Rajeev Gandhi Memorial College of Engg.

& Technology
(AUTONOMOUS)

Approved by AICTE New Delhi , Affiliated to JNTUA,Ananthapuramu

Accredited by NBA & NAAC OF UGC with ‘A+’ Grade, New Delhi
Address : Nerawada ‘ X ‘ Roads, Nandyal – 518 501 , Kurnool Dist, A.P., INDIA

DEEN DAYAL UPADHYAY KAUSHAL CENTER

Under Self Financed Category,
Approved by MHRD / UGC, New Delhi

A Six days Training Program on

“DATA ENTRY OPERATOR”
Organized by Department of Information Technology

1
S.No Topic Name Page
Number
1 Computer Generations 4-6
2 Components of Motherboard 7-12
3 Types of Motherboards 13-14
4 RAM & ROM 15-17
5 Dissembling a PC 18-23
6 Assembling a PC 24-29
7 Installation of Operating System 30-32
8 Troubleshooting PC Problems 33-35
9 Disk Formatting 36-37
10 Microsoft Office Word 38-43
11 Microsoft Excel 44-52
12 Microsoft PowerPoint 53-55
13 Microsoft Publisher 56
14 DOS Commands 57-59
15 Introduction to Computer Networks 60-68
16 Introduction to Internet Concepts 69-72
17 Templates 73-75

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 What is a Computer?

An electronic device which is capable of receiving information (data) in a

particular form and of performing a sequence of operations in accordance with
a predetermined but variable set of procedural instructions (program) to
produce a result in the form of information or signals.

3
 COMPUTER GENERATIONS

First Generation (1940-1956) Vacuum Tubes

The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for
memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very
expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, the first
computers generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions.

First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level

programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and
they could only solve one problem at a time, and it could take days or weeks to
set-up a new problem. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and
output was displayed on printouts.

The UNIVAC and ENIAC computers are examples of first-generation computing

devices. The UNIVAC was the first commercial computer delivered to a
business client, the U.S. Census Bureau in 1951.

A UNIVAC computer

Second Generation (1956-1963) Transistors

Transistors replace vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of

computers. The transistor was invented in 1947 but did not see widespread
use in computers until the late 1950s. The transistor was far superior to the
vacuum tube, allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more
energy-efficient and more reliable than their first-generation predecessors.

Though the transistor still generated a great deal of heat that subjected the
computer to damage, it was a vast improvement over the vacuum tube.
Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and
printouts for output.
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Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to
symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify
instructions in words. High-level programming languages were also being
developed at this time, such as early versions of COBOL and FORTRAN. These
were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory,
which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology.

The first computers of this generation were developed for the atomic energy
industry.

Third Generation (1964-1971) Integrated Circuits

The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third
generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon
chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and
efficiency of computers.

Instead of punched cards and printouts, users interacted with third generation
computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating
system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one
time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the
first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and
cheaper than their predecessors.

Fourth Generation (1971-Present) Microprocessors

The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands

of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. What in the first
generation filled an entire room could now fit in the palm of the hand. The Intel
4004 chip, developed in 1971, located all the components of the computer—
from the central processing unit and memory to input/output controls—on a
single chip.

In 1981 IBM introduced its first computer for the home user, and in 1984
Apple introduced the Macintosh. Microprocessors also moved out of the realm
of desktop computers and into many areas of life as more and more everyday
products began to use microprocessors.

As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together
to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet.
Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse
and handheld devices.

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Fifth Generation (Present and Beyond) Artificial Intelligence

Fifth generation computing devices, based on artificial intelligence, are still in

development, though there are some applications, such as voice recognition,
that are being used today. The use of parallel processing and superconductors
is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. Quantum computation and
molecular and nanotechnology will radically change the face of computers in
years to come. The goal of fifth-generation computing is to develop devices that
respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-
organization.

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 Components of a Motherboard

Every motherboard has connectors and slots to connect all the remaining parts
of CPU. here the list of all the slot and connector of motherboard.
 CPU Socket
 North Bridge

 South Bridge

 RAM Slots

 AGP Slot

 PCI Slots

 CNR Slot

 Floppy Connector

 Primary and Secondary IDE Connectors

 SATA connectors

 Power Connector

 BIOS

 CMOS battery

 Ports
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CPU Socket:

CPU Socket or Processor Socket. Which is used to install or insert the

processor. we have two types of sockets. LIF sockets and ZIF socket. LIF
stands for Low Insertion Force, this is the old model sockets and ZIF stands for
Zero Insertion Force, this is the present model sockets.

LIF socket or slot type processor socket

ZIF socket or PGA sockets

North Bridge:

North Bridge is always near the processor socket, which is one of the important
component of a motherboard. It is a focal Point of Motherboard and It is also
called as Memory Controller Hub.

North Bridge interconnects Processor socket, RAM slots and AGP slot. Here
Gigabyte chip is north bridge it is near Processor socket. The north bridge is
usually slightly larger than the south bridge and is the closest to the CPU and
memory.

The Northbridge and Southbridge chips comprise what is known as a chipset

on modern computers. The chipset is responsible for facilitating
communication between the computer processing unit (CPU) and the various
components on the motherboard, acting as traffic cops and controllers. Since
the Northbridge is working constantly, it can become very hot and in many
cases it has its own heat sink. Other names for the chip include the Memory
Controller Hub (MCH) and the Integrated Memory Controller (IMC).

This chip is located closest to the CPU and controls the fastest
components on the motherboard: the CPU, video card slot, and random
access memory (RAM). If the CPU cache is found on the motherboard, it also
falls under the control of the Northbridge, as does the Southbridge chip. These
components are all connected via pathways known as buses, making the bus
speed of the computer an important specification in overall performance.
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South Bridge:

North bridge and south bridge are the two main poles of a motherboard. South
Bridge interconnects Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces, SATA
connectors, Floppy Drive Connector, PCI slots and BIOS.

The Southbridge handles the slower traffic on the computer, or the I/O (in
and out) devices. SATA and IDE hard drive and expansion slots, RAID, USB,
FireWire, direct access memory (DMA) controller, system clock, power
management, interrupt controller, and audio codecs all fall under the control of
the this chip. It is also referred to as the I/O Controller Hub (ICH) or
Platform Controller Hub (PCH).

RAM Slots:

RAM slots are used to insert RAMs. there are so many types of ram slots. they
are SD ram slots, DDR ram slots, DDR2 and DDR3 ram slots. SD stands for
synchronize Dynamic and DDR Stands for Double Data Rate.

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AGP slot:

AGP slots are used to insert or install AGP Cards. AGP full form is Accelerated
Graphics Port. This slot is for graphics and 3d gaming purpose. It is always
beside the PCI slots

PCI slots:

PCI slots are used to Insert or install Add-on cards, such as LAN cards, Sound
cards, Capture cards and TV tuner cards. PCI full form is Peripheral
Component Interconnect.

Floppy Drive Connector:

Floppy Drive Connector is used to connect floppy drives. It supports two floppy
drives. so that A and B drives are reserved for two floppy drives in My
computer. it has 32 pins.

Primary and Secondary IDE Interfaces:

Primary and Secondary IDE interfaces are also called as IDE connectors or
PATA connectors. IDE full form is Integrated Device Electronics. It supports
IDE devices, such as Hard disks and CD and DVD drives.

