Automobile Engineering: Electronic Engineering Mechanical Engineering

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology
Automobile Engineering
Electrical
Engineering
Mechanical Electronic
Engineering Engineering
Automobile
Engineering
Material Safety
Science Engineering
Software
Engineering
Automobile Engineering
Designing
Servicing Developing
Automobile
Engineering
Testing and
Manufacturing
Repairing
What is an Automobile?
A self-propelled vehicle used to transport goods and passengers on the

ground is called an automobile.
Main Components of Automobile
1. Basic structure
• Frame
• Suspension system
• Axels
• Wheels
• Tyres
2. Engine
3. Transmission system
• Clutch
• Gear box
• Propeller shaft
• Differential gear
4. Auxiliaries
5. Control system
• Steering
• Braking system
Engine Parts
Most autos use a spark-ignited four-stroke reciprocating
gasoline engine
• Piston compresses air and fuel
• Air-fuel mixture is ignited
• Piston pushes rod and forces crankshaft to rotate
• Rotating crankshaft turns the wheels
• Burning mixture is sealed into cylinder by cylinder head
and head gasket
• Piston is sealed into cylinder by piston rings
Engine Parts
Engine Parts
Engine support systems
• Cooling system
✓ Cools the engine to prevent
overheating
• Fuel system
✓ Carburetor
✓ Gasoline fuel injection
✓ Diesel fuel injection
• Lubrication system
✓ Moves pressurized oil to all engine
areas
• Electrical system
✓Ignition system
✓Starting system
✓Charging system
✓Computer system
• Exhaust system
✓Carries exhaust from engine to rear of car
• Emission control system

✓Reduces or eliminates pollutants in exhaust
So you go out one morning and your engine will turn over
but it won't start. What could be wrong?
Three fundamental things can happen:

(i) a bad fuel mix,
(ii) lack of compression
(iii) lack of spark.
Beyond that, thousands of minor things can create problems, but

these are the "big three."
A bad fuel mix can occur in several ways:

• You are out of gas, so the engine is getting air but no fuel.
• The air intake might be clogged, so there is fuel but not enough
air.
• The fuel system might be supplying too much or too little fuel to
the mix, meaning that combustion does not occur properly.
• There might be an impurity in the fuel (like water in your gas

tank) that prevents the fuel from burning.
Lack of compression: If the charge of air and fuel cannot be
compressed properly, the combustion process will not work like it
should. Lack of compression might occur for these reasons:
• Your piston rings are worn (allowing the air/fuel mix to leak
past the piston during compression).
• The intake or exhaust valves are not sealing properly, again

allowing a leak during compression.
• There is a hole in the cylinder

Lack of spark: The spark might be non-existent or weak for

several reasons:
• If your sparkplug or the wire leading to it is worn out, the spark
will be weak.
• If the wire is cut or missing, or if the system that sends a spark
down the wire is not working properly, there will be no spark.
• If the spark occurs either too early or too late in the cycle (i.e. if
the ignition timing is off), the fuel will not ignite at the right
time
Many other things can go wrong. For example:

• If the battery is dead, you cannot turn over the engine to start
it.
• If the bearings that allow the crankshaft to turn freely are
worn out, the crankshaft cannot turn so the engine cannot
run.
• If the valves do not open and close at the right time or at all,
air cannot get in and exhaust cannot get out, so the engine
cannot run.
• If you run out of oil, the piston cannot move up and down
freely in the cylinder, and the engine will seize.
The starting system consists of an electric starter motor and a starter solenoid.
When you turn the ignition key, the starter motor spins the engine a few revolutions
so that the combustion process can start. It takes a powerful motor to spin a cold
engine. The starter motor must overcome:
•All of the internal friction caused by the piston rings
•The compression pressure of any cylinder(s) that happens to be in the compression
stroke
•The energy needed to open and close valves with the camshaft
•All of the other things directly attached to the engine, like the water pump, oil
pump, alternator, etc.
Because so much energy is needed and because a car uses a 12-volt electrical
system, hundreds of amps of electricity must flow into the starter motor. The starter
solenoid is essentially a large electronic switch that can handle that much current.
When you turn the ignition key, it activates the solenoid to power the motor.
Classification of Automobiles:
i. Based on purpose:
• Passenger vehicles
• Goods vehicles
ii. Based on Capacity:
• Heavy Motor Vehicles (HMV)
• Medium Motor Vehicles (MMV)
• Light Motor Vehicles (LMV)
iii. Based on Fuel/power sources:
• Petrol engine vehicles
• Diesel engine vehicles
• Gas engine vehicles
• Hydrogen fuelled vehicles
• Electric vehicles
• Hybrid vehicles
• Steam engine vehicles
iv. Based on Transmission Systems
• Automatic transmission vehicles
• Conventional transmission vehicles
• Semi-automatic transmission vehicles
Classification of Automobiles:
v. Based on Number of Wheels:
• Two Wheeler
• Three Wheeler
• Four Wheeler
• Six Wheeler
vi. Based on Side of the Drive
• Left Hand Drive
• Right Hand Drive
vii. Based on Power on Wheel

