Solar and Wind Hybrid Street Light System

WIND SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM
PROJECT REPORT
Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree

of Bachelor of Technology In Electrical and Electronics
Under the University of Kerala.
Submitted by
RAHUL (12400068)
JERRY CHERIAN (12400045)
DEEPAK C (12400032)
SARATH P (12400084)
MIDHUN KK (12400052)
Guided by
ASOK KUMAR A
Assistant Professor, Dept of EE, CET
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRIVANDRUM
2016
DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING
TRIVANDRUM
2016
CERTIFICATE
This is to certify that this report entitled “WIND

SOLAR HYBRID STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM” submitted herewith is a
bonafide record of the PROJECT done by Deepak C, Jerry Cherian, Midhun K
K, Rahul, Sarath P. of Department OF Electrical Engineering in partial fulfilment
of requirements for the award of Bachelor of Technology in Electrical and
Electronics Engineering under the University of Kerala, during the academic
year 2015-2016.
Dr.Ajithkumar B Dr.S Hariharan

Professor and Head of Department UG Co-ordinator
Department of Electrical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering,
College of Engineering Trivandrum College of Engineering Trivandrum
Prof Asok Kumar A

Assistant Professor (Project Guide)
Department of Electrical Engineering,
College of Engineering Trivandrum
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We have great pleasure in expressing our gratitude and obligations to Prof.

Ajithkumar B, Head of the Department, Department of Electrical Engineering,
College of Engineering, Trivandrum for all necessary help extended to us in the
fulfilment of this work.
We express our thanks to Prof.S Hariharan, UG Coordinator, Department

of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum, for all necessary
help extended to us in the fulfilment of this work.
We express our sincere thanks to Prof. Asok Kumar A, Assistant Professor,

Department of Electrical Engineering, College of Engineering, Trivandrum for his
encouragement and support.
We are thankful to Shyam Kumar,Innovation eXperience MBA Block,CET

Tvm for the extensive help and guidance rendered to us for the completion of our
project.
We also acknowledge our gratitude to other members of faculty in the

Department of Electrical Engineering and all our friends for their whole hearted
co-operation and encouragement.
RAHUL
JERRY CHERIAN
DEEPAK C
MIDHUN KK
SARATH P
iii
ABSTRACT
Demand for renewable energy sources is increasing due to shortage of

power as well as environmental concerns.Almost 70 percent of our energy
requirements are satisfied by fossil fuels. Global warming, pollution and sky
racketing prices of the conventional energy sources have put the governments and
the power industries under an increasing pressure to invest in the renewable
energy sources.We can depend on PV source, wind energy, biomass, etc. for
meeting energy demands.
In this project, a Wind – Solar Hybrid Street Lighting System is proposed

to replace the street lights powered by conventional and polluting energy sources.
Due to the intermittent nature of the renewable energy sources, the reliability
cannot be maintained. So the need for hybrid system arises. Generally, PV and
wind powers are complementary since sunny days are calm and strong wind
occurs on cloudy days or in night time. Therefore by using a wind-PV hybrid
system may result in availability of continuous power than with individual
sources.
The PV system is modelled by considering the changes in solar irradiance

and temperature. The maximum power point is obtained using the MPPT
controller. The system is modelled and analyzed using MATLAB/ Simulink. The
new system will result in high reliability, low cost and better utilization of
resources available.
iv
CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1
1.1 Problem Definition 1
1.2 Aim of the Project 1
CHAPTER 2 WORKING 2
2.1 Working in detail 2
CHAPTER 3 PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATING SYSTEM 5

3.1 Photovoltaic Panel 5
3.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect 5
3.1.2 Solar Cells 6
3.1.3 Current Developments 8
3.2 Maximum Power Point Tracking 9
3.2.1 Perturb and Observe Algorithm 9
3.2.2 Incremental Conductance Method 13
CHAPTER 4 WIND GENERATING SYSTEM 15

4.1 Wind Turbine 16
4.2 Wind Generating System 17
CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 20

5.1 Circuit Components 20
5.1.1 Solar Panel 20
5.1.2 Wind Turbine 21
5.1.3 LED Lamp 24
5.1.4 Battery 26
v
CHAPTER 6 SIMULATIONS 27
6.1 Solar and wind hybrid modelling 27
6.2 PV Panel Simulation 27
6.1.1 Mathematical Model of PV Panel 27
6.1.2 SIMULINK Model of PV Generating System 30
6.3 Wind Turbine Simulation 34

6.4 Simulation Results 36
CHAPTER 7 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCUIT 39

7.1 Energy calculation 39
7.2 Specification of Components Used 39
CHAPTER 8 ESTIMATIMATION AND COMPARISON OF LIGHTING

SYSTEM 41
8.1 Cost of installing one hybrid lighting system 41
8.2 Design and estimation of lighting entire costal area
using hybrid street light 42
8.3 Estimation for illuminating the entire 900 m of costal
area at Shangumugham 43
CHAPTER 9 CONCLUSION 44
REFERENCE 45
APPENDIX- I 46
APPENDIX -II 47
APPENDIX -III 49
APPENDIX -IV 59
APPENDIX -V 61
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
Fig No. Description Page No.
2.1 Installation scheme of the system 2
2.2 Block diagram 3
3.1 Solar cell 6
3.2 PV cell, module and array 7
3.3 Deviation of Perturb and Observe algorithm from

MPOP. 10
3.4 Output power using Perturb and Observe algorithm 11
3.5 Flowchart of Perturb and Observe algorithm 12
3.6 P –V curve and Incremental Conductance algorithm 14
3.7 Incremental Conductance algorithm Flowchart 14
4.1 Wind Energy Conversion System 15
4.2 Power coefficient vs tip speed ratio 17
4.3 Wind Generating System model 18
5.1 Kotak 1000W watts solar panel UL listed off grid 20

