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discrimination
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 WHAT IS RACISM?
Ø Racism is the belief that the genetic factors which
constitute race are a primary determinant of human traits
and capacities. (Merriam-Webster)
Ø Racial differences produce an inherent superiority of a
particular race. (Merriam-Webster)
Ø Racism is a theory of races hierarchy which argues that the
superior race should be preserved and should dominate the
others. Racism can also be an unfair attitude towards
another ethnic group. Racism can also be defined as a
violent hostility against a social group. (UNCHR)
Ø Racisms effects are called racial discriminations.
 BRIEF HISTORY OF
RACISM
Ø Many scientists subscribed to the belief that the human
population can divided into races.
Ø The term racism is a noun describing the state of being
racist, i.e., subscribing to the belief that the human
population can or should be classified into races with
differential abilities and dispositions, which in turn may
motivate a political ideology in which rights and privileges
are differentially distributed based on racial categories.
 EARLY 18 TH CENTURY
• Race is a natural fact in physical terms and a
social construct. (Barton, 2003)
• The Irish prefer the tribe of Watutsis which are
physically different and stronger from Eskimos, as
better servants of the 18th century
• Hence, making Eskimos systematically oppressed
and made as an "inferior" race as slaves of the
same period.
 EARLY 18 TH CENTURY
• Greeks and Romans made slaves of
whom they considered inferior.
• Slaves were classified due to their social
status and economic class to which this
was condition precedent to their
inferiority and tasks as slaves
• They were classified to their intellect and
strengths.
• Those in the higher intellectual range
served as librarians, accountants, tutors,
secretaries
• While those in the lower rank were sex
slaves and industrial workers
 RACIAL SEGREGATION
• Racial segregation is the separation, either by law or by action, of people of
different races in all manner of daily activities, such as education, housing,
and the use of public facilities.
• Thus, it is a form of institutional racism.
• Racial segregation laws have existed in many countries, notably the United
States, Nazi Germany, and South Africa during the Apartheid era.
 RACIAL SEGREGATION IN THE
UNITED STATES
• Regarded by many as second-class
citizens, blacks were separated from
whites by law through transportation,
public accommodations, recreational
facilities, prisons, armed forces, and
schools in both Northern and Southern
states. (Brown v. Board of Education)
• Legal segregation of schools was
stopped in the U.S. by federal
enforcement of a series of Supreme
Court decisions after Brown v. Board of
Education in 1954.
• All legally enforced public segregation
abolished by the Civil Rights Act of 1964.
 HITLER AND NAZI RACISM
• The racial policy of Nazi Germany was a
set of policies and laws implemented in
Nazi Germany (1933–45) based on a
specific racist doctrine asserting the
superiority of the Aryan race, which
claimed scientific legitimacy.
• The Nazis considered Jews, Gypsies, Poles
and other Slavic people such as the
Russians, Ukrainians, Czechs and anyone
else who was not an "Aryan" according to
the contemporary Nazi race terminology
to be SUBHUMAN.
• Nazis believed that Germans, being the
superior race, had a biological right to
displace, eliminate and enslave inferiors or
subhumans.
• Hence the infamous Holocaust.
 KINDS OF RACISM
• Individual Racism
Individual racism can be described as the type of racism where the actions,
believes and attitudes of an individual person are characterized racial
preference. (Socberty, 2011)
• Institutional Racism
Institutional racism also known as systemic racism is a form
of racism expressed in the practice of social and political institutions.
Institutional racism is also racism by individuals or informal social groups.
(Miller, 2017)
• Cultural Racism
Relies on cultural differences rather than on biological markers of racial
superiority or inferiority. (Gale, 2008)
 LAWS
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (1975)
- was one of the first human rights treaties to be adopted by the United
Nations (UN). The Convention is widely supported with more than 150
countries having ratified it.
- under the Convention, racial discrimination occurs when a person or group
is treated differently because of their race, colour, descent, national origin
or ethnic origin and this treatment impairs, or is intended to impair their
human rights and fundamental freedoms.
 INTERNATIONAL LAWS
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial
Discrimination (1975)
- Through this convention the human rights and fundamental freedoms set
out in Article 5 of the Convention, are intended to be preserved and
protected for each persons which have their own Civil and Political rights in
particular:
§ equal treatment before the courts;
§ protection by the Government against violence or bodily harm;
§ right to participation in elections and to take part in the Government as well as in
the conduct of public affairs at any level and to have equal access to public
service;
§ freedom of movement and residence;
§ right to own property alone as well as in association with others;
§ right to freedom of thought, conscience, religion opinion and expression and of
peaceful assembly and association.
 INTERNATIONAL LAWS
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (1966)

