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MPOC-TSDA
Objectives:
o Introduction to operational amplifier
o Parameters op-amp
o Techniques on how to test op amps
General purpose amplifiers
Special op-amps
Session #1: Introduction to Operational Amplifier
o Op amp: A DC-coupled high-gain amplifier electronic voltage amplifier with a differential
input and a single ended output
o Output is usually hundreds or thousands of times larger than the voltage differential on
its input terminals
Vout=(V+-V-)AVOL
o Applications:
Filtering
Current Monitoring
As Buffers
Interface for light sensors, strain gauge, thermocouples etc.
Level Detectors
Audio/Video amplifiers
Line Drivers
Transmission buffers
o Properties of Ideal Op-Amps
Zero input Offset voltage (Vos)
Zero input bias current (IB)
Infinite gain(AVOL)
Infinite input impedance (Zin)
Zero output impedance (Zout)
Infinite PSRR (dB) - power supply rejection ratio
Infinite CMRR (dB) - common mode rejection ratio (differential mode and
common mode voltage)
Zero noise
Perfect Gain bandwidth (GBW) – can amplify any input signal and frequency
Zero Supply Current (Isupply), infinite power supply voltage
Why AVOL is infinite?
o Vout=(V+-V-)AVOL
o AVOL=Vout/(V+-V-); (V+-V-) = 0
o Thus, AVOL = infinite
What is Common Mode Rejection?
o Op-Amps rejects voltage that is common to its inputs and only
amplifies the difference of the voltage between its input
terminals
o Take: V+ = 1.7 & V- = 1.6; thus VCM=1.6
Commonly Tested Parameters:
o Input Offset Voltage (Vos)
Most frequently tested parameter of an op-amp
VOS is used to determine other parameters like PSRR,
CMRR, Input Bias Current and AVOL
PSRR = ∆VOS/∆VSupply
PSRR = 20log(PSRRV/V) = ____ (in dB)
CMRR = ∆VOS/∆VCM
CMRR = 20log(CMRRV/V) = ____ (in dB)
This is the difference of voltage between the 2 inputs of
an op-amp
Is the voltage at the inputs needed to force the output
to 0V
Ideal op-amps has VOS of 0V
To force the output to 0V, we have to place a
differential input equal to the VOS of the op-amp so we
can force the output to 0V
The size of the Input Offset Voltage of the op-amp is
determined by the input architecture
For Comparators:
Op-amp linear while comparator is Saturation
OUTPUT HIGH if V+>V- and OUTPUT LOW if V-
>V+
Hysteresis is the difference between the
positive and negative trip points of a
comparator
Hysteresis: Ptrip – Ntrip = Hysteresis
Hysteresis: to prevent false triggering (/or noise
suppressor)
o Supply Current
This is the current consumed by the device from the
supply (VCC to VEE)
o Shutdown Supply Current
The is the current consumed by the device from the
supply (VCC and VEE) when the device is in shutdown
mode
How to measure SHDN if op amp HAS NO shutdown pin:
Set Supply to 0V then measure
o Logic Current
This is the current consumed by the logic pin (if any) of
an op-amp
IIH (logic High) & IIL (logic Low)
o Output Leakage in Shutdown
o Input Bias Current (IBIAS)
The current that flows through the input of the op-amps
o Input Offset Current (IOS)
This is the difference (delta) between the current
flowing through IN+ and IN-
o Common Mode Rejection Ration
It is the measure of how much the VOS of an op-amp
chances with respect to change in voltage Common
Mode (VCM)
An ideal op-amp is immune to chances in VCM
CMRR(uV/V) = ∆VOS/∆VCM
o Power Supply Rejection Ration (PSRR)
It is the measure of how much the VOS of an op amp
chances with respect to the change in supply voltage
An ideal op-amp is immune to chances in power supply
o Open Loop Gain (AVOL)
This is the gin of an op-amp without feedback
connected (open loop)
This is the ratio of the output voltage of the op-amp to
its input voltage
AVOL(V/mV) = ∆VOUT/∆VOS
AVOL(dB) = 20Log10|AVOL(V/mV)|
o Output Voltage Levels/Output Swing
This indicates how close an output will swing on its rails.
Other importance Terms and definitions
o Gain Bandwidth Product (GBW)
o Sourcing/Sinking of Current
o Push-pull/Open Drain
o Slew Rate (∆V/∆t)
o Complementary Output