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SATA Connectors:

SATA connectors are also called as Serial ATA connectors. SATA full form is
Serial Advanced Technology Attachment. These are connect with serial ATA
devices, such as Hard disk drives and CD or DVD drives.

Power Connector:

This power connector is ATX power connector. it has 20 or 24 pin connector.

mother takes the power from this connector to work.

BIOS:

BIOS stands for Basic input and Output system. This is also one of the
important chips. it conducts the POST (Power On Self Test).

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CMOS battery:

There is a battery in the motherboard, which is used to power the south bridge
and the BIOS to save the setting, data and time.

Ports:

Ports are used to connect input and output devices. they are attached and
come with motherboard and they are in backside of CPU.

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 Motherboard & their types

Definition of Motherboard: A motherboard is the main circuit board inside a

computer that connects the different parts of a computer together. It has
sockets for the CPU, RAM and expansion cards (e.g. discrete graphics cards,
sound cards, network cards, storage cards etc)... and it also hooks up to hard
drives, disc drives and front panel ports with cables and wires. Also known as a
main board, system board, mobo or MB.

Totally we have 4 types of motherboards so far. They are XT, AT, Baby AT and
ATX.

XT Motherboards:
XT Stands for eXtended Technology. These are all old model motherboard. In
this motherboards, we find old model processor socket LIF (Low Insertion
Force) sockets, ram slots Dimms and ISA (Industry Standards Architecture)
slots, 12pin Power Connector and no ports.

They have slot type processors, Dimms memory modules, ISA slots for add-on
card, and no ports. There are connectors and add-on cards for ports.Eg:
Pentium-I, Pentium-MMX, Pentium -II and Pentium-II Processors.

AT Motherboards:

AT stands for Advanced Technology. Advanced Technology Motherboards have

PGA (Pin Grid Array) Socket, SD Ram slots, 20pin power connector PCI slots
and ISA slots. we find the above components on AT motherboards.

Eg: Pentium-III Processors

Baby AT Motherboards:

Baby AT Motherboards have the combination of XT and AT. They have both slot
type processor sockets and PGA processor sockets, SD Ram slots and DDR
Ram slots, PCI slots and ISA slots, 12 Pin power connector and 20Pin power
connector and Ports.

Eg: Pentium-III and Pentium-IV

ATX Motherboards:

ATX stands for Advanced Technology eXtended. latest motherboards all are
called as ATX motherboards. designed by ATX form factor. In this

13
motherboards, we find MPGA Processor Sockets, DDR Ram slots, PCI slots,
AGP slots, Primary and secondary IDE interfaces, SATA connectors, 20pin and
24 pin ATX power connector and Ports.

Eg: Pentium-IV, Dual Core, Core 2 Duo, Quad Core, i3, i5 and i7 Processors.

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 RAM & ROM

Random Access Memory (RAM) is the best known form of Computer Memory.
The RAM is a volatile memory, it means information written to it can be
accessed as long as power is on. RAM holds data and processing instructions
temporarily until the CPU needs it. In RAM, transistors make up the individual
storage cells which can each “remember” an amount of data, for example, 1 or
4 bits – as long as the PC is switched on. Physically, RAM consists of small
electronic chips which are mounted in modules (small printed circuit boards).

There are two basic types of RAM:

(i) Dynamic Ram
(ii) Static RAM

Dynamic RAM: loses its stored information in a very short time (for milli sec.)
even when power supply is on. D-RAM’s are cheaper & lower. The capacitor
holds the bit of information – a 0 or a 1. The transistor acts as a switch that
lets the control circuitry on the memory chip read the capacitor or change its
state. A capacitor is like a small bucket that is able to store electrons. To store
a 1 in the memory cell, the bucket is filled with electrons. To store a 0, it is
emptied. The problem with the capacitor’s bucket is that it has a leak. In a
matter of a few milliseconds a full bucket becomes empty. The refresh
operation is where dynamic RAM gets its name. Dynamic RAM has to be
dynamically refreshed all of the time or it forgets what it is holding. The
downside of all of this refreshing is that it takes time and slows down the
memory.

Static RAM: They uses a completely different technology. S-RAM retains stored
information only as long as the power supply is on. Static RAM’s are costlier
and consume more power. They have higher speed than D-RAMs. They store
information in Hip-Hope.

Some other RAMS are :

(a) EDO (Extended Data Output) RAM : In an EDO RAMs, any memory
location can be accessed. Stores 256 bytes of data information into latches.
The latches hold next 256 bytes of information so that in most programs,
which are sequentially executed, the data are available without wait states.

15
 (b) SDRAM (Synchronous DRAMS), SGRAMs (Synchronous Graphic RAMs)
These RAM chips use the same clock rate as CPU uses. They transfer data
when the CPU expects them to be ready.

(c) DDR-SDRAM (Double Data Rate – SDRAM) : This RAM transfers data on
both edges of the clock. Therefore the transfer rate of the data becomes
doubles.

d) DDR2 RAM
DDR2 RAM, which stands for "Double Data Rate 2" is a newer version of DDR
which is twice as fast as the original DDR RAM. DDR2RAM came out in mid
2003 and the first chipsets that supported DDR2 came out in mid 2004. DDR2
still is double data rate just like the original DDR however DDR2-RAM has
modified signaling which enables higher speeds to be achieved with more
immunity to signal noise and cross-talk between signals.

ROM : Read only memory: Its non volatile memory, ie, the information stored
in it, is not lost even if the power supply goes off. It’s used for the permanent
storage of information. It also posses random access property. Information can
not be written into a ROM by the users/programmers. In other words the
contents of ROMs are decided by the manufactures.

The following types of ROMs are listed below :

(i) PROM : It’s programmable ROM. Its contents are decided by the user. The
user can store permanent programs, data etc in a PROM. The data is fed into it
using a PROM programs.

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(ii) EPROM : An EPROM is an erasable PROM. The stored data in EPROM’s
can be erased by exposing it to UV light for about 20 min. It’s not easy to erase
it because the EPROM IC has to be removed from the computer and exposed to
UV light. The entire data is erased and not selected portions by the user.
EPROM’s are cheap and reliable.

(iii) EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM): The chip can be erased &
reprogrammed on the board easily byte by byte. It can be erased with in a few
milliseconds. There is a limit on the number of times the EEPROM’s can be
reprogrammed, i.e.; usually around 10,000 times.

17
 Steps to Disassemble a Computer

Step 1. Unplugging

The first thing you do, is unplug every cable that's plugged in to your
computer.

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Step 2. Outer Shell/Casing

Remove the two sides. i.e., coverings

Step 3. System Fan

Now that the case is off, begin to remove the internal components

19
Step 5. CPU Fan

Now that the system fan is out, we can remove the CPU fan by unscrewing
the screws.

Step 6. Power Supply

The power supply manages all the power for the machine. Unscrew the
screws and then remove the power supply unit

Step 7.Remove CD/DVD Drive[s]

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Step 8 .Remove Hard Drive & Portable Hard Drive Slot

Step 9 .Expansion Cards: Remove all expansion cards.

Step 10.RAM (Random Access Memory)

To remove the RAM, push down on both tabs holding the RAM in place,
which are located at both ends of the RAM.

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Step 11.Power Button & Power LED + HDD LED

Unplug the power button, power LED, and hard drive LED are all within a
plastic "chasis".

Step 12 .Connectivity Center

Not every computer has a connectivity center, but most new ones do. Unplug it.

