FORM 3 (PT3) - SCIENCE Cayden Kuan

Chapter 3 – Transport (Exercise) +016 4722 487

Amoeba sp.

Humans have small surface area to volume ratio and the cells are located far away from the
external surface of the body. Therefore, humans need a complex structure that increases
Amoeba sp. has a large total surface area to volume (TSA/V) ratio and enabling the the surface area for the exchange of substances and an internal transport system.
nutrients to diffuse easily through the plasma membrane.

cellular requirements: oxygen and nutrients

waste products: carbon dioxide and urea

- transport of oxygen into the body and remove carbon dioxide from the body
- transport of nutrients into the body cells and remove the waste products from the body

The unicellular organism X has a large surface area to volume ratio.

This allows the diffusion of nutrients through plasma membrane which is sufficient
and suitable for this organism.

1 | Page
 double closed
twice

atria ventricle
double closed single closed double closed
ventricle

body cells
four two three lungs
low

two one two

two one one

single closed
once

atrium ventricle oxygenated open

haemolymph tubular
capillaries
deoxygenated heart haemocoel
tissue

diffussion

2 | Page
 When running, the heart will pump more blood to the body cells as a lot of oxygen is
needed. The vessel Q will carry more volume of blood and increase the blood flow.

left parts of the hearts which is the left ventricle has thick muscular wall compared to
the right ventricle on the right part of the heart.
aorta
pulmonary artery This thick wall is needed to create a pumping force for the blood to be transported
vena cava
pulmonary vein out of the heart to the whole body.
semilunar valve

bicuspid valve
tricuspid valve
septum P

K
vena cave

aorta
M

- P has lower blood pressure than Q

Q
- blood in P contains low concentration of oxygen while blood in Q contains
high concentration of oxygen

3 | Page
 The heartbeat increases as the heart is pumping more blood to the body cells for oxygen transfer.
The heartbeat decreases as Farid starts to slow down his movement when doing a cooling down
exercise and his body cells have enough oxygen.
the heartbeat is maintained because no vigorous movement takes place when Farid is sitting on the
bench.

deep inside the body near the skin surface

small large

thick muscular wall thin muscular wall

do not have valves have valves

high low
(except in pulmonary artery) (except in pulmonary vein)
carries blood away from carries blood from body
the heart to the body cells cells to heart
high low

bright red dark red

No. Amira’s diet contains high cholesterol and fat content.

Continuous intake of cholesterol and fat will cause clogging of the

blood vessel and lead to heart problems.

A healthy diet contains food with low saturated fats and cholesterol while
high intake of unsaturated fat.

The healthy diet should have enough green leafy vegetables and fruits.

4 | Page
5 | Page
6 | Page
7 | Page
8 | Page