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Study Guide
7-5 Polynomials
Some polynomials have specific names based upon the number of terms they have:
# of Terms Name
1 Monomial
2 Binomial
3 Trinomial
4 or more Polynomial
x
Examples: 5,x, , 3x 4 y 3
4
Examples: 4 x 2 + 5 y , − 12 xy 3 − 12 x 3 y , 4 x − 5
Examples: 4 x 2 + 3x 2 y + 5 y , − 2 x 2 + 5 x − 3
Examples: x3 − x 2 + x − 1 , 2g 3 − g 2 + h3 − h 2 + 2
Part 2: Classifying Polynomials by Degree
Some polynomials have specific names based upon the highest degree.
The degree of a monomial is the sum of the exponents on the variables in that monomial.
For example:
6 x 3 y 2 z : The degree of the monomial is 6, because 3 + 2 + 1 = 6
0 Constant 5, 3, 2
1 Linear x , 4x , 6y, 3m
2 Quadratic x 2 , 4 y 2 , mn
3 Cubic 3 x 2 y , 4m 3 , 2mnr
4 Quartic x 4 , xy 2 z , x 3 y + x 2 y 2
5 Quintic x 5 , − 3x 2 y 3
A polynomial is written in Standard Form when the terms are in order of degree
from greatest to least. If the degrees add up to the same amount, then arrange the
terms alphabetically.
Example:
6x − 7 x5 + 4x 2 + 9
degree: 1 5 2 0
In Standard Form: − 7 x 5 + 4 x 2 + 6 x + 9
***REMEMBER***
ALWAYS TAKE THE SIGN WITH THE TERM!!!
Part 4: Identifying Leading Coefficients of a Polynomial
Example: − y 2 + y 6 − 3y 8 − 3y8 + y6 − y 2
The leading coefficient is -3
Exercises:
1. 62 2. 3 z 6 − 4 z + 12 3. 5k − 5k 2 − 2
4. 2s 5. 12v + 6v 4 + 3 6. 8st 3 + 8s 4 t
Write each polynomial in standard form, then identify the leading coefficient:
7. 2n − 4 − 3n 3 8. 6h − 2 + 2 h 7 9. 2a − a 4 − a 6 + 3a 3
Like Terms: monomials with the same variables raised to the same power.
Examples of like terms: 2x and -3x 4x3y2 and -2x3y2
When adding or subtracting like terms, the only thing that will change is the
COEFFICIENT
Examples:
#1: (3 x 2 − 5 x + 4) + (−2 x 2 − 8)
Step 1: Line up like terms vertically. Remember to keep the sign with the
term when you move it.
(3 x 2 − 5 x + 4)
+ ( −2 x 2 − 8)
(3 x 2 − 5 x + 4)
+ ( −2 x 2 − 8)
x 2 − 5x − 4
#2 (− 4 xy + 3x − 2 y ) − (3xy + 2 x − 5 y)
Step 1: Distribute the negative (minus) sign onto the second expression and
rewrite.
− 4 xy + 3 x − 2 y − 3 xy − 2 x + 5 y
Exercises:
Add or subtract. Write your answers in standard form.
10. (2 y 3
) (
+ 5y2 − 6y + − 5y2 − 4y +1 )
8 pr 2 + 6 p − 1
11.
+ −7p +3
12. ( − m 3 − m 2 − m − 2) − ( − m 3 − m − 2)
8 pr 2 + 6 p − 1
13.
− ( − 7 p + 3)
To multiply monomials:
Examples:
#1 (− 5x y )(2 xy )
2 3
(− 5)(2)(x 2 x )(y 3 y ) − 10 x 3 y 4
#2 ( ) ( )
2 x 2 x 2 + 5 x + 4 2 x 2 x 2 + 2 x(5 x ) + 2 x(4 ) 4 x 3 + 10 x 2 + 8 x
To multiply binomials:
Method 1: Lattice Method
Given: ( x − 3)(2 x + 4 )
1. Since there are four terms in the problem, draw a box and split it
into quarters. Write one binomial on the top of the box and one on
the side…as shown below.
x -3
2x
+4
x -3
2x 2x2 -6x
+4 +4x -12
2 x 2 − 6 x + 4 x − 12 2 x 2 − 2 x − 12
Given: (3 x + 2)( x − 5)
Given: (− 2 x + 1)(− x + 2 )
F: -2x(-x)= 2x2
O: -2x(2) = -4x
I: 1(-x) = -x
L: 1(2) = 2
2x 2 − 5x + 2
Exercises:
Multiply. Write your answers in standard form.
14. (2 y )(− 5 y 2 − 4 y + 1)
16. (
− 4x x 3 + 8x 2 )
17. (x − 5)(x 2 − 4)
18. (2 x − 3)(x 2 − 6 x + 8)
***The methods taught in this section are shortcuts for multiplying binomials.***
You can still use any method for multiplying binomials if you like.
(a − b )2 = (a − b )(a − b ) = a 2 − 2ab + b 2
Examples:
#1 ( x + 4 )2
Step 1: identify a and b
a=x b=4
(x )2 + 2( x)(4) + (4) 2
Step 3: simplify
x 2 + 8 x + 16
#2 (2 x − 3)2
Step 1: identify a and b
a = 2x b = -3
4 x 2 − 12 x + 9
Algebraic Definition:
(a + b )(a − b)
= a (a − b) + b( a − b)
= a 2 − ab + ab − b 2
= a2 − b2
Examples:
#1 (x + 4 )( x − 4)
Step 1: identify a and b
a=x b=4
x( x − 4) + 4( x − 4)
Step 3: simplify
x 2 − 4 x + 4 x − 16
= x 2 − 16
#2 (2 x + 2)(2 x − 2)
Step 1: identify a and b
a = 2x b=2
2 x(2 x − 2) + 2(2 x − 2)
Step 3: simplify
4x 2 − 4x + 4x − 4
= 4x 2 − 4
Exercises:
Multiply. Write your answers in standard form.
19. (z − 3)(z + 3)
20. (5 x + 6)2
22. (7 x − 5)2