• Front Wheel Drive
• Rear Wheel Drive
• Four Wheel Drive
• All Wheel Drive
Components of an Engine:
i. Stationary or structure forming components: Structural parts such as

engine block,
ii. Moving or mechanism forming components
• Piston
• Piston rings
• Gudgeon pin
• Connecting rod
• Crankshaft
• Camshaft
• Valves
• Valve operating mechanism
• Chain and sprocket
• The compression rings provide
sealing above the piston and prevent
the gas leakage from the combustion
side.
• The wiper ring is the back up of
compression ring used is to clean
the liner surface off the excess oil
and to act as support back up ring
on stopping any gas leakage further
down which escaped the top
compression ring.
• The oil control rings control the
amount of lubricating oil passing
up or down the cylinder walls.
Cylinder block is a one-piece casting usually made of an iron alloy that contains nickel and
molybdenum. This is the best overall material for cylinder blocks. It provides excellent wearing
qualities and low material and production cost, and it changes dimensions only minimally when
heated. Another material used for cylinder blocks, although not extensively, is aluminum. Aluminum
is used whenever weight is a consideration.
However, it is NOT practical to use for the following reasons:
• Aluminum is more expensive than cast iron.
• Aluminum is not as strong as cast iron.
• Because of its softness, it cannot be used on any surface of the block that is subject to wear. This
necessitates the pressing, or casting, of steel sleeves into the cylinder bores. Threaded holes must
also be deeper. This introduces extra design considerations and increases production costs.
• Aluminum has a much higher expansion rate than iron when heated. This creates problems with
maintaining tolerances.
Cylinders are bored right into the block. A good cylinder must be round, not varying in diameter by
more than approximately 0.0005 inch (0.012 mm). The diameter of the cylinder must be uniform
throughout its entire length. During normal engine operation, cylinder walls wear out-of-round, or
they may become cracked and scored if not lubricated or cooled properly. The cylinders on an air-
cooled engine are separate from the crankcase. They are made of forged steel. This material is most
suitable for cylinders because of its excellent wearing qualities and its ability to withstand the high
temperatures that air –cooled cylinders obtain.
The crankcase is made as a one- or two-piece casting that supports the crankshaft, provides the mounting
surface for the cylinders and the oil pump, and has the lubrication passages cast into it. It is made of
aluminum since it needs the ability to dissipate large amounts of heat. On air-cooled engines, the oil pan
usually is made of cast aluminum and is covered with cooling fins. The oil pan on an air-cooled engine
plays a key role in the removal of waste heat from the engine through its lubricating oil.
Cylinder head, bolts to the deck of the cylinder block. It covers and encloses the top of
the cylinders. Combustion chambers, small pockets formed in the cylinder heads where
combustion occurs, are located directly over the cylinders. Spark plugs (gasoline engine) or
injectors (diesel engine) protrude through holes into the combustion chambers. Intake and
exhaust ports are cast into the cylinder head. The intake ports route air (diesel engine) or air
and fuel (gasoline engine) into the combustion chambers. The exhaust port routes burned
gases out of the combustion chamber.
Because weight has become an important consideration, a large percentage of cylinder

