,335
Ma-ao 10,098 10,098 10,075 10,063 10,045
First Farmers/Bac- 20,894 20,894 20,894 20,694 20,659
Murcia
Hawaiian-Silay 11,700 11,700 11,724 11,500 11,524
Lopez 13,010 13,010 12,355 12,268 12,268
Victorias 31,518 31,312 27,000 24,821 24,821
San Carlos 10,274 6,572 10,152 10,152 6,928
Sagay 16,000 16,000 16,000 15,190 15,190
Daconcogon 10,300 10,300 10,300 9,800 9,800
Sonedco 12,160 12,160 12,160 10,057 10,057
Binalbagan 28,500 28,500 28,000 25,484 25,412
B. Panay
Passi 12,430 12,430 12,431 10,432 10,682
Santos Lopez 5,600 5,600 5,431 5,620 5,655
Monomer 3,313 3,313 3,263 2,755 2,832
Capiz 8,992 8.992 9,163 7,500 7,076
Region VII
Bais-Ursumco 26,600 26,600 26,635 24,270 24,755
Tolong 8,805 8,805 8,740 8,310 9,332
Durano 7,900 8,061 1,583 1,640 1,640
Bogo-Medellin 5,848 6,562 6,562
Region VIII
Ormoc-Kananga 8,587 8,700 8,559 9,190 9,300
Region X
Bukidnon 70,355 70,355 74,126 70,400 60,674
Region XI
Davao 11,978 12,536 11,803 11,020 10,581
Region XII
Cotabato 12,600 12,600 12,851 9,769 10,243
PHILIPPINES 423,333 424,132 422,384 395,492 385,662
Source: SRA Agricultural Extension Monitoring Reports, 2016
9
Table 2. Profile of All Farms, Farmers and Areas Planted in CY 2013-2014.
PROFILE OF VISAYAS SUGARCANE FARMS
Capiz mill district covers the municipalities of Ma-ayon, Pilar, Pontevedra, Balasan,
Carles, Estancia, Panit-an, Panay and President Roxas. In crop year 2013-14, the mill district
had a total sugarcane area of 9,000 hectares with a total sugar production of 36,522 tons
which constituted 1.50% of the national production. Sugar sharing scheme of the mill district
is 63% planters’ share and 37% miller’s share. Its cane yield was 47.96 TC/Ha, a sugar yield
of 81.16 LKg/Ha and 1.69 LKg/TC. In crop year 2011-2012, it recorded a total of 1,543
farmers of which 82% are small farmers. It is the second biggest mill district in Panay Island
(SRA Agricultural Extension Reports, 2015). CY 2013-2014 farm profile data of Capiz mill
district as gathered by SRA Agricultural Extension unit shows that the mill district is
composed of 1,804 farmers where 76.94% are farming less than 5 hectares which constitutes
38.58% of the total sugarcane plantations of the mill district. One block farm was organized
under the DAR-DA-SRA convergence initiative located in President Roxas City, which is
already operational. Most of the ARBs in the mill district lack the necessary support from
10
government which resulted to low sugar production in the district. SRA record in CY 2010-
2011 showed that the mill district had 64 units of tractors and 568 units of trucks.
The mill district has one sugar mill, Capiz Sugar Central. The mill had a capacity
utilization of 46.28 % of its rated capacity of 4,500 tons cane per day (TCD) and a reduced
overall sugar recovery of 88.66% against the standard overall recovery of 80.23% based on
data taken from the CY 2013-2014 SRA Annual Synopsis of Raw Sugar Factories. More
sugarcane is needed to maximize the mill’s capacity. The mill district was one of those
hardest hit by typhoon Yolanda and the area needed more focus in order to revive the district
from the devastation. The district needed more assistance in terms of infrastructure support
like farm-to-mill roads, farm mechanization equipment, HYV nurseries, soils laboratory,
automated weather stations and financial support for the production of organic fertilizer and
other livelihood options for the farmers (SRA Agricultural Extension Reports, 2015). Planters
in the mill district may deliver their canes to Capiz Sugar Central or to any of the two sugar
mills in Iloilo. Sharing system will depend on where the canes were delivered for milling.
Sugar sharing scheme of Capiz is 63% for the farmers and 37% for the miller while in Iloilo
sugar mills, sugar sharing is 65% for the farmers and 35% for the millers. Its cane yield in
CY 2013-2014 was 50.55 TC/Ha, a sugar yield of 87.77 L Kg/Ha and 1.74 L Kg/TC. In crop
year 2011-12, it recorded a total of 643 farmers of which 90% are small farmers.
11
Table 3. Performance of Capiz Mill District, CY 2009-10 to 2013-14
2.4.1Sugar
The major product derived from sugarcane is sugar and the domestic demand
of raw sugar in CY 2013-2014 was 2,461,808 metric tons while refined sugar demand was
1,115,935 metric tons. Refined sugar is derived from raw sugar and domestic consumption is
12
measured in terms of raw sugar withdrawals from mill warehouses as monitored by SRA.
