GUIDELINES ON CITATION

APA (6th ed.)

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the

American Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

1
Source: http://www.waikato.ac.nz/library/learning/g_apaguide.shtml#jour-e

APA Referencing (6th ed.)

American Psychological Association. (2009). Publication manual of the American

Psychological Association (6th ed.). Washington, DC: Author.

___________________________________________________________________

H O W T O U S E T H E A P A R E F E R E N C I N G S T Y LE
 When quoting directly or indirectly from a source, the source must be acknowledged in
the text by author name and year of publication.
 If quoting directly, a location reference such as the page number or paragraph number
is also required.

1. IN TEXT CITATION (QUOTES/PARAPHRASING)

a. Direct quotation

 Use quotation marks and include page numbers.

Samovar and Porter (1997) point out that "language involves attaching meaning to symbols"
(p.188).

Alternatively: "Language involves attaching meaning to symbols" (Samovar & Porter, 1997,
p.188).

 A quotation of 40 or more words should be formatted as a freestanding, indented block

of text without quotation marks. Note the location of the final full stop.

Weston (1948) argues that:

One of the most important phases of our special guests was to get information that would
throw light on degeneration of the facial pattern that occurs so often in our modern
civilization. This has its expression in the narrowing and lengthening of the face and the
development of crooked teeth. (p. 174)

 If you quote from online material and there are no page numbers (e.g. HTML based
document), use the paragraph number (para.) instead.

"Prevalence rates of antenatal major and minor depression have been estimated in
community-based studies to range from 7% to 15% of all pregnancies" (Grote, Swartz,
Geibel & Zuckoff, 2009, para. 2).

2
b. Indirect quotation/paraphrasing

Attaching meaning to symbols is considered to be the origin of written language (Samovar &
Porter, 1997).

N.B. Page numbers are optional when paraphrasing, although authors are encouraged to
include them, especially when it assists the reader to locate the reference in long pieces of
text (Publication Manual, p. 171).

c. Citations from a secondary source

Arnett (as cited in Claiborne & Drewery, 2010) suggests there is an emerging adult stage in
the lifespan of humans, covering young people between the ages of 18 and 25 years.

N.B. List Claiborne & Drewery in your reference list, not Arnett.

2. REFERENCES LIST
 At the end of your assignment, you are required to provide the full bibliographic
information for each source cited in text.
 Start the list of References on a new page at the end of your assignment - do not use
footnotes (Publication Manual, p. 37)
 References must be listed in alphabetical order by author.
 References should use the hanging indent format

a. Books / Reports / DVDs

 Each reference should include four elements:

(1) Author/Editor/Producer (2) Date (3) Title (4) Publication Information

e.g. King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame. Auckland, New Zealand:
Viking.

N.B. If the book is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after (3) Title.
Exclude (4) Publication Information. See example.

b. Periodicals

 Items published on a regular basis, such as journals, magazines and newspapers, are
known as serials or periodicals. Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude
the publication information and add the volume, issue and page number(s) instead:

(1) Author(s) (2) Date (3) Title of article (4) Title of Periodical (5) Volume, Issue and
Page numbers

e.g. Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance of winter destinations. Tourism
Review, 63(4), 40-57.

N.B. If the article is available online, a retrieval statement or DOI is required after the page
numbers. See example.
3
c. Webpages (unpublished and informally published work)

 Include the same elements as for a book, but exclude the publication information and
add a retrieval statement in its place.

(1) Author (2) Date (3) Title (4) Retrieval statement

e.g. Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile 2007. Retrieved from
http://www.stats.govt.nz

N.B. Include a retrieval date if the source material is likely to change over time (Publication
Manual, p. 192). See example.

3. KEY POINTS
(1) Author(s):

 Invert the author(s) name(s), and use initial(s) of first name(s).

 Use the ampersand (&) between the last two authors' names (also note the full stop and
comma after each author's name).
 Eight or more authors: List first six authors, then insert three elipses (...), followed by
the last author (NEW).
 Corporate / group author: i.e. an organisation, association or government department.
 If the author's first name is hyphenated, include the hyphen with a full stop after each
initial.

