Study Centre April 24, 2018

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CONT R IBUTOR S
ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

Shawnette Myers-Lawrence Kamau Karenga Charmaine Fuller-Wallace Shandeen Robinson-White
HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY PRINCIPLES OF BUSINESS PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS INTEGRATED SCIENCE
Leroy Munroe Hilary Bassaragh Tedmore Clarke Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

Simone Gibbs Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan Debgeri Whitely Heart Trust NTA
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www.jamaicaobserver.com JOL LECTURE SERIES Jamaica Observer Limited
MATHEMATICS Lesson 27
with Kamau Karenga
GEOMETRY – THE CIRCLE 7 8 9
+
4 5 6 –
Everyone knows that a CIRCLE is a curved line surrounding a centre point which
is at equal distance from every point on the line. The optional question on
GEOMETRY (question 10), is all about angles in a circle. One has to know about 1 2 3 –:
parts of a CIRCLE and know the 8 CIRCLE THEOREMS, in order to analyse a diagram,
determine the various angles, and give good reasons. 0 • = +
Let us look at parts of a circle.
The CIRCUMFERENCE is the

distance around the circle.
A RADIUS is the distance from

the centre of the circle to the
circumference.
A CHORD is a line from one

point on the circumference to
another point on the
circumference.
A DIAMETER is a chord that

passes through the centre.
An ARC is a fraction of the

whole circle.
A SECTOR is an area enclosed

by an arc and two radii.
A SEGMENT is an area
enclosed by an arc and a
chord.
A TANGENT is a line external

to the circle that touches the
circle once.
JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

JOL MATHEMATICS continued from previous page
(3) The angle formed at the circumference from a

CIRCLE THEOREMS
DIAMETER is always 90°
(1) A TANGENT and a RADIUS meet at 90°. A CHORD passing through the centre is a DIAMETER.
OB is a RADIUS AB is a DIAMETER.
AC is a TANGENT The angle formed at point C is a right angle.
!ABO = 90° !ACB = 90°
(2) The angle formed at the centre from a CHORD is

twice the angle formed at the CIRCUMFERENCE, from
the same CHORD.
AC is a CHORD (4) All angles at the CIRCUMFERENCE, from the same
So, !AOC = 2 × !ABC
CHORD are equal.
AC is a CHORD
So, !ADC = !ABC = !AEC

(5) The two tangents from a single point external to a (7) The angle formed by a TANGENT and a CHORD is equal
circle are equal. to the angle formed by the same CHORD at the
PQ is a tangent; PR is a tangent CIRCUMFERENCE.
OQ is perpendicular to PQ CHORD AC and TANGENT CD form !ACD
OR is perpendicular to PR CHORD AC forms !ABC at point B
Length PQ = Length PR So, !ACD = !ABC
(6) A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL is a four-sided figure within

a cycle (circle).
(8) The external angle of a CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL is
Opposite angles in a CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL add up
equal to the opposite angle in that CYCLIC
to 180° – they are SUPPLEMENTARY.
QUADRILATERAL.
!ABC + !ADC = 180°
!ADE is external to the CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL
!BAD + !BCD = 180°
!ABC is on the opposite side
So, !ADE = !ABC

A CIRCLE THEOREM problem will tend to look more c) !EBF = 25°. This is an angle formed at the
complicated than how the laws are expressed. One has to circumference by the chord EF. It is equal to the angle,
analyse and break down the given illustration. Let us now
which is also formed from the same chord.
look at a typical example.
EXAMPLE 1 d) !DOB is the apex of an isosceles triangle. OD and OB

are both radii.
The diagram below, not drawn to scale, shows a circle with
centre O. The vertices B, D, E and F of a quadrilateral lie on !DOB = 180° − (40° + 40°) ! !DOB = 100°
the circumference of the circle and ABC is a tangent to the
circle at B. The measure of angle !EDF = 25° and !DBE = e) Angle !DEB Angle is a part of the right-angled triangle
40°.
DEB. Since the angle at D is 90°, and the angle at B is
40°, then the angle at E must be (90° – 40°).
!DEB = 50°.
EVALUATION
The diagram below, not drawn to scale, shows a circle with

centre O. KLM is a tangent to the circle at point L and angle
LON = 60°
Calculate, giving reasons for each step of your answer, the

measure of:
a) !BDE b) !BFE c) !EBF d) !DOB e) !DEB
SOLUTION 1
The key to solving CIRCLE THEOREM problems is to pay

attention to the ‘big picture’. Notice the tangent ABC, the
diameter EB, the cyclic quadrilateral DEFB and the radii OB, Calculate, giving the reason for each step of your answer,
OD and OE.
the measure of:
a) !BDE = 90°. This is an angle formed at the
circumference from the diameter BE. a) !LNQ b) !LQN c) !QLN d) !OML
b) !BFE = 90°. This is also an angle formed at the

circumference from the diameter BE. JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page
SOLUTION
Again, take note of the ‘big picture’. Notice diameters LQ and PN; tangent KLM; and the radii OL and ON.
a) !LNQ is an angle formed at the circumference from diameter LN; therefore !LNQ = 90°.
b) !LQN is an angle formed from chord LN. !LON is an angle formed at the centre from the same chord LN. !LQN is
therefore ½ of !LON ! !LQN = 30°.
c) !QLN is part of the right-angled triangle !QLN. Since the angle at Q is 30° (!LQN), the angle at L is (90°– 30°) !
!QLN = 60°.
d) !OML is a part of the right-angled triangle OML. The angle at L is 90° because a radius and a tangent meet at that
point. Since the angle at O is 60°, the angle at M must be (90° – 60°).
!OML = 30°
PEACE and LOVE!
Kamau Karenga is on the staff of Portmore Community College " Email: kkarenga@pcc.edu.jm
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SOCIAL
STUDIES Lesson 27
with
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace
THRIFT
In this lesson, the focus will be on Thrift. BUDGET
Being thrifty is about managing money and other Consumers who practice being thrifty usually make a plan
resources carefully and not wastefully. A thrifty consumer also called a budget in which they look at how much
budgets, shop wisely and spends wisely. Good spending money they have/their income and their expenses over a
and shopping habits helps consumers to gain maximum period of time. A budget helps consumers to:
benefit from their money. 3 focus first on their needs before their wants;
3 plan for the future
3 know how much he/she will put aside towards
WAYS IN WHICH CONSUMERS PRACTICE THRIFT IN THE savings
CARIBBEAN 3 avoid buying items on impulse but instead to shop
around
For many consumers, being thrifty is a way of life. A thrifty 3 Avoid unplanned and unnecessary debt
consumer usually does the following: 3 Know how much money is being spent on each item
• Shop wisely for goods and services
• Budget
• Practice conservation and recycling methods PRACTICE CONSERVATION AND RECYCLING METHODS
• Use and care for items purchased
• Save regularly Consumers who recycle products are able to save money.
Instead of throwing away items, consumers should put
away the item/product for future use. For example: If a
SHOP WISELY FOR GOODS AND SERVICES consumer purchases storage containers or baskets to pack
items for moving, instead of throwing away the containers
Consumers who uses a budget to plan their expenses and these can be used to store pots, pans etc.
expenditures usually shop wisely for goods and services.
Usually wise shoppers who budget do the following:
• Keep receipts and warranties as proof of purchase USE AND CARE FOR ITEMS PURCHASED
in the event that they need to get a refund or a
replacement; Thrifty consumers ensure that household items that they
• Prepare a shopping list purchase are well taken care of to prevent them having to
• Stick to prepared shopping list purchase the safe item again because of misuse.
• Shop around for the best prices and quality in order
to get the best value for their money JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
SAVE REGULARLY SAVINGS
Individuals/consumers may save money when they