Table 5 showed the monthly domestic withdrawals (consumption) of raw sugar and Table
comparison with the 2007-2008 domestic consumption figures. However, a spike in domestic
demand was noted in crop year 2009-2010 which prompted the government to allow the
subsidized importation of 250,000 metric tons refined sugar (equivalent to 270,000 MT raw
sugars). The upward trend in domestic demand was attributed to the onslaught of El Niño or
hot season during the first half of 2010 and the election fever which induced more spending
Around 170,000 metric tons (in terms of refined sugar equivalent) arrived in crop year 2009-
2010 which were directly released to the domestic market. The remaining 80,000 metric tons
(in terms of refined sugar equivalent) arrived in crop year 2010-2011 which were also
released directly to the domestic market (Sugar Production Bulletin, 2012). The decline in
domestic consumption was further recorded in crop year 2010-2011 which was lower than
the 2008-2009 level. The decline was attributed to the accumulation in the market of
imported sugar during the previous and current crop year, importation of sugar premixes and
the possible entry of illegal or smuggled sugar (Ramashala, 2012). Domestic consumption
spiked to 2,029,866 metric tons in crop year 2011-2012 and a sustained increase in 2012-
2013 at the level of 2,184,512 metric tons due to stable domestic prices and increase in
demand of sugar-based products due to the May 2013 national election (Sugar Production
Bulletin, 2012).
13
Table 5. Monthly Domestic Withdrawals (Consumption) of Raw Sugar in Metric Tons,
CY 2009-10 to 2013-14
MONTHS CROP CROP CROP CROP CROP
YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR YEAR
2013-14 2012-13 2011-12 2010-11 2009-10
September 103,637 103,750 61,458 35,608 80,328
October 126,110 127,423 111,533 69,881 121,813
November 132,064 167,935 125,636 86,266 194,540
December 214,155 229,174 159,643 124,984 178,355
January 213,554 185,514 217,870 167,546 263,482
February 216,768 215,486 214,197 205,651 180,819
March 310,016 250,657 204,341 210,924 205,329
April 223,747 273,794 243,650 202,628 210,948
May 233,190 201,383 159,065 178,174 222,822
June 201,574 195,825 190,185 178,397 123,106
July 137,004 109,941 172,863 144,750 86,414
August 90,624 123,630 169,425 111,696 75,487
Total 2,202,443 2,184,512 2,029,866 1,716,505 1,943,443
Withdrawals
Source: Sugar Production Bulletin
2.4.2.1. Bioethanol
Bioethanol turned out to be the second major product from sugarcane when RA 9367
otherwise known as the Biofuels Act of 2006 was enacted. The biofuels law was
2009 and 10% bioethanol mandate in 2011 with exemptions on certain gasoline grades. The
main feed stocks used for bioethanol are all sugarcane-based materials such as sugarcane
juice and molasses (Nigam, 2000). In 2007, purely imported bioethanol supplied the
mandated requirement of bioethanol in the country. In 2008, 0.42 million liters was produced
by Leyte Agri Corporation (LAC) which was the lone domestic producer of bioethanol in the
country by then and it increased to 23.11 million liters in 2009 when San Carlos Bioenergy
became operational. Leyte Agri Corporation used molasses as feedstock while San Carlos
Bioenergy Inc. (SCBI) used molasses and sugarcane. However, in 2010 when sugar prices
14
skyrocketed to a very high level because of world deficit in sugar supply, the price of
coming from sugarcane. Importation of bioethanol was allowed in order to fill-up the
mandated requirement which keep the investment climate for bioethanol remain attractive to
investors. Demand situation of bioethanol from 2007-2014 is shown in Table 6. In 2013, four
bioethanol distilleries were operating with a total production of 71.5 million liters out of the
total production capacity of 133 million liters annually while in 2014, production reached
114.9 million liters from a production capacity of 222 million liters. Six bioethanol
distilleries were operational in 2014. Table 7 shows the DOE accredited bioethanol
distilleries in 2014 National Biofuels Program, 2014-2030 and DOE Bioethanol Committee
Report). With the passage of a DOE circular mandating the utilization of locally-produced
prior to importation, investors started to come in and potable alcohol producers shifted to
bioethanol fuel production. The major challenge that remains to be addressed by the
government is intensifying the production of feed stocks and the tapping of idle areas for
biofuel crops production (National Biofuels Program, 2014-2030 and DOE Bioethanol
Committee Report).
15
Source:s: National Biofuels Program, 2014-2030 and DOE Bioethanol
Committee Report
2.4.2.2. Muscovado
Sultan Kudarat, Ilocos region, Bicol region, Tarlac and Negros Occidental. SRA does not
regulate the muscovado industry, thus, marketing and financial assistance were provided by
the Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) and some technical assistance on best farming
practices and HYV planting materials by SRA. SRA does not maintain a regular database on
16
muscovado consumption except those muscovado produced by Option MPC of Sagay,
Negros Occidental which is registered with SRA as a muscovado producer. In crop year
2013-14, it was recorded that the domestic withdrawals of muscovado by Option-MPC was
1,748 metric tons (National Biofuels Program, 2014-2030 and DOE Bioethanol Committee
Report).