One author Brown, W. P.

Two authors
Three to five authors
Six or seven authors (NEW)
Eight or more authors (NEW)
Corporate / group author
No author
Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E.
Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S.
Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran-Ellis, J.,
Senior, V., & Walton, C. See example
Chiappini, E., Principi, N., Longhi, R., Tovo, P. A., Becherucci, P.,
Bonsignori, F., ... de Martino, M. See example
Ministry of Education. See example
Use Anonymous only if this is used in the publication.
See example Book with no author / Article with no author

(2) Date:

 The year of publication goes in parentheses ( ) after the author(s).

Books and academic journals (1993)

Magazines and newspapers
Monthly (1993, June)
Daily, weekly (1993, June 12)
No date (n.d.)
In press (in press)

4
  If an author has published more than one item in the same year, add alphabetical
characters a, b etc. immediately after the year.

In text:
As discussed by Lohan (2009b), it is ... Moreover, Lohan (2009a) concludes ...

In the References list:

Lohan, L. (2009a). New management...
Lohan, L. (2009b). Organizational culture...

(3) Title of the work:

 Book titles are italicised, with the first letter of the first word of the main title and the
subtitle in capital letters. Proper nouns also begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet Frame

 Journal titles (including magazines and newspapers) are italicised and all key words in
the journal title begin with a capital letter.

e.g. Journal of Marketing Communications

 Chapters in books and journal article titles are in lowercase except for the first letter of
the first word of the title, subtitle, and any proper nouns (Publication Manual, pp. 102-
103).

 The book or journal title is italicised, not the chapter or article.

Additional information:

 Information such as edition or report number goes in parentheses ( ) immediately after

the title (Publication Manual, p. 186).

e.g. Educational psychology for learning and teaching (2nd ed.)

 A description of the work goes in square brackets [ ] after the title. e.g. [DVD],
[PowerPoint slides], [Poster], [Letter to the editor]

e.g. Christchurch Methodist Central Mission. (1984). Durham Street Church: 120 years
anniversary brochure: 1864-1984 [Brochure]. Christchurch, New Zealand: Author.

(4) Publication Information

Place of publication: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

 Give the location (city) of the publisher - give the first city listed only.
 All publishing cities now require the state or province, if applicable, and country (NEW).
 For the United States, use the city name, then the 2-letter postal code instead of the
United States (Publication Manual, p. 187).

5
American cities Thousand Oaks, CA
Non-American cities Hamilton, New Zealand
London, England
Non-American cities with a state Sydney, NSW, Australia
Publisher: Used for books only, not journal, magazine or newspaper articles.

 Do not include words like Publishers, Co., or Inc. However, keep words like Books or
Press.
 Use the first publisher listed if multiple publishers are given.
 When the author is the publisher of the work, use the word 'Author' in the publisher
field. See example.

N.B. Using a Digital Object Identifier (DOI) is the preferred method of identifying online
material such as journal articles, books and reports. For researchers, when a DOI is
available, no matter whether electronic or print, include it (Publication Manual, p. 189). See
example.

HOW TO REFERENCE/CITE MATERI AL

Books
Book - one author

In Reference List In Text Citation

King, M. (2000). Wrestling with the angel: A life of Janet (King, 2000) or
Frame. Auckland, New Zealand: Viking.
King (2000) compares
Frame with "..." (p. 34).

Book - two authors

In Reference List In Text Citation

Treviño, L. K., & Nelson. K. A. (2007). Managing (Treviño & Nelson, 2007)
business ethics: Straight talk about how to do it right. or
Hoboken, NJ: Wiley.
Treviño and Nelson
N.B. Use the ampersand (&) between the two authors' (2007) illustrate this ...
names, except when paraphrasing in text where and is
used (Publication Manual, p. 175).

