Parts of Respiratory System

Ang mga adenoid (tinatawag din sa Ingles bilang mga pharyngeal tonsil o mga nasopharyngeal tonsil)
ay mga tisyu na nasa pinakalikuran ng ilong, na nasa loob ng bubong ng nasopharynx, kung saan
sumasanib ang ilong papaloob sa bibig. Sa mga bata, normal na gumagawa ang mga ito ng isang
malambot na bilog na kimpal sa loob ng bubong at panlikod (posteryor) na dingding ng nasopharynx, sa
ibabaw lamang at likuran ng uvula. Ang pagtatanggal ng mga adenoid sa pamamagitan ng siruhiya ay
tinatawag na adenoidektomiya.

Tonsils are the two lymph nodes located on each side of the back of your throat. They function as a
defense mechanism. They help prevent your body from infection. When the tonsils become infected, the
condition is called tonsillitis. Tonsillitis can occur at any age and is a common childhood infection.

Ang lalaugan (Latin: (pharynx) kung isahan, na nagiging pharinges kapag maramihan)[1] ay ang bahagi
ng lalamunan na kaagad na nakalagay sa ibaba o ilalim ng bibig at lukab ng ilong, at nasa itaas o ibabaw
ng lalanga (esopago) at bagtingan. Ang lalaugang pantao ay pangkaraniwang hinahati sa tatlong mga
bahagi: ang nasoparinks (epiparinks), ang oroparinks (mesoparinks), at
ang haypoparinks (laringgoparinks). Ang lalaugan ay bahagi ng sistemang dihestibo at gayon din
ng sistemang respiratoryo; mahalaga rin ito sa paggawa ng tunog (bokalisasyon).

The epiglottis is a flap in the throat that keeps food from entering the windpipe and the lungs. The flap is
made of elastic cartilage covered with a mucous membrane, attached to the entrance of the larynx. It
projects obliquely upwards behind the tongue and the hyoid bone, pointing dorsally.

The esophagus (American English) or oesophagus (British English) (/ɪˈsɒfəɡəs/), commonly known as
the food pipe or gullet (gut), is an organ in vertebrates through which food passes, aided by peristaltic
contractions, from the pharynx to the stomach. The esophagus is a fibromuscular tube, about
25 centimetres long in adults, which travels behind the trachea and heart, passes through
the diaphragm and empties into the uppermost region of the stomach. During swallowing,
the epiglottis tilts backwards to prevent food from going down the larynx and lungs. The
word esophagus is the Greek word οἰσοφάγος oisophagos, meaning "gullet".

The Right Bronchus is wider, shorter, and more vertical than the left main bronchus.[3] It enters the right
lung at approximately the fifth thoracic vertebra. The right main bronchus subdivides into
three secondary bronchi (also known as lobar bronchi), which deliver oxygen to the three lobes of the
right lung—the superior, middle and inferior lobe. The azygos vein arches over it from behind; and the
right pulmonary artery lies at first below and then in front of it. About 2 cm from its commencement it
gives off a branch to the superior lobe of the right lung, which is also called the eparterial
bronchus. Eparterial refers to its position above the right pulmonary artery. The right bronchus now
passes below the artery, and is known as the hyparterial branch which divides into the two lobar bronchi
to the middle and lower lobes.

