Académique Documents
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I
1
I ■
-III
IX 'II. " ■ ■ I
I ■
Log Interpretation
Charts
WESTERN
ATLAS
The data and charts contained herein were obtained from reliable sources and are
believed to be accurate. However, we cannot guarantee the absolute accuracy
of these data and charts, and readers must use their own judgment in using this
material to plan their operations.
This edition of the Atlas Wireline Services Log Interpretation Charts contains major updates and revi
sions. Some charts deleted from previous editions of this text have been reinstated. Other charts have
been revised because of new laboratory measurements or computer-generated data.
The opening section of this edition is devoted to general information and contains charts, nomograms,
and tables often useful in log analysis. For example, a list of service mnemonics for Atlas Wireline is
given. A chart suggesting the proper mud excluder to be used with the Circumferential Borehole
Imaging Log (CBIL™) tool in different sizes of boreholes has been included. The different log scales
and depth scales are described and graphically presented. An explanation of time markers and their
relation to logging speed is also presented. A brief explanation of the acoustic waveform is given.
Symbols used on well logs and most of the common map symbols have also been added to this sec
tion. A geologic time table is provided and several common geologic terms are described graphically.
The comparative links between log responses and geological facies is presented in a table. Curve
shape characteristics with relation to particular depositional environments and some core analysis ter
minology are also presented.
Numerous new charts have been added throughout this edition, particularly in the resistivity section,
including a chart that can be used to select the proper deep-resistivity tool for the logging environment.
Spectralog® charts for estimating feldspars or micas and two clay types have also been added. A major
effort was made to correct minor discrepancies and to add more convenience in scaling; i.e., English
and metric terms. Charts for obtaining formation strength parameters have been reinstated. The chart
for pipe expansion due to internal pressure contains additional interpretative lines for larger casings,
and the cement evaluation charts have been updated along with a form for information on cement jobs.
Supplemental charts include diffusion correction charts for the PDK-100® instrument, two examples of
the extensive set (>I,000) of interpretation charts for Magnelog data, one example [15.5 Ib/ft (23.1
kg/m) J-55] of the Vfertilog® interpretation charts, and a chart for the short-spaced dielectric tool. A
chart to estimate gas density at reservoir conditions and suggested relations of hydrocarbon density to
particular hydrocarbon types has also been added.
Fora more in-depth treatment of certain log analysis-related topics, the Atlas Wireline Services text
entitled. Introduction to Wireline Log Analysis is suggested reading.
in
Contents
Foreword
1 General Information
Formation Parameters .1-1 . .1
Conventional Symbols for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation .1-2 . .2
Conventional Subscripts for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation .1-3 ..3
Unit Conversions .1-4. ..5
J Spontaneous Potential
SP Bed Thickness Correction .3-1 .33
J Microresistivity
Rxo from Micro Laterolog 5-1 59
Borehole Size Correction for Micro Laterolog (Series 1233, 1236.3140) K = 0.01439 5-2 60
Minilog and Rxo Determination of Porosity and Formation Factor 5-3 61
Simplified Minilog Porosity Determination 5-4 62
Borehole Size Correction for Thin-Bed Resistivity Tool (TBRT) (Series 1236 XB K = 0.0052) 5-5 63
VI
Contents
VII
Contents
VIII
Contents
IX
Contents
O Pulsed Neutron
Determination of Zw 8-1 217
Zw for Boron Compounds in Water 8-2 218
Determination of XcH4 8-3 219
Neutron Capture Cross Section of Wet Gas 8-4 220
Correction of Sgas for Condensate Content 8-5 221
Determination of Ioi| for Varying Gas/Oil Ratios 8-6 222
Water Saturation Determination from Pulsed Neutron Capture (PNC) 8-7 223
PDK-I00 Sigma Borehole and Diffusion Correction 8-8 224
Borehole Salinity Corrections for Sandstone Formation (7-in. Casing, 8-in. Borehole) 8-9 225
PDK-100 Diffusion Corrections to SGMA for Sandstone Formation (9-5/8-in. Casing, 12-in. Borehole) 8-10 226
C/O Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Saturations 8-11 227
Inelastic Ca/Si Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Porosity 8-12 228
Capture Si/Ca Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Porosity 8-13 229
C/O Oil Saturation Correction vs. Cement Thickness 8-14 230
C/O Ratio Correction for Oil Density (Gravity "API) 8-15 231
Capture/Inelastic Ratio and Porosity Correlation 8-16 232
11 Miscellaneous Tables
Log-Derived Clay Content Indicators .261
Permeability and Water Cut Determination .263
Logging Parameters for Various Elements. Minerals, and Rock Types .266
Densities of Mctamorphic Rocks .275
Classification of Water Saturation Equations in Shaly Clastic Reservoir Rock -5 276
REFERENCES 278
BIBLIOGRAPHY 280
XI
Kit
ATLAS
Formation Parameters
Transition
Zone or
Annulus
(\ Fluid Resistivity
J L Zone Water Saturation
Q Zone Resistivity
1-1
____■»■
WE81EHN
ATIA8
Conventional Symbols for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation1
Utter
Quanlily Symbol
atomic number Z
atomic weight A
cementation (porosity) exponent m
concentration (salinity) C
conductivity, electric C
depth D
diameter d
electrochemical coefficient K
electromotive force E
factor F
gradient, geothermal gG
index (use subscripts as needed) I
macroscopic cross section I sigma ca
porosity (Vb - Vs)/Vb + phi
pressure p
saturation exponent n
thickness h
time t
time difference At
velocity v
volume V
volume fraction or ratio (as needed, use same subscripted symbols as
for "volumes"; note that bulk volume fraction is unity and pore
volume fractions are t) V
1-2
Conventional Subscripts for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation2
Subscript Definition
anhydrite
apparent (general)
bottom hole
bulk
clay
corrected
dolomite
equivalent
fluid
flushed zone
formation (rock)
gas
geometrical
geothermal
grain
hole
hydrocarbon
intrinsic
invaded zone
irreducible
limestone
liquid
maximum
minimum
mud
mud cake
mud filtrate
oil
primary
pscudo-SP
relative
residual
sand
sandstone
secondary
shale
silt
surrounding formation
tool, sondc
total (gross)
1-3
Bil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Conventional Subscripts for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation
Subscript Definition
water
%.
1-3 (Contd)
■Sit
WESTERN
ATLAS
Unit Conversions
Kit
CRN
ATLAS
Unit Conversions
Description of Core Analysis
1-5
Bil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Service Mnemonics — Products Category Listing
WESTERN
ATLAS
Kim
WESTERN
ATLAS
Service Mnemonics — Products Alphabetical Listing
10
Bit
Linear Grid
SP DEPTH RESISTIVITY CONDUCTIVITY
Ohms m2/m Millimhos/m
SP a -Conductivity
16'Normal
-hi I I I
Induction Conductivity
40' ISpactng
16' Normal
4000 C
0.2 1.0 10 20
2P 130 02 1.0 10 20
INDUCT1C
4
CONDUCnVTTY
SP
6' NORMAL
GAM
1-8
II
Bit
WESTERN
ATLAS
Well Log Scales
12
ISM
WESTERN
ATLAS
BHC Acoustilog Presentation
OPECHE
1011
MINNELUSA
TEN MILLISECONDS
TRANSIT TIME -
__>
POROSITY
CALIPER
INTEGRATED
BOREHOLE
TIME
VOLUME
MARKERS
VI \ TENSION
CURVE —
TP
1-10
13
WESTERN
ATLAS
Symbols Used on Well Logs
Plug
Sidewall Core
(Cement, Sand, or Gravel)
Production Packer
Sidewall Core Attempt ■
NR-* (Single)
No Recovery
Production Packer
Sidewall Core Attempt - (Dual — Multiple
LB-*
Lost Bullet Uses Same Format)
Ml
14
WESTERN
AT1AS
Map Symbols for Identifying Well Conditions
Oil Producer
(D
Shut-in or Suspended Abandoned Drilling Well
Gas Producer with Gas Show
O
Drilling Well or
Proposed Well Location Salt Water Disposal
SWD
Q
Bottomhole Location "X"
Indicates Bottomhole Location Dry Hole
( (Indicate Well Status)
•x
1-12
15
WESTERN
ATLAS
Paleofacies Characteristics
MATRIX MUDSTONE
CEMENT
PORE
GRAIN
WACKESTONE
1-13
16
WESTERN
ATLAS
Grain Size Scales for Sediments4
4096 -12
1024 -10 BOULDER (-8 lo -12*)
- USE — - 256 - 8
COBBLE (-6 lo -8*)
- WIRE — - 64 - 6
SQUARES 16 - 4 PEBBLE (-2 to -6*)
5 — 4 - 2
6 3.36 - 1.75
7 2.83 - 1.5 GRANULE
8 238 - 125
10 2.00 — - 10
12 1.68 - 075
14 1.41 - 0.5 VERY COARSE SAND
16 1.19 - 0.25
18 1.00 - 0.0
20 0.84 0.25 iff
25 071 05 COARSE SAND
30 0.59 075
35 1/2 0.50 - ■500 ■ 10
40 0.42 420 1.25
45 0.35 350 1.5 MEDIUM SAND
50 0.30 300 1.75
60 1/4 0.25 - -250 - 20
70 0.210 210 225
80 0.177 177 25 FINE SAND
100 0.149 149 275
120 1/8 0.125 - -125 - 30
140 0.105 105 3.25
170 0.088 86 35 VERY FINE SAND
200 0.074 74 3.75
230 1/16 0.0625 - - 62.5 - - 4.0
270 0.053 53 425
325 0.044 44 45 COARSE SILT
0.037 37 475
_ ANALYZED _
- 1/32 0.031 - ■ 31 - 50
1/64 0.0156 156 6.0 MEDIUM SILT
BY
1/128 0.0078 7.8 70 FINE SILT
■ 1/256 0.0039 - - 3.9 - 8.0 VERY FINE SILT ■
PIPETTE ~
0.0020 2.0 9.0
0.00098 0.98 100 CLAY
OR
0.00049 049 110
0.00024 0.24 120
HYDROMETER
0.00012 012 130
1 I 0.00006 0.06 14.0
1-14
17
tzil
WESTERN
AJIAS
Comparison Chart for Sorting and Sorting Classes5
SORTING IMAGES
RO
o( )V JO
tm 1.00 2.00
1.0 00
VERY WELL SORTED
-1.6- -0.35- MATURE
WELL SORTED
-2.0- -0.50-
MODERATELY SORTED
-4.0- - 1.00-
1-15
18
WESTERN
ATLAS
Curve Shape Characteristics6
Smooth Serrated
Cylinder-shaped curves represent uniform deposition.