6
Book - three to five authors (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Krause, K.-L., Bochner, S., & Duchesne, S. (2006). (Krause, Bochner, &
Educational psychology for learning and teaching Duchesne, 2006) or
(2nd ed.). South Melbourne, Vic., Australia:
Thomson. Krause, Bochner and
Duchesne (2006)
N.B. For six or seven authors, see example (Journal recommend "..." (p. 32).
article with DOI or eight or more (Magazine - print
version). In subsequent citations:
According to Krause et al.
(2006)

N.B: Cite all authors the

first time, and in
subsequent citations
include only the first
author followed by et
al.(short for et alii. - Latin
for 'and others'). Do not
italicise et al.

Book or report by a corporate / group author

In Reference List In Text Citation

World Health Organization. (2008). WHO global report (World Health

on falls prevention in older age. Geneva, Switzerland: Organization [WHO],
Author. 2008)

N.B. When the author and the publisher are the same, In subsequent citations:
use Author in the publisher field. List in the References WHO (2008) highlight
list by the first significant word of the organisation. For the ...
group authors, the parent body precedes a subdivision
(Publication Manual, p. 183). N.B. Some group authors
may be abbreviated in
subsequent citations if
they are readily
recognisable.

7
Book - no author (Anonymous)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Anonymous. (1999). Courage and grace: One woman’s (Anonymous, 1999)

journey of recovery from food addiction and obesity.
Taupo, New Zealand: Avalon.

N.B. If the author's name is given as Anonymous, use

Anonymous in the author field. If no author is stated,
see next example.

Book - no author

In Reference List In Text Citation

Joint investigations of child abuse. (1993). Washington, In the book, Joint

DC: US Department of Justice, Office of Justice Investigations of Child
Programs. Abuse, ...

N.B. If no author is stated, the title takes the author N.B. The key words of the
position, but check to see whether it should be a book title are capitalised
corporate / group author as above. See dictionary / when used in text, but not
encyclopedia or newspaper for further examples. in the References list. See
the Publication Manual,
pp. 101-103, 176
about capitalisation
protocols in the APA style.

Book - edited

In Reference List In Text Citation

Samovar, L. A., & Porter, R. E. (Eds.). (1997). See Book - Chapter in

Intercultural communication: A reader (8th ed.). edited book.
Belmont, CA: Wadsworth.

N.B. Include (Ed.) or (Eds.) after their name(s).

However, a number of authors may contribute to an
edited book. See next example for referencing a chapter
in an edited book.

8
Book - Chapter in edited book

In Reference List In Text Citation

Helber, L. E. (1995). Redeveloping mature resorts for (Helber, 1995) or

new markets. In M. V. Conlin & T. Baum (Eds.),
Island tourism: Management principles and practice Helber (1995) concludes
(pp. 105-113). Chichester, England: Wiley. by ...

N.B. The author and chapter title come first, followed by

the editor(s) and book title. Note the editor's initials
come before the family name. The page numbers of the
chapter are also required.

Book - Electronic (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Will, R. J. (2002). The characteristic symphony in the (Will, 2002) or

age of Haydn and Beethoven [Ebrary Reader
version]. Retrieved from Ebrary database. Will (2002) attributes ...

N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher and there

is no DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the
Ebook's homepage (in this example,
http://www.ebrary.com/corp/).

For undergraduate students, give the name of the

database, as in the example above (do not include the
URL).

Book - Translated

In Reference List In Text Citation

Sartre, J.-P. (1962). Imagination: A psychological (Sartre, 1962) or

critique (F. Williams, Trans.). Ann Arbor, MI:
University of Michigan Press. Sartre (1962) is an
example of ...

9
Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry

In Reference List In Text Citation

Hwang, E.-G. (2002). North Korea: Economic system. In (Hwang, 2002) or

D. Levinson & K. Christenson (Eds.), Encyclopedia of
modern Asia (Vol. 4, pp. 350-353). New York, NY: Hwang (2002) identifies
Charles Scribner's Sons. the hurdles North Korea ...

N.B. If there is a volume number or edition (not 1st

edition) include this in parentheses after the title along
with page number(s).