2.4.2.3. Molasses
Molasses is the major by-product obtained from the manufacture of sugar from
sugarcane. In CY 2013-14, total domestic withdrawals were 877,236 metric tons. It is used as
raw material in the manufacture of potable alcohol and bioethanol, and as supplement for
animal feeds. Competition between the uses of molasses might put a pressure on its price
especially that the biofuels law requires that biofuels components shall be locally-sourced;
therefore, imported molasses cannot be used for bioethanol fuel production (Olbrich, 2006).
No data were collected by SRA as to the individual consumption of the molasses markets.
2.4.2.4. Bagasse
Bagasse is the cellulosic material from sugarcane which is left after extracting the
juice from the sugarcane stalk. It is mainly used for power cogeneration of the sugar mills,
sugar refineries, and bioethanol distilleries. When the Renewable Energy Law of 2008 was
passed which offered fiscal and non-fiscal incentives for developers, excess power derived
from bagasse became the main biomass material used for power generation to the grid. Table
9 and 10 listed the sugar mills registered with DOE as of December 2014 (Department of
17
Table 8. Sugarcane-Based Biomass Projects in the Visayas Registered with the
Department of Energy (DOE) as of December 2014
Table 9. Sugarcane-Based Biomass Projects in Luzon & Mindanao Registered with the
Department of Energy (DOE) as of December 2014
Most of the bio-organic fertilizers used by the sugarcane farmers are derived from
bagasse, cane trashes from the fields and mud press. Several bio-organic fertilizer production
supplement the organic material needs of the soil. SRA has no database on the producers,
Mud press or filter cake are the solid materials left after expressing and filtering the
sugarcane juice used for sugar or bioethanol manufacture. Mud press is used directly as
organic fertilizer in the sugarcane fields by spreading them in the fields prior to land
preparation. It helps in keeping the right quantity of organic matter and right acidity of the
soil aside from the soil nutrients that it contains. Most farmers especially in Batangas and
Negros used mud press as organic fertilizer. No data is available with SRA as to the
Mill ash is the carbonaceous residue left from the bagasse that is used in firing the
boilers for power cogeneration purposes. Mill ash is rich in potassium and phosphorus which
is why most farmers especially in Negros and Batangas used it as fertilizer supplement. SRA
19
does not gather the data of mill ash consumption by the farmers (National Biofuels Program,
USE OF FERTILIZER
To provide a clearer understanding of the study the following terms are defined
Organic fertilizer: are by-products of everyday life, such as manure. They provide a
slow-release form of nutrients that stay in the soil longer. Typically, the nitrogen component
is a complex organic form that is not readily soluble in water. You can create your own
20
In this study the words Organic fertilizer is one of the independent variables that
Commercial fertilizer: are manufactured from diverse sources and are usually much
more concentrated than organic fertilizers. The available nutrients are typically very soluble,
and if not applied properly, can leach rapidly from the soil (Forsyth County Office of
In this study the words Commercial fertilizer is one of the independent variables that
San Fernando Pilar, Capiz: San Fernando is one of the barangays in Pilar which is a
third-class municipality in the province of Capiz, Philippines. According to the 2015 census,
In this study the words San Fernando Pilar, Capiz refer to the place where the
21
CHAPTER III
This chapter covered the research design and methodology, including sampling, data
The study was conducted in Barangay San Fernando, Pilar, Capiz. It is one of the
barangays in Pilar which is a third class municipality in the province of Capiz, which has a
population of 45,287 people (Pilar Census, 2015). It belonged to district 1 of Capiz with the
total area of 77.99 km2 (30.11 sq mi) and it is 51 kilometres (32 mi) from Roxas City. It has
tropical climate and has an income classification of third class. Development in basic
infrastructure has been stagnant during the last decades. Annual income is low and poverty
rates are said to be high, although the town has also seen greater years. The rural municipality
is said to be rich in natural resources such as aquatic and mineral wealth. It used to be a
strong seafood producer in the province and once even possessed its own sugar and mining
industry. Major agricultural produce of the town include fish, prawn, crab, rice, sugar, cattle
and poultry. Other notable industries include shell craft and wood furniture.
A.
B.
Fig.4. General view of map of the study area, b) specific view of map of the study area.
