Chapter 3

METHODOLOGY AND PROCEDURES

This chapter presents the research design, the research methods and

instruments, the data gathering procedure and the statistical treatment used in this

study.

RESEARCH METHODS

This study used a descriptive survey. A descriptive survey design attempts to

determine the data or consequences of differences that already exist between or among

groups of individual (Fraenkel &Wallen, 2009). The innovation of plastic shredder in

Technological University should only be test by using a descriptive survey. The design

involves selecting two or more groups that differ or a particular variable of interest and

descripting them on another variable or variables. No manipulation is involved (Fraenkel

& Wallen, 2009)

Research Design

The study is a non-1experimental and descriptive research about the factors

affecting career preferences of senior high school students in Lipa City. A descriptive

study is one in which information is collected without manipulating the environment

which best fit the nature of the current study which is correlational. Descriptive research
is best used in providing information about the naturally occurring behavior, attitudes or

other characteristics of a particular group. Descriptive studies can involve a one-time

interaction with groups of people as in cross-sectional study or a study might follow

individuals over time or longitudinal study. This research involved surveys to collect the

necessary information from the respondents.

Instrumentation

Gathering of information and significant data with the help of standard

questionnaire of the respondent’s profile will be answered by the Grade 12 senior high

school students.

The questionnaire with questions formulated by the researcher aims to elicit

objective answers to the questions will be raise in the study. The questionnaire has

three parts. The first part will indicate the respondent’s profile, as to age, sex and course

preferences, parent’s educational attainment, parent’s occupation, size of income and

sibling position. Second part will indicate the factors that will affect the career preference

of the students such as childhood aspirations, family, peer, in demand jobs, school

guidance and the availability of the course they want. And the last part, the different

anticipated problems encountered in making their career choice.

Participants and the Locale of the Study

The researcher identifies to participate in the study are Grade 12 students of

different strands in selected high school institutions in Lipa City. These institutions

include University of Batangas-Lipa Campus, Inosluban-Marawoy High School and The

Mabini Academy. The schools were chosen based on the availability of the respondents

and as well the location of the schools. These institutions or schools are located only to

Lipa City, Batangas.

Data Gathering Procedure

The approval of the research adviser was initially secured regarding the use of

the questionnaires. The questionnaire serves as the primary instrument in data

gathering. Upon approval, the researcher will start collecting the data.

Except for the items about the profile, research participants will be requesting to

rate a series of statements using a 4 – point scale. The following scale was used for

1 – Strongly disagree 3 – Agree

2 – Disagree 4 – Strongly agree

The researcher will critically analyze the data first to determine reliability and

secondly, to determine the true meaning and value of the data. Collection of data will be

personally administered by the researcher. The questionnaires will be individually given

to each respondent and collected personally. The respondents will be given enough
time to answer the questions. They will also be allowed to ask some questions to the

researcher regarding on the study. The researcher is liable to the answer of the

respondents. They will not be allowed to share or show the answers of the respondents

to another respondent without their permission.

Statistical Treatment

Descriptive statistics will be use to describe the profile of the respondents. The

data will be presented in tables indicating frequency counts, percentages and weighted

means.

Frequency Distribution. This refers to any listing of classes and frequency of

observation.

Percentage Method: This was used to show how much a particular group or

category compared with the total. The formula expressed below:

Where: P = f/n x 100

P = Percentage N = Total number of respondents

F = Frequency 100 = Constant multiplier

 Weighted Mean: This was used to measure the general response of the survey

samples, whether they were important to a given statement or not. Involves summing up

all values and divided by the total number of responses. The formula expressed below:

Where: Wm = Σ fx /n

Wm = Weighted mean N = Total number of respondents

F = Frequency
 Verbal interpretations for the weighted means were done using the following

equivalents:

Likert Scale Equivalents Problems Encountered

1 1.00 – 1.49 Strongly Disagree
2 1.50 – 2.49 Disagree
3 2.50 – 3.49 Agree
4 3.50 – 4.00 Strongly Agree

T-TEST ANALYSIS

The t-test is described as the statistical test that examines whether the population

means of two samples greatly differ from one another, using t-distribution which is used

when the standard deviation is not known, and the sample size is small. It is a tool to

analyze whether the two samples are drawn from the same population.

The test is based on t-statistic, which assumes that variable is normally distributed

(symmetric bell-shaped distribution) and mean is known and population variance is

calculated from the sample.

In t-test null hypothesis takes the form of H0: µ(x) = µ(y) against alternative hypothesis

H1: µ(x) ≠ µ(y), wherein µ(x) and µ(y) represents the population means. The degree of

freedom of t-test is n1 + n2 – 2.

This study will use the one Sample T-Test. The MU0 option specifies a value of the null

hypothesis. The ALPHA option specifies the significance level. The T option in the

MEANS procedure runs the t-test.

ANOVA ANALYSIS

Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) is a statistical method, commonly used in all those

situations where a comparison is to be made between more than two population means

like the yield of the crop from multiple seed varieties. It is a vital tool of analysis for the

researcher that enables him to conduct test simultaneously. When we use ANOVA, it is

assumed that the sample is drawn from the normally distributed population and the

population variance is equal.

In ANOVA, the total amount of variation in a dataset is split into two types, i.e. the

amount allocated to chance and amount assigned to particular causes. Its basic

principle is to test the variances among population means by assessing the amount of

variation within group items, proportionate to the amount of variation between groups.

Within the sample, the variance is because of the random unexplained disturbance

whereas different treatment may cause between sample variance.

With the use of this technique, we test, null hypothesis (H 0) wherein all population

means are the same, or alternative hypothesis (H 1) wherein at least one population

mean is different.

T W O - W AY A N O VA
 This study will use a two way anova. Randomized Complete Block (RCB):

Treatments are assigned at random within blocks of adjacent subjects, each treatment

once per block. The number of blocks is the number of replications. Any treatment can

be adjacent to any other treatment, but not to the same treatment within the block.

SURVEY QUESTIONNAIRE

Dear Respondent,

I invite you to participate in a research study entitled “Factors affecting the Career

Preferences of the senior highschool students in Lipa, City Batangas”. I am currently

enrolled in the (Course) at University of Batangas and I am in the process of writing the

masteral thesis. The purpose of this research is to determined the factors that affecting

the career preferences of senior highschool students. Your participation is completely

voluntary. I will take care of the data and your responses with high confidentially.

_______

Signature

Name (optional): ____________________________

Sex: ______ Age: _____ Course Preference: _____________

Parents Educational Attainment: ______________, ____________

Parents Occupation: _________________, ____________

Parents Economic Status: ___________

Siblings Position: ________________, _______________, ________________

FACTORS AFFECTING COURSE PREFERENCES HS A D HDA

Exposure to games related

CHILDHOOD to the courses

The childhood environment
FAMILY HERITAGE
The family choice and
FAMILY OR RELATIVES
references
PEER OR FRIENDS Afraid of being left behind
Friend choice and then

pressure
ASPIRATIONAL VALUES Flexible to the preferred

courses

Safety to the preferred

courses

Highest Paying Job Career

IN DEMAND
A job that will last for

decades in the economy

SCHOOL GUIDANCE From career guidance and

COUNSELOR orientation
Available in the university

AVAILABLE COURSES you enrolled

Did you school is now

implementing some

courses?
Did you think that the head
SOLUTION FROM THE
of your school or university
SCHOOL
is now connecting to the

CHED for more available

courses?