Characteristic environments are:
Smooth Serrated
Funnel-shaped curves represent a coursening upward
sequence such as:
1-16
19
WESTERN
ATLAS
Time-Rock Correlation
Several methods of time-rock correlation have been and are being used to describe geological age,
stratigraphic sequences, etc. Some involve the traditional "layercake" methods that have served ade
quately in petroleum exploration for many years. However, the days of finding giant structural traps
are mostly behind us and stratigraphic traps have taken on more significance. Lateral changes in
facies, pinchouts, etc. are more important considerations today.
Positions in the vertical sequence are still important but lateral facies changes and the effects of
generalized, ambiguous terminology can create correlation problems.
Correlation of biostratigraphic units provides one method of correlating the time sequences, which
emphasizes the importance of comparing (when possible) paleofacies evidence to the electrofacies
characteristics of log measurements. Bathymetric cycles can be correlated. Time parallel strata can
be correlated. Positions in a climatic cycle can be correlated. Tectonics also play an important role
in the sedimentation framework.
The generalized geological timetable outlines some of the faunal, floral, climatic, and tectonic
events that are reasonably well accepted by the scientific community. The intent is not to provide
a geology course, but to show how geology can be correlated to log analysis in different situations.
For example, meandering streams are notably absent prior to the Devonian. They developed pri
marily in the valleys and coastal areas from the Devonian until the Cretaceous because that is where
the moss, ferns, and pines established themselves. By the Cretaceous, flowering plants had evolved
and established themselves in the highlands, deterring the erosion process and creating more mean
dering systems. By the time grasses had evolved in Miocene time, the character of fluvial morpholo
gy had reached the state of morphological development witnessed today. Therefore, there is a low
probability of a meandering stream environment in rocks older than Cretaceous and a probability of
zero should be expected in rocks older than Devonian.
1-17
20
ECU
WESTERN
Generalized Table of Geologic Time and Occurrences of Major Tectonic, ATLAS
r
1-18
21
Bil
Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) WESTERN
ATLAS
Operating Range and Mud Excluder Selection
The ultrasonic attenuation of the borehole drilling fluid plays a major role in determining CBIL log
quality. High values of ultrasound attenuation in either large or small diameter holes can adversely
affect the desired formation image. High ultrasound attenuation in a small hole will create an interfer
ence pattern (e.g., wood grain) on the image, and is caused by diminished return echo summing with
the transducer ringing and sound reverberations within the tool. Tool centralization is therefore very
critical in small diameter holes. High ultrasound attenuation in large diameter holes will cause unde-
sired speckles, fuzziness and/or streaks in the image, caused by reduced signal-to-noise ratio and beam
spreading. Dark streaks or bands on the image are due to the longer sound proof caused by borehole
ellipticity and/ore a decentralized tool.
A new cone-shaped teflon window was designed to reduce the occurrence and severity of the interfer
ence pattern when logging in small diameter boreholes |6 to 8 in. (152 mm to 203 mm)]. The slanted
surface of the window reduces acoustic reverberations between the transducer and window that inter
fere with the return echo.
A new CBIL mud excluder was designed to reduce the amount of signal attuenuation in boreholes
>8 in. (203 mm) in diameter. The excluder replaces the high-attenuation fluid path with a lower atten
uation teflon path. The angled surface of the excluder reduces the sound reflection at the
excluder/fluid interface enabling successful CBIL images to be obtained in boreholes (in "good condi
tion") that range in diameter from 6 in. (152 mm) to 12.5 in. (318 mm). Practical field experience
shows that a 0.75-in. (20-mm) spacing between the excluder and the borehole wall will yield good
images while limiting the risk of becoming stuck in the hole. The excluder should be used in any
weighted water-base or oil-base drilling fluid. Past performance has also demonstrated that a properly
\
installed and maintained excluder will not diminish CBIL log quality in fresh water-based fluids.
The graph on this page is used to select the proper mud excluder for particular borehole sizes. Six dif
ferent excluders are available for the borehole sizes listed. Assuming "good borehole conditions" and
good tool centering, the graph ensures effective operation range when the proper excludes are utilized
since they were developed for worse-case fluid attenuation. The graph area between 10.75 and 11.25
in. (273 mm to 286 mm) requires a customized excluder kit for optimum operation.
4? ^
1-19
22
12*1
WESTERN
ATLAS
Mean Surface
Formation Temperature, T, (°C)
Temperature. Tms
O
a
a
B,
o
a.
i 1 i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i—I I I I I—I—I—J—L_L
40 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
23
WESTERN
ATLAS
Estimation of Rm|-and R mt
Rml or Rmt
(Q-m)
5
-- 4
-- 3
-- 2
(Q-m)
T" 6
5
- - 4
-- 3
Mud Weighl -- 2
05
llb/gal) (kg/m3)
16-18 _ 1920-2160
0.5
-- 0.2
10 ->- 1200
0.1
■0.1
■0 05
0.05
■0.01
-- 0.02
2.65
0.01
= 0-69
Example
24
WESTERN
nuns
245
240
115
110 230 E
225
f 105
o
o
eS
iu:
I I 210
D.1 0.2 0,3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0
At/(l + At)
This chan is used io predict the static boltomhoie formation icrnperature by recording the bottomhole temperature
on each successive trip in the well. Each bottcunhole temperature is plotted vs. the borehole fluid circulation time
relationship on a siimilog graph. Passing a straight line through llie plotted points to the right ordinate will provide
an estimation of the static bottomhole formation temperature.
Example
At
Run 0.538 220°FU04"C)
t + Ae
At
Run 2 0.671 225°F (IQ7CC)
t + At
At
Run 3 0.7fi5 228°F
t + At 4.5
2-3
25
Equivalent NaCl Concentrations from Total Solids Concentrations
26
WESTERN
ATLAS
27
WESTERN
ATLAS
Total Salinity Versus Density of Different Solutions
Salt-saturated brine is commonly accepted to he about 260.000 ppm; however, thai is irue
for NaCI solutions. Formation water can on occasion be supersaturated with CnCh salts and provide
an explanation for unusual log responses and/or log analysis results with respect to conventional log
interpretation charts or algorithms. A chan comparing total salinity versus density of solutions is
provided to exhibit CaCli solutions reaching the saturation point at abow 500,000 ppm. and repre-
seniinj; ;i solution density of 1.5 g/cnr*. When such solutions are found as formation water, thu neu
tron log is severely affected by the abnormal salinity, ami fluid density used for calculating density
porosity is often pessimistically low in value. When ■ hypersaline condition exists, it often requires
some local wizardry to design empirical log analysis charts to lit the unusual conditions.
0-9
100 200 300 400 500 000
Total Salinity, (kppm)
2-6
WESTERN
ATLAS
460
-225
400
-200
350 -
300
O
250
200 -
150 -
-50
100
-25
Example: Find the density of 130 kppM salt water at 4,350 psi and 3()2°F
1) Interpolate to find the density of 120 kppm salt water at 4,350 psi and 302°F.
2) Interpolate to find the density of 180 kppm salt water at 4,350 psi and 302°F.
3) Interpolate between I) and 2) to find the required density = 1.036 g/cm3.