Source: Google Maps (2012)
22
3.2. Research Design
This study focused towards the economic and comparative analysis of the use of
commercial and organic fertilizer in sugarcane plantation at Barangay San Fernando, Pilar,
Capiz through descriptive survey and Allium cepa test. The research approach used was
analysis of data collected through manipulating pre-existing statistical data were analyzed
The study manipulated one variable while the rest was set to be controlled/
randomized. During the experimental analysis, the subjects were randomly assigned between
comparative
analysis
Experimental
Analysis Descriptive
Analysis
23
3.3 Respondents of the Study
The respondents of the study were the people of Barangay San Fernando Pilar, Capiz
who owned sugarcane plantations or have experience in sugarcane plantation business. The
respondents were then selected through the criteria which follow: (1) The respondent was a
resident of San Fernando Pilar, Capiz and (2) Required experience in sugarcane plantation
distribution of the respondents were used. In experimental analysis, the Allium cepa test for
the physiological and chlorophyll analysis were utilized based on the method of () with slight
modifications.
When all panelists say that the tested knowledge or skill is "essential," or when none
say that it is "essential," we can have confidence that the knowledge or skill is or is not truly
essential, as the case might be. It is when the strength of the consensus moves away from
unity and approaches fifty-fifty that problems arise. One can infer from the equation that the
CVR takes on values between -1.00 to +1.00, where a CVR = 0.00 means that 50% of the
SMEs in the panel size of N believe that the portfolio task is essential thereby valid. With
these assumptions in mind, the following formula for the content validity ratio (CVR) was
devised, in which the «e is the number of panelists indicating "essential" and A' is the total
number of panelists. While the CVR is a direct linear transformation from the percentage
saying "essential," its utility derives from its characteristics (Johnston & Wilkinson, 2009):
24
CVR = (ne –N/2)/ (N/2)
When:
ne = number of panelists indicating “essential”
N = total number of panelists
For yield determination, the following formula was followed (Masuda and Goldsmith,
2009)
Onion root elongation (RE) was obtained by measuring 5 randomly selected roots at
the end of the seven days of cultivation using ruler. Subsequently, these plants were weighed
on a precision analytical balance to determine the fresh matter (FM), and placed in a
circulating-air incubator at 45 °C until reaching constant weight, for the determination of dry
matter (DM) (Moraes et. al. 2015). The formula for water content is shown below:
The analysis of the study was divided into two parts. The first part was composed of a
descriptive analysis wherein the researcher used survey method in order to gather information
towards sugarcane plantation and business. This research undertook an approach that
considers the relative importance of itemized components listed upon a questionnaire. The
second part was an experimental analysis wherein the physiological analysis and chlorophyll
content were analyzed spectrophotometrically and the Allium cepa test, respectively.
25
3.5.1. Sample Collection and Preparation
Healthy onion bulbs were obtained from La Paz market, Iloilo Philippines last
November 2017. The loose outer scales and old roots of the onion were scraped and the root
of primordia was suspended in a modified container. Mud press extracts were then prepared
shaker for 12 h. The solution was then filtered, stored and labeled. On the other hand,
commercial fertilizer preparation was done based on the method of Chaudhari (2013).
Commercial fertilizer was dissolved in 1 litter distilled water. Both crude extract of mud
press and commercial fertilizers were considered as 100% concentrated. A separate set up
was also prepared to test the effectiveness of mixed concentration of commercial and organic
fertilizer the concentrations set into 25% organic+ 75% commercial fertilizer then, 50%
organic +50% commercial fertilizer, and 75% organic+25% commercial fertilizer. The
negative control used in this study was distilled water. The denuded onion bulbs were placed
on modified jars made from plastic bottles and were cultivated for seven days. All treatments
Trichromatic method of Speranza et al., (2007) with slight modifications. Onions were
chopped into small pieces so that pigment can easily extracted during treatment with 80%
different wave (665, 645, 630 nm) along water as blank. All assays were carried out in
triplicate.
26
3.6 Data Analysis
3.6.1. ANOVA
(ANOVA). When ANOVA was significant (P < 0.05), a posteriori least significant
difference test (LSD) for comparison of means (P = 0.05) was performed (Graham,
2000).
3.6.2 Frequency
the number of times a data value occurs. Frequency was represented by the letter f.
A frequency chart was then made by arranging data values in ascending order of
3.6.3 Percentage
plantation and business, percentage determination was used. One of the most frequent
ways to represent statistics is by percentage. Percent simply means "per hundred" and
the symbol used to express percentage is %. One percent (or 1%) is one hundredth of
the total or whole and was therefore calculated by dividing the total or whole number
27
CHAPTER IV
4.1. Soil Type and Fertilizer Preference of the Sugarcane Farmer Respondents
Table 8 shows the differences in preference of sugarcane farmers in terms of soil and
fertilizer type. The result of the study showed that 11 farmers prefer to use sandy soil, 15 with
loamy, and 4 in clay. The respondents were also categorized according to their farmer’s type
of fertilizer used. The result showed that in sandy soil, 4 farmers preferred using the
commercial fertilizer, 5 farmers used both mud press and commercial fertilizer while only 2
farmers preferred mud press alone. In loamy soil, 6 farmers were using commercial, 7 using
mud press and commercial fertilizers and only 2 farmers preferred using mud press alone. In
clay soil, 1 farmer using commercial, 2 farmers were using both fertilizers and only 1 farmer
Table 10. Soil type preference of the sugarcane farmer respondents from Pilar, Capiz,
Philippines.