Thrifty consumers who are able to save, often try as best
practice conservation and recycling measures as well as
as possible to avoid unnecessary and unplanned spending. adopt good spending habits. Savings is where money is
They usually try to save some of their disposable income. kept for future use. An individual’s ability to save is
dependent on the person’s income; expenditure and
government policies.
BENEFITS OF BEING THRIFTY
HOW THE REGION / REASONS WHY CONSUMERS SAVE

HOW CONSUMERS A COUNTRY 3 To pay for their children’s education
BENEFIT CAN BENEFIT 3 To feel financially secured after retirement
FROM BEING THRIFTY WHEN CONSUMERS 3 For a planned future expense, for example, to finance
ARE THRIFTY the purchase of a car, house or furniture
3 To leave assets for family members after death
• The habit of making • Consumers who
3 To take advantage of investment opportunities
sacrifices help are thrifty can help
consumers to live the country/region to through the purchasing of stocks, bonds and shares
within their means become more 3 To finance unexpected or unplanned expenditure
• It helps consumers prosperous as money such as medical bills
to live better through saved over a period of
economic crisis time can be used by
compared to those who government/business
are not accustomed to es and individuals for BENEFITS OF SAVING WISELY
being thrifty investment purposes.
• It helps consumers Saving is an economic activity that is practiced around the
to become more • When consumers world. Individuals who save regularly and wisely usually
disciplined as they practice conservation
enjoy a lot of benefits. Benefits of an individual saving
practice thrifty and recycling
spending habits methods, pollution is wisely include:
• To avoid living reduced and the • Enjoying a feeling of security
below the poverty government is able to • Having a feeling of personal worth as a result of
line as consumers save on the accumulated savings
would have savings to purchasing of raw • Having the option to retire early
rely on to help them materials.
• Being better able to manage his/her finances
during times of crisis.
• Money saved over • Providing a source of additional income especially if
a period of time as a money is properly invested
result of being thrifty • Provide a source of money which can be spent in the
gives consumers a future to improve one’s life.
sense of self-worth
and achievement
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continues on next page
JOL SOCIAL STUDIES continued from previous page
WAYS IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT CAN ENCOURAGE CONSUMERS TO SAVE
The government of a country may take the following measures to encourage citizens to save by:
• Educating consumers about the importance and benefits of saving
• Offering tax benefits on savings
• Ensuring that the prices of items such as food, clothes, shelter, medicine and education are affordable.
• Ensuring that the country benefits from the best interest rate possible.
ACTIVITY
Instruction: Answer True/False to the questions below by writing T/F in the boxes provided
A country benefits when consumers save because it promotes a culture of thrift which
1.
can be passed on to future generations
The Caribbean region benefits when consumers save because consumers are investing
2.
in regional business which can help to develop the regional financial sector
Some saving institutions use their customer’s savings to provide credit to government
3.
and business.
Individuals can save by throwing away disposable or used items and by eating out at
4.
restaurants frequently
The amount of money that people save is dependent on their income and their
5.
willingness to save
When shopping for small children, you should buy clothes that are close fitting so that
6.
they can last longer and so that they can be handed down to other family members
ANSWERS: TRUE/FALSE ITEMS
1. T 2. T 3. F 4. F 5. T 6. F
Charmaine Fuller-Wallace is on the staff of St. Andrew Technical High School

" Email: charmief2@yahoo.com

INFORMATION
TECHNOLOGY Lesson 27
with
Shandeen Robinson-White
EXAMINATION PREPARATION
This lesson will conclude our analysis of the

January 2018 Paper 2 examination. I will be
making references to the questions so have the
past paper ready to follow with the solution.
You are welcome to email me your comments
and questions. I hope this proves beneficial to
you as you prepare for your examinations in
June.
JANUARY 2018 – Section 2
This lesson picks up at Section 2 Question 7.

Section 2 explores the productivity tools, which
are Word Processing, Spreadsheet Management
and Database Management. It is an opportunity
for you to show that you completed your school
based assessment on your own.
The January exam tested Word Processing and Spreadsheet Management.
QUESTION 7
The question gave an excerpt from an advisory warning shoppers of the dangers online shopping during the Christmas
season. The questions asked ranged from formatting features to other word processing features such as header & footer
and mail merge.
Word Processing application allows you to create a variety of documents, including letters,
resumes, and more. Review how to navigate the Word interface and become familiar with some
of its most important features, such as the Ribbon, Quick Access Toolbar, and Backstage view.
JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continued from previous page
Here is a diagram of the MS Word 2016 desktop for a quick review:
Possible Questions:
What Word Processing feature will allow specific texts to be repeated on every page of the document?
HEADER

Name the Word Processing feature that is suitable for personalizing a letter without having to type each person’s details?
MAIL MERGE
Name four (4)

text formatting
feature in MS
Word:
3 Italics
3 Bold
3 Underline
3 Font size
3 Font type
When writing responses to these questions, remember no detailed explanation is necessary.

The answer is the answer (objective).

QUESTION 8
The following spreadsheet shows a budget for a company’s small response division.
A B C D
1 ITEMS QUANTITY COST PER ITEM TOTAL COST
2 Digital Forensic Tool kit 1 3000
3 Write Blocker Kit 2 1699
4 Mac Desktop 1 1100
5 Desktop workstation 4 900
6 Wireless Router 2 500
7 Computer Screens 27” and 34” 4 400
8 Response Field Kit 2 300
(a) The formula =B2*C2 was entered in cell D2 in order to calculate the total cost of digital forensic tool kit.
(b) Use the fill

handle to
insert the
formula in
cell D2 to
cells D3:D8.
Place
cursor in
cell D2 then
select the
fill handle.
Hold and
drag down
to cell D8.
(c) The spreadsheet was sorted in descending order by ‘Cost per item’ field.
This section will total 15 marks, that is 12.5% of the exam. This is mainly because the SBA already
tested the productivity tools in greater details.

JANUARY 2018 – Section 3
This section of the paper tests Programming and Problem Solving. This will be approximately 38% of the total exam.
QUESTION 9
Consider the following algorithm
Input weight, year

If (weight < 180.0) and (year = 1990) then
Print “Perfect”
Else
Print “Not fit”
Endif
(a) What do you think is the purpose of this program?