The Left Bronchus is smaller in caliber but longer than the right, being 5 cm long. It enters the root of
the left lung opposite the sixth thoracic vertebra. It passes beneath the aortic arch, crosses in front of
the esophagus, the thoracic duct, and the descending aorta, and has the left pulmonary artery lying at first
above, and then in front of it. The left bronchus has no eparterial branch, and therefore it has been
supposed by some that there is no upper lobe to the left lung, but that the so-called upper lobe corresponds
to the middle lobe of the right lung. The left main bronchus divides into two secondary bronchi or lobar
bronchi, to deliver air to the two lobes of the left lung—the superior and the inferior lobe.
Right lung[edit]
The right lung has both more lobes and segments than the left. It is divided into three lobes, an upper,
middle, and a lower, by two fissures, one oblique and one horizontal.[8] The upper, horizontal fissure,
separates the upper from the middle lobe. It begins in the lower oblique fissure near the posterior border
of the lung, and, running horizontally forward, cuts the anterior border on a level with the sternal end of
the fourth costal cartilage; on the mediastinal surface it may be traced backward to the hilum.[1]
The lower, oblique fissure, separates the lower from the middle and upper lobes, and is closely aligned
with the oblique fissure in the left lung.[1][4]
The mediastinal surface of the right lung is indented by a number of nearby structures. The heart sits in an
impression called the cardiac impression. Above the hilum of the lung is an arched groove for the azygos
vein, and above this is a wide groove for the superior vena cava and right brachiocephalic vein; behind
this, and close to the top of the lung is a groove for the brachiocephalic artery. There is a groove for the
esophagus behind the hilum and the pulmonary ligament, and near the lower part of the esophageal
groove is a deeper groove for the inferior vena cava before it enters the heart.[

The bronchioles or bronchioli are the passageways by which air passes through the nose or mouth to
the alveoli (air sacs) of the lungs, in which branches no longer contain cartilage or glands in
their submucosa. They are branches of the bronchi, and are part of the conducting zone of the respiratory
system. The bronchioles divide further into smaller terminal bronchioles which are still in the conducting
zone and these then divide into the smaller respiratory bronchioles which mark the beginning of the
respiratory region.

Ang alveolus (maramihan: alveoli, pang-uri: alveolar) ay isang salitang Ingles at pang-anatomiya na
maaaring tumukoy sa:
 Alveolus na pulmonaryo (pambaga)
 Alveolus na pangngipin (alveolus na dental)
An alveolus (plural: alveoli) is a word used in anatomy for hollow cavities, which are empty areas within
a body.
 Although there are many different types of alveoli in the body, the word alveoli is usually used to talk
about small air sacks in the lungs of mammals. These are also called pulmonary alveoli. These alveoli
are located at the ends of the air passageways in the lungs. They have very thin (one cell thick), wet
walls and are surrounded with a network of small blood vessels, or capillaries. This
allows gases to diffuse, or move across, the surface of the alveolus.
 When a mammal breathes in, the concentration of oxygen is higher in the alveolus than in the red
blood cells. Therefore, oxygen leaves the alveolus and enters the red blood cells. When a mammal
breathes out, the opposite happens. The concentration of carbon dioxide is lower in the alveolus than
in the red blood cells, so carbon dioxide leaves the red blood cells, enters the alveolus, and is exhaled.
 In an average human lung, there are 480 million alveoli.[1] Their total surface area is around 75 square
meters.[2]
 Inside the alveoli is where a gas exchange occurs. Gas exchange is a biological process through which
(usually two) different gases are transferred in opposite directions across a specialised respiratory
surface. Gases are constantly required and produced as a by-product of cellular and metabolic
reactions so an efficient system for their exchange is extremely important. It is linked with respiration
in animals, and both respiration and photosynthesis in plants.

The pulmonary veins are the veins that transfer oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart. The largest
pulmonary veins are the four main pulmonary veins, two from each lung that drain into the left atrium of
the heart. The pulmonary veins are part of the pulmonary circulation.
Ang mga kapilaryo o mga maliliit na ugat (Ingles: capillaries) ay ang pinaka maliliit na
mga lalagyan o sisidlan ng dugo ng isang katawan at mga kabahagi ng mikrosirkulasyon. Ang mga hanay
o aporong endotelyal ng mga ito ay mayroong kapal na isang sapin ng selula lamang. Ang mga
mikrobesel (maliliit na mga lalagyan) na ito, na mayroong sukat na 5-10 μm ang diyametro, ang
nagkukunekta ng mga arteryol at ng mga benyul, at nakapagpapasagawa ng pagpapalitan
ng tubig, oksiheno, dioksidong karbon, at maraming iba pang mga nutriyente at sustansiyang kimikal na
dumi sa pagitan ng dugo at nakapaligid na mga tisyu.[1] Sa panahon na nagaganap ang pag-unlad ng
embriyo, ang bagong mga kapilaryo ay nabubuo sa pamamagitan ng baskulohenesis, na proseso ng
pagbubuo ng lalagyan ng dugo na nagaganap sa pamamagitan ng produksiyong de novo ng mga selulang
endotelyalat ng kanilang pagkakabuo upang maging mga tubong baskular.[2] Ang
katagang anhiyohenesis ay nagpapahiwatig ng pormasyon ng bagong mga kapilaryo magmula sa dati
nang umiiral na mga sisidlan ng dugo.[3]