Type of fertilizer No. of farmers Total farmers
Sandy Loamy Clay
Commercial 4 6 1 11
Mud press 2 2 1 5
Both 5 7 2 14
Total farmers 11 15 4 30
.
The number of farming experience also showed a linear relationship with their
fertilizer preference (Table 9). Data showed that 11 farmers recorded with 1-5 years of
experience. Out of these there were 3 farmers who used commercial, 3 for both commercial
and mud press and 5 for mud press fertilizer alone. In respondents having 6-10 years of
experience of farming experience, 16 farmers were noted. Out of 16, the result showed that 7
farmers prefer to use commercial fertilizer, 9 farmers for both mud press and commercial and
28
none uses the mud press. Meanwhile, 3 farmers with 10 years were noted. Out of these, only
1 farmer uses the commercial fertilizer and 2 farmers using both fertilizers organic and
commercial.
Table 11. Years of planting experience of sugarcane farmer respondents from Pilar, Capiz,
Philippines.
No. of years No. of farmers Type of fertilizers
It is known that mud press has contains good proportion of nitrogen. One of the
common advantage of using mud press as an organic fertilizer was that it’s by product
commonly known as the sludge can be used in combination with other raw materials to
increase efficiency. This may also explain the reason why at any rate of years of experience
Studies also showed that using mud press would result to a more pollution free
sugarcane production as well as reduced waste, flexible use of biogas etc. (Agrawal et al..,
2012). In 2005, Memon reported that mud press contains macro and micro nutrients
necessary for sugarcane. The analytical data showed that the values ranged from 1.38-2.29%,
1.29-1.90%, and 0.62-1.98% for total N, P and K respectively and reported that the nutrient
contents of press mud were not only variable from one mill to the other, but also when the
29
treatments were taken at different times from the same mill. Similar results were also noted
Figure 6 shows the production of sugarcane using both loamy and sandy soil. As
shown in the figure, the highest sugarcane production yield was 51.10 ± 0.94 ton/ha in loamy
soil using both organic and commercial fertilizer while the lowest was recorded at 20.8 ±
0.28 ton/ha in the sandy soil using mud press fertilizer, respectively. It was also noted that
most of the farmers preferred to use both organic and commercial fertilizers which generated
highest production compared to the used of one fertilizer alone either commercial or mud
press.
52 a
45 a
40 51
35 50 b
30 b
Yield (ton/hec)
49
Yield (ton/hec)
25
c 48 c
20
47
15
10 46
5 45
0
44
Commercial Commercial Mud press
Commercial Commercial Mud press
(100%) (50%) + (100%)
(100%) (50%) + (100%)
Mudpress
Mudpress
(50%)
(50%)
Type of soil Type of soil
Yield (ton/hec)
Yield (ton/hec)
30
Sugarcane growth and yield is known to be affected by soil physical properties
because of the availability of nutrients. Based on the data, a significant difference on the
average yield/ production of sugar cane was observed in the use of both organic and
commercial fertilizers rather than using the organic/commercial alone. This result is in
coherence with the study of Teshome & Hagos (2014), which shows that incorporating mud
press into the soil had increased the sugar yield and cane juice quality. It might be assumed
that the application of mud press had increased the organic content concentrations in soil
along with improving the soil conditions. The same study also showed that the interaction
effect between nitrogen and compost was significant on stalk girth, stalk weight, cane yield,
and sugar yield. Highest cane and sugar yields were obtained when 46 Kg N/ha applied with
15ton of compost/ha. Net benefit to cost ratio was also found to be the highest, 1.12, for this
combination. Recommendations were forwarded on the same literature that on clay soils, 15
ton of compost/ha should be applied with 46Kg nitrogen/ha. Compost should be applied
before furrowing while nitrogen fertilizer should be applied at 2.0-2.5 of after planting
In order to avoid biases, production was categorized with the type of soil the sandy,
loamy and clay. The study results showed that there was significant difference in the average
yield of sugarcane generated in the sand type soil with the use of both organic and
commercial fertilizer. The generated yield with the used of commercial fertilizer urea alone
resulted to 28.30 ± 1.59 ton/ha while 42.92 ± 1.27 ton/ha was found for mixed mud press
and urea, and 20.80 ± 0.28 ton/ha for concentrated mud press. The same data were also noted
in loamy. The generated yield with the used of urea as fertilizer 46.71 ± 2.01 ton/ha, 51.11
± 0.94 ton/ha mixed mud press and urea, and 35.02 ± 0.84 ton/ha mud press only. On the
other hand, clay soil type was not tested due to the limited number of respondents. However,
31
literature suggests that nutrients carried by fertilizers cannot be readily absorbed by the clay
soil because of water (Teshome & Hagos, 2002). Thus, it is recommended to avoid
application of compost on heavy clay soils and fields which prone to water logging.
different wavelengths (665, 645 630 nm). As shown in Figure 7, the highest chlorophyll a
was recorded in 50:50 ratio of mixed urea and mud press (1.07± 0.16) while the lowest was
recorded in samples containing 25% organic+ 75 commercial (0.46 ± 0.014). The same
results were also noted for chlorophyll b having an absorbance of 1.33 ± 0.21 and 0.55 ±
0.17, respectively. For chlorophyll c, the highest chlorophyll content was also recorded in
samples containing 50:50 ratio of mixed urea and mud press (1.07± 0.16) and lowest in (25
content determination showed highest in samples containing 50:50 ration of urea and mud
press (6.55 ± 0.94) while in samples containing 25% organic+ 75 commercial (2.67 ±0.83).