12V
5.2 Ksolare 200 Wind turbine system 22
5.3 Output Graph of Ksolare 200W 24
5.4 24 nos. CREE MLE High wattage LED colour 25
5.5 LED Light distribution curve 26
6.1 Complete model of hybrid system 27
6.2 PV cell model 28
6.3 Complete model of PV generating System 30
vii
6.4 PV panel model 31
6.5 Subsystem of current generated by illumination 32
6.6 Subsystem of diode current 33
6.7 Subsystem of saturation current 33
6.8 Wind turbine generator model 35
6.9 Model of PI controller used in wind turbine model 35
6.10 Output graphs of PV generating system 36
6.11 Output graphs of Battery 36
6.12 Output graphs of wind turbine generating system 37
6.13 Current vs time graph of MPPT controller output 37
6.14 Voltage vs time graph of MPPT controller output 37
6.15 I-V graph of PV system 38
6.16 PV graph of solar panel 38
7.1 Block Diagram of hybrid system 40
viii
SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID STREET LIGHT SYSTEM
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION
There are hundreds and thousands of street lights installed throughout the city.
Its operation is during the peak hours at night, and it draws a considerable amount of
power from the grid. In case of street lighting system in coastal areas, it is difficult to
power up the street lights near the coast-line directly from the grid due to the risk of
electric shocks.
Another problem currently faced in street lighting in coastal areas is that the
salinity in the coastal atmosphere corrodes the lamp, thereby reducing its life span.
1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT
`This project aims at designing and developing a small-scale wind-solar hybrid

street lighting system for coastal areas. It generates the required power on-site by using
solar cells and wind turbines. This intelligent system then utilizes this power for
lighting automatically at night. The theoretical study and modelling of a solar-wind
hybrid system was conducted as a part of this project. The existing street lighting uses
supply from KSEB for its operation. A comparison study is conducted between the
conventional lighting scheme and the hybrid system in order to check the viability of
the hybrid system.
COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM Page 1

CHAPTER 2
WORKING
2.1 WORKING IN DETAIL

Hybrid renewable energy systems (HRES) are becoming popular for remote
area power generation applications due to advances in renewable energy technologies
and subsequent rise in prices of petroleum products. A hybrid energy system usually
consists of two or more renewable energy sources used together to provide increased
system efficiency as well as greater balance in energy supply. Wind solar hybrid street
lighting is an intelligent and complete stand-alone LED street lighting system.
Composed of solar modules and small wind turbine, deep cycle batteries, controller and
one or few street lights, this hybrid system harvests energy from both wind and solar
and store it in deep cycle batteries to power street lights during night. Using a
combination of wind & solar resources the system will provides a stable and constant
flow of power to power the street lighting
Fig 2.1: Installation scheme of the system

Wind Turbine Controller B

A
T L
T E
E D
MPPT
PV ARRAY R L
Controller
Y A
B M
A P
N
K
Automatic
Lamp
Controller
Fig 2.2: Block diagram
As shown in the Fig 2.2, the system consists of a PV panel whose output is fed to
MPPT controller. The optimal point of operation of the solar cell is tracked and set
accordingly by the MPPT algorithm. The power is then fed to the battery through a
buck converter. Similarly, we have a wind turbine along with its controller. The power
generated by the wind turbine is fed to the battery. The automatic lamp controller uses
the output from PV panel to determine the lighting conditions, and operate the lamp
accordingly.
The major advantage of wind solar hybrid street lighting system is that when
solar and wind power productions are used together, the reliability of the system is
enhanced. Additionally, the size of battery storage can be reduced slightly as there is
less reliance on one method of power production. Often, when there is no sun, there is
plenty of wind. Wind speeds are often low in periods (noon time & summer) when the
sun resources are at their best. On the other hand, the wind is often stronger in periods
(evening time & spring, winter) when there are less sun resources. Even during the
same day, in many regions worldwide or in some periods of the year, there are different
and opposite patterns in terms of wind and solar resources. And those different patterns
can make the wind solar hybrid systems the best option for street lighting.

CHAPTER 3
PHOTOVOLATAIC GENERATING SYSTEM
3.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL
Solar cell is basically a p-n junction fabricated in a thin wafer or layer of

semiconductor. The electromagnetic radiation of solar energy can be directly converted
to electricity through photovoltaic effect. The solar panel generates low level dc
voltages (generally between 12 and 68 volts), depending on the technology used in the
panel construction. The input required for almost all electrical equipments is single
phase or three phase ac. Therefore power interfacing or power conditioning devices are
necessary to connect the electrical equipments to the solar panel. The power
conditioning devices includes a dc-dc boost converter and an inverter with control
circuits. A dc-dc buck converter is used to increase the dc voltage level to obtain
required output voltage. After the buck conversion, an inverter is required to convert
dc-ac. The switching frequencies are selected in such a way that there should be
compromise between the switching losses and output filter size. In this chapter the
modelling of PV generating system with the changes in solar irradiation level and
temperature is explained. The MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) is done using
incremental conductance algorithm.
3.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect
Photovoltaic (PV) is a method of generating electrical power by converting solar

radiation into direct current electricity using semiconductors that exhibit the
photovoltaic effect. Photovoltaic power generation employs solar panels composed of
number of cells containing a photovoltaic material. Materials presently used for