(b) State the data type of the variable ‘weight’.
(c) Give two examples of data that would not be suitable to test the pseudocode.
SUGGESTED RESPONSES
These questions are testing basic programming knowledge. You should be able to get all these points.
(a) The algorithm is to determine whether perfect or not fit depending on weight and year.
I am not suggesting that you have to write your answer verbatim in order to get the 2 points.
As long as you mentioned something regarding the compound condition and what should happen
if true or false.
(b) Real or float (examiner will accept any)
(c) Letters or words or symbols would not be suitable
Quick
revision
on data
types

QUESTION 10
Draw a flowchart from the following pseudocode:
Initialize count to zero

Initialize temp to zero
While temp is not equal to -1
Input temp
Output ‘temp accepted’
If (temp = -1) then
This question is valued 15 marks, which means the
Output ‘End of test’
examiner is marking for correct use of symbols as well
Else add 1 to count
as logic.
Output ‘Exit’
SUGGESTED RESPONSE
e m e m b e r te
R d ic a
a l w a y s in e
to e th
w h e r b e g in s
h a rt s.
f lo w c e r e it e n d
h
an d w

QUESTION 11 QUESTION 12
Arrays will always be tested. From declaring an array to For this question you were asked to rewrite some
manipulating arrays in loops. This question tested your statements using Pascal code.
ability to input data into an array element and accumulate
(a) Declare an array named COST with 8 elements of
the values in an array. Remember all codes should be
real data type
written in Pascal.
(b) Write the while loop structure
(c) Declare a constant variable
The following one-dimensional array named GRADE is used (d) Write the repeat until structure
to store the number of students in Grade 1 to Grade 4.
Do NOT go into the examination
Grade 45 54 63 76 without confidently knowing how to
write statements like these in Pascal.
Index 1 2 3 4 The examiner could also ask you to
find the errors in some statements and to correct them.
So, practise, practise and then practise some more!
(a) Write Pascal code to input number 76 into Grade 4.
(b) Write Pascal code to add the number of children in There are numerous YouTube videos that you could watch
the four classes and store the total in a variable to help you prepare for the programming and
named SUM. problem-solving section of the exam. For example,
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=47JBVxCWXJA
and https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0v2jT9d4jDc,
SUGGESTED RESPONSES among many others.
(a) Grade [4] := 76; There are Pascal tutorial websites available as well. Use
the tools to your advantage and prepare for the exam. It
will take more that you hoping and wishing, you will also
need to study and practise!
These could be what will give you
the 4 points. The name of the array ‘Grade’, SUGGESTED RESPONSES
the index in square brackets, the colon
and the equal sign and the semi colon (a) To declare an array, the syntax is:
at the end of the statement. Arrayname: Array[n…m] of data type
Cost: Array[1…8] of real

(b) Use a for loop…
(b) a := 5;
for i = 1 to 4 do while a < 6 do
sum := sum + Grade [i]; begin
writeln (a);
a := a + 1
Rather simple, but easy to lose end;
marks. Review all the syntax for
loops in Pascal. JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page
(c) Const
Interest = 25%;
(d) x := 1;
repeat
DoSomethingHere(x);
x := x + 1; This semicolon is not needed, but it’s allowed.
until x = 10;
CONCLUSION
Remember the use of the 3rd edition Jamaica Observer Lecture series revision booklet is very useful in studying for the
exam. It is simple, easy to read and covers the ‘must know’ concepts of the syllabus. The book is available in all
bookstores. Good luck and all the best!
Word to the wise: To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe. Knowing others
is wisdom, knowing yourself is Enlightenment. Study to shew thyself approved unto God, a
workman that needeth not to be ashamed, rightly dividing the word of truth.
Shandeen Robinson-White is affiliated with Maths Unlimited and Hillel Academy.

" Email: teacherrobwhite@hotmail.com
LECTURE SERIES
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HUMAN & SOCIAL
BIOLOGY Lesson 27
with
Leroy Munroe
DRUGS AND THEIR EFFECTS CONTD.
Objectives:
At the end of this lesson students should be able to:
State the effects of the drugs heroin, ecstasy,

alcohol and marijuana on the body.
HEROIN
Heroin is a drug made from morphine and is classified Heroin is a depressant that acts on the central nervous
as a narcotic drug. Narcotic drugs or opiates are system (brain and spinal cord). Most people get a ‘rush’ or
obtained from the unripe seedpods of the opium poppy ‘buzz’ within minutes of taking heroin. The effects vary
plant. ‘Narcotics’ are drugs that induce sleep. Heroin is depending on how the heroin is taken, but users generally
a highly addictive drug and people can quickly become feel initially euphoric (high) and then they become warm,
hooked. Heroin is made of morphine and acetic acid and content and relaxed. They may also feel drowsy, the pupils
is much stronger than morphine and twice as addictive. of the eyes become constricted, slurred speech and
Morphine is a powerful pain-killer that is used in impaired attention. Heroin can detach the user from
medicines. feelings of pain and worry. The user may also have no
desire for food, drink or sexual activity.
Heroin may be taken first by sniffing/snorting and if A person who is addicted to heroin may show the
this continued over a prolonged period it can cause following behavioural problems, lying or other deceptive
broken and dilated veins in the nose. The drug is behaviour, avoiding eye contact or distant vision, a
usually injected (mainline) into the limb and veins, substantial increase in the time spent sleeping, decreasing
this provides the greatest intensity and most rapid attention to hygiene and physical appearance, withdrawal
onset of euphoria (high). Addicts may become from friends and family, loss of interest in hobbies and
infected from sharing unsterilised intravenous their favourite activities, repeatedly stealing or borrowing
needles with diseases such as HIV/AIDS, hepatitis and money from family members and friends, hostile
tetanus along with other blood diseases. This is behaviour towards their loved ones, a decline in self-
partially responsible for the spread of these diseases esteem or worsening body image.
among addicts. Needles should not be used more than
once. It is also smoked by users. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
The withdrawal symptoms from heroin can be quit severe, Drinking alcohol contributes to several road accidents.
making it difficult for many people to give it up. Persons Many illnesses are caused by drinking too much alcohol,
who are addicted feel compelled to continue using the cancers, osteoporosis, cirrhosis of the liver. Drinking
drug both because of its relieving effects, and because of alcohol can also lead to antisocial behaviours such as
the symptoms they may experience. These symptoms may crime, violence, unhappy home life and relationships, and
include an intense craving for the drug, profuse sweating, even loss of job.
severe muscle and bone aches, nausea and vomiting,
intense cramping in the legs, inability to sleep, crying, cold Alcohol is an addictive drug that may go unnoticed
sweat, runny nose, chills, fever and diarrhoea. sometimes. Ethanol, the ingredient found in alcohol is
produced as a result of fermentation. Alcohol is
metabolised extremely quickly by the body. Once it reaches
the stomach, it begins to absorb immediately into the
ECSTASY bloodstream. It is also absorbed in the small intestine.
Alcohol causes the capillaries near to the surface of the
skin to dilate, giving a feeling of warmth and wellbeing.
Ecstasy is an amphetamine drug. It acts both as a
stimulant and a hallucinogen. It is taken in pill form,
When a person is intoxicated, the alcohol interferes with
usually in social settings such as parties and clubs. Ecstasy
the ability of the central nervous system to analyse sensory
affects the hormone serotonin in our brain which leads to
information. Hence the person will have the following
mood swings and aggressive behaviour. It also causes
symptoms, shaky feelings, slurred speech, blurred vision,
people to be confused and detached from reality. Ecstasy sweating, dizziness, become talkative, dulling the
causes a feeling of extreme happiness, closeness to others sensation of pain and loss of ability to judge distance and
and lessens anxiety, stress and fear. height, (the reason not to drink and drive because the
reaction time is much slower).
Ecstasy will cause an increase in blood pressure, heart rate
and body temperature. It may also cause exhaustion and Memory loss often occurs to alcoholics and even person
sleeplessness especially in crowded areas. With inhibitions who do not drink heavily. Alcoholics suffer from delirium
reduced, unprotected sexual intercourse may occur. Due tremens. This is the ‘shake’ and hallucination due to the
to increased activity especially dancing, a person who damage of the nervous system. Alcohol is also a diuretic,
takes the drug may lose fluid which can lead to blood so the kidneys directly send fluids straight to the bladder
clotting, unconsciousness and even death. Frequent and making the person urinate excessively and speeding up
long-term users may suffer from depression and other the loss of fluid from the body causing dehydration.
mental illnesses.
It is important that expectant mothers do not drink
alcohol; this can cause damage to the baby. The same
amount of alcohol in the mother’s blood is the same
ALCOHOL AS A DRUG amount in the baby’s blood. If an expectant mother
drinks alcohol during pregnancy, the baby is at risk of
Alcohol is the most widely used drug in our society. developing fetal syndrome. With fetal alcohol
Even though alcohol is a drug, moderate drinking is a syndrome the baby will have growth deficiencies such
socially acceptable behaviour. Alcohol is a depressant as small body size and weight, slower than normal
drug that affects people in a number of ways. It slows development, small head and brain that may cause
down the activity of the central nervous system and subnormal intelligence, facial abnormalities, learning
the messages moving between the brain and the body. disabilities and short attention span.
Alcohol affects the body tissues and as a result causes
a change in behaviour. JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continues on next page
JOL HUMAN & SOCIAL BIOLOGY continued from previous page
Alcohol may also cause miscarriage, preterm birth Marijuana produces a euphoria ‘high’ that generally makes
(baby born too soon) and still birth (baby born dead). the user feel more relaxed, happy and more talkative. It
It is important that expectant mothers avoid alcohol can also increase appetite. Marijuana may also cause a
during pregnancy. rapid heart rate, increased blood pressure and breathing
rate, red eyes, dry mouth and slow reaction time.
Marijuana can also cause anxiety, distrust, fear or panic.
MARIJUANA (CANNABIS) Although marijuana may provide pleasure for males, it can
decrease their testosterone level, which can lead to a
Marijuana also known as ‘ganja’ in Jamaica is an illicit decrease in sperm count and infertility. Marijuana also has
drug. It is the most widely used illicit drug in the world. effects on a woman’s hormones. It can cause irregular
Marijuana comes from the hemp plant Cannabis sativa. As menstrual cycles, depressions and an increase in
a drug, marijuana is a hallucinogen. Hallucinogens are testosterone level. There is also the possibility that she can
drugs that cause hallucinations which are distortions in have children with moderate to severe physical and mental
a person’s perceptions of reality. People see images, hear deficiencies such as learning disabilities because the baby
sounds, and feel sensations that seem real but do not is born with a weak central nervous system.
exist. Marijuana is usually smoked as a cigarette called a
‘spliff’. Some people also smoke it in pipes known as Leroy Munroe is on staff of the Trench Town Polytechnic
‘chillum pipe’ in Jamaica. Like other drugs, marijuana can College " Email: leroy_munroe@yahoo.com
be an addictive drug.
LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