22
Step 13 .Motherboard

The motherboard has seven screws holding it to the frame, which

are indicated by large white circles around them. Remove those
seven, and then lift the motherboard out of the frame.

Done

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 Steps to assemble and build a PC

Things to get in place before starting

Set of screwdrivers and pliers

Piece of cloth
CPU Thermal compound (recommended)
PC components

Step 1: Installing the motherboard

a) Open the side doors of the cabinet

b) Lay the cabinet on its side
c) Put the motherboard in place
d) Drive in all the required screws

Step 2: Installing the CPU

a) Lift the CPU lever on the motherboard

b) Place the CPU properly on the motherboard

c) Pull down the lever to secure the CPU in place

Warning: Do not try to push the CPU into the motherboard!

Got the thermal compound? Now is the time to use it. Take small
amount of it and carefully apply it on the top surface of the processor.
24
 Be careful not to put it on the neighboring parts of the motherboard.
If you do so clean it immediately using the cloth.

Tip: Thermal compounds should be changed once every six months for optimal
performance

Step 3: Installing the heat sink

a) Place the heat sink on the processor

b) Put the jacks in place

c) Secure the heat sink with the lever

25
Step 4: Installing the RAM

a) Push down the RAM into the slot

b) Make sure the both the clips hold the RAM properly

Step 5: Installing the power supply

 Place the PSU into the cabinet

 Put the screws in place tightly

26
Step 6: Installing the video card

 Remove the back plate on the cabinet corresponding to the graphics

card
 Push the card into the slot

 Secure the card with a screw

 Plug in the power connection from PSU (if required)

Step 7: Installing the hard disk

 Place the hard drive into the bay

 Secure the drive with screws

 Connect the power cable from PSU

 Connect the data cable from motherboard into the drive

27
 Tip: If your PSU does not support SATA power supply then you will need
to get an converter which will convert your standard IDE power
connector to a SATA power connector.

Step 8: Installing optical drive

 Place the optical drive into the bay

 Drive in the screws

 Connect the power cable and data cable

28
Step 9: Connecting various cables

 Connect the large ATX power connector to the power supply port on
your motherboard
 Next get hold of the smaller square power connector which supplies
power to the processor and connect it to the appropriate port by
taking help from your motherboard manual

 Connect the cabinet cables for power, reset button in the appropriate
port of the motherboard

 Connect the front USB/audio panel cable in the motherboard

 Plug the cable of cabinet fans

 Connect the VGA cable of the monitor into the VGA port

 If mouse/keyboard are PS/2 then connect them to PS/2 ports or

else use the USB port

 Connect the speaker cable in the audio port

 Plug in the power cable from PSU into the UPS

 Also plug in the power cable of the monitor

 Set the first boot device to CD/DVD drive in BIOS

 Pop in the OS disk

29
 Reboot the PC

 Install the OS

Install drivers from motherboard CD (applicable only to Windows OS)

30
What is an Operating System?

An operating system (OS) is system software that manages computer hardware

and software resources and provides common services for computer programs.
The operating system is a component of the system software in a computer
system. Application programs usually require an operating system to function.

Steps to install the Windows XP Professional Operating System

Step 1 - Start your PC and place your Windows XP CD in your CD/DVD-ROM.

Step 2 - Press F8 to accept End User Licensing Agreement and continue.

Step 3 - Press C to create a partition.

Step 4 – Format the partition with the required file system

Step 5 – System gets restarted after the completion of copying the files.

Step 6 - Choose your region and language

Step 7 - Type in your name and organization

Step 8 – Enter the product key.

Step 9 - Name the computer, and enter an Administrator password.

Step 10 - Enter the correct date, time and choose your time zone.

Step 11 - Choose the Network settings as typical.

Step 12 - Choose workgroup or domain name. If you are not a member of a

domain then leave the default settings and press next.

Step 13 – System gets restarted and the welcome screen gets displayed.

Step 14 - Add users that will sign on to this computer and click next.

Step 15 – Completion of the Windows setup

To install a driver manually use the following procedure

(a) From the device manager double click on the device containing the
exclamation mark.
(b) This would open a device properties window.
(c) Click on the Driver tab. And click update driver option.

31
 Installation of Windows 7 OS

1. Start your computer. Press f2 or delete at start up to enter the bios

menu. Select First boot device as ‘CD ROM’ if you installing from DVD
ROM. Second boot device as ‘Hard Disk’ so that the computer boots from
Hard disk if OS is not in DVD ROM. Press f10 to save your settings and
select yes to restart your computer.
2. Insert the installation disc for Windows 7 and start your computer. The
computer will ask you to ‘Press any key to boot from CD/DVD’. Press any
key on your keyboard and it will start loading the operating system from
the CD.

3. After loading windows 7 successfully, it opens an install window. Enter

the Language time & currency format and keyboard or input method.
Click ‘Next’. The ‘Install windows 7’ screen will appear.

4. Click ‘Install now’. Setup will start and you will see a message on the
screen ‘Set up is starting…’

5. Now it will show the License agreement screen. Check the ‘I accept the
License terms’ and click ‘Next’. The ‘Install windows’ wizard will appear.

6. Select Custom (Advanced) option. The screen will prompt you to select
the location to install windows. Click drive option (Advanced menu).
Click on ‘New’, you are then asked to allot a size on the disk for
installation. Enter the appropriate volume size and then click ‘Apply’ to
create partitions for the installation, click ‘Next’. Windows will start the
installation. Now the installation status screen appears. You will have to
wait for the following tasks to get complete.

1. Copying Windows

2. Expanding Windows files

3. Installing features

4. Installing updates

5. Completing Installation

6. The computer will restart several times during this process so do

not worry.

7. After successful installation of Windows 7 it will ask you to specify

the ‘computer name’. It will also ask you enter a ‘User account’ and
‘Password’. Enter the password in the respective field and also the
password hint, click ‘Next’.

32
8. The setup key will open the ‘Product Key’ option. Enter the correct
product key, make sure that ‘Automatically activate windows when
I am online’ check box is selected and click ‘next’.

9. Now a window to set time on your computer will be displayed. Set

the correct ‘Time Zone’, date and click ‘Next’ option.

10. The ‘Computer network location’ option will be displayed if your

computer is already connected to a network. Select ‘Network type’
and click ‘next’. Setup will be finalized.

33
 Troubleshooting of Common hardware problems

1) Computer will not start (boot up)

Unfortunately, there are many reasons why your computer will not
start.

 Not plugged in or switched on at the socket,

 the power lead has come loose at the back of the computer,
 the trip switch / fuse on the house fuse board has gone

 If the machine produces a series of beeps rather than the usual

single beep it could mean that the motherboard, the processor or
the RAM memory has failed.
 You may get a three figure error code on the screen

2) Monitor problems

Again, if the monitor does not come on, check the simple things first

 If you seem to get images repeated over the screen it could be that
you have the screen resolution set incorrectly. Again, you may try
to adjust this via the monitor settings.

3) Mouse problems

If your mouse pointer does not move smoothly across the screen
but jerks or seems to hit an invisible barrier, it’s probably dirty,
hence clean the mouse.

If the mouse pointer does not move at all it could be:

 A PS2 mouse (type with the small round plug) could have a conflict
with another device using the same COM port. Have you recently
added some new hardware that could be causing this?
 The mouse itself has failed and needs replacing

 If it’s a USB mouse just simply try unplugging and replugging it. If
it’s a PS2 mouse, turn the computer off, take the plug out and put
it back in again.