2-7
29
WESTERN
AT1AS
Comparison of Temperature Gradient Steepness and Lithology
Temperature Increases
Limestone
. Shale
Dolomite
Gypsum
\
Anhydrite
Sandstone
2-8
30
WESTERN
Brine Density as a Function of Fluid Salinity and Formation ATLAS
Salinity (kppM)
I i | i i I i |
400
350
~ 300
i
|
I 250
200
150
100
9,000
8,000
7.000
6,000
5,000
4,000
3,000
2,000
1.000
ATM
0.90 0.95 1.00 1.20
Brine Density (g/cm3) I ■ ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I i i I—I T I I I I i ' i ■ I
2-9
31
WESTERN
ATLAS
3.5
2.5
CD
1.5
1.0 1.2 1.5 2-0 2.5 30 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8,0 9.0 10.0
SP Correction Factor
1
-1.5
R
SP correction factor = + 0.95
h - ■ ■ Ri II /0.65>
6.05
- 0.1
3-1
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rw from the SSP
-200
500°F
250°C
-175
400° F
200°C
-150
3O0°F
150°C
-125
% -100
a"
-75
-50
50
75
0.3 0.5 1.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 30.0
Using Tf in °F;
HSSP T
Determine: Rwea since Rmf/Rwea = 8.0
(60 + 0.133 Tr) I'
=0.55/8.0 = 0.069 Q-m
°F = 1.8 (°Q + 32
3-2
34
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rw from Uw i as a Function of Temperature (°F)
05 H
0.2 ri
E 01 -
3.
' -_
EC
005 r
0.02 r
0.01 -
0005 -
0.002 r
0001
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1
R,, orRm(.(Q-m)
English:
fL + 0.131 x iol"l°snVl9.'»]-2
- 0 5 R
11
Example
For mosily NaCl formation waters, use the solid lines. Use the dashed lines for fresh formation waters
thai are being influenced by siilt.s other than NaCl, and for gypsum-based muds.
3-3
©
i
V)
s
§
o
n
KS1I
WESTERN
Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction ATLAS
4 -
3 -
Q
2 -
o
1
0.9
OS
0.7
0.6
0.5
12 16 20
A - 0.675827
B = 0.0045061
C = 0.00074056
4-1
37
Gamma Ray Borehole Si/e and Mud Weight Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
for a ln/u.-in. (43-nini) Diameter Instrument
IE
ID
A = 0.675827
B = 0.0017741
C = 0.00011479
Chart provides corrections to 77s-in. (200-mm), fresh-watur-filled borehole, with instrumem decentralized.
4-2
38
KSifl
WESTERN
Gamma Riiy Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction ATLAS
3 —
CE
2 -
09
0.8
07
0.6
05
8 10 12 14 16 IB 20
Borehole Diameter (in,)
Decentralized
Centralized
GRco/GRiog = A+BxD+CxD2
A - 0.696160
B = 0.0148190
C - O.OOO23S21
4-3
39
Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
for a 35/st.-in. (92-mm) Diameter Instrument
40
WESTERN
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Response ATLAS
41
IBM
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Response WESTERN
ATLAS
Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction
2.5
1.5
05
10 20 30 40 50
Borehole Diameter (cm)
where
and
4-6
42
Spectralog Uranium Response ATLAS
2.5
1.5 -
0.5
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Borehole Diameter (in.)
where
and
4-7
43
Spectralog Uranium Response WESTERN
ATLAS
Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction
%v
10 20 30 40 50
Borehole Diameter (cm)
where
and
Chart provides corrections to 6-in. (15.24-cm), freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.
4-8
44
WESTERN
Spectralog Potassium Response ATLAS
2.5
1.5
0.5
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Borehole Diameter (in.)
where
and
4-9
45
Spectralog Potassium Response ATLAS
Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction
15
05
^v
10 20 30 40 50
where
and
Chart provides corrections to 6-in. (15.24-cm), freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.
4-10
46
Spectralog Thorium Response inui
ATLAS
25
English
1.5
05
j i I l i
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
where
and
Chart provides corrections to 6-in. (15.24-cm), freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.
441
47
WESTERN
Spectralog Thorium Response ATLAS
20 30 40 SO
\
Borehole Diameter (cm)
where
and
4-12
48
KM
WESTERN
Gramma Ray Correction for KCI Mud ATLAS
■',<'
WESTERN
GaHUBQ Ray Correction for KCl Mud ATLAS
100
90 -
80 -
30
20 -
10 -
10 20 30 40 50
With KCl mud. first determine the borehole corrections for hole size and mud weight from Chart 4-4. Then apply this
KCl correction for the influence of KCl in the borehole.
where
FGR = borehole size and mud weight correction <GRui[/GR| from Chart 3-4)
KCI, 4 a KCl correction in API units for 1.4 g/cm' mud (from chart)
or
= a + bxD + cxEP
where
and
W _ weight of mud containing KCl in g/cm-' Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.
4-14
ifiil
WESTERN
ATLAS
100
90 -
= 70
a.
< 60 -
50
o
O
40
30
20
10
a io 12 14 16 10 20
Determine:
where
or
W = weight of mud containing KCl in Ib/gal Nole: The tool is generally run decentralized.
4-15
51
ISSifl
WESTERN
ATLAS
100
90
80
£ 70 -
a.
< 60
50
o
o
■10
30 -
20
10
10 2D 30 40 50
FGR = borehole size and mud weight correction (GR^/GR, from Chart 3-6) Given:
KCI| 4 = KCl correction in AP! units for 1.4 g/cm3 mud (from chart) W = 2.158 g/cm3
P = 12% KCl by weight
Or
o 1.28
where Determine:
and
No KCl correction is needed for
f as borehole KCl mud weight correction factor (normalized to
the Spectralog uranium or thorium
1.4 g/cm3)
series response.
or
4-16
52
WESTERN
ATLAS
7 -
6 -
5 -
I 4
o
O
3 -
2 -
1 -
io 14 16 18 20
With KCI mud. first determine the borehole corrections for hole size and mud weight from Chart 4-9. Then apply this
KCI correction for the influence of KCI in the borehole.
where
or
where
4-17
BU
WESTERN
ATLAS
Spectralog Potassium Correction for KCI Mud
is
a.
a
u
10 20 30 40 50
- fgr
where
KCI 1,4 - KCI correction in percent for 1.4 g/cm3 mud (from chart)
or
where
1.4 g/cm3)
or
W = weight of mud containing KCI in g/em:1 Nole: The tool is generally run decentralized.
4-1S
ISM
WESTERN
ATLAS
0)
E
o
4)
where: Stieber:
Larionov:
Example
Given: Clean sand = 15 API units, shale = 90 API units, zone of interest = 40 API units,
formation = Tertiary rocks
4-19
55
ATIA8
56
Spectralog Mineral Estimates
100
Kaolinite
Chlorite
10.0
Th/K
Clay 2
Glauconite
1.0
Feldspars
Clay 1
0.1
10 15 20 25 01 2345 6789 10
Th(ppm) ►
Modified model of feldspar and two clay types Estimating apparent clay. mica, feldspar, etc. from Pe vs. Th/K
ratio
4-21
57
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rxo from Micro Laterolog
4.0
3.0
of 2.0
S
I I I I I I I
20 30 40 50
0 in- Rxo =
MLL xo
Equations valid while < 100, and, < 10.
5-1
59
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Micro Laterolog ATLAS
Thick Beds
Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
RMLLapp/Rm =
Homogeneous medium
1000 10000
RMLL/R
5-2
60
WESTERN
Minilog® and Rxo Determination ATLAS
61
WESTERN
ATLAS
62
Borehole Size Correction for Thin-Bed Resistivity Tool (TBRT) WESTERN
ATLAS
(Series 1236 XB K = 0.00352)
Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
RTBRTapp/Rm =
Homogeneous medium
1000 10000
RTBRT/R
5-5
63
WESTERN
ATLAS
Conductivity-Derived, Water-Filled Porosity
10,000
3-
500
1000
0.01 0.Q2 0.03 0.040,05
6-1
65
KSM
WESTERN
Density Porosity and Shaliness Correction ATLAS
3.1 -EE-3100
■10
2.7 — - 2700
■15
2.6 ■2600
■20
Pmo (kg/m3)
2.5 — - 2500 2.9 -r 2900
■25
2.8
2.4 -2400
■30
2.3 — —2300 • 35
(2.6) 2600
2.0- -2000
Density porosity is corrected for shaiiness by application of V5h as determined from Chan 4-19. The chart is
mathematically correct when /i^ = 2.71 g/cm3, or 2710 kg/m3, and provides reasonably accurate corrections
with other grain densities.