32
1.6 a
1.4
1.4
a
1.2
1.2
1 b
b
0.8
0.8
c
0.6 c c c
0.6
0.4 0.4
0.2 0.2
0 0
25% organic 50% organic 75% organic water 25% organic50% organic75% organic water
+ 75% + 50% + 25% + 75% + 50% + 25%
commercial commercial commercial commercial commercial commercial
Chlorophyll Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll- a Chlorophyll- b
5
4.5 a
4
Absorbance (600 nm)
3.5
3 b
2.5
2 c
c
1.5
1
0.5
0
25% organic + 75% 50% organic + 50% 75% organic + 25% water
commercial commercial commercial
Chlorophyll
Chlorophyll- c
Fig. 7. The average total chlorophyll content under different types of fertilizers (a) chlorophyll a, (b) chlorophyll b
and (c) chlorophyll c.
The result of this experiment indicates that there is a gradual increase in chlorophyll
‘a’, chlorophyll ‘b’, chlorophyll ‘c’ (Figure 7) and total chlorophyll (Figure 8) using organic
33
and commercial fertilizer at 50:50 ratio. This decrease indicates that the chlorophyll synthesis
system and chlorophyllase activity were affected by the exposure organic and commercial
8
a
7
6
Absorbace (600 nm)
5 b
4
c c
3
2
1
0
25% organic + 75% 50% organic + 50% 75% organic + 25% water
commercial commercial commercial
Chlorophyll
Total chlorophyll
Fig. 8. The average total chlorophyll content under different types of fertilizers.
Studies shown that the amount of chlorophyll content in a given sample is directly
related to the amount of nitrogen present. In 2001, Argenta et al. tested some plant
chlorophyll meter, dry matter and leaf area) as indicators of maize N content. Nitrogen is
known to be available to plants as nitrate (NO3 –), and ammonium (NH4 +) ions. It was
biologically combined with C, H, O, and S to create amino acids, which were the building
blocks of proteins. Amino acids were used in forming protoplasm, the site for cell division
and thus for plant growth and development. Since all plant enzymes were made of proteins, N
was needed for all of the enzymatic reactions in a plant. Nitrogen was a major part of the
chlorophyll molecule and was therefore necessary for photosynthesis. Nitrogen was a
34
necessary component of several vitamins. It improves the quality and quantity of dry matter
in leafy vegetables and protein in grain crops. It agree also in the study of Bokhtiar et al.,
(2005) which showed in their results that application of organic manure along with
chemical fertilizer increased leaf area index (LAI), total dry matter (TDM), chlorophyll
fertilizer alone.
The result of the study showed no significant difference in the root elongation of
Allium cepa submerged in different fertilizer concentrations. Average roots were found to be
higher in samples containing 50:50 ratios of urea and mud press (9.10 ± 0.14) while shortest
samples containing 25% commercial + 75% organic (8.60 ±0.28) but the difference does
significantly matter in the length of roots. The results might affected by the bulbs that
decayed because we only get the minimum concentrations and not the optimum level that
10 a
a a
9
8
Number of roots
7
6
5
4 b
3
2
1
0
25% organic + 50% organic + 75% organic + water
75% commercial 50% commercial 25% commercial
Treatments
Number of roots
Fig. 9. The average root length of Allium cepa under different types of fertilizers.
35
As the roots of plants are directly attached with soil, therefore, it is obvious that
fertilizers greatly influenced on their growth. Present finding demonstrate that root length
gradually increase using organic and commercial fertilizer at 50:50 concentration. It was
observed that the application of organic and inorganic fertilizers solely or combined had a
great influence on the vegetative growth of any crop. Studies have shown that flowering and
fruiting crop were positively influenced by sources of nutrients applied (Kabir et al., 2008).
The results were such that although the application of only organic manures maintained the
good health of soil, they were slow to release adequate nutrients timely. So the combined
application of manures and fertilizers may supply the nutrients timely and also maintain the
suitable condition for flowering, fruiting and their growth (Turk & Tawaha 2002). Castro et
al. (2007) suggested that the reduction of root growth may be due to root surface damage,
causing leakage of cell content and collapse of root hairs and of epidermal cells. Finally, it
may be suggested that the suppression in root growth may be due to inhibition of root cell
division or elongation, or to the extension of the cell cycle (Ryan et al., 1997).