34
4) Floppy drive will not work

If you get a message “Invalid drive” it means that the computer does not
recognize the presence of the floppy drive. This could be caused by:

 The ribbon connector to the drive becoming dislodged

 The floppy drive controller on the motherboard has malfunctioned

5) Hard drive problems

 If the computer will not boot up it could be that the power supply
to the hard drive or its ribbon connector that carries the data are
not properly attached.

 If after the POST start up checks you get a message saying that
there is no operating system it could mean that some files have
become corrupted and/or the drive is damaged. You may get a
message saying that certain files are either corrupt or missing. If
this is the case, you will probably need to reload the operating
system. It would be worth running Scandisk to check the
condition of the hard drive. If it is beginning to fail, it would be
worth replacing the drive. It may be possible to rescue your
important data files from the drive.

6) POST “beep codes” ERRORS

 Steady, short beeps — the power supply may be bad

 Long continuous beep tone — Memory failure. This is

usually what you hear when one or both of your Random
Access Memory (RAM) sticks goes bad.

 No Beep — not hearing a beep, this can also be a sign of the

power supply being completely dead

 One long, two short beeps — This POST code means that
there has been a video card failure.

 No beep (system turns on and runs fine), means “beeper”

may have actually died out

35
7) Blue Screen of Death(BSoD)

Solution to BSoD is try replacing the memory (or) get into safe mode
(mostly be pressing F8 during startup) and scan with antivirus. Rectify if
any driver conflicts exist in the PC.

8) System getting heated up

The reasons for a system to get heated up might because of high speed
working CPU, RAM, and GRAPAHICS CARD OR VGA CARD and because
of OTHER PC COMPONENTS.

Tips to reduce the heat are removing the dust deposited on various pc
components, have good ventilation, replacing the heat sinks and going
for cooling fans and one can go for water cooling system for gaming
systems.

36
 DISK FORMATTING

What is Disk Formatting?

Disk formatting is nothing but creating new tracks and sectors on a magnetic
storage device.
Why Disk Formatting?
Every disk must be formatted before the first usage. Because then only we can
address each and every memory unit.
How to Disk Format?
To format the disks we have the following methods.

Fdisk

FDisk is a windows command, throw which we can create partitions on a hard

drive so that we can format each drive and use the same.

Format

Format is an external command which will create the actual tracks and sectors
on a magnetic drive.

To format a partition we need to use format command.

37
Disk Manager

Disk Manager is a tool to manage a magnetic drive, through which we can

create the partitions as well as formatting the particular partitions at a time.

Partition Magic

Partition Magic is also a tool to do the same thing but it gives its services
available in GUI which is more user friendly.

38
 MICROSFOT WORD 2007

Overview of Microsoft Office 2007

Ms Office 2007 is an application suite or a application package consisting of different

application tools like MS Word, MS Excel, MS Publisher etc to develop various applications like
designing the professional documents, automation of mathematical calculations, designing of
websites etc.

MS Office 2007 suite is from Microsoft Company. Similarly like MS Office there are different
application packages from other companies like SUN ( Open Office.org),RED HAT etc.But
among all, the MS Office is one of the simplified ones used most commonly by the people of all
ages.

MS Office 2007 is a newer version after MS Office 2003, where few new features like Office
button, symbols etc were included in 2007 version.

Path to locate the Microsoft Office is START PROGRAMS MICROSFT OFFICE

2007

What is MS Word

 Microsoft Word is a word processing application from Microsoft.

 Powerful tool to create professional looking documents.

 Allows you to write letters, articles, reports, thesis, resume etc…

Features of MS Word 2007

 Working With Files

 Working With Text
 Formatting Paragraphs
 Text Styles
 Lists
 Tables
 Graphics
 Spelling and Grammar
 Page Formatting
 Macros
 Table of Contents
 Mail Merge
 Track Changes
 Keyboard shortcuts

39
Components of MS Word

1) MS Office button: An option consisting of many options like creating, opening, printing,
saving, closing a document.
2) Quick Access tool bar: This is an area which consists of different shortcuts for the user.
User can add or remove the shortcuts from this quick access toolbar.
3) Title bar: This tells the name of the document.
4) Ribbon: This tool consists of various tabs. In turn, each tab had got the group of
commands. By default ribbon consists of seven tabs with different commands built in it.
5) Horizontal and vertical scroll bars: These are used to scroll the document pages either
horizontally or vertically.
6) Document layout options.
7) Scale: This is used to set the page margins and to format the paragraphs.

40
 MS OFFICE WORD 2007 TASK 1

Objectives of MS Word 2007 Task I

1) Applying the text effects

2) Applying the font effects
3) Applying the borders to the page ,to the text.
4) Inserting the header and footer
5) Create, open, save and print a document
6) Components of MS Word
7) Strike through effect
8) Inserting the drop cap.
9) Applying the background shadow to the text or to the paragraph.

MS OFFICE WORD 2007 TASK II

Objectives of MS Word 2007 Task II

1) Inserting a table
2) Applying and removing the borders to the cells
3) Applying the border to the table
4) Filling a cell with a colour
5) Applying the border to a paragraph
6) Changing the text direction
7) Applying the border to the page
8) Applying the bullets to the paragraphs

MS OFFICE WORD 2007 TASK III

Objectives of MS Word 2007 Task III

1) Dividing a page into different coloumns

2) Inserting the cliparts and wordart
3) Inserting the shapes
4) Filling the inserted shapes with different colours
5) Applying the background shade to the paragraphs
6) Keyboard shortcuts for MS Word 2007
7) Enabling and disabling the developer tab in MS Office 2007 ribbon
8) Assigning the protective passwords to the word documents.

MS OFFICE WORD 2007 TASK IV

Objectives for the MS Word 2007 TASK IV

41
1) Enabling and disabling the developer tab
2) Inserting the Text and Check box form fields
3) Inserting a table
4) Building up the recipients database for the mail merge application
5) Starting the mail merge application

42
Other Important things in Office Application Package

I. PRINTING

To print a document, click on the Microsoft Office button.

O If you click the Print command, the Print Dialog box will open where choices can be
made about the printer the document will be printed on, the number of pages to be printed, etc.

O If you click the arrow to the right of the Print command, there will be 3 choices:

 Print – opens the Print Dialog box.

 Quick Print– sends the document directly to the printer.
 Print Preview – shows how the document will look before it is printed

II.SAVING A WORD 2007DOCUMENT SO IT CAN BE OPENED IN A PREVIOUS

VERSION OF WORD

 Click on the Microsoft Office Button and then click on Save As

 Check the name of the document and make changes as needed.

Below the Save as type box, click to choose Maintain compatibility with Word 97 - 2003

Click on the Save button.

Note: Formatting options that are only available in Word 2007 will be lost or restricted when
working on a document in a previous version of Word, i.e. positioning of text boxes, tabs, theme
colors, fonts, and effects, SmartArt, equations, etc .To avoid these restrictions, create the
document in “Compatibility Mode.” To create a document in Compatibility Mode, save the
document following the steps above, before creating the actual document.

III. WORKING WITH DOCUMENTS THAT HAVE BEEN CREATED IN A PREVIOUS

VERSION OF WORD

Microsoft Office 2007 can open documents created in all previous versions of Word. Previous
versions will be opened in compatibility mode (You will know if a document has been opened in
compatibility mode because it will say “compatibility mode” next to the name of the file on the
title bar.)