photovoltaic include monocrystalline silicon, polycrystalline silicon, amorphous silicon,
cadmium telluride, and copper indium selenide/sulphide. Due to the growing demand
for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays
has advanced considerably in recent years.
The photovoltaic effect is the creation of a voltage (or a corresponding electric
current) in a material upon exposure to light. Though the photovoltaic effect is directly
related to the photoelectric effect, the two processes are different and should be
distinguished. In the photoelectric effect, electrons are ejected from a material’s surface
upon exposure to radiation of sufficient energy. The photovoltaic effect is different in
that the generated electrons are transferred between different bands (i.e., from the
valence to conduction bands) within the material, resulting in the build-up of a voltage
between two electrodes.
In most photovoltaic applications the radiation is sunlight and for this reason the
devices are known as solar cells. In the case of a p-n junction solar cell, illuminating the
material creates an electric current as excited electrons and the remaining holes are
swept in different directions by the built-in electric field of the depletion region.
3.1.2 Solar Cells
Fig 3.1: Solar cell

A solar cell is shown in Fig.3.1. Numbers of Solar cells are connected in series
to form photovoltaic module. Different photovoltaic modules are connected together to
form photovoltaic array. A PV cell, PV module and PV array is shown in Fig. 3.2 Solar
cells produce electricity directly from sunlight. Photovoltaics are best known as a
method for generating electric power by using solar cells to convert energy from the
sun into a flow of electrons.
Fig3.2: PV cell, module and array
The photovoltaic effect refers to photons of light exciting electrons into a higher
state of energy, allowing them to act as charge carriers for an electric current. The term
photovoltaic denotes the unbiased operating mode of a photodiode in which current
through the device is entirely due to the transduced light energy. Virtually all
photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode. Solar cells produce direct current
electricity from sun light, which can be used to power equipment or to recharge a
battery. The first practical application of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites
and other spacecraft, but today the majority of photovoltaic modules are used for grid
connected power generation

3.1.3 Current Developments

The amount of solar energy reaching the surface of the planet is so vast that in
one year it is about twice as much as will ever be obtained from all of the earth non-
renewable resources of coal, oil, natural gas and mined uranium combined. Solar
technologies are broadly characterized as either passive or active depending upon the
way they capture, convert and distribute sunlight. Active solar techniques use
photovoltaic panels, pumps, and fans to convert sunlight into useful outputs.
The solar energy produced in India in 2007 was less than 1 percent of the total
energy demand. By July 2012 the installed grid connected photovoltaics had increased
to 1040.67 MW and India expects to install an additional 10,000 MW by 2017 and total
of 20,000 MW by 2022. India is ranked number one in terms of solar energy production
per watts installed, with an insolation of 1,700 to 1,900 kW hours per KW peak. Gujarat
has been leader in solar power generation and contributes 2/3rdof the 900 MW of
photovoltaics in the country.
The solar Energy Centre (SEC), established in 1982, is a dedicated unit of the
Ministry of New and Renewable Energy, Govt of India for the development of solar
energy technologies and its related science and engineering. The centre has developed a
variety of technical facilities for technology evaluation and validation, testing and
standardization, performance reliability, monitoring and data analysis apart from
training. The ministry of New and Renewable Energy provides 70 percent subsidy on
the installation cost of a solar photovoltaic power plant in North East states and
30percent subsidy on other regions. The detailed outlay of the National Solar Mission
highlights various targets set by the government to increase solar energy in the
country’s energy portfolio. In view of exponentially increasing energy requirement n
global basis, solar energy exploration, its storage and its optimal utilization, provides
ever-lasting meaningful solution. This area will remain evergreen due to the availability
of abundant solar energy.

3.2 MAXIMUM POWER POINT TRACKING
We can use the relation of output power against voltage of a PV array to develop
an on-line maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithm. There are different
methods to track the optimum operating point. The common methods are:-
 Perturb and Observe Algorithm
 Method of Incremental Conductance
3.2.1 Perturb and Observe Algorithm
Perturb and Observe algorithms are widely used in MPPT because of their
simple structure and the few measured parameters which are required. They operate by
periodically perturbing (i.e. incrementing or decrementing) the array terminal voltage
and comparing the PV output power with that of the previous perturbation cycle. If the
power is increasing, the perturbation will continue in the same direction in the next
cycle, otherwise the perturbation direction will be reversed. This means the array
terminal voltage is perturbed every MPPT cycle; therefore when the MPOP is reached,
the Perturb and Observe algorithm will oscillate around it resulting in a loss of PV
power, especially in cases of constant or slowly varying atmospheric conditions. This
problem can be solved by improving the logic of the Perturb and Observe algorithm to
compare the parameters of two preceding cycles in order to check when the MPOP is
reached, and bypass the perturbation stage. Another way to reduce the power loss
around the MPOP is to decrease the perturbation step. However, the algorithm will be
slow in following the MPOP when the atmospheric conditions start to vary and more
power will be lost.

Fig 3.3: Deviation of Perturb and Observe algorithm from MPOP.
In cases of rapidly changing atmospheric conditions, as a result of moving

clouds, it was noted that the Perturb and Observe MPPT algorithm deviates from the
MPOP. This can be explained by considering the change in solar radiation as shown in
Fig. 4.4. Assume that initially the array operating voltage, (Point l), coincides with the
MPOP when a perturbation is made towards Point (2). Now, an increase in the array
power will be measured because the solar radiation has increased from S1 to
S2.However, for the Perturb and Observe algorithm, the power has increased because
the new MPOP is towards the right whereas it has already been passed, i.e. Point(4). In
the following perturbation, the Perturb and Observe algorithm will increment the array
operating voltage further right, point(3), and again an increase in the array power will
be measured because the solar radiation has increased from S2 to S3 with new MPOP,
Point(5). In this way, the Perturb and Observe algorithm will continue to deviate from
the actual MPOP, with a corresponding power loss, until the solar radiation change
slows or settles down.
Perturb and observe method varies only the reference voltage, implementation is
simple. However, when the maximum power point is reached, the reference voltage still
varies periodically. This causes oscillation around the maximum power point,
especially in the case of invariant or slowly changing environmental conditions.