. = Pma - V
'sh
Pf \Pma " Pf
Example
Given: pb = 2.20 g/cnv\ Pma = 2.65 g/cm3, />sll = 2.50 g/cm3. Vsh = 20%. p{ = 1.15 g/cm3
Detemiine: Porosity
$ = 27% (for pf - 1.0 g/cm3), i[)t,ir = 25%
if = 27.55? (for (if = 1.15 g/cm3
6-2
66
Porosity and Gas Saturation in Empty Boreholes WESTERN
ATLAS
Density and Hydrogen Index oi1 the Gas Assumed to be Zero
--15
20
25
--30
40
50
60
80
100
150
200
300
400
600
1000
2000
10.000
Use Only il SA = 0
(kg/m3! 2000
Bulk
Density, p
(9'cm3) 200 210 22Q 230 24Q 25Q 26Q 27Q 38o
This chart determines dry gas saturation and porosity in empty boreholes using:
Sg = 1 - Sr = 1 - (So 4- Sw)
TR,
Example
Given:
/ib-2.15g/cm3;pma - 2.65 g/cm3; <((„ - 10%: R, = lOfim; Rw -0.1 Qm
Determine: $ = 22.7%; S,, = 56%
6-3
67
WESTERN
Acoustic Porosity and Shaliness Correction ATLAS
Shale Correction
Corrected
Acoustic porosity is corrected for shaliness by application of Vsh as determined from Chart 4-19. The chart
provides a good approximation when Atina = 55.5 ps/ft, but also provides reasonably accurate corrections with
other matrix values.
Given: Unconsolidated sand (slightly shaly). At,, , = 121 /w/ft. Atsll = 135 pS/ft
Vu~= 18,000 ft/s. Vsh = 10%. Alf - 244
111-4 3" L
Determine; Porosity, q>untllr = 36%, (Jft(,r = 30% (for Alf - 190 ps/ft)
$m = 24% (for Atf - 240 ps/ft)
6-4
68
Acoustic Porosity and Shaliness Correction WESTERN
ATLA5
Shale Correction
Corrected
PDrosity, ^ (%)
600 —
300 &
'250 **
Acoustic porosity is corrected for shaliness by application of Vsh as determined from Chart 4-19- The chart
provides a good approximation when At^ — 1R2 jis/m, hut also provides reasonably accurate corrections with
other matrix values.
Example Given: Consolidated formation (limestone), dk^, = fis/m, Atm;| = 150 (is
Given: Uncon soli dated sand (slightly shaly), At,^ = 400 ^s/m, itsh = 450
= 800
6-5
69
WESTERN
Acoustic Porosity Determination ATLAS
(Clean Formations)
70
ISM
WESTERN
Acoustic Porosity Determination ATLAS
(Clean Formations)
Dolomite
Acoustic Porosity,
100
90
4tma = 43.5 us/ft Wyllie-Rose -
80
At, = 189 |is/ft
E 50
E
s«
20
10
_L I I I I
-10
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225
4>ac = -
Atf " Atma
Raymer et al.
11/2
—
where,
Atn
a = - 1
2xAtf
The above computed porosities can be corrected for shale volume by using either Chart 6-4 or 6-5.
/PS
6-6 (Contd)
71
HSil
WESTERN
Pe Borehole Size Correction in Air and Water ATLAS
-0.5 I
10 11 12 13 15
Determine: P.
cor
Pe - 1.7 4- 0.15
= 1.85 barns/electron
6-7
72
Pe Borehole Si/e Correction in Water-Based Baritc Mud WESTERN
AfLAS
.-4.0
-4.5
10 11 12 13 16
Determine:
Pe =1.7 + (-0.62)
= 1.08 barns/electron
6-8
73
WESTERN
Bulk Density Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
(for Compensated Z-Densilog-Series 2222)
006 _ 006
S 002 % 002
c
6
I ...
o
U
|
-004
-006
20 2J 24 26 26 22 24 26 28
Log Density (g/cm3 ot Mg/m') Log Density (g/cm1 or Mg/m3)
B
"e
a; oo2
c
9
i -002 = % -002
a
22 24 26 28 22 24 26 28
20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 2.8 29 30
6-9
74
WESTERN
Bulk Density Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
008
_ 006
I
I X
% 002
c
a
| °00
>■
1-002
22 24 26 2 2 24 25 2.8
006 -
I
o
004
S 0M
1
S 002 S 002
I
S
g ooo
>■
24 26 2S 20 22 24 26 28 30
0.18
Note: Borehole fluid corrections to density readings depend
0.16 only on the mud density and not on the type of weighting
material used.
_ 0.14
£ 0.12
5
§ 0.10
I 0.08
5
O 0.06
S 0.04
0 0.02
0.00
•0.02
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
Log Densily (g/cm3 or Mg/m3)
6-10
75
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
15 20 25 30 35 40
6-11
76
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction
(for Series 2420 CN Log)
0)
■o
9
o
O
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40
35
# 100 mm
30 150 mm
200mm
t 25 250 mm
<S 20
I 15
S 10
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-12
77
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40 Metric
35
J 3° Borehole 100 mm
Size 150 mm
8 25 200 mm
250 mm
» 20
1 15
10
§
8 >300 mm
5
•350 mm
• 500 mm
0
-5
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-13
78
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Borehole 500 mm ■
40 Metric Size 350 mm ■
300 mm -
I 35
J
*IB
30
£
£ 25 100 mm
is 150 mm
| 20 200 mm
250 mm
E
3 15
10
s
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-14
79
WESIERH
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
40
35
% 30
t 25
I0 20
1 15
| 10
8 .
0
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40
35
30
25
£
20
10
-5
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-15
80
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 2420 CN Log)
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
O
o
5
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40
35
30
>.
"33 25
I
q>
20
S
15
10
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-16
81
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction
(for Series 2420 CN Log)
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
35
30
25
20
15
10
-5
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-17
82
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
j i
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-18
83
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
(for Series 2435 CN Log)
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Metric
40
35
Borehole
f 25 Size
E
£
« 20
1
E 15
i
10
o
O
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 45
6-19
84
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
40 English
Borehole
Size
10
-5
-5 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
40 Metric
35
10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-20
85
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
(for Series 2435 CN Log)
40 English
Borehole
Size
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40 Metric
35
8 30
25
&
E
'3
■a
o
O
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-21
86
ISil
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
English
Borehole
Size
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
40 Metric
35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-22
87
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
40
35
§ 30
f 25
I
20
I 15
10
-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
300 mm
mm
500 mm
j i
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-23
88
iSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
10 15 20 25 30 35
^l 3
1/4 -
For 9 5 For
.4 kg/cm3 j= £ 1400 kg/m3
Mudcake ^ 1/2 c
5
f- Mudcake
S 3/4
10 15 20 25 35 •§
Stdewalt Neutron Limestone Porosity, ^swn^)
English:
Metric:
/
10 15 20 25 30 35 <§■
g
3 •=
For
2500 kg/m^
Mudcake
10 15 20 25
English:
Metric:
6-24
89
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Mudcake, Casing, and Cement Correction ATLAS
^
Mudcake Correction
Mudcake Correction
<j>cor =
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
40
Open Hole-
8 30 5-1/2-ln., 17-lb Casing In 7-7(8-ln. Borehole, 7-in., 20-lb casing in 8-3/4-in. borehole
0.304-tn. Steel
1.19-ln. Cement
*cor = <!>a " 3
5-1/2-in., 17-lb casing in 7-7/8-in. borehole
*cor = <t>a " 4
5-1/2-in., 17-lb casing in 8-3/4-in. borehole
<t>cor = <!>a " 5
I I I
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6-25
90
WESTERN
Formation Salinity and Mud Weight Correction ATLAS
Formation Salinity
0 ppm NaCI,
t'cor = <>a
100,000 ppm NaCI,
<fcor= 1-04 <|>a
Fresh Water
250,000 ppm NaCI,
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Note: Formation salinity is not considered to be an environmental correction. Rather, it should be used for
interpretive purposes along with R^ Sw, lithology, etc.
6-26
91
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Mud Weight Correction ATLAS
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Fresh
Water
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6-27
92
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Mud Weight Correction ATLAS
40
1 35
J 30
2 25
£
c 20
5 15
a 10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
40
I 35
J 30
8 25
2 20
I
I 15
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6-28
93
ISil
Compensated Neutron Standoff Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 2418 CN Log)
Freshwater Borehole
English
-2
§ "4
o
O
-6
Standoff
CO
t -8
s.
-10
-12
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Freshwater Borehole
5 mm
Metric
-2
£. -4
-6
Standoff
-8
-10
-12
6-29
94
Bit
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron StandotT Correction ATLAS
(for Series 2420 CN Log)
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Freshwater Borehole
5 mm
-10
-12
6-30
95
ESifl
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Standoff Correction ATLAS
Freshwater Borehole
English
0-25 in.
-2
-4
i a
S -6
o
O
% -8
■o
2
CO
>. -10
-12
-14
I I
-16
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Freshwater Borehole
Metric
5 mm
-2
-4
.2
-6
-8
CO Standoff
-10
-14
-16 I J I J_ j I J_
6-31
96
Bll
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Log Temperature ATLAS
Temperature Correction
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Pressure Correction
40
20
15
10
g
o
O
5
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
The above temperature and pressure corrections apply to all Compensated Neutron tools.
6-32
97
ATLAS
Compensated Neutron Combined Lithology and Absorber Effect Correction
Absorber Effect
50
45
40
35
2
o 30
0.