 Documents that have been opened in compatibility mode may not have the same features
on the Ribbon as documents created in or converted to the Microsoft Office 2007 version,
i.e. instead of SmartArt Graphics, it may be Design Gallery objects.

 Documents created in previous versions of Microsoft Office can be converted to the

Microsoft Office 2007 version. An advantage for converting documents to the newest
version is that it will give you access to all the new features.
43
To convert a document:

O Click on the Microsoft Office Button and choose Convert.

O Click on OK

IV. SAVING DOCUMENTS IN A PDF FORMAT

To save or export a file to PDF, you must first install the Save as PDF add- In from the Microsoft
Office website.

O Go to http://www.microsoft.com
O Type PDF in the search box located in the upper right corner.
O Click on the result that says: Download details: 2007 Microsoft Office Add in:...
O Click on the Continue button next to “Validation required.”
O After your computer has been validated, click on the Download button.
O Click on Run.
O Click on Run.
O Check the box to accept the Microsoft Software License Terms.
O Click on Continue.
O Click on OK.

 Once the PDF add-in has been installed to the computer, open the document that needs to
be converted to PDF then click on the Microsoft Office Button and then click on Save
As...
 Click on PDF or XPS.
 Navigate to the location where the PDF document will be saved.
 (Optional) Type in a file name.
 Click on the down arrow next to the Save as Type box and choose PDF.
 Click on Save

44
 MICROSOFT EXCEL 2007

What is Excel?

It is the widely-used spreadsheet program, and is part of the Microsoft Office suite. Other
spreadsheet programs are available, but Excel is by far the most popular and has become the
world standard.

Uses of the Excel

Here are just a few of the uses for Excel:

1) Number crunching: Create budgets, analyze survey results, and perform just about any
type of financial analysis you can think of.
2) Creating charts: Create a wide variety of highly customizable charts
3) Organizing lists: Use the row-and-column layout to store lists efficiently
4) Accessing other data: Import data from a wide variety of sources
5) Creating graphics and diagrams: Use Shapes and the new SmartArt to create
professional-looking diagrams.
6) Automating complex tasks: Perform a tedious task with a single mouse click with Excel’s
macro capabilities

45
46
Objectives of Excel 2007 Task I

1. Creating a Table by applying the borders to the cells method

2. Applying the CONDITINAL FORMATTING to the cell values
3. Setting the variable format like date or time format etc
4. Auto fill option
5. Inserting a HEADER OT FOOTER in the Excel sheet
6. Renaming the sheet

Questions for Practice

Q1:-Create a table as given below.Make use of Auto fill option, option

Format cells option, conditional formatting (highlight the cells having values = > 90
with green colour)

Date Day Arun Arjun Kiran Teja

S1 15-Mar-01 Monday 50 88 77 89
S2 16-Mar-01 Tuesday 85 69 68 74
S3 17-Mar-01 Wednesday 49 59 97 76
S4 18-Mar-01 Thursday 84 79 89 79
S5 19-Mar-01 Friday 68 89 68 99
S6 20-Mar-01 Saturday 87 90 87 89

Table=Click on the HOME TAB and then select the BORDERS option
Conditional Formatting=Click on the HOME TAB and then click on the STYLES group
and select the conditional formatting option
Date format=Select the appropriate cell and then right click the mouse button and
select the FORMAT CELLS option and then select the NUMBER OPTION
and then select the date format
Auto fill= Apply the required format to the cell by righ clicking the mouse button and
selcting the required variable format
Header or Footer= Click on the INSERT TAB and then select the HEADER OR FOOTER
OPTION
Rename the Sheet=Right click the mouse button on the respective sheet
and then rename the sheet

47
Q2.Find the duplicate and unique values by highlighting with some colours using conditional
formatting.

Click on home tab and then select conditional formatting in styles group and then select highlight
cell rules and then select duplicate values.

Sales of
Sales of 2013(Rs) 2014(Rs)

10000 10000
35000 29000
23456 23456
87678 87678
12908 76000

Q3.Save an Excel Sheet by assigning a password "RGMCET", to open and to modify the sheet

Select General option in Save as dialogue box and then type the passwords to open , to modify

48
 Excel 2007 Task II
Objectives
1. Cell References
2. Formula and Function

Steps
Typing the needed formula or function will fetch the purpose.

Using Cell References in Excel Formulas

To get Excel to perform calculations, such as addition or subtraction, we create a formula.

Although writing a formula in Excel is similar to the way you would write a formula in
math class, there a couple of important differences.

One difference is that a formula in Excel begins with the equal sign rather than ending
with it. A second difference is that we normally do not put numbers in Excel formulas.
Instead of numbers we enter cell references.
Each “box” on the Excel screen is a cell, and each cell can be located in a spreadsheet by
means of its reference. Sometimes referred to as a cell address, a cell reference consists
of the column letter and row number that intersect at the cell's location.

Three types of Cell References

a) Relative Cell reference: In this case the cell references changes when the
formula is copied to other cells respectively.
b) Absolute Cell reference: In this case the cell references do not change when
the formula is copied into other cells. Here for this to take effect, one has to
insert the “$” symbol before the cell references.
c) Mixed cell references: In this case either coloumn reference or row reference
can be kept constant by inserting the “$” symbol before the coloumn or row.

Difference between a Formula and Function

A formula is statement written by the user to be calculated. Formulas can be as simple or as

complex as the user wants. A formula can contain values, references to cells, defined names, and
functions.

All formulas must start with the equal sign.

=1+2+3

A function is a piece of code designed to calculate specific values and are used inside formulas.
Functions to sum values, calculate a trigonometric cosine, and to calculate the current time are

49
 built into excel. Additional functions can be defined using Visual Basic.

Functions are typed alongside parenthesizes, where in the arguments if any are listed in between.
To use functions in a formula, for example

=COS(3.14) will return the calculated cosine.

=NOW() returns the current time.
=SUM(1+2+3) *2 will multiply the sum by 2

The Formula Bar shows to the user what is being exactly typed

Formula Error Messages

There are a few common error messages you will run into when you use formulas:

######## - If you see number signs displaying in the cell instead of the formula results, the
column is not wide enough for the results of the formula to display. Just adjust the column width.

#DIV/0! – This error message tells you that your formula is trying to make Excel divide by zero.
You’ll see this error when your formula is something like =A1/A2, and cell A2 is blank.

Circular Reference – You will see an error message dialogue box pop up if your formula
contains this error. Basically, a cell can’t refer to itself.

Questions for Practice

Q1.Calculate Total, Average, Median, Maximum, Minimum sales for each quarter and for each Salesman

50
 Name Q1(Rs.) Q2(Rs.) Total Avg Median Max Minimum
Teja 10000 20000
George 20000 10000
Arun 10000 30000
Kiran 40000 25000
Total
Avg
Median

Max

Minimum

Q2.Calculate the running balance for the following transactions

Deposits Withdrawals Balance

1000 625
1000 740
2000 800
1000 900

Q3.Calculate the tax for the sales of Jan & Feb of each representative. Tax is 5%

Feb (Sales in
Sales Rep. Jan(Sales in Rs) Rs) Total tax(Rs.)
Steven 450 900 ?
Joseph 679 987 ?
Rajesh 980 321 ?
Anil 879 567 ?