Fig 3.4: Output power using Perturb and Observe algorithm

Fig 3.5: Flowchart of Perturb and Observe algorithm

3.2.2 Incremental Conductance Method
The incremental conductance method based on the fact that, the slope of the
PV array of the power curve is zero at the MPP, positive on the left of the MPP. And
negative on the right on the MPP. This can be given by,

Fig 3.6: P –V curve and Incremental Conductance algorithm
Fig 3.7: Incremental Conductance algorithm Flowchart

CHAPTER 4
WIND GENERATING SYSTEM
A Wind turbine is a rotating machine which converts the kinetic energy of wind
into mechanical energy. Wind turbines capture the power from the wind by means of
aerodynamically designed blades and convert it to rotating mechanical power. The
number of blades is normally three. As the blade tip-speed typically should be lower
than half the speed of sound the rotational speed will decrease as the radius of the blade
increases. The most weight efficient way to convert the low-speed, high-torque power
to electrical power is using a gear-box and a standard fixed speed generator as
illustrated in Fig4.1. The gear-box is optional as multi-pole generator systems are
possible solutions. Between the grid and the generator a power converter can be
inserted. The electrical output can either be AC or DC.
Fig 4.1: Wind Energy Conversion System

4.1 Wind Turbine
The output power of the wind turbine by the wind turbine (power delivered by
the by the rotor is given by (4.1)
ω m𝑅 3
Pt = 0.5 ρACp ( λ, β)(vw) 3 = 0.5 ρACp ( ) (4.1)
λ
Where ρ is the air density (kilograms per cubic meter), vw is the wind speed in
meters per second, A is the blades swept area, and Cp is the turbine-rotor-power
coefficient, which is a function of the tip-speed ratio (λ) and pitch angle (β). Ωm =
rotational speed of turbine rotor in mechanical radians per second, and R = radius of the
turbine. The coefficient of performance of a wind turbine is influenced by the tip-speed
to wind-speed ratio, which is given by (4.2),
TSR = (ωmR/vw) (4.2)
The wind turbine can produce maximum power when the turbine operates at
maximum Cp (i.e., at Cp (opt)). Therefore, it is necessary to keep the rotor speed at an
optimum value of the tip-speed ratio λ opt. If the wind speed varies, the rotor speed
should be adjusted to follow the change.
The torque can be obtained using the relation (4.3) as:- Tw = Pwω (4.3)

Fig 4.2 Power coefficient vs tip speed ratio
4.2 Wind Generating Systems
Wind energy conversion systems (WECS) that are used as interface between the
generator (variable voltage and frequency) and the grid (fixed voltage and frequency). It
is a type of a synchronous generator where the excitation field is provided by a
permanent magnet instead of a coil. PMSG are widely used in the wind energy
conversion systems, especially in the small or medium power range, which increases
the conversion efficiency and reduces the maintenance cost due to brushless design. A
typical PMSG based wind energy conversion system is shown in Fig.4.5 in which a full
power capacity AC-DC-DC power converter.

Fig 4.3: Wind Generating System model
The output of the turbine is fed to the generator. The output from the generator is
rectified using an uncontrolled diode bridge rectifier. Here an uncontrolled rectifier is
used because this rectifier is then connected to a DC-DC converter, so by controlling
the converter, the output voltage can be regulated. The output from the rectifier is fed to
the DC-DC converter. The converter used in the wind generating system is same as that
used in the photovoltaic generating system. The switching frequency of the buck
converter is also same as that of the buck converter of the photovoltaic system. The
switching of the buck converter of the wind generating system is obtained by using the
PWM technique. The duty ratio of the buck converter is obtained by using the (4.4)
Vin
𝐷 =1− (4.4)
Vo

where, Vin is the output voltage of the rectifier and Vo, is the output voltage of
the PV array. So that the output voltage of the two generating system will be same and
can be connected to a common DC link.

CHAPTER 5
HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS
5.1 CIRCUIT COMPONENTS
5.1.1 SOLAR PANEL
Fig 5.1 Kotak 100W Watts Solar Panel UL Listed Off Grid 12 Volt 12V
With the ability to run off 12 volts, our 100 W solar panel can be used in multi-
purpose applications including RV, marine, boat, and home installations. You can
maximize the efficiency of your solar project with Kotak’s custom built 100 Watts solar
panels. The main applications of this panel are On-grid rooftop/ground mounts for solar
energy homes Off-grid fully self-powered systems as RV solar panels, Boat solar
panels, and Marine solar panels. It is suitable for residential, commercial or power
station property and 12V Battery charging.

Technical Specifications
Solar Cell Monocrystalline 125x125 (5 inches)

No. of Cells –36 (4x9)
Dimensions- 630x541x35 mm (24.8x21.3x1.4 inches)
Weight - 4.5 kgs (9.9 lbs)
Front Glass- 3.2 mm (0.13 inches) tempered glass
Frame Anodized aluminium alloy
Junction Box - IP67 rated
Output Cables - 4.0 mm2 (0.006 inches2), 600mm (23.6 inches)
Connectors -MC4 Connectors
Fire Rating - Class C
Electrical Characteristics
Optimum Operating Voltage (Vmp) - 18.5V
Optimum Operating Current (Imp) - 2.7A
Open – Circuit Voltage (Voc) - 22.7V
Short- Circuit Current (Isc) - 2.84A
Operating Module Temperature- -40°C to + 90°C
5.1.2 WIND TURBINE

Fig 5.2 KSolare 200 Wind turbine system
Features
 Every turbine is finely balanced.
 Smooth rotation is ensured
 Quiet in operation
 Unique and purpose designed generator.

