Contents Preface v 1. Classification and Selection of Materials 1 Intoduetion 1 Engineering Requirements 2 Classification of Engineering Materials 5 Organic, Inorganic and Biological Materials 7 Semiconductors 9 Biomaterials 10 (a) Curent Trends and Advances in Materials 10 (©) Advanced Materials 10 (c) Smart Materials (Materials of the future) JJ (@ Nenostructured Materials and Nanotechnology 12 (© Quantum Dots (QDs) 12 (© Spintonics 12 (© Femmionic Condensate Matter 13 Level of Material Stuctue Examination and Observation 13 Material Structure 13 Engineering Metallugy 14 Selection of Materials 14 Suggested Readings 17 EB ee sss sss aus 2 Atemic Structure, andi Electronic Configuration = 1. Introduction "20 2. The Electron 20 3. Protons 2 4, Neutrons 22 5, Atomic Number (2) 22 6 Atomic Weight and Mass Number 22 Tisotopes 25 8 Isobars 23 9. Isotones 23, 10, Avogadro's Number (MN) 24 Downloaded from F $.cOMvill Contents 11. Atomic Nucleus 24 12. Atomic Models 24 13. Vector Atom Model 43 14 Quantum Numbers 44 15. Pauli Exclusion Principle and Electronic Configuration of Atoms 47 16. Wave Mechanical Picture of the Atom 54 17. Periodic Table 56 Suggested Readings 59 Review Questions 59 Problems 60 Short Questions 61 Objective Questions 61 Short Queston-Answers 63 3. Ceyntal Geometry, Structure an Defects 64 1. Introduction 64 Crystals 65 Single Crystal 65 Whiskers 65 Lattice Points and Space Lattice 66 5. (@) Basis 66 6. Unit Cell 67 7. Primitive Cell 67 8. Crystal Classes 68 9. Crystal Systems 69 10. ul baer Crystal Structure for Metallic Elements 75 Atomic Radius 75 12. Density of Crystal 79 13, Directions, Lattice Planes and Miller Indices 80 14 Interplanar Spacings 83 14 (@) Angle Between Two Planes or Directions 84 15, Representation of Crystal Planes in a Cubic Unit Cell 34 16, Sketching the Plane from the given Miller Indices 86 17. Common Planes in @ Simple Cubic Structure 86 18, Co-ordination Number 87 19. Defects or Inapesfections in Crystals 95 20, Point lmperfections 96 21. Line Defects or Dislocations 98 22, Surface andl Grain Boundary Defects 20) 23. Volume bnpesféctions 104 24. Liquid Crystals 104 25. Anisotropy 105 26, Frank-Read Source 106 21. Theory of Dislocations: Salient Features 107 28. Determination of Crystal Structure by X-Ray Diffiection 110 29, Brogg’s Xaay Spectrometer 1/2 30, Reciprocal Lattice 115 31, Methods of Detenaining Crystal Structure 18 32, Election and Newton Diffiaction 121Contents ix 33. Crystal Growth 122 Suggested Readings 123 Review Questions 123 Problems 124 Objective Questions 125 Short Questions Answers 127 4. Bonds in Solids 19 Introduction 129 ‘Types of Bonds 129 Forces Between Atoms: Mechanism of Bond Formation an Bond Energy 131 Tonic Bonding 134 Covalent Bond 140 ‘Metallic Bond 142 Comparison of Ionic, Covalent and Metallic Bonds 144 Secondary Bonds" 145 ‘Mixed Bonds (More About Secondary Bonds) 147 Properties of Solid Materials 143 Periodic Table and Chemical Bonding: Electronegetivity 150 Suggested Readings 151 Review Questions 151 Problems 152 Objective Questions 153 Short Question Answers 154 5, Electron Theory of Metals ass 1. Introduction 155 2. Metallic Bonding 155 3. Drude-Lorentz Theory 156 4 Sommerfield Free-Electron Theory 156 5, Femmi-Dirc Distribution Function (Electron Energies in a Metal) 159 6. Band Theory of Solids 160 7. Brillouin Zones 162 8. Distinction between Conductors, Insulators ancl Semiconductors 163 9. Electrical Resistance of Materials 164 10. Energy Bands 165 11 Equation of Motion ofan Electron 166 12. Resistivity and Conductivity 167 13, Current Density in Metal 167 14, Mobitity 168 15, Mean Free Poth 172 16, Thenmoekectnaity 173 1, Ouigin of the Themnoeleetrie Effect 174 18, Magnitude and Daection of Thermo EMR, 174 19, Uses of Thenwocouples 175 Swagesied Readings 175 Review Questions 176 Problews 176 Objective Questions 176 Short Question Avawers 177 ES eesouaene