51
 Excel Task III

Objectives:

a. HLOOKUP Function

b. VLOOKUP Function

c. Finding the age

d. Difference between two times

e. Joining two words using Concatenate Function

f. Product function

g. Excel function

Excel's HLOOKUP function, short for horizontal lookup, can help you find specific information
in large data tables such as an inventory list of parts or a large membership contact list.

HLOOKUP works much the same Excel's VLOOKUP function. The only difference being that
VLOOKUP searches for data in columns while HLOOKUP searches for data in rows.

Enter the Tutorial Data

When entering the data into an Excel worksheet, there are some general rules to follow:

1. Whenever possible, don't leave blank rows or columns when entering your data.
o Leaving blank rows and columns in data tables can make it difficult to use a
number of Excel's functions - including HLOOKUP.
2. Enter your data in rows.
o When laying out your worksheet, list the names describing the data in the first
row of the table and, to the beneath that, the data itself.
o If there is more than one data series, list them one after the other in rows with the
title for each data series in the first cell at the left.

Note: The data should be in ascending order only.

Syntax for HLOOKUP function =HLOOKUP(B1,B5:F6,2,FALSE)

=HLOOKUP(lookup value,table array,row index no.,FALSE/TRUE)

52
 FALSE for exact match and TRUE for approximate match

Syntax for VLOOKUP function =VLOOKUP (B12, A16:B20,2,FALSE)

=VLOOKUP (lookuo value, table array, coloumn index no., FALSE/TRUE)

FALSE for exact match and TRUE for approximate match

Questions for Practice

1. Find the unit sales of P3 (Product 3) for March month using HLOOKUP Function?

Product P1 P2 P3 P4 Product
January 125 678 76 324 P3 ?
February 56 78 678 432
March 987 324 56 876

2. Find the price of pencil product WHOSE CODE IS C45 by using VLOOKUP
function?

Code Product Price(Rs) Code

A23 Paper 5 C45 ?
B14 Lamp 15
A27 Desk 75
C45 Pencil 0.5

53
 Microsoft PowerPoint

PowerPoint: PowerPoint is a complete presentation graphics package. It gives you

everything you need to produce a professional-looking presentation.

Components of PowerPoint

1. Status Bar
2. Outline Tab
3. Slides Tab
4. View Buttons
5. Zoom
6. Vertical & Horizontal Splitter Bars
7. Minimize Button
8. Maximize/Restore Button
9. Close Button

54
 Create New Slides

1. Choose the Home tab

2. Click the New Slide button the Slides group
3. Click the Title and Content Layout

Use Two-Column Text

1. Choose the Home tab

2. Click the New Slide button in the Slides group
3. Click the Two Content layout.

Apply a Theme

A theme is a set of colors, fonts, and special effects. Themes provide attractive
backgrounds for your PowerPoint slides.

To apply a theme to all of the slides in your presentation:

1. Choose the Design tab.

2. Click the More button in the Themes group.
3. Click the design you want.

To apply a theme to selected slides:

1. Click the Slides tab, located on the left side of the window.
2. Hold down the Ctrl key and then click to select the slides to which you want to
apply a theme.
3. Choose the Design tab.
4. Click the More button in the Themes group.
5. Right-click the theme you want to apply. A menu appears.
6. Click Apply to Selected Slides.

Applying the Background

You can add a dramatic effect to your theme by applying a background.

1. Choose the Design tab.

2. Click the Background Styles button
3. Click the background you want.

55
Run Your PowerPoint Slide Show

1. Press F5 (OR)
2. Choose the Slide Show tab. Click the From Beginning button in the Start Slide Show
group.

Add Animation

1. Select the object you want to animate

2. Choose the Animations tab
3. Click the Custom Animation button. The Custom Animation pane appears
4. Click the Add Effect button. A menu appears.
5. Choose the type of effect you want. A submenu appears.
6. Click the effect you want. PowerPoint applies the effect.

Add Transitions

Transitions determine how your presentations move from one slide to the next.

1. Choose the Animations tab.

2. Click the More button in the Transition to this Slide group. A menu of transitions
appears. Click the transition you want to apply. As you roll your pointer over each
transition, PowerPoint provides you with a live preview of the transition.
3. Click the transition you want to apply. As you roll your pointer over each transition,
PowerPoint provides you with a live preview of the transition.
4. Click the Apply to All button in the Transition to This Slide group.

Spell Check

Press F7 for spell check

Print Your Slides as a Handout

1. Click the Microsoft Office button. A menu appears.
2. Choose Print.
3. Click Print Preview. The Print Preview tab appears.
4. Click the down arrow next to the Print What field in the Page Setup group and then
select Handouts (4 slides per page).
56
 5. Click the Print button. The Print dialog box appears.
6. Click the down arrow next to the Color/Grayscale field to select whether you want
your slides to print in color, grayscale, or black and white. If you are using a black
and white printer, choose black and white. You will use less ink or toner.
7. Set the other print settings.
8. Click OK. Your handouts print.

Microsoft Publisher 2007

This is a tool which has got few already built in Formatted templates for different uses like
designing of visiting cards, websites etc. For an example, below are the steps used in designing a
card “Inviting to a Party”. Here in this tool the user can import the other documents too for
formatting. Ex. To create flyers

I. Creating a New document Ex: “Inviting to a Party”

a. Start Microsoft Publisher

b. Start Microsoft Publisher
c. In the Popular Publication Types area, click Flyers(Select a deseign type)
d. Under Flyers, scroll down to Announcement(Select a deseign layout)
e. Click Party and then click create button
f. On the Menu Bar, click Edit, then Business Information(Add personalized
data)
g. When the Edit Business Information Set window appears, type NETWORK
PUBLISHER in the Individual name box
h. In the fields Job position, Organization name, Address, Phone ,motto ,type the
respective entries like Manager etc
i. Click save button
j. When the Business Information window appears, click the Update Publication
button
k. On the Toolbar, click the Save icon
l. When the Save As window appears, create a new folder within the Documents
folder called Practice Publisher Files, When the new folder appears, type:
Practice Publisher Files
m. Make sure the Practice Publisher Files folder appears in the Save in box
n. Click in the File name box, then type NETWORK PARTY and then click save
button
o. Save the document as web page filtered

57
 DOS Commands in Windows 9x, NT, 2000, and XP
Network administrators still must rely upon the command line interface that
was part of the MS-DOS operating system. In fact, Windows machines can still
execute DOS commands in the command line window. To open the command
line window, click Start, choose Run, and type cmd in Windows NT/2000/XP
or type command in Windows 9x. To close this command window, type exit.

The command prompt is of the form C:\>. The C: implies commands will to
default to the C: drive. The \ indicates you are in the root folder of that drive.
As you change the default folder, the prompt will change to reflect where you
are. In virtually all DOS commands, case is not recognized.

If there is a command you are not sure about, use the /? switch to have the
command interpreter display help about that command’s parameters. Ex:
dir /?

Wildcards in commands
? Matches anything in that character position; g?n matches gin, gun
g?n, and g?n.

* Matches anything after that character position; key* matches

keystone, key4, and key.