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of CSEC study guides:
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PRINCIPLES OF
ACCOUNTS Lesson 27
with
Tedmore Clarke
MULTIPLE CHOICE QUIZ
Attempt the following questions then check the answers 5. A list of account balances taken from the ledger as at a
at the end of the lesson. particular date is called a
a) trial balance
1. Which of the following BEST describes ‘double-entry’? b) trading account
a) Each account must have two sides c) profit and loss account
b) Each transaction must have two debit entries d) balance sheet
c) Each transaction must have a debit entry and a
6. Why is a trial balance prepared?
credit entry
a) To test the arithmetical accuracy of the
d) Each transaction must have two credit entries
double-entry postings
b) To list real and personal accounts only
c) To ensure that there are no errors in the books
2. The statement that gives the financial position of a d) To ensure that the control accounts are correct
business is a
a) trial balance 7. The process by which closing stock is determined at the
b) trading account end of a period is called
c) profit and loss account a) double-entry
d) balance sheet b) contra-entry
c) stock-taking
d) reconciling
3. Which of the following should NOT be entered in the
8. In the trial balance, discounts received should be shown as
Purchases Account?
a) a debit item
a) Credit purchases of goods
b) a credit item
b) Cash purchases of goods c) either a debit or a credit
c) Purchases of fixed assets d) neither a debit nor a credit
d) Items bought for resale
9. The balance in the discount allowed account is
transferred to the
4. Which of the following transactions should be credited a) trading account
to the cash account of a business? b) profit and loss account
a) Receipts from customers c) balance sheet
b) Additional capital introduced in cash d) two-column cash book
c) Goods sold for cash
d) Cash drawings by proprietor JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continued from previous page
10. Items of long life which are not bought specifically 16. Where the cash book records the complete
for resale are called double-entry for a transaction, this is called
a) intangible assets a) reconciliation
b) fixed assets b) single entry
c) current assets
c) original entry
d) stock
d) contra entry
11. Which of the following is NOT a fixed asset?

a) Motor Vehicle 17. The entries needed to reflect the discount totals in
b) Machinery the general ledger are:
c) Trade Debtor a) Debit Discounts Received; credit Discounts
d) Furniture Allowed
b) Debit Discounts Allowed; credit Discounts
12. Which of the following items should be included in Received
the Trading Account? c) Debit Discounts Allowed; credit Sales
a) Drawings
d) Debit Purchases; credit Discounts Received
b) Carriage on Sales
c) Carriage on Purchases
18. John purchased goods worth $2,000, less 20% trade
d) Transportation Outwards
discount and 5% cash discount. He pays
13. Which of the following are nominal accounts? a) $1,500
I Machinery II Rent b) $1,520
III Fixtures IV Wages c) $1,600
a) I and II only d) $1,900
b) I and III only
c) II and III only 19. Depreciation may be seen as
d) II and IV only
a) the amount spent on buying fixed assets
b) the disposal value of fixed assets
14. Real accounts are
c) the used-up portion of the cost of fixed assets
a) accounts of debtors and creditors
b) those that relate to tangible assets d) the amount spent on repairing fixed assets
c) those relating to personal and nominal
accounts 20. T h e t w o m a i n m et h o d s fo r ca l c u la ti n g
d) those that are included in the final accounts depreci at i on a re
a) Machine Hour and Depletion Unit
15. When Gray receives a cheque for $50 from Brown, b) Revaluation and Straight Line
Gray is known as the c) Depletion Unit and Reducing Balance
a) banker
d) Straight Line and Reducing Balance
b) drawer
c) drawee
d) payee JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
Questions 21-23 are based on the following information. 27. The bad debts account is closed by a transfer to the
a) trial balance
A motor van which costs $5,000 is to be depreciated at the b) trading account
rate of 20%, using the reducing balance method. c) profit and loss account
d) balance sheet
21. The accumulated depreciation after two years
would be 28. A provision for bad debts account is created
a) $800 a) to write off bad debts
b) $1,000 b) to account for debts which are likely to go bad
c) $1,800 c) when debtors pay promptly
d) $2,000 d) when goods are sold for cash
22. What is the remaining book value on the motor van 29. At the end of each period, the balance on the
provision for bad debts account is
after two years?
a) transferred to the trading account
a) $4,200
b) added to fixed assets in the balance sheet
b) $4,000
c) added to debtors in the balance sheet
c) $3,200
d) deducted from debtors on the balance sheet
d) $3,000
Questions 30-32 are based on the following:
23. If the motor van should be sold for $3,500 after two a) banker’s order
years, then there would be b) credit transfer
a) a profit of $300 c) dishonoured cheque
b) a loss of $300 d) late lodgement
c) a loss of $1,500 Each answer may be used once, more than once
d) neither a profit nor a loss or not at all.
24. Working Capital is calculated as: 30. A deposit made by the firm which does not appear
a) total assets less total liabilities on the bank statement is termed
b) total assets less current liabilities ________________________________________________________
c) current assets plus current liabilities
d) current assets less current liabilities 31. Where the proprietor instructs his bank to make
payments on his behalf, this is called
25. Where a business finds it impossible to collect a ________________________________________________________
debt, that debt should be
a) included in debtors 32. A cheque returned by the bank marked ‘Refer to
b) treated as a discount allowed Drawer’ is called _____________________________________
c) set-off
d) written off as bad 33. Accrued wages should appear on the books of the
firm as a
26. The entries needed to write off a debt as a) fixed asset
irrecoverable are b) current asset
a) debit debtor and credit sales c) long-term liability
b) debit bank and credit debtor d) current liability
c) debit debtor and credit bad debts
d) debit bad debts and credit debtor JOL PRINCIPLES OF ACCOUNTS continues on next page
34. Prepaid rates will be shown in the books of the firm