Dictionary or Encyclopedia - Entry with no author

In Reference List In Text Citation

Social constructionism. (2009.) In J. Scott & G. Marshall ("Social Constructionism,"

(Eds.), A dictionary of sociology (3rd rev. ed.). 2009)
Retrieved from Oxford Reference Online Premium
database. N.B. Use capital letters for
the first letter of key words
N.B. For online dictionaries and encyclopedia, a and double quotation
retrieval statement takes the place of publisher location marks (Publication
and name. Note the editors' initials precede the family Manual, p. 176).
name.

For undergraduate students, if using a library

subscription database, give the name of the database,
as in the example above (do not include the database
URL).

Thesis (except from the US) - print version (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance (Dewstow, 2006) or

teaching at the University of Waikato (Unpublished
master's thesis). University of Waikato, Hamilton, Dewstow (2006)
New Zealand. recommends ...

N.B. For PhD use: Unpublished doctoral dissertation

after the title or Unpublished master's thesis for Master's
degree (Publication Manual, p. 207).

10
 Thesis (except from the US) - electronic version (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Dewstow, R. A. (2006). Using the Internet to enhance (Dewstow, 2006) or

teaching at the University of Waikato (Master's thesis,
The University of Waikato, Hamilton, New Zealand). Dewstow (2006)
Retrieved from http://hdl.handle.net/10289/2241 recommends ...

Thesis from US - electronic version (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Rose, S. L. (2006). Essays on almost common value (Rose, 2006) or

auctions (Doctoral dissertation, Ohio State
University). Retrieved from According to Rose
http://www.ohiolink.edu/etd (2006) ...

N.B. For further examples, see the Publication Manual,

pp.207-208.

Journals (Academic Scholarly)

Journal article - print version

In Reference List In Text Citation

Sainaghi, R. (2008). Strategic position and performance (Sainaghi, 2008) or

of winter destinations.Tourism Review, 63(4), 40-57.
Sainaghi (2008) suggests
N.B. A capital letter is used for key words in the journal "..." (p. 47).
title. The journal title and volume number are italicised,
followed by the issue number in parentheses (not
italicised).

If each issue begins with page 1, give the issue

number in the parentheses immediately after the volume
number.

For researchers, the issue number is not required for

journals with continuous pagination.

11
Journal article - electronic version
with a DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Shepherd, R., Barnett, J., Cooper, H., Coyle, A., Moran- (Shepherd et al., 2007) or
Ellis, J., Senior, V., & Walton, C. (2007). Towards an
understanding of British public attitudes concerning Shepherd et al. (2007)
human cloning. Social Science & Medicine, 65(2), highlight the ...
377-392. doi:10.1016/j.socscimed.2007.03.018
N.B. If there are six or
N.B. A DOI is a unique alphanumeric string assigned by seven authors, list all
a registration agency to identify content and provide a authors in the reference
persistent link to its location on the Internet. list. From the first citation
in text, use et al. after the
first author (NEW). See
magazine example for
eight or more authors.

Journal article - electronic version

with no DOI (Digital Object Identifier)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Harrison, B., & Papa, R. (2005). The development of an (Harrison & Papa, 2005)
indigenous knowledge program in a New Zealand or
Maori-language immersion school. Anthropology and
Education Quarterly, 36(1), 57-72. Retrieved from In their research, Harrison
Academic Research Library database. and Papa (2005)
established ...
N.B. For undergraduate students, give the name of the
database, as in the example above (do not include the
database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the
date of retrieval.

If you are submitting work to a publisher and there is no

DOI, you are now required to give the URL of the journal
homepage (Publication Manual, p. 199).

12
Journal article - Internet only

In Reference List In Text Citation

Snell, D., & Hodgetts, D. (n.d.). The psychology of (Snell & Hodgetts, n.d.)
heavy metal communities and white supremacy. Te or
Kura Kete Aronui, 1. Retrieved from
http://www.waikato.ac.nz/wfass/tkka Snell and Hodgetts (n.d.)
identified "..." (para. 3)
N.B. (n.d.)= no date. As there are no page numbers, cite
the paragraph number in text.

