CE211: Circuit & Electronics

Lecture: 5

1. Multiple Voltage and Current

Sources/Resistor Networks
2. Single Node Pair Circuits
 Current Directions And Polarities
• Fig-a → Ohms law (V = IR)
• If direction of current or voltage but not both are reversed then
voltage would be V = -IR
• Fig-b → If polarity is specified between two terminals then direc on
of current is from positive to negative terminal
• Fig-c → If direc on of current is specified then polarity of voltage
must be such that point D is at higher potential than point C

2
 Single Loop Circuits
Voltage Division
• If the elements carry same current, they are said to be connected in series
• Assumption for figure
– Current flows in clockwise direction
• Applying KVL to Circuit?
• v(t) is divided between R1 and R2 in a direct proportion to their resistances
– i.e; element with higher value of resistance gets the higher voltage drop across
it
• For calculation of voltage across resistor R1, calculation of current can be
bypassed
– Simply multiply the input voltage by the ratio;

R1
vR1  vt 
R1  R2
• These voltages will satisfy KVL

3
 Example 2.13, Pg: 40
• R1 is a variable resistor
• Vs = 9V
• R1= 90 KΩ (Case 1)
• R1 = 15 K Ω (Case 2)
• R2 = 30 Ω
• Find V2 and power absorbed by R2 for both cases

4
 Example 2.14, Pg: 41
• A high voltage DC transmission facility
• (b) is an equivalent circuit of (a)
– Power delivered to load and power losses in the line = ?

• Suppose power is supplied at 200kV and 4kA?

– What effect would this have on our transmission network
• Power is directly proportional to square of the current
• Power loss in line would increase
• Efficiency of the system would decrease
– Therefore power is usually transmitted at high voltage and low
current

5
 Multiple Voltage Sources/Resistor
Networks
• Networks that contain more than one voltage source or more than one
resistor
• (b) is an equivalent circuit of (a)
• Sum of several voltage sources in series can be replaced by one source
whose value is the algebraic sum of the individual sources
• This approach can be generalized for N number of sources connected in
series
 N Number Of Resistors In Series

Rs = R1 + R2 + R3 + …… + RN
Equivalent resistance of N number of resistors in series is the sum of
the individual resistances
i(t) = v(t) / Rs
For any resistor Ri in the circuit, voltage across Ri is given by
 Ri 
vRi   vt 
 Rs 
 Example 2.15, Pg 43
• To find I, Vbd and the power absorbed by the
30 kΩ resistor and voltage Vbc
 Things To Remember In Single Loop
Circuits
• There is always one loop current for a single loop
circuit, flowing either clockwise or counterclockwise
• Ohm’s law can be used to define a voltage across each
resistor in terms of the defined loop current
• Use KVL for solving single loop circuit
• For single loop circuits, one KVL equation can provide
the value for current. If current is positive then the
assumed direction of loop current is correct
• If current is negative then current is actually flowing in
the opposite direction
 Single-Node-Pair Circuits
Current Division
• By applying KVL to single loop circuit we find that every element has the
same voltage across it and thus, are said to be connected in parallel
• Single node means a circuit with two parallel branches or two loops
• KCL and Ohm’s law will be applied for solution of unknown quantities
• Applying KCL to upper node we get;

By applying Ohm’s law

Where;
• The equivalent resistance Rp is always less
than either R1 or R2
• By connecting resistors in parallel we reduce
the over all resistance
• Special Case
– If R1= R2 then equivalent resistance is equal to half
of the value of the individual resistors
• The manner in which i(t) divides between the
two branches is called current division
 • Applying KCL to upper node in the lower figure

• Hence current in a parallel branch is equal to

• Resistance of the opposite branch divided by total resistance and multiplied
by the total current flowing towards that parallel combination of resistors