Command Meaning

Copycon filename – To create a file

exit Close command window and return to Windows

d: Change to d: drive. (Can specify drive letter A:, C:, D:, E:,
etc.)

cd name Change the default directory to name. Ex: cd windows

cd \ Change default folder to the root of the current drive

58
cd .. Change default folder to the parent of the current folder.

dir Display the directory of all the files in the folder. dir /w
displays wide version.

dir *.exe Display only files in the current folder that have the .exe
extension

tree Shows tree structure of folders below the current one; can
scroll quickly

type name Display the contents of the file name. Ex: type autoexec.bat

md name Make a new subfolder called name in the current folder. Ex:
md mis475

rd name Remove the subfolder called name from the current folder.
Folder must be empty!

del name Delete file name; can also delete all files in a folder this way
but must still rd folder

copy from dest Copy file named from to file named dest; Ex: copy config.sys
config.old

ren old new Rename a file from old to new name

chkdsk d: Runs a simplified form of scandisk on specified drive letter.

Also gives RAM and disk space.

format d: Format the disk in drive d:. Add /s to end of command to

format as a boot disk

fdisk Runs fixed disk partitioning program: beware making any

changes here!!

time Display time and optionally change the system time

date Display date and optionally change the system date

dit filename Enter the text editor for filename. Edit file contents and save
results.

exit Close DOS command window.

59
Hints

 You can bring up previous DOS commands in this session by using the
up and down arrow keys.
 You can edit a previous DOS command by using the left and right arrow
keys to position the pointer within the command. You are in Insert mode
and can use the Delete key to remove characters.
 Any time you are referring to a file or folder name containing spaces,
enclose the full name in quotes, as in cd “\My Documents\MIS 475
Files” or del “DOS Commands.doc”.

60
 Introduction to Computer Networks
Computer network

It is a communication system for connecting computers/hosts. And this is for

better connectivity, better communication, better sharing of resources etc.

Types of computer networks

It is of two types.

a. Local Area Network (LAN): Connects hosts within a relatively small

geographical area. It is very faster and cheaper.

b. Wide Area Network (WAN): Hosts may be widely dispersed. Might be

across the campuses, cities etc. It is slower but expensive.

Note: Owner is there for LAN & no owner for WAN. Many other
differences are there between the two.

LAN & WAN-A comparison

LAN WAN

Typical speeds are Typical speeds are

-10 Mbps to 10 Gbps -64 Kbps to 8 Mbps

Typical cost Typical cost

-1 crore for a hundred node LAN (one time -30 lakhs ( recurring
cost) cost)

Data Transmission methods

There are two data transmission methods in the computer networks.

1. Circuit switching

A dedicated communication path is required between two stations. And

the path is dedicated for the connection. Three steps are required for
communication.

a. Connection establishment
b. Data transfer
c. Connection termination
61
 Drawback of circuit switching is that it is very inefficient for bursty
traffic.

2. Packet Switching

Modern form of long-distance data communication. Network resources

are not dedicated. Widely used for long-distance data communication.
Data are transmitted in short packets (~Kbytes).A longer message is
broken up into smaller chunks. The chunks are called packets. Every
packet contains a header, which contains the relevant information for
routing etc.

Packet switching is based on store-and-forward concept. Each

intermediate network node receives a whole packet. Decides the route.
Forwards the packet along the selected route.

Advantages

a. Links can be shared, so link utilization is better.

b. Suitable for computer generated traffic.
c. Some packets can be given priority over others, if desired.

How the packets are transmitted?

Packets are transmitted by two approaches.

a. Virtual circuits.

A similar concept of circuit switching .A route is established

before packet transmission starts. All packets follow the same
path. Each intermediate node maintains a table. Created
during route establishment. Used for packet forwarding. No
dynamic routing decision is taken by the intermediate nodes.

b. Datagram concept

No route is established beforehand. Each packet is transmitted

as an independent entity. Does not maintain any history. Every
intermediate node has to take routing decisions dynamically.
Makes use of a routing table. Every packet must contain a
source and destination addresses.

Problems

62
Packets may be delivered out of order. If a node crashes momentarily, all of its
queued packets are lost. Duplicate packets may be generated.

Advantages

Faster than virtual circuit concept. More flexible. Packets between two hosts
may follow different paths.

63
 Layered Network Architecture

Open Systems Interconnection reference model (OSI).It is a seven layered

model. Communication functions are partitioned into a hierarchical set of
layers. All the network protocols (Networking systems) are based on OSI
reference model. But in reality not followed by many protocols. Many
objective is that changes in one layer should not require changes in other
layers.

The three down layers i.e., Physical, Data link & Network are Point-to-
point layers. These layers must be present in all the intermediate nodes
including the source and destination systems.The top four layers i.e.,
Transport, Session, Presentation and Application are Host-to-host layers where
they will be present only at the source and destination systems.

64
Internetworking devices

a. Hub: Extends the span of a single LAN.

b. Bridge/Layer-2 Switch: Connects two or more LANs together. It works

based on MAC address.

c. Router/Layer-3 Switch: Connects any combination of LANs and

WANs. It works based on IP Address.

An Example of a Networking system

Campus Network Schematic

Each department had got a network. Departmental network is of Switched

Ethernet or Bus based Ethernet. All these departmental networks are
connected with each other by a network backbone and this might be Fast
Ethernet (100 Mbps), ATM (500 Mbps), Gigabit Ethernet (1000 Mbps)

Connecting to a Outside world

VSAT
Radio link
Institute Leased line
Router
Network

Telephone line
Modem

TCP/IP

Introduction

a. TCP/IP is the first set of protocols used in internet.

b. Allows computers to communicate or share resources across a network.
c. Work on TCP/IP started in 1970’s.Funded by US military.
d. The modern internet sits on top of the TCP/IP technology.
e. TCP/IP is used as a standard.
f. All the computers connected to the internet understands TCP/IP

65
Network Layering in TCP/IP

In 1978, International Standards Organization (ISO) proposed a 7-layer

reference model for network services and protocols. Known as the OSI
model.TCP/IP does not strictly follow this 7-layer model.TCP/IP follows a
simplified 4-layer model. Why layering means, a change in one layer does not
affect the other layers and it allows a structured development of network
software.

The Simplified 4-layer model

Application Runs on top of layers 1,2 & 3

Transport
End-to-end message transfer

Network Packets delivery across the internet

Datalink Frame transmission over link

66
Data flow in 4-Layer model

Application
Application

Transport
Transport

Network Network Network

Datalink Datalink Datalink

Node A Node Node

B C

Source Destination

Network layer decides the flow of the data packets (datagrams) based on the
destination address.

TCP/IP Protocol suite

Refers to a family of protocols. The protocols are built based on datagram

technology or connectionless technology. Messages are broken down into data
packets or datagrams and then they are transmitted in the networks.

TCP/IP Family Members

User
FTP TFT SMTP SNMP DNS Process
P
Transmission control User Datagram Protocol (UDP)
protocol (TCP)

Internet Protocol (IP) ICMP IGMP ARP RARP

Data Link and Hardware layer

67
In a Typical scenario

User User Process

Process

UDP
TCP

IP

Datalink & Hardware Layer

What does IP do?

IP transports datagrams (packets) from the source node to the

destination node. Responsible for routing the packets. This is a unreliable
service. No error checking is done. Packets may be lost.

What does TCP do?

TCP provides a connection-oriented reliable service for sending

messages. Error control is doe by TCP.

What does UDP do?

UDP provides a connectionless, unreliable service for sending datagrams

(packets). It is simpler and faster. Never split the data into packets. Does not
care about error control.

