SUBJECT: FOUNDATION OF EDUCATION

TOPIC: ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF

EDUCATION

Submitted by: Jomielyn C. Ricafort

Juvielyn C. Ricafort

Submitted to: Mrs Angelica Magtibay

 ANTHROPOLOGICAL FOUNDATIONS OF EDUCATION

Anthropology

~ derived from the Greek words anthropus meaning “man”, “human” and
logus,
meaning study
~ a science concerned with study of mankind.
~ the science that treats of the origin, development (physical, intellectual,
moral,
etc.) and especially the cultural development, customs, beliefs, etc, of man.
~ the science of man and his work (Herskovitz)
~ the scientific study of physical, social, and cultural development and
behavior
of human beings since their appearance on earth. (Jacobs and Stem)
~ the study of humankind, everywhere, throughout time, seeks to produce
useful
generalization about people and their behavior and to arrive at the fullest
possible understanding of human diversity
~ the study of humankind, in all times and places

2 Distinct Fields of Anthropology

I. Physical or Biological
~ studies man’s origin and development from a simple into a more complex
individual within his cultural environment.

II. Cultural or Social

~ studies the various facets of man’s life style, culture, religion, language, etc.
~ cultural anthropology is divides into 3

Ethnology/Ethnography
~ ethnology and ethnography is closely related since it studies the
interrelationships of peoples and their origin and environment.

Archaeology
~ Prehistory and early history of cultures around the world; major trends in
cultural evolution; and techniques for finding, excavating, dating, and
analyzing
material remains of past societies.

Linguistics
~ science of language; the human communication process of focusing on the
importance of socio-cultural influences.
A. SCIENCE
Physical anthropology is related to the biological sciences – anatomy,
embryology, physiology, and genetics. Social anthropology is related to sociology,
psychology, geography, economics, and political science; is likewise related to the
humanistic disciplines, such as history, literature, art, and music.

The Theory of Social Evolution

The theory states that man, through a combination of environmental and
genetic factors emerged as a species to produce the variety of ethnicities seen
today, while modern apes evolved on a separate evolutionary pathway.
Charles Darwin believed that the human race had gradually evolved from
lower orders of life. While Auguste Comte (positive philosophy) and Herbert Spencer
(Scientific Sociology) believed in social evolution that there is a set of stages which
societies moved from simple to complex to explain their ideas of social evolution.

The Superiority of Man over other animals

Humans are capable of doing advanced things, which set us apart from other
species on earth, such as using tools. We have the physical advantage of using our
hands, which due to our opposable thumb makes it much easier for humans to use
tools compared to a bird, or a four-legged animal.

B. CULTURE
~ the sum total of what man has learned in living together
~ shared products of human learning
~ a complex whole which includes knowledge, beliefs, art, law, morals,
customs,
and any other capabilities and habits acquired by man as a member of
society.
~ a social heritage, transmitted and shared from one generation to another
~ a “standard for deciding what is, what can be, how one feels about it, how to
go
about doing it”
~ a fabric of ideas, tasks, skills, beliefs, tools, aesthetic objects, methods of
thinking, customs, and institutions into which each member of society is
born.
~ a particular stage of civilization of a nation or period, such as Greek culture,
the
sum total of ways of living built by a group of human beings and transmitted
from one generation.
~ historically created designs for living explicit and implicit, rational, irrational,
and
non-rational, which exists at any given time as potential guides for behavior.
~ ways people learned to live together; behavior learned as a result of living in
groups which tend to be patterned and to be transmitted from generation to
generation.
~ The environment man has made consisting of artifacts, ideas, language,
attitudes, beliefs, customs, etc., existing at a particular time and place.
Classification of Culture

a. Static or dynamic – static when it emphasizes cultural transmission, e.g. the

same culture is passed on from generation to generation; dynamic, when it
emphasizes change, e.g. it goes revision with each generation.

b. Stable or unstable – stable when folkways and mores are satisfying, new
elements and traits are incorporate smoothly and without conflict; unstable, when the
group does not have satisfying solutions to most of its problems and conflict exists
between the traditional and radical groups and their values.

Forms of Culture

a. MATERIAL CULTURE – school, hospital and building; refers to the

physicalobjects, resources, and spaces that people use to define their culture.

b. NON- MATERIAL CULTURE – pamanhikan, wedding ceremony. Mass, fiesta,

birthday party; refers to the nonphysical ideas that people have about their culture,
including beliefs, values, rules, norms, morals, language, organizations, and
institutions.

Characteristics of Culture

1.Complex
2.Vary on account of their geographic or regional location
3.Continuum: persistent in being transmitted from one generation to another
4.Can be Imposed or Borrowed
5.Exists in the mind and manifested by action
6.Continuously Changes
7.Has subcultures
8.No individual can avoid the influence of his culture
9.Symbolic
10.Historical Phenomenon: every idea or practice has its own historical
beginning started b by innovation and spread to individuals and other cultures
by diffusion.
11.Cultural elements have a function
12.Cultural behaviors are patterned
13.Cultural patterns tend to be integrated: Unity in attitude towards premises,
actions, goals and purposes
14.Cultural practice is functional (valid) if it is well-defined, homogeneous and
stable.
C. COMMUNICATION AND ARTS

What is Language?
~ a body of words and the system for their use common to a people who are
the
same community or nation.
~ “Language is a set of sounds with a particular meaning attached to each
sound” (Horton and Hunt, 1980)
~ “Language is a purely human and non-instinctive method of communicating
ideas, emotions and drives by means of a system of voluntarily produced
symbol” (Santico and Panopio) in speech.
~ Language is not only a collection of sounds and utterances; it involves a set
of
rules regarding pronunciation, grammar and semantics used in speech.

Body Language Signs

~ is a significant aspect of modern communication and relationships. It is also
the exchange of meaning through gestures and body movement.

Oral and Written Language

Among developing countries of the world, legends, songs, dances and folklore
are transmitted from one generation to another by means of word of mouth (oral
language). On the other hand The art of writing was developed much later. Writing
has become the written language of both ancient and modern cultures of the world.