heads now are being made from aluminum.
The cylinder heads on air-cooled engines are made exclusively from aluminium because
aluminum conducts heat approximately three times as fast as cast iron. This is a critical
consideration with air cooling.
Exhaust manifold is made of cast iron, lightweight aluminum, or stainless steel tubing. If the exhaust
manifold is made properly, it can create a scavenging action
that causes all of the cylinders to help each other get rid of the gases. Back pressure (the force that the
pistons must exert to push out the exhaust gases) can be reduced by making the manifold with smooth
walls and without sharp bends.
The intake manifold can be made of cast iron, aluminum, or plastic. On a gasoline engine it carries the
air -fuel mixture from the carburetor and distributes it to the cylinders. On a diesel engine, the manifold
carries only air into the cylinders.
Deliver the air-fuel mixture to the cylinders in equal quantities and proportions. The lengths of the
passages should be as equal as possible to distribute the air-fuel mixture equally.
• Help to keep the vaporized air-fuel mixture from condensing before it reaches the combustion
chamber. The ideal air -fuel mixture should be vaporized completely as it enters the combustion
chamber. The manifold passages are designed with smooth walls and a minimum of bends that
collect fuel to reduce the condensing of the mixture. Smooth flowing intake manifold passages also
increase volumetric efficiency.
• Aid in the vaporization of the air-fuel mixture. The intake manifold has a controlled system of
heating that must heat the mixture enough to aid in vaporization—without heating it to the point of
reducing volumetric efficiency.
The piston must withstand incredible punishment under temperature extremes.
Piston Assembly
The piston transfers the pressure of combustion to the connecting rod and crankshaft. It must also
hold the piston rings and piston pin while operating in the cylinder. Pistons, are normally cast or
forged from an aluminum alloy. Cast pistons are relatively soft and are used in slow -speed, low
performance engines. Forged pistons are commonly used in today’s fuel-injected, turbocharged, and
diesel engines. These engines expose the pistons to much higher stress loads, which could break cast
aluminum pistons.
Connecting rods connect the pistons to the crankshaft to convert reciprocating motion into rotary
motion. They must be strong enough to transmit the thrust of the pistons to the crankshaft and to
withstand the internal forces of the directional changes of the piston.
The connecting rods are in the form of an I-beam. This design gives the highest overall strength and
lowest weight. They are made of forged steel but may also be made of aluminum in smaller
engines.
As the pistons collectively might be regarded as the heart of the engine, so the crankshaft may be
considered its backbone. The crankshaft is located in the bottom of the engine and is the part of the
engine that transforms the reciprocating motion of the piston to rotary motion. It transmits power
through the flywheel, the clutch, the transmission, and the differential to drive your vehicle.
The flywheel on large, low-speed engines is usually made of cast iron. This is desirable because the
heavy weight of the cast iron helps the engine maintain a steady speed. Small, high-speed engines
usually use a forged steel or forged aluminum flywheel for the following reasons:
• The cast iron is too heavy, giving it too much inertia for speed variations necessary on small
engines.
• Cast iron, because of its weight, pulls itself apart at high speeds due to centrifugal force
➢ On a vehicle with a manual transmission, the flywheel serves to mount the clutch.
➢ With a vehicle that is equipped with an automatic transmission, the flywheel supports the front of
the torque converter. In some configurations, the flywheel is combined with the torque converter.
The outer edge of the flywheel carries the ring gear, either integral with the flywheel or shrunk
on.
➢ The ring gear is used to engage the drive gear on the starter motor for cranking the engine.
The lower part of the crankcase is the oil pan,which is bolted at the bottom. The oil pan is made of
cast aluminum or pressed steel and holds the lubricating oil for the engine.
Most modern Cylinder Gasket, Teflon ®-coated, permanent-torque cylinder head gaskets should be
installed clean and dry.
Valve and Valve Mechanisms

There are two valves for each cylinder in most
engines—one intake and one exhaust. Since these
valves operate at different times, it is necessary
that a separate operating mechanism be provided
for each valve.
Valves are held closed by heavy springs and by
compression in the combustion chamber. The
purpose of the valve actuating mechanism is to
overcome spring pressure and open the valve at
the proper time.
The valve actuating mechanism includes the
engine camshaft, the camshaft followers
(tappets), the pushrods, and the rocker arms.

Automobile Engineering: Electronic Engineering Mechanical Engineering

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Droits d'auteur :

Automobile Engineering: Electronic Engineering Mechanical Engineering

Transféré par

Droits d'auteur :

Rajshahi University of Engineering & Technology

A self-propelled vehicle used to transport goods and passengers on the

• Emission control system

Three fundamental things can happen:

Beyond that, thousands of minor things can create problems, but

A bad fuel mix can occur in several ways:

• There might be an impurity in the fuel (like water in your gas

• The intake or exhaust valves are not sealing properly, again

• There is a hole in the cylinder

Lack of spark: The spark might be non-existent or weak for

Many other things can go wrong. For example:

vii. Based on Power on Wheel

i. Stationary or structure forming components: Structural parts such as

Because weight has become an important consideration, a large percentage of cylinder

Valve and Valve Mechanisms

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