 This keeps the turbine spinning when other wind generators stall
 Overall this delivers more Ampere hours of power per day especially in
low to average wind speeds
 Low wind speed start-up of just 2 m/s.

 So even in the lightest winds a trickle charge can be seen at the battery
 Charges up to 300 Watts.

 Produces 108 Watts @ 11 m/s and 24 Watts @ 5 m/s
 Efficient aerofoil profile blades with a unique “one way only fit” feature.

 Unique in the industry, our user friendly feature ensures you

automatically fit the aerofoil blades in the correct orientation and design
pitch for optimum performance
 The blade root design has been tested to withstand forces in excess of the
blades spinning at over 20 times the rpm seen at 10m/s. The blades are
solidly secured in their sockets and will not eject
 Brushless alternator.
 Our unique design features a fixed rather than rotating shaft which
negates the need for brush gear. It is a simple and maintenance-free
design
 The alternator windings and magnets are totally encapsulated for

improved protection against Stator winding failure
 360 degree free rotation on the mounting pole.

 The “Post Adaptor” that secures the turbine to the pole carries the slip
ring and brush gear enabling the turbine to rotate 360 degrees freely to
find wind without wires twisting inside the mounting pole
 This post fixing is anodized enabling the user to select either an

aluminium or stainless steel pole without corrosion concerns
 Durable construction and modern materials.

 Modern, durable materials are used thereby giving products with many
years of trouble free service even under the harsh conditions of a marine
environment.
In most cases around the world this product will generate enough power to serve
on batteries. Without doubt the KSOLARE 200 model produces more power than any
other comparable wind generator available.

Fig 5.3: Output Graph of Ksolare 200.
Specifications:-
 Low wind speed start-up of just 2m/s, Generates 90w at 9.5m/s, 24w at 5m/s,
delivers up to 300w
 Net Weight: 10.5kg
 Dimensions: 490x430x350mm
5.1.3 LED LAMP

Fig 5.4: 24 nos CREE MLE High wattage LED color
The lamps used in the street lighting system have high power LEDs with high
lumens, special quadric optical lens and stable constant current driver. The structure for
LEDs layout can make sure the uniformity of the lighting more than 0.45. The whole
lamp is made of aluminium alloy ensure dust resistance, waterproof and self-cleaning
ability.
Features and Benefits
 The technology of corrugated matrix light cans maximally improve the

brightness and illumination uniformity.
 Unique integrated aluminium fuselage structure with excellent heat dissipation
coefficient, prolong the light source life.
 Maximal shining efficiency is up to 110lm/W by adoption advance LED chips.
 Power factor is over 0.98 without pollution to the grid.
 Saving installation cost by cutting down 70% diameter of cable and capacity of
transformer.
 Containing no toxic mercury, no UV, no IR

Fig 5.5 Light Distribution Curve
5.1.4 BATTERY
 12V 42Ah Deep cycle lead acid battery

 Cells per unit – 6
 Maximum charging current limit – 16A
 Float charging voltage – 13.6V – 13.8V DC at 25°C
 Internal Resistance – 7mΩ
 12 years floating design life

CHAPTER 6
SIMULATIONS
This chapter deals with the MATLAB simulation of system and its result. The
model of wind turbine generator and mathematical model of PV array has been
developed. Both these systems supply power to a battery and load connected in
parallel.The combined model of solar and wind are as shown below:
6.1 SOLAR AND WIND HYBRID MODELLING
Fig 6.1 Complete model of an hrbrid system

6.2 PV PANEL SIMULATION
6.2.1 Mathematical Model of PV panel

There are different methods to model PV systems, by using the current equation
or by using voltage equation. The output of the PV array varies according to changes in

atmospheric condition. So the effect of those changes should be incorporated in the

model. In this project the current equation is used to model the PV system.
Fig 6.2: PV cell model
The solar module is a non-linear device and can be represented as a current

source model, as shown in Fig.6.3. Where Rsh, Rs, Ro represents internal shunt
resistance, the internal series resistance and the output resistance respectively, Io is the
output current, Id is the diode current and Vo is the output voltage of the panel.
The output current from the photovoltaic array is given by (6.1).
Vo
𝐼 = IL - Id − (6.1)
Rsh
where, V = Vo -IRs.
The basic equation for the ideal case of the elementary PV cell does not
represent the I–V characteristic of a practical PV array, actually practical arrays are

composed of several connected PV cells and the observation of the characteristics at the
terminals of the PV array is expressed by considering one the parameter called “I”
which is given by:
𝑞(V +IRs)
I = IL- Id{𝑒𝑥𝑝 ( ) − 1}– 1 (6.2)
𝐴𝐾𝑇Ns
In the above mentioned equation, the parameter IL and Id are expressed as:
IL = IL(Tr) { 1+αIsc(𝑇 − Tr)} (6.3)
𝑇 𝑞𝑉g 1 1
I = IoT(r) ( ) 𝑒𝑥𝑝 [ ( − )] (6.4)
𝑇r 𝑛𝐾 Tr 𝑇
Isc(Tr.nom)
Where ILT(r) = 𝐺 ( )
𝐺e
IoT(r) is the reverse saturation current given by:

Isc(Tr)
IoT(r) = 𝑞Voc(Tr) (6.5)
𝑒𝑥𝑝( nKTrNs )−1
dIsc
αIsc = (6.6)
𝑑𝑇
Here:
IL: light or photo current.
Io: reverse saturation current of the diode.
Is,Vs: output current and voltage of the photovoltaic generator respectively.
q: charge on electron.
K: Boltzmann’s constant.
Rs: series resistance

n: Ideality factor for P-N junction.
6.2.2 SIMULINK Model of PV generating system
Fig 6.3: Complete model of PV generating System
For simulation, a 100W photovoltaic energy system is modelled using

MATLAB/Simulink. The simulation block diagram of PV generating system is shown
in Fig 6.4

Fig 6.4 PV panel model

At normal working conditions, i.e., at a temperature of 298 K and a solar

irradiance level of 1000 watts/m2, the open circuit voltage and short circuit current of
one PV module is 18.6V and 3.1 A respectively. Its maximum power is almost 50watts.
Figure 6.5, 6.6 and 6.7 shows the subsystems of current generated by illumination
(IL), diode current (Id) and saturation current (Io) respectively from the main system of
PV panel.
Fig 6.5: Subsystem of current generated by illumination

Fig 6.6: Subsystem of diode current
Fig 6.7: Subsystem of saturation current

6.3 WIND TURBINE SIMULATION
The mechanical model of the wind turbine is made and the base speed is kept at
12m/s. The mechanical torque output is supplied to a permanent magnet synchronous
machine. The three phase ac output is rectified and dc output voltage is obtained. A
controller circuit is also provided to obtain 12v dc as the output.
Fig 6.7: Complete model of wind generating system

Fig 6.8: Wind turbine generator model
Fig 6.9 model of PI controller used in wind turbine modelling

6.4 SIMULATION RESULTS
Fig 6.10: Output graphs of PV generating system
Time (s)
Fig 6.11: Output graph of Battery

Fig 6.12: Output graphs of wind turbine generating system
Fig 6.13: current vs time graph of mppt controller output
Fig 6.14 voltage vs time graph of mppt controller output

6.15 I V graph of solar panel
Fig 6.16 P V graph of solar panel

CHAPTER 7
DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCUIT
7.1 ENERGY CALCULATIONS
 LED light =24 watt

• For 12 hours =24 X 12 =288watt hour
• Required Ah =288/12=24Ah
• So choose 12V,40Ah battery
 Solar panel 100 watt x 4 hour = 400 watt hour
 Wind turbine 100 watt X4 hour =400 watt hour
 Energy generated per day 800 watt hour
 Energy requirement = 288watt hour
 Thus the design is providing 20 hours autonomy to ensure trouble free
operation
7.2 SPECIFICATION OF COMPONENTS USED
• Solar panel = 100 watts , 12V

• Wind turbine = 100 watts
• LED lamp =12V, 24W, 110-140 lumen/watt
• Battery = 12 Volt 26 Ah deep cycle lead acid battery
• Pole = 6 meters height, galvanized iron
• Battery box= FRP (Fiber Reinforced Plastic)

BLOCK DIAGRAM
Fig 7.1: Block Diagram of hybrid system

CHAPTER 8
ESTIMATION AND COMPARISON OF LIGHTING
SYSTEMS
8.1 Cost of installing one hybrid lighting system
Sl.no Particulars Nos Rate Total amount
1 Wind mill blade set 100W,
Wind mill charge controller

40A,
Wind mill coupler & 1 30000 30000

generator set
2 Solar panel 100W , 12V 1 5000 5000
3 Battery 40Ah ,12V 1 3500 3500
4 LED light 24W, 12 V 1 3000 3000
5 Steel pipe 2.5 inch&6m 1 9000 9000

length
6 Cables ,nuts , bolts &fittings 1 7000 7000

7 Steel anchoring accessories 1 6000 6000
8 Fiber glass battery box 1 2000 2000

mount
10 MPPT PCB design 1 5000 5000

,fabrication
TOTAL 76500
8.2 Design and estimation of lighting entire coastal area using hybrid street
lights
• Lumen output of 24 W LED lamp= 2400 lm
• Luminance intensity= 190.98 cd
• Illuminance E=0.7369 lux
• Pole height =6m
• Therefore dist between 2 poles =19.8m
• For entire coastal area of 900m, num of poles required is 46.
For one post 3 no. of 24 W LED lamps are required .

•
• Consumption=24*12*3=864Wh
So choose 2 nos of 40Ah battery.

8.3 Estimation for illuminating the entire 900m of coastal area at

Shangumugham
Sl.no Particulars Nos Rate Total amount
1 Wind mill blade set 100W,
Wind mill charge controller 40A,
Wind mill coupler & generator set 46 30000 1380000
2 Solar panel 100W , 12V 46 5000 230000
3 Battery 40Ah,12V-2 46 7000 322000
4 LED light 24W, 12 V-3 46 3000 138000
5 Steel pipe 2.5 inch&6m length 46 9000 414000
6 Cables ,nuts , bolts &fittings 46 7000 322000
7 Steel anchoring accessories 46 6000 276000
8 Fiber glass battery box mount 46 2000 92000
10 MPPT PCB design ,fabrication 46 5000 230000
TOTAL 3542000

CHAPTER 9
CONCLUSION
The proposed Wind-Solar hybrid street lighting system will help to reduce the
peak load demand from the grid. The hybrid system ensures continuous operation of the
system and increases the reliability. The system has been designed using non-corrosive
and durable materials to withstand the corrosive saline winds in the coastal region
thereby ensuring long life.
 Software analysis of the project has been done (MATLAB).Simulations have

been done based on the mathematical equations of solar photovoltaic system.
MPPT system based on the incremental conductance algorithm has been done.
Final output was found to be 12V DC with 50w power output.
 A hybrid street lighting system was installed at Shangumugham using fund

obtained from Kerala State Council for Science,Technology and
Environment(KSCSTE).
 A comparison study was conducted on existing highmast lighting system and the
hybrid lighting system. Even though the initial cost of hybrid system is high, it
has less maintenance and running costs. So considering the long term economy.