The water content of samples containing 50: 50 ratios was found to be significantly
higher (21.02 ±0.23) and lower in samples with 25% commercial + 75% organic fertilizers
(15.836 ±0.84). The water content is an important factor that influences the growth and
Fruit dry weight growth can be described in terms of the realization of potential: i.e.,
the maximum growth possible given a non-limiting supply of resources (Wareing & Patrick,
1975). Fruit growing at its potential rate is limited by its capacity for sink activity and, thus,
36
is sink limited. When dry weight accumulation is limited by insufficient carbohydrates,
25
a
20
b
c
Water Content (%)
15
c
10
0
25% organic + 75% 50% organic + 50% 75% organic + 25% water
commercial commercial commercial
Treatment
Water Content
Fig. 10. The average root length of Allium cepa under different types of fertilizers.
37
CHAPTER V
Farmers with long experience in farming preferred to use both commercial and
organic fertilizer (47%), only (36%) of the farmers used commercial fertilizer and only (17%)
of the farmers used the mud press alone. In significance analysis of yield produced using
different fertilizers showed that the used of both fertilizers significantly differed in yield
generated compared with the used of mud press and commercial only. The survey results
showed that there was significant difference in the use of mixed fertilizer (p<0.05) in both
sandy and loamy type of soil. In loamy the highest yield generated (42.92 ± 1.27) ton/ha
mixed mud press and urea. On the other hand, the clay soil did not significantly differ in the
yield produced. It means that any of the three types of fertilizer will generated with almost
the same yield. It was maybe because the nutrients from fertilizers cannot be absorbed by the
soil because of logging of water. In experiment part, it showed that the 50:50 ratio
significantly differed from other concentrations in all parameters tested (chlorophyll, and
water content) except for the root elongation since the experiment shown that there was no
difference at all in any concentrations although the 50:50 concentrations got the longest
length development of roots. Which means 50:50 ratios was recommended in onion crops but
the ratio may vary upon crop. In addition, this study should undergone further study and
apply the fertilizer in the soil itself to check the direct effects to the growth of plant. And for
the accuracy of experiment it was recommended to conduct toxicity test for the
concentrations.
38
REFERENCES
Bokhtiar S.M., Paul G.C., Rashid M.A and Rahman A.B.M. (2005). Effect of press mud and
organic nitrogen on soil fertility and yield of sugarcane grown in high Ganges
river flood plain soils of Bangladesh. Indian Sugar L1:235–240.
Castro R.O., Trujillo M.M, Bucio J.L., Cervantes, J.C. and Dubrovsky, J. (2007). Effects of
dichromate on growth and root system architecture of Arabidopsis thaliana seedlings,
Plant Science. 172: 684-691
Elauria, M.M. and Elauria, J.C. (2012) .Value Addition and Prospects of Bioethanol
Production from Sugarcane in the Philippines. Manual of the Japan Institute of
Energy, 91: 56-60.
Jamil M., Qasim M., Zia M.S. (2008) Utilization of Press Mud as Organic Amendment to
Improve Physico-chemical Characteristics of Calcareous Soil under two Legume
Crops. Journal of Chemical Society Pakistan 3:145–150
Johnston, P. and Wilkinson. (2009). Enhancing Validity of Critical Tasks Selected for
College and University Program Portfolios Tampa. Fl. National Forum of Teacher
Education, 19.
Kabir M., Iqbal Z.M., Shafiq Z.M. and Farooqi Z.R. (2008). Reduction in germination and
seedling growth of thespesia populnea l., caused by lead and cadmium treatments.
Pakistan Journal of Botany 40: 2419-2426.
Mondal N.K., Das C. Roy S., Datta J.K. and Banerjee A. (2013). Effect of varying cadmium
Stress on chickpea (cicer Arietinum l) seedlings: an Ultrastructural study. Annual
Environmental Science 7: 59-70.
Nawab K., Amanullah P., Shah-Abdur-Rab M., Arif, Khan, Mateen A. and Munsif F. (2011).
Impact of Integrated Nutrient Management on Growth and Grain Yield of Wheat
under Irrigated Cropping System. Pakistan Journal of Botany 43: 1943-1947.
39
Nigam J.N. (2000). Continuous Ethanol Production from Pineapple Cannery Waste Using
Immobilized Yeast Cell. Journal of Biotechnology, 80: 189.
Palaniappan, S.P. andAnnadurai K. (1999). Organic Farming Theory and Practice. Jodhpur
India, Scientific Publishers. pp. 53-73.
Ramashala T. (2012). Sugar Cane. Department of Agriculture. Indian Science, 40: 678-680.
Ryan P.R, Reod R.J. and Smith F.A. (1997). Direct evaluation of the Ca2þ –displacement
hypothesis for Al toxicity. Plant Physiology, 113: 1351-1357.
