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Summary

An aggregate sample is selected, dried, and then the coarse part of the sample is selected by
sieving over an appropriate sieve. The retained coarse sample is washed to remove any remaining
fine material and then dried. Each aggregate particle is then individually inspected for the specified
number of fractured faces. The mass (or count) of coarse aggregate particles meeting the fractured
face specification is compared to the total coarse aggregate sample mass (or particle count) and
converted to a percentage.

Approximate Test Time


30 minutes.

If particle mass rather than particle count is to be used, sample preparation will take at least 12
hours or overnight because the aggregate needs to be oven dry after the washing procedure used to
remove fine material.

Basic Procedure
1. Prepare the aggregate sample by air-drying it so that there is clean separation of particles.

2. Wash the sample over a sieve chosen to retain an appropriate coarse particle size. Typically, the
No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve (Figure 7) is chosen although others may be specified. The material
retained on the sieve is then used as the test sample. The test sample should be large enough
that the largest particle is no more than 1 percent of the test sample mass or the minimum test
sample size should be as indicated in Table 1, whichever is smaller.
Figure 7: No. 4 (4.75 mm) sieve.

Nominal Maximum Aggregate Size


Minimum Sample Mass, g
U.S. Metric
3.5 inches 90.0 mm 90000
3.0 inches 75.0 mm 60000
2.5 inches 63.0 mm 30000
2.0 inches 50.0 mm 15000
1.5 inches 37.5 mm 7500
1.0 inch 25.0 mm 3000
0.75 inches 19.0 mm 1500
0.5 inches 12.5 mm 500
0.375 inches 9.5 mm 200
Table 1: Sample Size
3. Dry the test sample.

4. Determine the mass of the test sample.

5. Spread the test sample on a clean flat surface for careful inspection and evaluation.
6. Inspect each aggregate particle for the specified number of fractured surfaces. When viewing a
particle, hold it so that its face is viewed directly. If the projected area of the fractured portion of
the face is at least one quarter of the maximum cross-sectional area of the rock particle, consider
it as a fractured face. See Figure 8 for a visualization of this projected area idea.

Figure 8. Fractured Face Visualization.


7. Separate the particles into two categories:

*PASS (has the required number of fractured faces).*FAIL (does not have the required number of fractured faces).
NOTE
If the required number of fractured faces is not specified, make the determination on the basis of a
minimum of one fractured face.

8. Determine the mass or count of particles in the PASS category and the mass or count of the
particles in the FAIL category.

NOTE
Use mass to calculate percent fractured particles unless percentage by particle count is specified.

Results
Parameters Measured
Percentage of particles (by mass or count) that meet the specified fractured face criteria.
Specifications
Minimum CAA requirements as expressed by fractured face percentage range between about 50
percent to 100 percent. The number of fractured faces is usually specified as one or two per
aggregate particle. Many agencies have their own CAA requirements, which can differ from
AASHTO M 323 Superpave mix design specifications.

Material Value Specification HMA Distress of Concern


Coarse aggregate Flat & elongated particle fraction See Table 3 Compaction, rutting, shoving
Table 2: Superpave Mix Design Coarse Aggregate Angularity Specification

Depth from Surface2


20-yr ESALs1 (millions)
≤ 100 mm (4 inches) > 100 mm (4 inches)
< 0.3 55/- -/-
0.3 to < 3 75/- 50/-
3 to < 10 85/80 60/-
10 to < 30 95/90 80/75
≥30 100/100 100/100
Table 3: Superpave Mix Design Coarse Aggregate Angularity Specifications by Design ESALs
Note 1
Requirements are based on the expected loading in the design lane for a 20-year period regardless
of the anticipated design life.
Note 2
The first number is a minimum requirement for one or more fractured faces and the second number
is a minimum requirement for two or more fractured faces.

Typical Values
CAA angularity as measured by fractured face percentage can range from 0 percent (e.g., smooth
river rock) to 100 percent (e.g., some mechanically crushed rock). Many specifications use minimum
CAA values between 80 and 100.

Calculations (See Interactive Equation)


Calculate the percentage of particles with the specified number of fractured faces using the following
equation:
Where:

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