REFERENCE
1) I.H. Altas, and A.M. Sharaf “A Photovoltaic Array Simulation Model for
Matlab-Simulink GUI Environment", ICCEP'07 International conference, on 21-
23 May2007 341 - 345.
2) K. H. Hussein, I. Muta, T. Hoshino, and M. Osakada, “Maximum photovoltaic

power tracking: An algorithm for rapidly changing atmospheric conditions,"
Proc. Inst. Electr. Eng.Generation, Transmission Distrib, vol. 142, no1, pp. 5964,
Jan. 1995.
3) Walker, Geoff R. “Evaluating MPPT converter topologies using a MATLAB PV

model” Australasian Universities Power Engineering Conference, AUPEC ‘00,
Brisbane, 2000
4) D.C. Aliprantis, S.A. Papathanassiou, M.P. Papadopoulos, A.G. Kladas,

Modelling and Control of a Variable-Speed Wind Turbine Equipped with
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, ICEM 2000; International
Conference on Electrical Machines, pp. 558-562, August 2000
5) S. Belakehal, H. Benalla and A. Bentounsi, Power Maximization Control of

Small Wind System Using Permanent Magnet Synchronous Generator, Revue
des Energies Renouvelables Vol. 12 No. 2 pp. 307-319, 2009
6) Mukund R. Patel, Wind and Solar Power Systems, Copyright @ 1999, CRC
Press LLC, New York, pp. 35-57
7) Muhammad H. Rashid, Power Electronics, Circuits Devices, and Applications,

third edition, Copyright @ 2001, Prentice-Hall, Inc. New Jersey, pp. 167-290

APPENDIX-I
MICRO C PROGRAM FOR PULSE WIDTH

MODULATION (PWM) CONTROL OF SOLAR
PANEL
int i=A0,b,c,o=6;
void setup()
pinMode(o, OUTPUT);
pinMode(i,INPUT);
void loop() {
b=analogRead(i);
b=constrain(b,703,920);
c=map(b,670,930,255,186);
analogWrite(o,c);

APPENDIX- II
MICRO C PROGRAM FOR CONTROLING OF SOLAR
PANEL
int i,led=10,b=3,r=4,s,a;
int c=A0,d=A1;
void setup()
pinMode(b,OUTPUT);
pinMode(r,OUTPUT);
int check()
for(i=0;i<=200;i++)
if(a<=120)
delay(1000);
else
return(i);
break;

void loop()
a=analogRead(c);
s=analogRead(d);
if(a<=120)
check();
if(i=200)
i=0;
digitalWrite(led,HIGH);
else
digitalWrite(led,LOW);
if(s<=620)
digitalWrite(b,HIGH);
digitalWrite(r,LOW);
else
digitalWrite(b,LOW);
digitalWrite(r,HIGH);

APPENDIX- III
COMPONENTS
ATmega32
Features
• High-performance, Low-power AVR® 8-bit Microcontroller
• Advanced RISC Architecture

o 131 Powerful Instructions – Most Single-clock Cycle Execution
o 32 x 8 General Purpose Working Registers
o Fully Static Operation
o Up to 16 MIPS Throughput at 16 MHz
o On-chip 2-cycle Multiplier
• Non-volatile Program and Data Memories
• Peripheral Features
o Two 8-bit Timer/Counters with Separate Prescalers and Compare Modes

o One 16-bit Timer/Counter with Separate Prescaler, Compare Mode, and
Capture Mode
o Real Time Counter with Separate Oscillator
o Four PWM Channels

o 8-channel, 10-bit ADC
• I/O and Packages

o 32 Programmable I/O Lines
o 40-pin PDIP, 44-lead TQFP, and 44-pad MLF
• Operating Voltages
o 2.7 - 5.5V for ATmega16L
o 4.5 - 5.5V for ATmega16
Pin Configurations

PA0 TO PA7
They are used as input/ output ports. They can also be used as secondary pins.
When used as secondary pins they are used as ADCs. Port A also serves as an 8-bit
bi-directional I/O port, if the A/D Converter is not used. Port pins can provide
internal pull-up resistors (selected for each bit). The Port A output buffers have
symmetrical drive characteristics with both high sink and source capability. When
pins PA0 to PA7 are used as inputs and are externally pulled low, they will source
current if the internal pull-up resistors are activated. The Port A pins are tri-stated
when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PB0 TO PB7
Port B is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port B output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port B pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port B pins
are tri-stated when a reset condition becomes active, even if the clock is not running.
PC0 TO PC7
Port C is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port C output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port C pins that are externally
pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port C pins
If the JTAG interface is enabled, the pull-up resistors on pins PC5 (TDI), PC3
(TMS) and PC2 (TCK) will be activated even if a reset occurs.
PD0 TO PD7
Port D is an 8-bit bi-directional I/O port with internal pull-up resistors (selected
for each bit). The Port D output buffers have symmetrical drive characteristics with
both high sink and source capability. As inputs, Port D pins that are externally

pulled low will source current if the pull-up resistors are activated. The Port D pins
RESET
Reset Input. A low level on this pin for longer than the minimum pulse length
will generate a reset, even if the clock is not running.
AVcc, AREF
AVCC is the supply voltage pin for Port A and the A/D Converter. It should be
externally connected to VCC, even if the ADC is not used. If the ADC is used, it
should be connected to VCC through a low-pass filter.