• This convention obliges State Parties to respect a range of rights dealing

with government and civic life such as the right to life, the right to vote and
the right to equality before the law. These standards inform the rights
component of civics education.
Article 26
All persons are equal before the law and are entitled without any
discrimination to the equal protection of the law. In this respect, the law shall
prohibit any discrimination and guarantee to all persons equal and effective
protection against discrimination on any ground such as race, colour, sex,
language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin,
property, birth or other status.
 DECLARATIONS
• Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination
(1963) advocates the elimination of racial discrimination in all areas of public life
including education.
• Declaration on the Promotion among Youth of the Ideals of Peace, Mutual
Respect and Understanding between Peoples (1965) advocates that young
people shall be brought up in the knowledge of the dignity and equality of all
men, without distinction as to race, colour, ethnic origins or beliefs, and in
respect for fundamental human rights and for the right of peoples to self-
determination.
• UNESCO Recommendation concerning Education for International
Understanding, Co-operation and Peace and Education relating to
Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1974) deals with the
importance of promoting racial tolerance in education.
 DECLARATIONS
• UNESCO Declaration on Fundamental Principles concerning the
Contribution of the Mass Media to Strengthening Peace and International
Understanding, to the Promotion of Human Rights and to Countering
Racialism, Apartheid and Incitement to War (1978)deals with the role of the
mass media in countering racism in the media.
• UNESCO Declaration on Race and Racial Prejudice (1978) deals with the
rights of people to maintain and develop distinct cultural identities.
• Declaration on the Elimination of All Forms of Intolerance and of
Discrimination Based on Religion or Belief (1981)deals with the elimination
of discrimination and the protection of the rights of people’s religious beliefs.
• Declaration on the Rights of Persons Belonging to National or Ethnic,
Religious or Linguistic Minorities (1992) deals with the elimination of
discrimination and the protection of the rights of people of certain minority
groups.
 PHILIPPINE LAWS
Article III, 1987 Constitution
• The Bill of Rights in the 1987 Constitution guarantees equal protection for every
Filipino, and prohibits discrimination of persons based on ethnicity, race,
religion or belief, political inclination, social class, sex, gender, sexual
orientation, gender identity, gender expression, civil status, medical condition,
or any other status in the enjoyment of rights.
Section 11, Article II, 1987 Constitution
• The fundamental law also declares that the State values the dignity of every
human person and guarantees full respect for human rights.
Philippines is a signatory to numerous international agreements
• that seek to ensure respect for the human rights of all persons regardless of
ethnicity, race, religion or belief, political inclination, social class, sex, gender,
sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression, civil status, medical
condition, or any other status.
• These international human rights instruments have been constantly upheld by
international institutions, such as the United Nations Human Rights Committee
and the United Nations Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights
 PENDING PHILIPPINE LAWS
• Senate Bill 2122 (Filed on February 12, 2014 by Aquino IV, Paolo Benigno
"Bam”)
ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT OF 2014
“An act prohibiting discrimination on the basis of ethnicity, race, religion or belief, political
inclination, social class, sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity, gender expression,
civil status, HIV, status and other medical condition and providing penalties therefor”
• Senate Bill 948 (Filed on August 1, 2016 by Angara, Juan Edgardo "Sonny"
M.)
COMPREHENSIVE ANTI-DISCRIMINATION ACT OF 2016
“An act prohibiting discrimination on the basis of age, racial or ethnic origin, religious beliefs
or activity, political inclination, social class, sex, gender, sexual orientation, gender identity and
expressions, marital or relationship status, disability, HIV, status, health status or medical
history, language, physical features, and other status, and providing penalties therefor”
 EXAMPLES OF RACISM IN ASIA