Sharma B.L., Singh S., Sharma S., Prakash V. and Singh R.R. (2002). Integrated response of
press mud cake and urea on sugarcane in calcareous soil. Cooperative Sugar
33:1001–1004.
Singh H., Singh Y., Vashist K.K. (2005). Evaluation of press mud cake as source of
phosphorus for rice-wheat rotation. Journal of Sustainable Agriculture 26:5–21.
Speranza A., Ferri P., Battistelli M, Falcieri E., Crinelli R and Scoceianti R. (2007). Both
trivalent and hexavalent chromium strongly alter in vitro germination and
ultrastructure of kiwifruit pollen. Chemosphere, 66; 1165-1174.
Yaduvanshi N.P.S and Swarup A. (2005). Effect of Continuous use of Sodic Irrigation Water
with and Without Gypsum, Farmyard Manure, Press Mud and Fertilizer on Soil
Properties and Yields of Rice and Wheat in a Long Term Experiment. Nutrient
Cycle Agroecosystem 73:111–118.
40
APPENDICES
Wavelength Chlorophyll
41
Average 0.06815 0.0729 0.07895 0.683988 0.8643 2.837764 1.4620173
33
Muddy
42
ERROR 0.138631706 4.467869144 0.793728346
Sandy
43
Both 0.4 20 50
Clay
Mud press 1 25 25
1 8 7 5 10 6 10 10 9 9 11 3 2
2 9 10 6 9 6 11 8 9 8 9 3 3
3 10 10 5 10 4 9 4 9 8 5 3 4
4 10 8 4 10 4 9 6 9 9 4 3 3
44
5 7 8 5 6 5 7 4 8 8 3 2 3
45
C3 43.31 31 12.31
46
Appendix B: Survey form
Instruction: Fill in the following data by writing your answer in the provided space.Write
check mark √ if applicable.
If yes, please answer the following questions:(Kung Oo, Palihog sabtan ang masunod nga mga
pamangkot)
47
5. Types of Soil: Sandy Loamy Clay
(Klase sang duta)
Please answer Nos. 6 and 7 based on your recent or the latest harvest.
(Palihog sabti ang Nos. 6 kag 7 basi sa imo pinakaulihi nga patapas)
___________________hectares(iktarya) _______Tons(tonelada)
Researcher:
48
Appendix C: Statistical Analysis
Descriptives
Yield(muddy soil)
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum
Descriptives
yield (muddy soil)
Maximum
1 49.30
2 52.32
3 35.61
Total 52.32
ANOVA
yield(muddy soil)
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: yield
Scheffe (muddy soil)
49
2 -16.09357* 1.13773 .000
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: yield
Scheffe (muddy soil)
2 -6.7475* -2.0577
1
3 8.3405* 15.0415
1 2.0577* 6.7475
2
3 12.8827* 19.3044
1 -15.0415* -8.3405
3
2 -19.3044* -12.8827
yield
Scheffe (muddy soil)
3 2 35.0150
1 5 46.7060
2 7 51.1086
Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000
Descriptives
Yield (Sandy soil)
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean Minimum
Descriptives
Yield (Sandy soil)
Maximum
50
1 30.50
2 43.00
3 21.00
Total 43.00
ANOVA
Yield (Sandy soil)
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: yield
Scheffe (Sandy soil)
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: yield
Scheffe (Sandy soil)
2 -16.9303* -10.5547
1
3 3.5983* 11.4067
1 10.5547* 16.9303
2
3 17.3408* 25.1492
1 -11.4067* -3.5983
3
2 -25.1492* -17.3408
51
yield
Scheffe (Sandy soil)
3 2 20.8000
1 4 28.3025
2 4 42.0450
Sig. 1.000 1.000 1.000
Descriptives
Root elongation
N Mean Std. Deviation Std. Error 95% Confidence Interval for Mean
Descriptives
Root elongation
Minimum Maximum
1 8.60000 8.80000
2 9.00000 9.20000
3 8.40000 8.80000
4 2.80000 3.00000
Total 2.80000 9.20000
52
ANOVA
Root elongation
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: root elongation
Scheffe
(I) 1"Sample 1",2"Sample (J) 1"Sample 1",2"Sample Mean Difference Std. Error Sig.
2",3"Sample 3",4"Control" 2",3"Sample 3",4"Control" (I-J)
Multiple Comparisons
Dependent Variable: root elongation
Scheffe
53
2 -1.2319225 .4319225
1 3 -.7319225 .9319225
4 4.9680775* 6.6319225
1 -.4319225 1.2319225
2 3 -.3319225 1.3319225
4 5.3680775* 7.0319225
1 -.9319225 .7319225
3 2 -1.3319225 .3319225
4 4.8680775* 6.5319225
1 -6.6319225* -4.9680775
4 2 -7.0319225* -5.3680775
3 -6.5319225* -4.8680775
Root elongation
Scheffe
4 2 2.9000000
3 2 8.6000000
1 2 8.7000000
2 2 9.1000000
Sig. 1.000 .210
54