REGISTERS IN IO PORTS


HALL EFFECT SENSOR ACS712
 PCB board size: 31 (mm) x13 (mm)
 No test current through the output voltage is VCC / 2
 The current sensor chips: ACS712ELC-05B
 Pin 5V power supply, on-board power indicator
 The module can measure the positive and negative 5A corresponding to the
analog output 185mV / A

L298 DUAL FULL-BRIDGE DRIVER
DESCRIPTION
The L298 is an integrated monolithic circuit in a 15-lead Multiwatt and

PowerSO20 packages. It is a high voltage, high current dual full-bridge driver designed
to accept standard TTL logic levels and drive inductive loads such as relays, solenoids,
DC and stepping motors. Two enable inputs are provided to enable or disable the device
independently of the input signals. The emitters of the lower transistors of each bridge
are connected together and the corresponding external terminal can be used for the
connection of an external sensing resistor. An additional supply input is provided so
that the logic works at a lower voltage.
PIN DIAGRAM


APPENDIX- IV
MATLAB PROGRAM FOR MPPT

(P & O ALGORITHM)
%#codegen
function D = PandO(V,I)
% MPPT controller based on the Perturb & Observe algorithm.
% D output = Duty cycle of the boost converter (value between 0
and 1)
% Enabled input = 1 to enable the MPPT controller
% V input = PV array terminal voltage (V)
% I input = PV array current (A)
% Param input:
Dinit = 0.4; %Initial value for D output
Dmax = 0.6; %Maximum value for D
Dmin = 0.2; %Minimum value for D
deltaD = 0.001; %Increment value used to increase/decrease the
duty cycle D
% ( increasing D = decreasing Vref )
persistentVoldPoldDold;
dataType = 'double';
ifisempty(Vold)
Vold=0;
Pold=0;
Dold=Dinit;
end
P= V*I;
dV= V - Vold;
dP= P - Pold;
ifdP ~= 0
ifdP< 0
ifdV< 0
D = Dold - deltaD;
else
D = Dold + deltaD;
end
else
ifdV< 0
D = Dold + deltaD;
else
D = Dold - deltaD;
end
end
else D=Dold;
end
if D >= Dmax | D<= Dmin
D=Dold;
end
Dold=D;
Vold=V;
Pold=P;

APPENDIX- V
PHOTOS OF THE PROJECT


Solar and Wind Hybrid Street Light System

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WIND SOLAR STREET LIGHTING SYSTEM

Submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the award of Degree

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

This is to certify that this report entitled “WIND

Dr.Ajithkumar B Dr.S Hariharan

Prof Asok Kumar A

We have great pleasure in expressing our gratitude and obligations to Prof.

We express our thanks to Prof.S Hariharan, UG Coordinator, Department

We express our sincere thanks to Prof. Asok Kumar A, Assistant Professor,

We are thankful to Shyam Kumar,Innovation eXperience MBA Block,CET

We also acknowledge our gratitude to other members of faculty in the

Demand for renewable energy sources is increasing due to shortage of

In this project, a Wind – Solar Hybrid Street Lighting System is proposed

The PV system is modelled by considering the changes in solar irradiance

CHAPTER 3 PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATING SYSTEM 5

CHAPTER 4 WIND GENERATING SYSTEM 15

CHAPTER 5 HARDWARE REQUIREMENTS 20

6.3 Wind Turbine Simulation 34

CHAPTER 7 DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF CIRCUIT 39

CHAPTER 8 ESTIMATIMATION AND COMPARISON OF LIGHTING

2.1 Installation scheme of the system 2

2.2 Block diagram 3

3.1 Solar cell 6

3.2 PV cell, module and array 7

3.3 Deviation of Perturb and Observe algorithm from

3.5 Flowchart of Perturb and Observe algorithm 12

3.6 P –V curve and Incremental Conductance algorithm 14

3.7 Incremental Conductance algorithm Flowchart 14

4.1 Wind Energy Conversion System 15

4.2 Power coefficient vs tip speed ratio 17

4.3 Wind Generating System model 18

5.1 Kotak 1000W watts solar panel UL listed off grid 20

5.3 Output Graph of Ksolare 200W 24

5.4 24 nos. CREE MLE High wattage LED colour 25

5.5 LED Light distribution curve 26

6.1 Complete model of hybrid system 27

6.2 PV cell model 28

6.3 Complete model of PV generating System 30

6.5 Subsystem of current generated by illumination 32

6.6 Subsystem of diode current 33

6.7 Subsystem of saturation current 33

6.8 Wind turbine generator model 35

6.9 Model of PI controller used in wind turbine model 35

6.10 Output graphs of PV generating system 36

6.11 Output graphs of Battery 36

6.12 Output graphs of wind turbine generating system 37

6.13 Current vs time graph of MPPT controller output 37

6.14 Voltage vs time graph of MPPT controller output 37

6.15 I-V graph of PV system 38

6.16 PV graph of solar panel 38

7.1 Block Diagram of hybrid system 40

1.1 PROBLEM DEFINITION

1.2 AIM OF THE PROJECT

`This project aims at designing and developing a small-scale wind-solar hybrid

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM Page 1

2.1 WORKING IN DETAIL

Fig 2.1: Installation scheme of the system

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM Page 2

Wind Turbine Controller B

Fig 2.2: Block diagram

COLLEGE OF ENGINEERING TRIVANDRUM Page 4

3.1 PHOTOVOLTAIC PANEL

Solar cell is basically a p-n junction fabricated in a thin wafer or layer of

3.1.1 Photovoltaic Effect