25
s
20
I%
5
15
o
10
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
6-33
98
ATLAS
Mudcake Corrections for Compensated Neutron
Thickness
0.00 in. (0 mm)
0.25 in. (6 mm)
o
o
£L
"8
I
O
15 20 25
2.5
|
o
O
-2.5
-5.0
10 20 30 40 50
6-34
99
WESTERN
ATLAS
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Thickness
0.00 in. {0 mm) ■Ei
0.25 in. (6 mm)
0.50 in. (13 mm);
if 0.75 in. (19mm)ij
1.00 in. (25 mm);
20 25 30 35
6-35
100
KSifl
ERM
Compensated Neutron Lithology Effect ATLAS
10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Sidewal) Neutron
6-36
101
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Lithology Effect ATIA8
102
WESTERN
Formation Salinity Effect ATLAS
^k
Sandstone Formation Limestone Formation
35
30
w
25
I 20
I 15
E
GO
10
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 10 15 20 25 30 35
Dolomite Formation
10 15 20 25 30 35
Note: Formation salinity is not considered to be an environmental correction. Rather, it should be used for
interpretive purposes along with Rw, Sw, lithology, etc.
6-39
104
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated ATLAS
105
WES1
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated ATLAS
106
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)
107
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)
40- :2.71
40-
35-
35-
40-
30-
30-
35-
25"
25-
30-
20-
20-
15- 25-
15-
10-
20-
ffl
10-
5"
15-
5-
0-I
10-
SS
o-
Note:
LS Follow lines according to
5 -
rock mixture as defined by
Limestone and Dolomite
Sandstone and Limestone
Sandstone and Dolomite
0 J
*a
DOL
■t-jjt Anhydrite
0 10 20 30 40
Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)
I i i i i i | | i i
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)
6-43
108
Porosity and Lithology Determination from WESTERN
ATLAS
Compensated Density and Sidewall Neutron Log
1.9
40-
.2.71 2.0
40"
35-
• 2.86
2.1
35- 40"
30-
30" 2.2
35-
25-
25- 3
30- 2.3
20-
.o
20-
25- 2.4
15-
IB
c
15- a
10- 20-
m 2.5
10-
5-
15-
2.6
5-
0-
10-
SS 2.7
0-
>a
LS
2.8
0-
DOL 2.9
3.0
- 10 0 10 20 30 40 50
i i I I i | i i (
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6-44
109
Porosity and Lithology Determination from
Compensated Density and Sidewall Neutron Log
110
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog for Series 2420 CN Log)
= 55.5
110
40-i "3 360
40"
340
35-
40 -i
100
35- 320
30-
35-
300
30- 90
25-
30-
280
25-
20-
25- 80
260
15- 20- ID
i=
o
P
o
20- 240
I
10- 15- 3
a.
w
220
1
Q.
CO
15-
5-
10-
200
60
10-
0J
5- Note: 180
Follow lines according to
SS rock mixture as defined by
5- Limestone and Dolomite
Anhydrit
50 Sandstone and Limestone
Sandstone and Dolomite 160
0-
LS
140
DOL
40
Acoustic porosity
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
computed from
Wyllie-Rose. Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
6-46
111
KSlfl
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog (for Series 2420 CN Log)
q 360
Atma = 55.5
40 -i
47.5
- 340
40-
43.5
35-
40-
- 320
35-
30-
35-
30-
25-
30-
25-
20-
- 260 s
25-
a
15- 20-
20-
10- 15- CO
15-
5-
10-
ID
0-
5-
SS
0-
LS
- 140
DOL
0 10 20 30 40
Acoustic porosity
computed from Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)
Wyllie-Rose
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)
6-47
112
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from AT1A8
BHC Acoustilog and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)
55.5
=1 360
40 -I
35- - 320
30-
35
25- 30-
30"
20- 25-
25-
15 - 20-
.9
20"
£ 70
15 "
CO
15"
5-
10-
10-
0 J
5 -
SS
5- Note:
Follow lines according to
rock mixture as defined by
0-I Limestone and Dolomite
Sandstone and Limestone
i~—• Sandstone and Dolomite
« 0-I
♦a - 140
DOL
6-48
113
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
BHC Acoustilog and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)
40 -i
= 47.5
340
435
35 -
100
320
30 -
300
90
25 -
280
20-
80
260
15 - l=
o
o
240 |
1 o
■i 70
10-
Spec
220 w
5 -
200
60
0-
180
ss Note:
Follow lines according to
rock mixture as defined by
50
Anhydrite Limestone and Dolomite
160
Sandstone and Limestone
Sandstone and Dolomite
140
DOL 40 1 1 I 1 1
Acoustic porosity
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
computed from
Wyllie-Rose. Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)
II
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)
6-49
114
Porosity and Lithology Determination from
Sidewall Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog
115
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Sidewall Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog
116
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
2.65
pf = 1.0 g/cm3 or Mg/m3
40-1
Pma - 271 2.0
At, = 189 MS/ft or 620
40-1
35-
Pma = 2-86
2.1
35- 40 -i
30-
30- 2.2
35-
25"
25-
30- 2.3
20-
20-
25-
15"
15-
10- 20-
10-
5-
15-
2.6
5-
0 J
10-
SS 2.7
0-
LS
5-
2.8
0-
DOL 2.9
• Gabbro
3.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110
6-52
117
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Porosity vs. Formation Facfor
This chart provides a variety of graphic solutions relating porosity to fonnaiion resistivity factor. Actual measured
data can be plotted to construct the best solution for a given area. Alternatively, the cementation factor (m) can be
estimated as follows:
Hard Formations:
F = l/ifi™
m = 1.87 + 0.019/*
where
Soft Formations:
0.62 0.81
F = or F =
2.15
*
6-53
118
WESTERN
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot ATLAS
1.3
' Salt
I i i ii i
1 "
English or metric (for pf in g/cm3 or Mg/m3): N
P\>~ Pf
/ Atf - At \ Atf - At
M = 0.01 ( -2 M = 0.003048
\ Pb " Pf /
6-54
119
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot
(using Series 2435 CN Log)
120
WESTERN
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot ATLAS
/ Atr - At \ /Atf-At\
M = 0.01 ( ^ ) M = 0.003048
\ Pb ~ P( ) \Pb~Pf )
6-56
121
Mineral Identification Plot WESTERN
ATLAS
Pmaavs-Atmaa
2.1
2.2
2.3
2.4
3 2.6
2.7
2.8
2.9
3.0
3.1
30 40 50 60 70
4tma>s/ft)
_ Plog ~ ^D/N Pi
At maa
1 -0D/N ~ <)>A/N
where,
6-67
122
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Z-Densilog
I
6
1=
I
2.7
Note:
Follow lines according to
2.8 rock mixture as defined by
Sandstone and Dolomite
. Limestone and Dolomite
> Sandstone and Limestone
!
I
3.0
12 3 4 5
6-58
123
RSil
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Z-Densilog
Q 9.5 —i
— Note:
— Follow lines according to
— rock mixture as defined by
Sandstone and Dolomite
Limestone and Dolomite
Sandstone and Limestone '
—I—I—[—i—■ ~ --.-T-r—"-r—;-j—
12 3 4
6-59
124
1511
18
Heavy—L)
16
Minerals
■5-- 14
I
CO
12
z>
1
CO
10
I
Q.
Q.
<
Uma, = - (» x Uf)
The Matrix Identification Plot can be used to determine the component matrix lithology using the apparent
matrix grain density and the apparent matrix volumetric cross section. Charts can also be constructed for
rock and mineral mixes.
6-60
125
WESTERN
ATLAS
Porosity Correction for Gypsum Infilling
75
70
fes
W
I 60
55
Si
o
50
45
Dolomite
40 I
3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
Apparent Matrix Grain Density, p (g/cm3)
maa
6-61
126
KM
WESTERN
Estimation of Porosity ATLAS
:%)
0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6
Compensated Neutron
Sidewall Neutron
where.
Example
Given: $N% = lO^o, iQD_ = 3O°/o, Shr = 40% for Compensated Neutron
6-62
127
WESTERN
ATLAS
Estimation of Hydrocarbon Density in Clean Formation
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.4
0.3
0.1 •
0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Hydrocarbon Density, ph Hydrocarbon Density, ph
where,
" v sh
1>Dcor = I'D - Vsh X fDsh
Example
Given: <(>Ncor = 10%, 0Dcor = 30%, Shr = 40% for Compensated Neutron
6-63
128
WESTERN
ATLAS
g (g/cm3)
Gas-0.15 to 0.30
6-64
129
WESTERN
Induction or Laterolog — ATLAS
30
20
Induction devices
15 are preferred.
10
8.0
6.0
5.0
Generally, when FtyRm < 3000.
induction devices have preference.
4.0
3.0
1 2.0
0.5
0.4
0.2
I
0.15
35 30 25 20 15 10
Porosity (%)
Induction devices were first designed for logging in oil-based mud conditions, a situation where
laterolog devices do not work. Induction systems also work in empty or gas-filled boreholes,
another condition that eliminates the use of electrode systems.