The sinuses are a connected system of hollow cavities in the skull. The largest sinus cavities are about an inch
across. Others are much smaller.
 Your cheekbones hold your maxillary sinuses (the largest).
 The low-center of your forehead is where your frontal sinuses are located.
 Between your eyes are your ethmoid sinuses.
 In bones behind your nose are your sphenoid sinuses.
They’re lined with soft, pink tissue called mucosa. Normally, the sinuses are empty except for a thin layer of
mucus.
The inside of the nose has ridges called turbinates. Normally these structures help humidify and filter air. A
thin wall, called the septum, divides the nose. Most of the sinuses drain into the nose through a small channel
or drainage pathway that doctors call the “middle meatus.”
The nasal cavity is a large, air-filled space above and behind the nose in the middle of the face. The nasal
septum divides the cavity into two fossae.[1] Each fossa is the continuation of one of the two nostrils. The
nasal cavity is the uppermost part of the respiratory system and provides the nasal passage for inhaled air
from the nostrils to the nasopharynx and rest of the respiratory tract.
The paranasal sinuses surround and drain into the nasal cavity.

Oral cavity

The mouth, consists of 2 regions, the vestibule and the oral cavity proper. The vestibule is the area
between the teeth, lips and cheeks.[2] The oral cavity is bounded at the sides and in front by the alveolar
process (containing the teeth) and at the back by the isthmus of the fauces. Its roof is formed by hard
palate at the front, and a soft palate at the back. The uvula projects downwards from the middle of the soft
palate at its back. The floor is formed by the mylohyoid muscles and is occupied mainly by the tongue.
A mucous membrane – the oral mucus, lines the sides and under surface of the tongue to the gums, lining
the inner aspect of the jaw (mandible). It receives the secretions from
the submandibular and sublingual salivary glands.

The tongue is a muscular organ in the mouth of most vertebrates that manipulates food for mastication,
and is used in the act of swallowing. It is of importance in the digestive system and is the primary organ
of taste in the gustatory system. The tongue's upper surface (dorsum) is covered by taste buds housed in
numerous lingual papillae. It is sensitive and kept moist by saliva, and is richly supplied
with nerves and blood vessels. The tongue also serves as a natural means of cleaning the teeth.[2] A major
function of the tongue is the enabling of speech in humans and vocalization in other animals.
The human tongue is divided into two parts, an oral part at the front and a pharyngeal part at the back.
The left and right sides are also separated along most of its length by a vertical section of fibrous
tissue (the lingual septum) that results in a groove, the median sulcus on the tongue's surface.
There are two groups of muscles of the tongue. The four intrinsic muscles alter the shape of the tongue
and are not attached to bone. The four paired extrinsic muscles change the position of the tongue and are
anchored to bone.
Ang bagtingan, kahon ng tinig o kahong pantinig (Ingles: larynx kapag isahan, na
nagiging larynges kapag maramihan; tinatawag ding voice box), na tinatawag ding kahon ng
babagtingan o "kahon ng gulung-gulungan" (bagaman mayroon pang ibang kahulugan ang
salitang gulung-gulungan; sa diwang ito ang gulung-gulungan ay nangangahulugang "gulungan" ng
tinig), ay isang organo na nasa loob ng leeg ng mga ampibyano, mga reptilya, at mga mamalya (kabilang
ang mga tao) na kasangkot sa paghinga, paggawa ng tunog, panananggalang ng trakeyang
pangbertebrado laban sa aspirasyon o pagkasamid (mahirinan ng pagkain). Namamanipula o
napapamahalaan nito ang tinis (pitch sa musika) at bolyum (presyon ng tunog). Nakapaloob sa kahong
pangtinig ang mga kalupiang pangtinig (na hindi naaangkop na natatawag bilang mga "kuwerdas na
pangtinig"), na mahalaga para sa ponasyon. Nakalagak ang mga kalupiang pangtinig sa ibabaw lamang
kung saan ang pitak ng pharynx ay nahahati upang maging trakeya at lalanga (esopago).
The trachea, colloquially called the windpipe, is a cartilaginous tube that connects
the pharynx and larynx to the lungs, allowing the passage of air, and so is present in almost all air-
breathing animals with lungs. The trachea extends from the larynx and branches into the two primary
bronchi. At the top of the trachea the cricoid cartilage attaches it to the larynx. This is the only complete
tracheal ring, the others being incomplete rings of reinforcing cartilage. The trachealis muscle joins the
ends of the rings and these are joined vertically by bands of fibrous connective tissue – the annular
ligaments of trachea. The epiglottis closes the opening to the larynx during swallowing.