ANSWERS
as a
a) current asset
b) current liability
c) fixed asset 1 c 11 c 21 c 31 a
d) long-term liability
35. Where a trial balance totals fail to agree, the

2 d 12 c 22 c 32 c
difference should be placed in a
a) control account
b) suspense account
c) discounts received account 3 c 13 d 23 a 33 d
d) bad debts recovered account
36. A reduction in the catalogue price of goods is called a 4 d 14 b 24 d 34 a

a) cash discount
b) rebate
c) bad debt
5 a 15 d 25 d 35 b
d) trade discount
37. Which of the following accounts does NOT have a

credit balance? 6 a 16 d 26 d 36 d
a) L. Jones (supplier)
b) Rent Received
c) Carriage Outwards 7 c 17 b 27 c 37 c
d) Bad debts Recovered
38. Carriage outwards relates to transportation cost paid

a) on goods purchased 8 b 18 b 28 b 38 b
b) on goods sold
c) on fixed assets bought
d) on fixed assets sold 9 b 19 c 29 d 39 d
39. When an entry is made in the wrong account, but

within the correct class, such an error is called 10 b 20 d 30 d 40 b
a) error of principle
b) error of original entry
c) complete reversal of entries
d) error of commission This represents the final lesson in this series. Thank
you for having followed these lessons and good luck
40. Where an entry is made in the wrong class of in your exams.
account, this error is called
a) error of commission
b) error of principle Tedmore Clarke is on the staff of Quality Academics
c) error of original entry " Email: tedmoreorless@hotmail.com
d) complete reversal of entries

INTEGRATED
SCIENCE Lesson 27
with
Marlene Grey-Tomlinson
ANSWERS TO LESSON 26
Hello students, here are the answers to the questions in

last week’s lesson. Match the answers given with what you
had, and use the mark scheme to score yourself.
1. (i) Charcoal is formed when wood is heated with

limited supply of air unlike fossil fuel which are
formed by the action of heat and pressure and
living things that have died over millions of years.
(ii) Gasoline is tapped from the point just below
petroleum gases of the fractionating column
where parts of petroleum is separated by
fractional distillation.
(iii) The burning of gasoline causes a knocking in the
engines. (iii) A cough mixture formed two layers when
(iv) Tetraethyl lead was added. left aside to settle down, while a sugar
(v) The burning of the gasoline causing lead solution has solute evenly distributed in
compounds to be emitted into the air. These lead the solvent, even if left aside for hours. The
compounds have bad effects on the nervous particles in the cough mixture can be
systems of children. filtered but sugar in sugar solution cannot
(vi) They are a mixture of gaseous hydrocarbons like be filtered.
methane, ethane and propane. (iv) Ethanol: compound, Air: mixture, Sugar:
(vii) Liquefied gas occupies less space so it is compound, Egg white: colloid
economical to store and transport.
(viii) This is to ensure that the gas is detectable when (b) (i) An emulsion is a colloid where the solid
there is a leak. dirt particles are evenly distributed in the
(ix) Carbon monoxide, soot water.
(ii) The dirt Dissolved in the dirt soluble part
2. (a) (i) The parts of a mixture are not combined in of the soap while the water soluble part of
fixed proportions while the elements that the soap causes the dirt to be evenly
form a compound are. For example the distributed.
amount of salt in sea water can vary but (iii) Shine a light through both mixtures. A
fixed amounts of sodium and chlorine are clear beam of light will be seen through
needed to form sodium chloride. the colloid but not the solution.
(ii) This would cause all parts of the mixture
to be evenly distributed. JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
3 (a) (i) This is because different crops need different (v) The more the wood is submerged the
nutrients so there will always be nutrients greater is the weight of water displaced so
available for the next crop. Also if there are the greater is the upthrust.
disease organisms in the soil which attack the
previous crop, it will not attack the next crop (vi)
as specific organisms attack specific crops.
(ii) Beans are leguminous plants which have
nodules that house bacteria which
converts nitrogen in the air to nitrates.
(iii) The grass growing allows the soil to lay
fallow and also prevents soil erosion.
(iv) The grass does not take in much nutrient
so the soil is allowed to ‘rest’. Also the (vii) Methylated spirit being less dense causes
roots of the grass bind the soil and prevent the objects to sink deeper.
it from being washed away.
(v) This practice helps to return nutrients from 5 (a) (i) Gas, solid and liquid
the old plants back into the soil. (ii) As sound enters the ear it passes through
(vi) Earthworms tunnel into soil, thus aerating the ear in the ear canal. Then it passes
it. Also the droppings of earthworms through the three bones of the middle ear
increase nutrient content of soil. and finally through the liquid in the
(b) (i) Ectoparasites live inside the host while cochlea.
endoparasites live on the host (iii) The vibrations through the cochlea activate
(ii) Ectoparasite: aphids, love vine tiny hairs attached to sensory cells which
Endoparasites: smuts, and rusts send impulses to the brain to interpret as
(iii) Rusts causes black or brown spots to form sound.
on leaves. This reduces the leaves ability (iv) It helps to maintain the pressure in the
to photosynthesize’ inner ear.
(b) (i) False. Although we can’t hear such sounds,
4. (a) (i) To show that the density of objects depend its presence can cause us to be confused,
on the volume it encloses.
depressed and even lose control over our
(ii) The one in the shape of a boat
movements.
(iii) The one in the shape of a boat has the
(ii) True. Toy phones which use wire for sound
same mass but a bigger volume as its
volume includes that of the air it encloses. to travel allow sound to be heard in a
This gives it a smaller density as density is shorter time than through air.
mass divided by volume. (iii) True. Piano and guitar played on C note
(iv) The mass of the plasticines. have different sounds because the notes
have different harmonics.
(b) (i) Different wood is submerged in different
amounts in water.
(ii) The wood pieces are of different densities 6 (a) (i) In the first method, the fulcrum is in the
due to differences in masses.
middle while in the second method, the
(iii) It is the force exerted on a floating object
load is in the middle.
and is proportional to the weight of water
displaced.
(iv) A,B and C JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continues on next page
JOL INTEGRATED SCIENCE continued from previous page
(ii)
(ii) Method 2 (c) (i) Is the interaction of glucose with oxygen