Magazines
Magazine - print version

In Reference List In Text Citation

von Drehle, D., Ghosh, B., Scherer, M., Zaidi, S. H., (von Drehle et al., 2009)
Baker, A., James, R., …Peters, G. (2009, October or
12). An enemy within. Time South Pacific
[Australia/New Zealand editon], 174(14), 12-17. Von Drehle et al. (2009)
assert ...
N.B. Full date is used for weekly magazines; month and
year for monthly magazines. N.B. If an author's name
which usually begins with
If there are eight or more authors, list the first six, then a lower case letter
three elipses (…) and finish with the last author (NEW). appears at the beginning
of a sentence, it must be
capitalised.

Magazine - electronic version

In Reference List In Text Citation

Robison, J. (2008, January). On the waka wave. North (Robison, 2008) or

and South, 262, 80-87. Retrieved from Australia/New
Zealand Reference Centre database Robison (2008)
considers ...
N.B. If you are submitting work to a publisher, you are
now required to give the URL of the journal homepage
(Publication Manual, p. 199).

For undergraduate students, give the name of the

database, as in the example above (do not include the
database URL). It is no longer necessary to include the
date of retrieval.

13
Newspaper
Print version

In Reference List In Text Citation

Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the (Cumming, 2003) or
world. The New Zealand Herald, p. B4.
Cumming (2003)
N.B. Include p. or pp. before the page number. This is reports ...
used for newspapers only, not magazines or journals.
p = 1 page, pp. more than one page. If page numbers
are discontinous, separate page numbers with a
comma. e.g. pp. A1, A4-5.

Electronic version

In Reference List In Text Citation

Cumming, G. (2003, April 5). Cough that shook the (Cumming, 2003) or
world. The New Zealand Herald. Retrieved from
http://www.nzherald.co.nz Cumming (2003)
reports ...
N.B. Use the URL of the homepage of the newspaper to
avoid non-working URLs. It is no longer necessary to
include the date of retrieval.

Newspaper article with no author

In Reference List In Text Citation

Drivers reject fuel prices driven by war threat. (2003, ("Drivers Reject Fuel
March 7). The Timaru Herald, p.1. Prices," 2003)

N.B. If there is no author, the article title comes first. In N.B. Use capital letters
the in text citation, abbreviate the title, use double and double quotation
quotation marks and capital letters (Publication Manual, marks.
p. 176).

14
Audiovisual
Film - Motion Picture

In Reference List In Text Citation

Vasile, T. (Producer), & Fellini, F. (Director). (2001). (Vasile & Fellini, 2001)
Roma [Motion picture]. United States: MGM Home
Entertainment.

N.B.

1. In the Author field, identify the primary

contributors (i.e. the director or producer or both)
but not the presenters.
2. For publication information, give the motion
picture's country of origin and the name of the
motion picture studio
3. A description of the form of the work goes in
square brackets [ ] after the title. It is not italicised.

Music Recording - a song in an album (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

The Beatles. (2003). Across the universe. On Let it be... (The Beatles, 2003, track
naked [CD]. Hollywood, CA: Capital Records. 10)

N.B. Include side and

band or track numbers.

Television programme

In Reference List In Text Citation

Slater, K. (Producer). (2002). Gene in a bottle (Slater, 2002)

[Television series episode]. In 60 minutes. Auckland,
New Zealand: TV3 Network Services.

N.B. Put television series episode or motion picture in [ ]

after the title.

15
Audio podcast (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Noonan, D. (Producer). (2008, January 9). The whistle (Noonan, 2008)

from the blunder: Part 5 [Audio podcast]. Retrieved
from http://www.radionz.co.nz

N.B. Include as much information as possible, e.g. date,

title and identifier

Unpublished and Informally published works

Webpage (Informally published work)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Statistics New Zealand. (2007). New Zealand in profile (Statistics New Zealand,
2007. Retrieved from http://www.stats.govt.nz 2007)

N.B. A personal or institutional webpage is considered N.B. Do not write URLs in

an informally published work (Publication Manual, p. the text
212). See also online report examples.