Ribs (Latin: costae) are the long curved bones which form the rib cage, part of the axial skeleton. In
most tetrapods, ribs surround the chest, enabling the lungs to expand and thus facilitate breathing by
expanding the chest cavity. They serve to protect the lungs, heart, and other internal organs of the thorax.
In some animals, especially snakes, ribs may provide support and protection for the entire body.

Pleura: One of the two membranes around the lungs. These two membranes are called the visceral and
parietal pleurae. The visceral pleura envelops the lung, and the parietal pleura lines the inner chest wall.
There is normally a small quantity (about 3 to 4 teaspoons) of fluid that is spread thinly between the
visceral and parietal pleurae.

The pleural Space is the thin fluid-filled space between the two pulmonary pleurae (known as visceral
and parietal) of each lung. A pleura is a serous membrane which folds back onto itself to form a two-
layered membranous pleural sac. The outer pleura (parietal pleura) is attached to the chest wall, but is
separated from it by the endothoracic fascia. The inner pleura (visceral pleura) covers the lungs and
adjoining structures, including blood vessels, bronchi and nerves. The pleural cavity can be viewed as
a potential spacebecause the two pleurae adhere to each other (through the thin film of serous liquid)
under all normal conditions. Parietal pleura projects up to 2.5 cm above the junction of the middle and
medial third of the clavicle

The diaphragm is the primary muscle used in respiration, which is the process of breathing. This dome-
shaped muscle is located just below the lungs and heart. It contracts continually as you breathe in and out.
The diaphragm is a thin skeletal muscle that sits at the base of the chest and separates the abdomen from
the chest. It contracts and flattens when you inhale. This creates a vacuum effect that pulls air into the
lungs. When you exhale, the diaphragm relaxes and the air is pushed out of lungs.

Ang bamban (Ingles: diaphragm o midriff [isang matandang salitang Ingles ang huli na
nangangahulugang "kalagitnaan ng puson"[1]]; Latin: diaphragma) ay ang masel o laman na naghihiwalay
ng ng puson mula sa dibdib. Ito ang ikalawang pinakamahalagang masel sa loob ng katawan ng
tao (ang puso ang unang pinakamahalaga)[1] o hayop.
Isang patag at mapayat na bubong o simboryo ng masel at membrano ang bamban na nakalatag sa
kahabaan ng kalagitnaan ng katawan. Isa itong tabing at malamang litid na naghihiwalay sa baga
magmula sa sikmura.[2] Papaitaas itong nakabalantok o nakaarko patungo sa dibdib. Binubuo ito ng patag
na mga masel o muskulo sa mga gilid, ng matatatag na mga membrano sa gitna. Nakakabit ang mga ito sa
anim na pang-ibabang mga tadyang, sa panlikod na mga buto, at sa pinaka pang-ibabang bahagi ng buto
sa dibdib (ang sternum). May ilang mga butas ito na nagsisilbing daanan ng lalanga o esopago, ng aorta
ng puson o malaking arterya (ugat na naghahatid ng dugo mula sa puso patungo sa pang-ibabang mga
sanga ng punong katawan, katulad ng mga hita, mga binti, at mga paa), ng pangilalim na malaking
bena o vena cava (ugat na naghahatid ng dugo pabalik sa puso mula sa mga pang-ibabang mga sanga ng
katawan). Pinaglilingkuran ito ng prenikong bungkos ng mga hibla o mga prenikong nerbyo.[1]