• Racism is the lowest, most crudely primitive form of collectivism. It is the

notion of ascribing moral, social or political significance to a man's genetic
lineage — the notion that a man's intellectual and characterological traits
are produced and transmitted by his internal body chemistry. Which
means, in practice, that a man is to be judged, not by his own character
and actions, but by the characters and actions of a collective of
ancestors. -Ayn Rand, The Objectivist (1962)
• Collectivism and Racism are correlating ideas that are best explained by
stating that Racism is the “ugly” form of Collectivism.
• Asian countries, as predominantly collectivist societies, are prone to racism.
• China has the idea of Sinocentrism; an idea describing mainland China
and the Chinese people as the central figure-head of culture in the world.
(Tan Chung. (1973)
 EXAMPLES OF RACISM IN ASIA

• Japan was reported to be a racist and xenophobic country as of the

reports of Doudou Diene, a Special Rapporteur of United Nations. This is
exhibited by their considerably low numbers of refugees accepted
compared to western nations. (Isozaki, Y. (2002).
• In South Korea, “Whites” or Caucasians are greatly preferred to be hired as
English teachers as Koreans tend to associate “white-ness” or fairness of
skin as a positive predictor of English proficiency. (Ethnic Bias Seen in South
Korea Teacher Hiring [Television series episode]. (2007, July 9). In J. Strother
(Producer), National Public Radio. Washington D.C., NE.)
 RACISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

• During the Spanish era, Insulares, or Spaniards born in the

Philippines, are heavily discriminated by Peninsulares, Spaniards
born in Europe.
• Chinese living in the Philippines were discriminated by the Filipinos
and Spaniards by promulgating the idea they are still foreigners. This
racism was supported by Spanish legislation of laws against ethnic
Chinese, stating that they are in need of help in assimilating with
the locals. (Weightman, George (1967).
• Polls have shown that Filipinos are racists against the Moro people
or Muslims. This is brought upon the well-propagated idea of
correlation of terrorism and Islam. (Monsod, S. (2005, November 5).
 RACISM IN THE PHILIPPINES

• Majority of Filipinos see fairness of skin as superior beauty

compared to darker skin. Caucasian or Mestizo attributes such as
pointed nose and brown to blonde hair are considered more
beautiful or appealing.
• Middle-eastern people are still racially discriminated by most
Filipinos today. With the former being associated to sinister activities
and “5/6”
• As a counter point, Colonial Mentality is a concept deeply
engraved in the Filipino society. This is evidenced by our continuous
preference of foreign “branded” products over local ones.
 EFFECTS OF RACISM

• Racism has considerably effect on a person’s psychosocial aspects.

• Studies have shown that Racial-related stresses produce chronic
psychological distress compared to stress brought by life-events. (Utsey,
et. al. 2008,)
• Racism has an effect on a person’s negative affect or his/her
perceptions of the world. It promotes cynicism, daily anger,
nervousness, and sadness. (Brondolo, E., Brady, N., Thompson, S., Tobin, J. N.,
Cassells, A., Sweeney, M., … Contrada, R. J. (2008).
• On society in general, institutional racism promotes negative relations
between ethnic groups that may led to wide-scale fights or violence.
This is supported by world events that happened as offshoot of racism
such as; World War II, American Civil War, Racial segregation of 1960s.
• Racism is an evil that is continually fought by Human Rights
Conventions as it jeopardizes basic inherent rights such as equality,
liberty, and decisional privacy.
 SOLUTION/RECOMMENDATION

• The government has to combat racism by allowing the

legislation of anti-racism laws.
• Most importantly, the defeat of racism has to start from
the improvement of the public’s education and
awareness
• Racism is a concept that has to thrive depending on the
morals, views, and actions of the people, therefore; the
State and its people must exert consistent effort to raise
awareness against racism and its effects. (we end our
presentation with an awareness campaign)