It is no longer necessary to include the date of retrieval,

unless webpage content is likely to be updated (e.g.
Wiki).(NEW)

Wiki

In Reference List In Text Citation

University of Waikato, Law Library. (n.d.). Commentary. (University of Waikato,

Retrieved July 19, 2009, from Law Library, n.d.)
http://law.waikato.ac.nz:8080/lrs/index.php/Commenta
ries

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works. Include

the date of retrieval since the contents of a wiki are likely
to change over time. For group authors, the parent body
precedes a subdivision (Publication Manual, p. 183).

16
Online discussion (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Chalmers, D. (2000, November 17). Seeing with sound [Online (Chalmers, 2000)
forum comment]. Retrieved from
http://groups.google.com/group/sci.psychology.consciousn
ess/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

Blog post (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Wadard. (2009, June 15). Australia's climate bill may be (Wadard, 2009)
scuttled [Web log message]. Retrieved from
http://globalwarmingwatch.blogspot.com/

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

Video blog post (NEW)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Leelefever. (2007, May 29). Wiki in plain English [Video (Leelefever, 2007)
file]. Retrieved from
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-dnL00TdmLY

N.B. Do not italicise titles of unpublished works.

Others (Course handouts / Legal Material / Conference / report / Personal

Communications)
Course handout / Lecture notes - print version (Unpublished work)

In Reference List In Text Citation

Brown, P. (2004). Marketing: MKTG200-04B [Lecture (Brown, 2004)

notes]. Hamilton, New Zealand: University of
Waikato, Department of Marketing.

N.B. Course handouts and lecture notes belong to the

group "unpublished papers, lectures from an archive or
personal collections" (Publication Manual, p. 213). In the
publication information field, list the organisation's name
(e.g. university, department), city, and country. Put the
format in square brackets after the title. e.g. [Lecture
notes].

17
Course handout / Lecture notes - electronic version

In Reference List In Text Citation

Brown, P. (2004). Lecture 3: MKTG200-04B (Brown, 2004)

[Powerpoint slides]. Retrieved from
http://www.mngt.waikato.ac.nz/MyWeb21/Default.asp
x.

N.B. Put the format in square brackets after the title, and
add retrieval statement (URL or MyWeb or Moodle or
EdLink etc.).

Legal Material

APA recommends the use of The Bluebook: A uniform system of citation (18th ed.
2005) for referencing legal material - see NZ section at p. 297

In Reference List In Text Citation

Children's Commissioner Act 2003, 2003 S.N.Z. No. (Children's Commissioner

121. Act 2003) or

It is regulated by the
Children's Commissioner
Act 2003

N.B. Italicise the name of

legal material when it is
cited in text (Publication
Manual, p. 177).

Personal Communications (Letters, Telephone conversations, Emails, Personal

Interviews, Lecture notes etc.)

In Reference List In Text Citation

N.B. No information is required in the reference list as (H. Clarke, personal

the data is not retrievable. communication, March 19,
2004) or

Professor Clarke
(personal communication,
March 19, 2004)
commented that...

18
Conference paper as part of a book of proceedings

In Reference List In Text Citation

Shobhadevi, Y. J., & Bidarakoppa, G. S. (1994). (Shobhadevi &

Possession phenomena: As a coping behaviour. In Bidarakoppa, 1994) or
G. Davidson (Ed.), Applying Psychology: Lessons
from Asia-Oceania (pp. 83-95). Carlton, Vic., Shobhadevi and
Australia: Australian Psychological Society. Bidarakoppa (1994)
published their ...
N.B. To cite published proceedings from a book, use the
same format as for a book or book chapter (Publication
Manual, p. 206). To cite proceedings published
regularly use the same format as a periodical.