68
Address in TCP/IP

User User
process process

TCP UDP Port address ( 16 bits)

IP Internet address (32 bits)

Ethernet layer Physical address (48 bits)

Encapsulation

As data flows down the protocol hierarchy, headers (and trailers) get
appended to it. As data moves up the hierarchy, headers 9 and trailers) get
stripped off.

69
 Internet

What is Internet?

The network formed by the co-operative interconnection of a large number of

computer networks i.e., network of networks. No one owns the internet. Every
person who makes a internet connection owns a slice of a internet. There is no
central administration to the internet.

In 1960’s different organizations used to possess their own networks .Each

network used consist of similar type of coumputers like dell,IBM ,hp etc.As
time passed by they felt the need of communication between the networks .And
it had been possible through some backbone network.Bu the problem is that
the proprietary networks are not compatible with each other.They are looking
for a common language by which they can communicate.Therefore the
connected networks use the TCP/IP protocol, a common protocol which bunds
all the networks together.

So,what is it actually?

a. A community of people ( Who use and develop the networks)

b. A collection of resources ( That can be reached from those networks)
c. A setup tp facilitate collaboration among the memebers of education
research etc.

Key Evolutions

a. 1950 –ARPA ( Advanced Research Project Agency)

b. 1970-ARPANET .A precursor to TCP
c. 1971-Universities added to net.Telnet and FTP are available
d. 1972-First electronic mail was sent
e. 1973-ARPANET connected to England and Norway
f. 1974-TCP starts being used for communicating across a system of
networks
g. 1982-US starts to build defence data based on ARPANET technology
h. 1983-ARPANET splits into ARPANET and MILNET.Intenet now in place
and TCP/IP was standardized.
i. 1986-National Science Foundation (NSF) implements NFSNET;a system
of regional network of routers connected over a backbone network
j. 1990 – Archie serach engine and Gopher serach engine for searching the
required topics released (FTP resources were availbale for download with
the help of the ftp commands and no www concept)
k. 1992-Networks links more than 33 countries
l. 1993-World Wide Web is launched
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 m. 1995-Interconnected network providers start offering service

Important Internet Applications

a. Telnet
b. FTP
c. E-Mail
d. Gopher
e. World Wide Web

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 Web Browsers and Surfing the Web

What Is the World Wide Web?

• The internet is a network of computer networks worldwide

• The web is a tool used to retrieve information published on the internet
• To navigate the web we use a browser I.E. Internet Explorer, Mozilla Fire
Fox …etc

What Is the World Wide Web?

• Full text resources: books, journals, documents...

• Library catalogues and journal indexes
• Current news and information
• Software & other products, free and for sale

Internet Addresses

• Each computer on the internet has its own address

• Each document, essay, image, etc. On the WWW has its own address
• To find a web document, follow a link or key in a web address (URL)

Hypertext Links

• Highlighted words or text in a WWW document

• Moves you to a place within same document, or to a web page elsewhere

What Is a Web Site?

• An electronic document stored on a web server

• Uses HTML (Hypertext Markup Language)
• May include text, sound, animation, images
• Usually has links to other Web pages or different parts of the same Web
site
• Example: http://www.yahoo.com

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What Is a Home Page?

• The first web page you see when you access a web site
• Usually provides means of moving to other areas at that web site
(directory, table of contents)

Advantages of Using the World Wide Web

• Allows you to browse a wide variety of internet sources

• Instantaneous connections to internet sites world wide

Disadvantages of Using the World Wide Web

• Connections can be slow or busy

• No standard methods of organization
• Out-of -date materials may not be removed
• Contents can be (maliciously) altered
• Sites can simply be moved/removed

Internet explorer toolbar buttons

73
 Microsoft Word TASK - I
Sun rolls out network products
BY Brian Robinson
June 2nd 05

O
fficials at Sun Microsystems introduced a slew of products to boost delivery of network
services, including a new file system for the Solaris operating system, a second release
of an identity management solution and a subscription-based model that assigns a single
price to more than 100 services.

Sun's new Dynamic File System provides "16 billion times more capacity" than current
file systems, Said sun chief executive, making it infinitely scalable.

The file system, which is included as a part of S o l a r i s 1 0 , also automates many of the
tasks that systems administrators now have to do by hand. Creating and growing file systems
has been cut from 28 to just five separate tasks, for example, while adding mirrored file systems
and storage space for users will now take as little as 10 seconds.

The second release of the identity-management solution has three new products
based on the software acquired by Sun with its recent purchase of Waveset Technologies
Inc. The Sun Java System Identity Manager combines user provisioning with
metadirectory capabilities, which Sun claims is an industry first, enabling administrators
to manage identity permissions and profiles and simultaneously synchronize services for
those directories across the enterprise.

Sun's Preventive Services is aimed at the data center and is an attempt at what McNealy called a
more simplified way of pricing services than through complex outsourcing contracts. It includes a
portfolio of more than 100 services that managers can use to find issues that might affect
network performance and for which they pay one price.

I
n general, many of the new announcements also included references to other kinds of
subscription-based pricing, which Sun officials see as a trend among users who increasingly
don't want to own the technology themselves.

Other items introduced June 1 included an array of low-cost storage products, software to collect
and manage data produced by radio-frequency identity systems and a pricing system aimed
specifically at Third World and developing markets through which Sun's Java Enterprise System
would be sold on a per-citizen basis using the United Nation's ranking for a country's
development status.

Robinson is a freelance journalist based in Portland, Ore. He can be reached at

hullite@mindspring.com.

74

JNT University
Job Performance Review Guide
Employee
Name
Departme
nt
Zero to 2 months
 Become familiar with your
department’s business goals.
 Work with your manager to
define and document your
goals. Include what you are
expected to produce by your
NOTES/ACTIONS
Zero to 2 months
a. Understand the specific skills
and knowledge you need. Use
the job profile as your guide.
b. Build a skill development plan
based on the goals agreed e. Review your development plan
to by you and your manager.
c. Complete the new
administrator orientation.
NOTES/ACTIONS
Microsoft Word TASK - II
Review
Period
Manag
er
2 to 4 months 4-6 months
 Make certain defined goals and  Review performance goals to
criteria are realistic. Renegotiate see if you are on target.
if necessary. Reprioritize work accordingly.
 Are you focusing your time on
the goals you committed to? If
not, either work with your
2 to 4 months 4-6 months
d. Attend one of the sessions in f. Attend at least one more
the Administrator certification session in the Administrator
program. See the training certification program.
resource site for courses. g. Create a timeline with
associated tasks that you will
and suggested curriculum
follow in order to attain the
for additional skills and
training. skills outlined in your personal
development plan.
75
 Microsoft Word TASK - IV

Feedback Form
Date: 2/2/2019

Faculty Name: Vengal Rao Subject: DSP Year/Semester: III/IV 1st Sem

Optional

Student Name:       Roll Number:       Branch: CSE

Review Guidelines

Complete this peer review, using the following scale: NA = Not Applicable
1 = Unsatisfactory
2 = Marginal
3 = Meets Requirements
4 = Exceeds Requirements
5 = Exceptional

Evaluation

(5) = (4) = Exceeds (3) = Meets (2) = (1) =

Exceptional Requirements Requirements Marginal Unsatisfactory

Required Skills And Knowledge

in the Class

Response To Questions

Ability To Learn And Teach

New Skills

English Speaking Skills

Making Students To Involve In

The Class

The Way Syllabus is Covered

76