Shallow, ground conductance can seriously affect induction measurements in shallow wells, and
laterologs become the preferred device. Laterologs are also preferred as the resistivity measure
ment in reservoirs containing high concentrations of conductive minerals such as pyrite (FeS->).
The chart above attempts to clarify which tool is preferred, but note that "gray areas" are still
found, a situation in which both devices are recommended. As a "rule-of-thumb." induction is
preferred when Rmf/Rw > 2.5 and Rt/Rm < 3,000. Dual Laterolog devices are preferred in high-
resistivity formations (> 200 ohm-m and when R,/Rm > 8,000), salt-based drilling fluids, and
especially when Rmf/Rw approaches or becomes less than unity.
7-1
131
K5U
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
(for Series 811 Induction Log)
IS
14
13
12
~ 11
F 1°
2
D
£ 3
-15 -10 -5 5 10 15
—|—
-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 ■70
-70 ■80
-80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150
Example
Given: Borehole diameter = HI.5 in.; standoff = 2.5 in.; R,n = 0.5 R]l = 10 Q-m
7-2
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
24
16
14
□
n
a
5 12
<?/ >
^ J>*
i i i i i n i i i i i i i f
-50 -100 -150 -200
Signal from Hole (mmho/m)
Example
Given: Borehole diameter - 10.5 in.; standoff = 2.5 in.; Rm = 0.5 Qnv. Ril = 10
7-3
133
Borehole Size Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
(tor Series 814 Induction Log)
5 in ie
Example
Given: Borehole diamcicr = 10 in.: standoff = 1,5 in.; Rm = 0.I £2m; Ril=
7-4
134
BSil
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
24
22
18
16
14
12
10
1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I r^
►50 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160 -170 -180 -190
Example
Given: Boreliok diiuncier = 10 in.: siaiidoff = 1.5 in.; Rm = (1.1 Sim: Rjl= lOii-m
7-5
135
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
5 10 15
►30 +20 -10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 ■90 -100 -110 -120 -130
Example
7-6
nsai
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
24
22
IB
IB
5 12
10
i—i—r i—i r
+50 +40 +30 +20 +16 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -SO -90 -100-110 -120;-130-t40-1S0-160-170-180-190
Signal from Hals (mmho/m}
Example
7-7
137
RSii
Borehole Size Correction for Deep Induction Log WESTERN
ATLAS
(tor Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL)
4 5 6
40 55 30 25 20 15
Example
Given: Borehole diameter = 14 in.; Rm = 0.1 Hm; standoff's 1.5 in.; Rtld= lOQm
r" ' ■000/80 mmho/m =11.9 Q-m (iTiniho/m) Mud Resistivity (Rm)
7-8
138
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction tor Deep Induction Log ATLAS
24
22 —
20
1G
14
3
1
12
10
■10 10 15
150 140
Example
Given: Borehole diameter* 14 in.; Rm = 0.1 Q-m; standoff = 1.5 in.; RjLD"1
7-9
139
Borehole Size Correction for Medium Induction Log WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL)
-1 9 10 11 15
SO 40 20 10
Signal Iram Hole (mmho/m)
Example
This chan provides a method for determining how much of ihc recorded signal is
due to the borehole.
7-10
141)
■an
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Medium Induction Log ATLAS
24
22
20
!B
12
10
I I I I i
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40
Example
This chart provides a method for determining how much of the recorded signal is
due (o die borehole.
Borehole
itedlal Geometricid Futi(jr(s 1,000)
<:orrci;tiun
(mmho/m) Mud Resistivity (Rra)
7-11
141
Bed Thickness Correction for Deep Induction Log
20
16 ft and 12 ft (4-5 m)
7 ft (2 m)^
10
8 ft
10 ft (3 m)
R.-1
5
? 4
oi
3
0.5
0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5 10 20 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5 10 20
SI
10 15 20 25
7-12
142
■Zil
WESTERN
ATLAS
100 100
6 ft (i ;s my
80 Rs = 5 80
5 ft (1.5 m)
E" 60 |- 60
a SL
of
40
J 40
20 20
20 40 60 80 100 20 40 80 100
100
: S ft or 6 ft (1.5-1.8 m)
80
Rs = 20
60
40
20
20 40 60 80 100 100
7-13
143
Bii
WESTERN
AT1AS
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.4
3 456789 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8090100
0.5 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 30
500
1.6
1.2
0.8
0.005'
I I
0.4
3 4 5 6789 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8090100
7-14
144
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.7998)
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlu)) to determine the corrected log value
7-15
145
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.7998)
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m) ^y projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine the corrected log value )■
'corr
i\
7-16
146
CRN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep ATLAS
1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of ihe borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m^ ^y projecting a Hne upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rjxd) t0 determine the corrected log value (Rj_ld ^
7-17
147
Bil
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS
Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
1.3
1.2
</> 1.1
£ 1
0.9
0.8
) j t f t t
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^tn) ^v ProJect'"g a 'me upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rljj;) to determine the corrected log value
7-18
148
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS
1.3
1.2
(A
_l
_l
cc
o
u
Ui
_i
tr.
0.8
0.7 J I I
1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RlLS^W by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rjxs) t0 determine the corrected log value
7-19
149
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS
1.3
1.2
3 1.1
a 1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (R[xs)t0 determine tne corrected log value
/^!\
7-20
150
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.9029)
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLC/^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the venical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (RLLG) to determine the corrected log value (RLLGcorr).
7-21
151
Bil
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.9029)
1.2
1.1
(f1
o
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RllG^iti) ^y projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllq) t0 determine lne corrected log value
'corr
7-22
152
Kit
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS
1.2
O 1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RlLG^iti) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value t0 determine the corrected log value )■
'corr
7-23
153
WES1
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.8765)
0.8
0.7
7 nhl/ill, I
0.1 10 1000 10000
RLLG'Rm
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RllG^W ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine ^e corrected log value ).
corr
7-24
154
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS
1.3
1.2
a 1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RlLG^iti) ^y projecting a l'ne upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value Io determine the corrected log value
'corr )■
7-25
155
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.8765)
0.8 ^
0.7
1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m) bv projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (R) to determine
deti th corrected
the td log
l l
value (R )).
%,
7-26
156
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep ATLAS
Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
RLLDapp/Rm=100
1.3
Homogeneous medium
1.2
a 1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLfV^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlld) to determine the corrected log value
'corr
7-27
157
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep ATLAS
^
K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm
1.2
1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m^ ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (RlLD^ to determine the corrected log value
7-28
158
RSil
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.7939)
1.3 -
1.2 —
3 M
tr 1 —
0.9
0.8 —
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m.) ^ projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlld) to determine the corrected log value
7-29
159
ESil
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS
1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m^ ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlls) to determine the corrected log value
corr
|\
7-30
160
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS
1.3
1.2
0.7
100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine the corrected log value ).
corr
7-31
161
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.9821)
^L
10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m) ^y projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rll§) to determine ^e corrected log value (Rll<j )•
|k
7-32
162
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8984)
1.2
0.7
1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllg) t0 determine the corrected log value (RLLGcorr)-
7-33
163
KM
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8984)
1.3
1.2
0.8
0.7
0.1 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m' by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllg) t0 ^etermme tne corrected log value corr
7-34
164
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8984)
1.3
1.2
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m) by ProJecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllg) t0 determine tne corrected log value (RLLGcorp"
7-35
165
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8712)
1.3
1.2
C3 1.1
3
IT 1
0.9
0.8 \
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RllG^W ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine the corrected log value
'corr )■
7-36
166
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS
1.3
1.2
a 1.1
0.9
0.8
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (Rm^m) ^ projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllq) t0 determine the corrected log value
7-37
167
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8712)
0.7
1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
l
log l (R
value t0 determine the corrected log value )■
corr
7-38
168
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Phase Induction (DPIL) Shallow Focused Log Sffi
(for Series 1507 XB K = 2.13)
1.4 —
0.1 100C0
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from
horizontal axis (RsFL/Rm) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor (RsFLcor/^SFL,) al°ngtne vertical axis, which is then
multiplied by the actual log value (R<jfl) t0 determine the value corrected for borehole signal (RsFLcorP'
7-39
169
Kifl
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Phase Induction (DPIL) Shallow Focused Log ""BBis
(for Series 1507 XB K = 2.13)
1.3
1000 10000
RSFL'Rm
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from
horizontal axis (RsFl/^m) ^v ProJec*ing a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor (RsFLcor/^SFlJ a'on8 ^e vertical axis, which is then
multiplied by the actual log value (RsFlJ t0 determine the value corrected for borehole signal (RgpL )■
7-40
170
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Induction Focused Log (DIFL)
(for Series 1503 XC K = 0.7807)
Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
1.4
1.3
1.2
5 1.1
0.9
0.8
O.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RpoC^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rpoc)t0 determine the corrected log value (Rpoc „)•
7-41
171
IZifl
Borehole Size Correction for Dual-Induction Focused Log (DIFL)
(for Series 1503 XC K = 0.7807)
LL
0.7 i-i-L
1000 10000
This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RpoC^m) bv projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rpoc)to determine the corrected log value (RpQC r^-
7-42
172
WESTERN
Rt from 1229 EA/EB (for Rt > Rxo) ATLAS
173
Rt from 1229 EA/EB (for Rt > R^)
Using Groningen (Rllg)» Shallow (Rlls)' and Rxo
Current Return at 40 ft
100 :
10
Is
tr"1
.1
.5 10 20
□ / R
This chan provides a method of obtaining R, from the Dual Laterolog (1229 EA/EB) using Groningen (Rllg^
readings where Rt > Rxo. This chan is developed for the Groningen setup that has the current return spaced at
40 ft. Rxo should be determined from an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog. Rxo, Rllg- an(*
should be corrected for borehole effects before using this chart.