Contribution to Conference or Symposium not formally published - electronic

version

In Reference List In Text Citation

Bochner, S. (1996, November). Mentoring in higher (Bochner, 1996) or

education: Issues to be addressed in developing a
mentoring program. Paper presented at the Bochner (1996)
Australian Association for Research in Education addressed this ...
Conference. Retrieved from
http://www.aare.edu.au/96pap/bochs96018.txt;

N.B. A capital letter is used for all key words in the

conference name. Give the month of the conference
(NEW) (Publication Manual, pp. 206-208).

Report - print version

In Reference List In Text Citation

University of Waikato. (1967). First hall of residence (University of Waikato,

(Information series No. 3). Hamilton, New Zealand: 1967)
Author.

N.B. If the report has a number, give the number in

parentheses immediately after the title. If it is an annual
report, reference it as a book.

19
Annual Report - electronic version

In Reference List In Text Citation

Telecom New Zealand. (2007). Ready to compete, (Telecom New Zealand,

connect, communicate: Annual report 2007. 2007)
Retrieved from
http://annualreport07.telecom.co.nz/download/teleco
m-annual-report-2007.pdf

Report - electronic version

In Reference List In
Text
Citati
on

Caygill, R. (2009). Science: Trends in year 5 science achievement 1994 to (Caygill,

2006. Retrieved from Ministry of Education, Education Counts website: 2009) or
http://www.educationcounts.govt.nz/__data/assets/pdf_file/0015/34413/9
14_TIMSS-06_Science2.pdf Caygill
(2009)
N.B. If a report is available online, add the publisher as part of the retrieval concludes
statement if it has not been identified as the author (Publication Manual, p. ...
205). See next example.

Report - technical or research

In Reference List In Text Citation

Holmes, P. (2000). The intercultural communication (Holmes, 2000) or

experiences of ethnic Chinese students in a Western
tertiary institution: Implications for education Holmes (2000) highlights
providers (Working paper 2000-14). Hamilton, New the importance ...
Zealand: University of Waikato, Department of
Management Communication.

N.B. If there is a report number, give this in parentheses

after the title. If the name of the state, province, or
country is included in the name of the university, this
does not need to be repeated in the publisher location.

Give the name of the university first, followed by the

department that produced the document (Publication
Manual, p. 206).

20
Images, tables and figures

 Illustrations, maps and photographs, etc (excluding tables) are referred to as figures.
 If it is not your own work, the source must be acknowledged in full below the figure or
table as a figure caption or table note. The full citation also goes in the References list.

Figures

 The caption goes beneath the image with the source credited at the end of the caption
(Publication Manual, pp. 158-167).
 As in examples, italicise the heading "Figure" and the number.

Example: From a journal:

Figure 1. Name of Picture. From [Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. A. Author and B. B.
Author, year, Title of Journal, Volume, p. xx.

Example: From a book:

Figure 2. Name of Picture. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A. A. Author and B.
B. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher.

Tables

 The caption goes above the table, with the source included as a note below the table
beginning with the word Note (Publication Manual, pp. 138-141).

Example: From a journal:

From [Adapted from] “Title of Article,” by A. N. Author and B. D. Author, year, Title of Journal,
Volume, p. XX.

Example: From a book:

From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A T. Author and T. P. Author, year, Place of
Publication: Publisher.

Copyright

 N.B. For PhD candidates (and students submitting a three or four-paper master's
thesis), permission to reproduce copyright material must be obtained. If you are
reproducing a graphic, chart, or table, you must provide a note at the bottom of the item
that includes copyright information and a permissions statement.
 Copyright permissions are done as a footnote with the information as above, concluding
with: Copyright [year] by the Name of Copyright Holder. Reprinted [or adapted] with
permission.

21
  For detailed information on copyright and permissions, see Publication Manual, pp. 38,
173. See also Copyright Guidelines for Research Students and the University of
Waikato's Copyright Information web pages.

Example:

Figure 4. Hamilton Garden. From [Adapted from] Title of Book (p. xx), by A. A. Author and B.
B. Author, year, Place of Publication: Publisher. Copyright Year by Publisher. Reprinted with
permission.

 If you photograph a person, a signed release from that person is required giving
permission for the photo to be used (Publication Manual, p. 166).

22