to produce energy, with water and carbon
(b) (i) A wheel and axle. dioxide as bi-products
(ii) They need energy to live and perform functions.
(ii) The bigger the wheel is the lesser is the
(iii) The food is sent to the cells by the phloem
effort needed to turn the screw driver.
vessels and then diffuses into the root hair
(iii) The bigger the wheel is the bigger the cells. It obtains oxygen through diffusion
distance that the effort has a travel. So it from the air in the soil.
will take more time to screw.
8 (a) (i) Anticlockwise
(ii) C
(iii) Half of the moon reflects the light from the
7 (a) (i) It produces spores which are needed for sun in this position.
reproduction. (iv) The force of gravity of the moon and sun
(ii) It cannot make its own food as it does not pulls on the sea water on earth.
have chlorophyll. (v) A and C
(iii) A mushroom (vi) Both moon and sun are in line so the forces
of gravity are greatest in these positions.
(iv) Water enters both cells by osmosis and the
water reverts a high pressure on the cell (b) (i) The periwinkles are able to close up to
membranes. The red blood cell burst under protect itself from the drying effects of the
this pressure but the cell of the organism sun.
(ii) The upper shore gets more heat from the
does not because of the tough cell wall
sun as they are only underwater during
that encloses the cell membrane. high tide. The middle shore has longer
(v) It decomposes organic substance and hours of being underwater so it is not as
releases carbon dioxide also when it dry as the upper shore.
respires, carbon dioxide is released. (iii) It is the region below the low water mark.
(iv) The water in the rock pools might
evaporate so it becomes more salty as they
might not be replenished by the sea.
(b) (i) The presence of light by the rising sun
(v) Encrusting red algae
(ii) Respiration
(iii) As the sun rise higher, the intensity of light Until next week, have fun learning.
increases from morning to noon; rate of
photosynthesis increases. As the sun sets Marlene Grey-Tomlinson is on the staff of Excelsior High
School " Email: mgrey.xlcr@gmail.com
the rate of photosynthesis decreases.

ENGLISH
LITERATURE Lesson 27
with
Simone Gibbs
PROSE
Hello again students. Thank you for joining me again this

week as you continue your preparation for examination.
Last week I focused on the prose section of Paper 02 of the
examination and the novels in particular. This week I will
continue to pay attention to the same area. I will however OR
pay special attention to the short stories from A World of 2. Choose TWO stories from the prescribed list that you
Prose for CSEC edited by David Williams and Hazel have studied in which a child seeks to shape his/her
Simmons-McDonald. own identity.
Write an essay in which you describe the expectations

Remember that unlike the novels, you will be required to placed on the child in EACH story. In this essay you
compare two of the short stories in your response. As such must also compare and contrast how EACH child tries
you should be looking to compare and contrast the stories to shape his/her identity and explain the outcome of
their actions. (Total 25 marks)
as you study them.
In several of the stories you might have noticed that there
Unlike the novels also, there will be two questions on the are childhood narrators who are in the process of trying
short stories. There will be one question that will ask to shape their own identities. In doing this they might
about two specific stories and another question that will appear to be strong-willed or even disrespectful to the
adults around him. Here are some stories which fall into
allow you to choose from among the stories. Here are
that category.
examples of such questions.
• The Man of the House by Frank O’Connor
SAMPLE QUESTIONS • The Boy Who Loved Ice Cream by Olive Senior
• The Day the World Almost Came to an End by Pearl

1. The stories “Berry” and “Blackout” are both stories Crayton
about racism.
• The Two Grandmothers by Olive Senior
Write an essay in which you describe the situation of • To Da-duh, in Memoriam by Paule Marshall
racism that the main character in EACH story faces. In Today I will discuss To Da-duh, in Memoriam and The Day
this essay, you must also discuss the impact of the the World Almost Came to an End.
racism experienced and explain ONE view that EACH
author has about racism. (Total 25 marks) JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
As the contest continues, it is apparent that the

TO DA-DUH, IN MEMORIAM
granddaughter is emerging as the winner. Finally, Da-duh
takes Soul to the tallest palm tree she knows. Da-duh is
The title of the story might seem strange to some readers sure that there is nothing in the world that is as tall as this
as the words “da-duh” and “memoriam” may be tree, but alas, the narrator confidently states that there
unfamiliar. Da-duh is simply a word that is used in some are many buildings in New York that are much taller than
Caribbean islands for grandmother and the term in this tree and that the Empire State Building, the tallest
memoriam means ‘in memory of’ (Oxford, 1998). The story building in the world at that time, was even taller than
is therefore, written by a grandchild, in this case a Bissex Hill, possibly the highest hill that Da-duh knows.
granddaughter, who reflects on the experiences she had
with her grandmother and writes in honour of her
Upon hearing this news Da-duh is obviously deflated. At
grandmother who is now deceased.
this point the narrator, although sensing ultimate victory,
is saddened by the impact on her grandmother who seems
The story is set in Barbados, around 1937 – before there
to lose her passion for living after this incident. This is how
were commercial aeroplanes. Although the narrator’s
she remained, a fervourless shell, until Soul and her family
parents were from Barbados, she was born in New York.
She meets her grandmother for the first time when she returns to New York. Later when they get news of Da-duh’s
travels back to the island, on a boat, with other relatives. death, it is reported that she was found dead after noisy
The narrator is only nine years old and the grandmother aeroplanes had flown low over the land, upsetting the
is “eighty odd years” but immediately there is tension fruit trees and scaring everyone. This was a deliberate
between the two of them when they meet. Firstly, the attempt by the British to scare the natives into submission
grandchildren are girls with dark skin – Da-duh preferred during a national strike in 1937.
boys and grandchildren that were fair-skinned. Secondly,
instead of greeting the narrator by touching her, the way As she gets older the granddaughter recognizes and
she greeted her sister, Da-duh stares into her face and then acknowledges the beauty and value of her
recoils. According to the narrator, apparently, Da-duh had grandmother’s natural world. As an adult she shows her
seen something “disturbing, even threatening” in her. remorse for the way she had treated Da-duh by living in
Thereafter they both stare at each other for a while, then a noisy, uncomfortable loft in New York and painting
Da-duh eventually looks away. pictures of the natural environment that she had
encountered in Barbados.
This tension continues throughout the story as there is an
on-going conflict between the two of them. The conflict is
based mainly on the view that each one holds about her THE DAY THE WORLD ALMOST CAME TO AN END
place of birth. The grandmother believes that Barbados
and all its natural wonders, is superior to the concrete This story is set in 1936 on a plantation in Louisiana
jungle that was called New York. The granddaughter (southern United States). It is narrated by a little girl
disagreed, however. She believed that nothing on this whose parents were “churchgoing Christians”. The
island could compare to the modern, advanced place that narrator was aware that she should live according to
she was from. Whenever Da-duh challenged the narrator,
Christian principles but chose not to because she
who she referred to as Soul, and pointed out a particular
considered that sin was too sweet. Then her cousin Rena
feature of the island that she thought was magnificent and
tells her that the world was going to an end that Saturday.
better than anything in New York, Soul was able to refute
That changes things.
this and instead highlighted something in New York that
could outdo whatever natural aspect of the island that
Da-duh was boasting about. JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continues on next page
JOL ENGLISH LITERATURE continued from previous page
Although the narrator tries to refute what her cousin has What a spectacle she created. The neighbours came out of
their houses with their lamps to see what the commotion
said, she is still frightened. Based on her actions she would
was about. Fortunately, her father and some other deacons
surely end up in hell if the world ended. She reflects on the
terrible images of hell that the preacher had spoken of were coming up the road from church as she was running
from the pulpit – the eternal fire that burned and burned and he stopped her. He had heard her shouting that the
and people never died. world was coming to an end. He had also heard the loud
sound in the sky and knew that it was an aeroplane. As such
To allay her fears the narrator decides to question her he told her that what she was hearing was an aeroplane
father who is a deacon in the church. Her father laughs and and that it was not the sounds of the world ending.
tells her that although he is sure that the world will end
When she looks into the sky she sees a light moving slowly
one day, nobody knows exactly when that day will be. He
across. Although she had heard about aeroplanes, she had
also tells her that she should not worry about such things
never seen one before (remember this is 1936). It was truly
or she would live a miserable life just waiting around for
a frightening ordeal, made worse by the rumour she had
the end to come.
heard that the world was about to end.
When her father goes off to church that Friday she is still As she walks back up the road to the house with her father,
worried. The narrator gets into bed but she does not go the narrator is overjoyed. She becomes aware of how
to sleep. Instead she stays awake with visions of hell on precious life is. She even appreciates the simple things that
her mind. Suddenly she hears a low rumbling sound in the she once took for granted and pledges to live and enjoy
distance. She is sure that it is not thunder. The sound is life to the fullest after this frightening experience.
constant and gets increasingly louder and louder. Then the
earth seemed to be vibrating and the sky seemed to be That’s the lesson for this week. I hope you will join me next
caving in! The narrator concludes that the world was week as you continue to prepare for the exam.
coming to an end after all.
Simone Gibbs is on the staff of Calabar High School
She runs out of her house in her nightgown and runs down
" Email: simonecgibbs@yahoo.com
the road screaming that the world was coming to an end.
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THE DAILY OBSERVER Tuesday, April 24, 2018 Page 32 www.jamaicaobserver.com
Online:
► Communication
Studies 33 – 36
► Caribbean
Studies 37 – 40
PENSIVE
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watched their team play against Denham Town High School on Thursday, April
19, 2018. Denham Town High prevailed and will advance to the final round.
(PHOTO: GARFIELD ROBINSON)
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COMMUNICATION
STUDIES Lesson 27
with
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan
LANGUAGES IN THE CARIBBEAN
Hi everyone and welcome to another week of review for