An example illustrating the use of this type of chart is given with Chart 7-68.
7-44
174
Rt from 1229 EA/EB (for Tt > Rxo)
ATLAS
Using Groningen (RllG>» Shallow (R^ls)' and Rxo
Current Return at 60 ft
175
Rt from 1229 EC (for Rt > RTO) WESTERN
ATLAS
Using Deep (RLLD), Shallow (RLLS), and R
100
o 10
x
rr
a
_t
_i
rr
RLLD / RLLS
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual Laterolog (1229 EC) readings where Rt > Rxo. Rxo
should be determined from an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog. Rxo, Rlli> an<* RLLS s^ou't' ^
corrected for borehole effects before using this chart.
An example illustrating the use of this type of chart is given with Chart 7-68.
7-46
176
Rt from 1229 EC (for Rt > Rx0)
Using Groningen (Rllg)> Shallow (Rlls)> and Rxo
Current Return at 40 ft
177
Rt from 1229 EC (for Rt > R^) Bit
raw
Using Groningen (Rllg)' Shallow (Rlls)» ant' ATLAS
Current Return at 60 ft
100
10
8
rr
o
_i
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
RLLG ! RLLS
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual Laterolog (1229 EC) using Groningen (RllG> readinSs
where R. > Rxo. This chart is developed for the Groningen setup that has the current return spaced at 60 ft. Rxo
should be determined from an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog. Rxo, RllG- and RLLS sh°u'd be
corrected for borehole effects before using this chart.
An example illustrating the use of this type of chart is given with Chart 7-68.
7-48
178
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
(0
Freq = 10kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
R ILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-49
179
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
jj
180
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
181
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) rim?"
WEST!
ATLA8
Dual-Phase Induction for (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
Diameter (in.)
50 J60 70
Freq = 10kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
RILM I RILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > R,. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 10 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-52
182
RS11
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
Freq = 20 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterlog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 10 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-63
183
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for R^, > Rt) ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
20
10
Q
cc"
CO
rr
Freq = 40 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
(he chart. The depth of nitrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 10 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-54
184
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
50
Invasion Diameter (in.)
20
10
co
Freq = 1OkHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
RILM l RILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 20 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
(^
7-55
185
Rt from 1507 XB (for R^ > Rt) WESTERN
ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
Invasionpiarneterfln.)
40 i 50 :60.70
Freq = 20 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
RILM l RILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterlog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 20 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-56
186
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
50
20
10
CO
Freq = 40 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
R / R
nILM ' nILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Lateroiog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 20 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-57
187
Rt from 1507 XB (for R^ > Rt) WE8TERN
ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
100
CO
DC
10
Freq = 10kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
R ILM
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10kHz and Rxo is near 50 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
758
188
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
100
DC
10
Freq = 20 kHz
J Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
RILM/RILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rx0
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 50 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
759
189
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
100
of
CO
10
■i Freq = 40 kHz
\ Thick Beds
} 8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rx0 > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 50 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-60
190
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
"a!
CO
DC
Freq=1OkHz
J\
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
nILM' nILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 100 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-61
191
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
rr"
""of
CO
rr
j Freq = 20 kHz
Thick Beds
: 8-in. Borehole
: Step Profile
RILM l RILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterlog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 100 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chan 7-67 example.
7-62
192
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shllow Focused Log (SFL)
100
rr~
CO
0C
10
Freq = 40 kHz -
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile
RILM ! RILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 100 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-63
193
HSit
raw
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo < Rt) ATLAS
.01 .1
RILM / RILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo < Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of Filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are similar to those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-64
194
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo < Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
.01 .1
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo < Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are similar to those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-65
195
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo < Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)
rr~
.01 .1
R / R
nILM ' nILD
This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo < Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.
Instructions for using the chart are similar to those used in the Chart 7-67 example.
7-66
196
WESTERN
ATLAS
Truck Beds
B-in. (203-mm)
Borehole
Step Profile
No Skin Effect
i I i I I 1 .
This chart provides a method of obtaining R, from tlic Dual 1 nduction-Focused Log readings where R, is less
than Rw The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.
Charts 6-12 and 6-13 compute logs based on the following equations:
where R_o = resistivity of formation invaded by drilling fluids; R, = resistivity of undisturbed formation; J =
geomeiric factor for Focused Log at the invasion diameter; G = geometric factor for Induction Log ai the
invasion diameter; FL = Focused Log; ILM = Induction Log Medium; 1LD = Induction Log Deep
Example
Given: Rfl/Rild = 10 Q-m/l Q-m = 10; R!Lm/R|ld = 1-4 S-m/1 Q-m = 1.4
Deiermine: dj = 39 in., R^/R, = 18.5; R,/Rild = 0.95; R, » {R,/R[Ld) R]LD = 0.95 fi-m
7-67
197
KSifl
WESTERN
ATLAS
15 2C
- d- (mm) / 40C
m-i- / "V/V
Thick Beds
■in. (203-mm)
Borehole
Step Profile
No Skin Effect
This chart provides a method of oblaining R, from the Dual Induction-Focused Log readings where R,
is greaicr llian RK0. Rxo should bo determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog.
Example
Determine; d| « 50 in., RS11/R, - 0.17; R,/R[ld = 1.5; Ri - (Rt/R]LD) RlLDJ l-5 x 20 - 30 Q'm
7-68
198
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rxo'RILD
0.1
RIO/RFOC
Thick Beds
7-69
199
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rt from Deep Induction, Short Normal, and Rxo
100
M-lnf0*>6-m)H^T;^:ini:(iB0p'imrn)--: r i
40 tn.-(1-m) /--j- -~ 16 inr^400 mm)
- I - - ! - - J \ ' J - ■ ','
50
40
30
20
RXo'R.ld 10
20 30 40 SO 100
Thick Beds
7-70
200
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
201
iSia
WESTERN
ATLAS
202
iSftfl
WESTERN
ATLAS
203
WESTERN
ATLAS
204
iSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
100
90
80
70
60
50
40
30
10
9
8
-I L i—I—l—L
5 6 7 9 10 20 30 40 50
This chart is used to adjust the fluid resistivity values in the invaded zone for the effect of mixing the mud
filtrate with the formation waters.
Example
7-75
205
WESTERN
ATLAS
->
206
WESTERN
ATLAS
Conductivity, Ca Resistivity, Ra
(mmho/m) (Q-m)
100- 10
80-
15
1-0
2.72 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50
Bulk density, pb (g/cm3 or Mg/m3)
Porosity, $ (%)
10
7-77
207
ATLAS
Resistivity/Porosity Crossplot (for F =
208
209
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rwa Determination
(Q-m)
Sands Carbonates
3-
- 3
(Q-m)
4- - A 50
5-- 5
- 25
- 20
- 15
*— 10
- - 0.02
■ 0.01
Conductivity-Derived Porosity (CDP)
Determination
CDP -*- (S-rn)
Example
Sw = 30%
Km = R/F
Note; Conductivity-derived porosily is valid
il/m
CDP - only when Rwa = Rw.
7-80
210
WESTERN
ATLAS
2000
1750
1500
1S 1250
j^\
750
500
250
0.01 0.1 1 10
Water Resistivity, Rw (Q ■ m)
7-81
211
vsai
WESTERN
ATLAS
103
"a
Id
CD 102
OJ
Q.
o
a
o
68° F (20DC]
140°F (60°C)
212°F (100°C)
101
0.01 0.1 1 10
7-82
212
WESTERN
ATLAS
= 6.0 in.
(152 mm)
= 9.0 in.
(229 mm)
05 -
a,
1
<
7-S3
213
Kit
WESTERN
ATLAS
Dielectric Response in a Homogeneous Medium (47 MHz)
Propagation Time, t
"5.