Mucus (/ˈmjuːkəs/ MEW-kəs) is a polymer. It is a slippery aqueous secretion produced by, and
covering, mucous membranes. It is typically produced from cells found in mucous glands, although it
may also originate from mixed glands, which contain both serous and mucous cells. It is a
viscous colloid containing inorganic salts, antiseptic enzymes (such as lysozymes), immunoglobulins,
and glycoproteins such as lactoferrin[1] and mucins, which are produced by goblet cells in the mucous
membranes and submucosal glands. Mucus serves to protect epithelial cells (that line the tubes) in
the respiratory, gastrointestinal, urogenital, visual, and auditory systems; the epidermis in amphibians;
and the gills in fish, against infectious agents such as fungi, bacteria[2] and viruses. Most of the mucus
produced is in the gastrointestinal tract.

A cilium (from Latin, meaning 'eyelash';[1] the plural is cilia) is an organelle found on eukaryotic cells
and are slender protuberances that project from the much larger cell body.[2]
There are two types of cilia: motile cilia and nonmotile, or primary, cilia, which typically serve as sensory
organelles. In eukaryotes, motile cilia and flagella together make up a group of organelles known
as undulipodia.[3] Eukaryotic cilia are structurally identical to eukaryotic flagella, although distinctions are
sometimes made according to function and/or length.[4] Biologists have various ideas about how the
various flagella may have evolved.

Sa biyolohiya, ang selula (na sa Ingles ay tinatawag na cell) ay ang pinakapayak na kayarian ng mga
buhay na organismo. Ito ang pinakamaliit na unit ng buhay na inuuri bilang isang buhay na bagay at
karaniwang tiantawag na mga blokeng pangtayo ng buhay. Ang mga organismo ay maaaring uriin
bilang uniselular na binubuo lamang ng isang selula gaya ng bacteria at multiselular na binubuo ng
maraming mga selula gaya ng mga halaman at hayop. Ang tao ay naglalaman ng mga 100 trilyong selula.
Ang isang tipikal na selula ay may sukat 10 µm at ang tipikal na masa(mass) ay 1 nanogramo. Ang
pinakasukdulang mga selula sa tao ay:
 ang pinakamalaking selula ang anterior na sungay sa espinal na kordo na may sukat na 135 μ
 ang pinakamahabang selula ang mga pseudounipolar na mga selula na umaabot mula sa daliri ng paa
patungo sa mababang sanga ng utak
 ang pinakamaliit na selula ang selulang granula (granule cells) sa cerebellum na may sukat na 4 µ.
 ang pinakamalaking alam na selula ang mga hindi napupunlay(fertlized) na mga selulang itlog
ng ostrich.
Ang selula ay natuklasan ni Robert Hooke noong 1665. Noong 1835, bago ang teoriyang pinal na selula
ay nabuo, natuklasan ni Jan Evangelista Purkyně ang mga maliit na granula(granules) habang tumitingin
sa mga tisyu ng halaman sa ilalim ng mikroskopyo. Ang teoriya ng selula na unang binuo nina Matthias
Jakob Schleiden at Theodor Schwann noong 1839 ay nagsasaad ng mga sumusunod:
 ang lahat ng mga organismo ay binubuo ng isa o maraming mga selula
 ang lahat ng mga selula ay nagmula sa mga mas naunang selula
 ang mga mahalagang tungkulin ng isang organismo ay nangyayari sa loob ng mga selula
 ang lahat ng mga selula ay naglalaman ng mga impormasyong hereditaryo(pagmamana) na kailangan
para sa pangangasiwa ng mga tungkulin ng selula sa paghahatid ng mga impormasyon sa susunod na
herenerasyon ng mga selula.