CAPE Communication Studies. Before we get into this
week’s lesson let us check your answers for last week’s
multiple choice questions. I hope you got everything
correct and that your confidence is boosted for your exams.
ANSWERS
Items 1-5
1. D 2. C 3. A 4. B 5. C
For this week we will be getting into some more multiple choice items but this time for modules 2.
In your syllabus you will realise that you are expected to know about the different languages spoken in other parts of
the Caribbean region. What we find is that the standardized language of an island is based on its colonisers. Let us
look at our situation in Jamaica for example. We were colonized by the British and so our standardized language is
English. A similar concept can be said for another island. Let us look at Cuba. Spain was the colonizer and so you will
find that they are a Spanish speaking territory. Let us have a look at some of the salient points you need to remember
for this aspect of the syllabus.
LANGUAGE IN OTHER TERRITORIES
• There are many varieties or types of languages, even within one island.
• With these differences it can be said that we speak a dialect.
• A dialect then is any variety of a language spoken by a group of people
• So we all speak different varieties of Standard English (British, American & Caribbean)
• These standard forms share the same structures and are internationally acceptable i.e. they are understood by
other speakers of English around the world.
• The differences lie primarily in vocabulary, pronunciation and spelling.
JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continues on next page

JOL COMMUNICATION STUDIES continued from previous page
The table below will give you a view of some of the different words used across the region – for the same thing, believe it or not.
BARBADOS GUYANA TRINIDAD & TOBAGO ST. LUCIA JAMAICA SOURCE

Ackee Ginep Chenet Ackee guinep Quenepo (American Spanish)
Gossip Talkname Commes Ro-ro Cass-cass gossip
Vowas
Likrish Likrish Likrish Craven greedy
(Fr. Creole)
firefly Candle-fly Candle-fly Firefly Peeny-walli firefly
If you thought it was only bulla as highlighted on the Ity & Fancy Cat show well guess again. It is so interesting that
so many words will exist for just about the same item. Well, we are an absolutely diverse region, right?
Below you will see that there are a myriad of languages spoken in the region. Again, note that the standardized version
is based on who colonized the island therefore the creole of any island will differ and have aspects of the parent
language. Have a look at what I mean.
ISLAND OFFICIAL LANGUAGE CREOLE OTHER LANGUAGES

Cuba Spanish Spanish
Dominican Republic Spanish Spanish
Puerto Rico Spanish Spanish English
Barbados English English Creole
Jamaica English English Creole
St. Kitts English English Creole
St. Vincent English English Creole
Montserrat English English Creole
British & US Virgin Island English English Creole
St Lucia English FC & EC
Grenada English EC FC
Dominica English FC & EC
Aruba Dutch Papiamentu Eng & Span
Bonaire Dutch Papiamentu English
Curacao Dutch Papiamentu Eng & Span
St Maarten Dutch EC Eng, Pap & Span
Seba Dutch EC Eng, Pap & Span
St Eustatius Dutch EC Eng, Pap & Span

I am hoping that you would have seen that there are actually some islands that have more than one language as it
Creole language. If this may seem a bit much for some of you at this point just remember to note the colonisers of the
island and it should help with you being able to identify the corresponding Creole.
This is where we will end for this week but of course I would like to leave you with a few practice questions. Please be
reminded that where you have questions do not be afraid to ask your teacher for help. You should have concretised
your study groups by now so you can also have your discussions when next you meet.
I am also sharing a video which should help to summarise what we covered today.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=2az52fX1trU

Items 1 – 3
Instructions: Examine the following table which displays the linguistic groupings of four Caribbean countries and
then answer Items 1 - 3.
1 2 3 4
Dominica St. Kitt Dominican Republic St Eustatius
St. Lucia Haiti Puerto Rico Aruba
1. The citizens of countries listed in Column 3 are predominantly speakers of

(A) Dutch
(B) French
(C) English
(D) Spanish
2. On the basis of language spoken, which of the following countries could replace Arubain Column 4?
(A) Saba
(B) Belize
(C) Dominica
(D) St Thomas
3. In which of the following islands would a group of Trinidadians be likely to encounter the LEAST difficulty
communicating with the locals?
(A) St. Croix
(B) St. Lucia
(C) St. Vincent
(D) St. Eustatius
For next week’s lesson we will look at some more multiple choice questions as we finalise our review of the syllabus
and as you look forward to your study break. Until next week, take are, and don’t forget to read and prepare.
Peta-Gaye Perkins Bryan is on the staff of

Queen’s High School for Girls
" Email: perkins.pg@gmail.com

CARIBBEAN
STUDIES Lesson 27
with
Debgeri Whitely
CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPORTS
AND INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS
Hello everyone, welcome back to today’s lesson. We are at the last lap of the Caribbean Sea
Syllabus and the unit of focus comes from Module 2: Issues in Caribbean
Development; Contributions of Sports and Intellectual Traditions. Remember
you need to be reading in order to comprehend the topic(s) that are covered
each week. See you next week and all the best for the remainder of this week.
CONTRIBUTIONS OF SPORTS
Sport has been a dominant
feature of Caribbean society
since colonization. It has
contributed to educational
advancement, recreational
f ul f il l men t, he a lt h an d
f i tn ess w ell - be ing an d
economic development in
the region.
“Adopted from CAPE Caribbean
Studies by Ottley, Gentles and
Dawson, Page 259”
Sports is generally defined as

physical activities that have a
history and precise rules
about how a game should be
played. The definition may
be expanded to include
activities sometimes
considered casual such a
walking and aerobics. Sports
contributes significantly to
different aspects of one’s
life. The diagram to the
right h i g h l i g h t s s o m e
contributions of sports. JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continued from previous page
Sports can also be seen as an avenue for sustainable development in the Caribbean. It can be seen as an avenue to
increase equity, productivity, empowerment and sustainability.
AVENUES MEANS/WAYS
• Promotes a healthy lifestyle. This is particularly important when there are disparities in the
health system. Sports offers not only fitness but is also a vehicle for the prevention of lifestyle
diseases such as diabetes and heart disease. Sport helps to strengthen the cardio vascular
Equity and skeletal systems, improves mental and emotional health and builds endurance.
• Offers opportunities for study abroad. Often this is the only opportunity individuals may
have to afford tertiary education. Tertiary education and the job opportunities that are
opened are vehicles for social mobility.
• Professional sports and amateur activities can increase the Gross Domestic Product of a
country. Income may be gained from athletes’ efforts as well as the other professionals who
support sporting events and organizations.
• A health conscious population will be more attentive to nutrition and should abstain more readily
Productivity from alcohol, smoking and other harmful practices. This will reduce health care costs particularly
if there is a sport policy which includes children, youth, adults the aged and disabled.
• There’s the theory that sport fosters discipline which contributes to productivity.
• Tourism may be boosted by sports. International matches attract spectators, media houses
and officials. These events are often catalysts for extended vacations.
• Many Caribbean people have distinguished themselves in Sport as participants,

administrators and entrepreneurs. Common examples include, Usain Bolt (Athletics), Brian
Lara (cricket), Mike Fennel (Former Head of the Commonwealth Games). Their efforts offer a
Empowerment sense of pride, achievement and unity.
See diagram on page 261 of CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson.
• Fosters a Caribbean identity. The success of the Caribbean nationals in areas such as football,
athletics and cricket help to develop Caribbean consciousness and pride.
• Human health and wellbeing are maintained, thus decreasing the prominence of lifestyle illnesses.
Sustainability
• Parks, fields and tracks provide green areas for communities.
ACTIVITY 1
3 Please do additional reading on sports (traditional/non-traditional) in the Caribbean. Focus should be placed on
outstanding sports men and women from the Caribbean and how their participating in the sport contributions to
the Caribbean society (how the Caribbean benefits).
3 Discuss at least FIVE challenges to Sports.
3 Assess the role of the following and the correlation to development:
• Usain Bolt; ISSA Boy’s and Girl’s Championships; 20/20 Cricket.
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

INTELLECTUAL TRADITIONS AND DEVELOPMENT
“For hundreds of years ideologies in the Caribbean were framed and guided by European colonial forces. The European culture
of empire and white superiority were imposed as the dominant culture, which also included intellectual thought and ideas.
By the start of the 20th century, thinkers were emerging from within the region: people such as Marcus Garvey and Aime’
Cesaire. These Pan-Africanists embraced Mother Africa and were very influential in promulgating original and somewhat
revolutionary ideas for their time. These thinkers challenged the existing stereotypes of limited black cognitive capacity.”
Adopted from CAPE Caribbean Studies by Ottley, Gentles and Dawson, page 242.
3 Define the terms Pan-Africanism, Negritude, Rastafari, Industrialization by Invitation, Marxism and Dependency
Theory, Feminist.
3 Explain how the above terms impacts on development in the region.
3 Outline and assess Caribbean feminist thought and the contribution of Indo-Caribbean thought and Indigenous
perspectives on development.
JOL CARIBBEAN STUDIES continues on next page

ACTIVITY 2
From the definitions below, match the correct the following words (Pan-Africanism, Negritude, Rastafari,
Industrialization by Invitation, Marxism and Dependency Theory) to their meaning.
TERMS DEFINITIONS
Jamaican-based religion worshipping the late Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie as a
black divinity.
Associated with the notion of a strong woman demanding equal rights.
Ideas of a prominent sociologists for a classless society, with no government or private

ownership.
Union of people of African heritage both in and outside of Africa.
The notion that the ‘periphery’ (poor undeveloped countries) produce and sell primary
products or raw materials to the ‘core’ (rich industrialized countries) at very low prices.
The development strategy where foreign investors are encouraged by incentives to
set up manufacturing industries in the Caribbean countries.
Assertion of French black culture as a separate entity.
ACTIVITY 3
Independent Research
Using the table below show the following:
3 Explain how these terms - Pan-Africanism, Negritude, Rastafari, Industrialization by Invitation, Marxism and
Dependency Theory, and Feminist impacts on development in the region
3 Outline and assess Caribbean feminist thought and the contribution of Indo-Caribbean thought and Indigenous
perspectives on development.
Factors giving rise

Intellectual Tradition Key proponents Purpose of movement Impact of movement
to the movement
Debgeri Whitely is on the staff of St. Hugh’s High School

" Email: dwhitely@sthughshigh.org

Study Centre April 24, 2018

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► Human and Social Biology 19 – 21

BUSS A DANCE! &

ENGLISH LANGUAGE MATHEMATICS SOCIAL STUDIES INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY

ENGLISH LITERATURE COMMUNICATION STUDIES CARIBBEAN STUDIES CAREER TALK

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GEOMETRY – THE CIRCLE 7 8 9

The CIRCUMFERENCE is the

A RADIUS is the distance from

A CHORD is a line from one

A DIAMETER is a chord that

An ARC is a fraction of the

A SECTOR is an area enclosed

A TANGENT is a line external

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

(3) The angle formed at the circumference from a

(2) The angle formed at the centre from a CHORD is

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

(6) A CYCLIC QUADRILATERAL is a four-sided figure within

JOL MATHEMATICS continues on next page

EXAMPLE 1 d) !DOB is the apex of an isosceles triangle. OD and OB

The diagram below, not drawn to scale, shows a circle with

Calculate, giving reasons for each step of your answer, the

a) !BDE b) !BFE c) !EBF d) !DOB e) !DEB

The key to solving CIRCLE THEOREM problems is to pay

b) !BFE = 90°. This is also an angle formed at the

PEACE and LOVE!

LECTURE SERIES (3rd Edition)

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In this lesson, the focus will be on Thrift. BUDGET

SAVE REGULARLY SAVINGS

Individuals/consumers may save money when they

HOW THE REGION / REASONS WHY CONSUMERS SAVE

WAYS IN WHICH THE GOVERNMENT CAN ENCOURAGE CONSUMERS TO SAVE

• Educating consumers about the importance and benefits of saving

• Offering tax benefits on savings

ANSWERS: TRUE/FALSE ITEMS

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This lesson will conclude our analysis of the

JANUARY 2018 – Section 2

This lesson picks up at Section 2 Question 7.

The January exam tested Word Processing and Spreadsheet Management.

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Here is a diagram of the MS Word 2016 desktop for a quick review:

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Name four (4)

When writing responses to these questions, remember no detailed explanation is necessary.

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

(b) Use the fill

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

JANUARY 2018 – Section 3

Consider the following algorithm

Input weight, year

(a) What do you think is the purpose of this program?

(b) Real or float (examiner will accept any)

(c) Letters or words or symbols would not be suitable

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Draw a flowchart from the following pseudocode:

Initialize count to zero

JOL INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY continues on next page

Cost: Array[1…8] of real