<
60 ac IDC
Frequency-dependent approximate
values
" Approximate values
7-84
214
fSfel
WESTERN
Water Saturation from Dielectric Propagation Time ATLAS
(Clean Formations)
215
Determination of Ivv
E
7°
w*
8-1
217
WESTERN
ATLAS
10 15 20 25 30 35
100
50
4 6 8 10 12 14
Equation
English Metric
8-2
218
WESTERN
ATLAS
Determination of LCH4
<b A
X
10
8 10 12 14
°C = (°F - 32)/1.8
8-3
219
ESftl
WESTERN
ATLAS
220
WESTERN
ATLAS
Correction of Igas for Condensate Content
(1.01 X + B
8-5
221
mi
WESTERN
ATLAS
222
RSIfl
WESTERN
ATLAS
WESTERN
ATLAS
-10-
-12
10 20 30 40 50 60
-2
3,
< -4
o
CO
I
8
-8
-10
-12
10 20 30 40 50 60
8-8
224
WESTERN
Borehole Salinity Corrections for ATLAS
-6
Salinity = 75 k
-8 _L
10 20 30 40 50 60
PDK Log SGMA
Salinity = 250 k
'00*
-6
10 20 30 40 50 60
PDK Log SGMA
8-9
225
WESTERN
PDK-100 Diffusion Corrections to SGMA for ATLAS
20 r
15
10
10
PDK log SGMA
20
15
10
10
8-10
226
WESTERN
ATLAS
1.7
1.6
1.5
1.4
1.3
10 20 30
8-11
227
ES11
WESTERN
ATLAS
1.0
0.90
o
0.80
10 15 20 25 30 35 \
Porosity, 4 (%)
8-12
228
Capture Si/Ca Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Porosity
1.40
1.30
Energy Intervals
SI: 3.17 - 4.65 MeV
Ca: 4.86 - 6.62 MeV
<0
1.20
CO
1.00
10 15 20 25 30 35
Porosity, + (%)
8-13
229
C/O Oil Saturation Correction vs. Cement Thickness
100
90
80
70
7 60
i 50
100
8-14
230
WESTERN
ATLAS
0.20
0.15
0.10
0.05
15 20 25 30 35
Porosity, $ (%)
jf Cased Hole
Open Hole
8-15
231
ESlf
WESTERN
ATLAS
0.45
0.40
0.35
o
I
0
0.30
0.25
0.20
10 20 30
Porosity, $ (%)
8-16
232
WAM
WESTERN
Cement Compressive Strength from ATLAS
25.0
22.5
20.0
17.5
15.0
I
io.o
CO
50
2.5
0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1
This chart is intended to provide an estimate of the compressive strength of bonded cement using the
attenuation readings from the Segmented Bond Tool (SBT™) log.
Enter the chart on the left with the attenuation in dB/ft, while at the same time entering the casing wall
thickness (in.) from the bottom of the chart. The point at which the two lines intersect is the estimated
compressive strength (psi) of the bonded cement.
9-1
233
Kill
WESTERN
ATLAS
(30)
4000 —
(25)
3000 —
(20) —
(15)---
2000 —
(10)
1000 —
— 1000
— I
—aoo
(4)
(2)
250 500
(3)
(1)
100 —
(0.5) — — 300
I (2)
65
9.625 f 7.0 5.5 5.0 45
10.75 7.625
Enter the nomogram along the attenuation scale and project a straight line through the casing thickness to read cement
compressive strength. Attenuation can be read directly Irom the Bond Attenuation Log.
9-2
234
I2M1
WESTERN
ATLAS
235
WESTERN
Cement Cnmprcssive Strength from Series 1412,1415, and 1417 ATLAS
1415, 1417
TR Span
3 ft
1412 (0,9 m)
TR Span
4 ft Cement
(1.2 m) Compressive
Strength
(psi)
(MPa)
100- Foam Cement Standard Cement
50-
40-
30- — 30
4000 --
20- 165 — 25
10-
20 3000 -t-320°
24 — 15
0) Q.
2000
II 2000
a. jlj 26
E -
— 10
32 (mm)
u u.
II
Q - 1000
O 1000 —
36
— 5
6 —
40 800 —
0.21-5
500
Casing Thickness — 3
4 —
-IB ■ 2
500- 2S0
52 3 —
— 1
— 100
300 — — 0.5
2 —
— 50
— 03
200 —
1 —
Casing O.D. (in)
100 —
This chart is intended to provide an estimate ot the campfGsstve strength of bonded cement
using the Area! CDL AmpMjda tt is based on fresh water mud-
Enter the nomograph on. the led with the CBL amplitude; then follow the diagonal lines to the
casing si^e. Extend from this point horizontally to define attenuation. Connect the attenuation with
the appropriaie casing thickness and extend lo the psi to Gsiimaie the compressive strength of the
bonded cement,
This chart may also be used to determine attenuation in bonded pipe when the compressive
strength of the cement is known. For this purposa, the chart is entered at the right and a line
extended through the casing wall thickness to read attenuation. From this point, extend the line
horizontally to the pipe size. Then (allow the diagonal lines to the amplitude to indicate the
expected amplitude.
9-4
236
WESTERN
ATLAS
INFORMATION IMPORTANT TO
THE INTERPRETATION OF CEMENT BOND LOGS
Centralizer Depths
Scratchier Depths.
Pipe Reciprocated from hrs to hrs; Pipe Rotated from hrs to hrs
9-5
237
WESTERN
ATLA8
Type of Cement:
COMMENTS:
9-6
238
Kit
ERN
Guidelines for Practical Interpretation of Variable ATLAS
239
WESTERN
Guidelines for Practical Interpretation of Variable ATLAS
VARIABLE DENSITY
2001200
P-Wave S-Wave
i
Shear _
Waves
Compressional
Fast Formation Waves
Arrivals
9-8
240
WESTERN
ATLAS
Casing
O.D. !.D. Wt. Thickness
mm in. mm Ib/ft kg/m in. mm
5.240 133.10 23.00 34.22 0.380 9.65 11-3/4 298.1 11.150 283.21 38.00 56.54 0.300 7.62
6-5/8 168.3 6.135 155.83 17.00 26.34 11.084 281.53 42.00 62.50 0.333 8.46
0.245 6.22
6.049 153.65 20.00 29.76 0.288
11.000 279.40 47.00 69.94 0.375 9.53
7.32
5.989 152.12 22.00 32.74 0.318
10.880 276.35 54.00 80.35 0.435 11.05
8.08
5.921 150.39 24.00 35.71 10.772 273.61 60.00 89.28 0.489 12.42
0.352 8.94
5.855 148.72 26.00 38.69 0.385 9.78 12 304.8 11.384 289.15 40.00 59.52 0.308 7.82
5.761 146.33 27.00 40.18 0.432 10.97
13 330.2 12.438 315.93 40.00 59.52 0.281 7.14
5.791 147.09 28.00 41.66 0.417 10.S9
12.360 313.94 45.00 66.% 0.320 8.13
5.837 148.26 28.80 42.85 0.394 10.01
12.282 311.% 50.00 74.40 0.359 9.12
5.615 142.62 32.00 47.62 0.505 12.83
12.220 310.39 54.00 80.35 0.390 9.91
177.8 6.538 166.07 17.00 26.34 0.231 5.87
13-3/8 339.7 12.715 322.96 48.00 71.42 0.330 8.38
6.456 163.98 20.00 29.76 0.272 6.91
12.615 320.42 54.50 81.10 0.380 9.65
6.398 162.51 22.00 32.74 0.301 7.65
12.515 317.88 61.00 90.77 0.430 10.92
6.366 161.70 23.00 34.22 0.317 8.05
12.415 315.34 68.00 101.18 0.480 12.19
6.366 160.93 24.00 35.71 0.332 8.43
12.347 315.90 72.00 107.14 0.514 13.06
6.276 159.41 26.00 38.69 0.362 9.20
12.175 309.25 83.00 123.50 0.600 15.24
6.214 157.84 28.00 41.66 0.393 9.98
6.184 157.07 29.00 43.15 0.408 10.36 14 355.6 13.344 338.94 50.00 74.40 0.328 8.33
6.154 156.31 30.00 44.64 0.423 10.74 16 406.4 15.375 390.53 55.00 81.84 0.313 7.95
6.094 154.79 32.00 47.62 0.453 11.51
15.250 387.35 65.00 96.72 0.375 9.52
6.004 152.50 35.00 52.08 0.498 12.65
15.125 384.18 75.00 111.60 0.438 11.13
5.920 150.37 38.00 56.54 0.540 13.72
15.010 381.25 84.00 124.99 0.495 12.57
5.836 148.23 40.00 59.52 0.582 14.78
9-9
241
ATLAS
3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50
0.005
s.
0.001
0.0005
0.0004
0.0003
0.0002 0.005
0.004
0.003
0.0001
200 300 400500 1000 3000 5000 10,000
Internal Pressure, p, (psi)
where
d = diameter
w = weight/ft
p = internal pressure
Example
940
242
WESTERN
ATLAS
Determining Corrosion in Tubular Goods
243
Magnelog (2934MA) - Wall Thickness Determination
Atlas Wireline Services operates a surface calibration facility at the Western Atlas Center in
Houston, Texas. This facility is used to record tool response data for calibration charts that support
Vertilog, Vertiline, and Magnelog. The charts are based on carefully controlled laboratory condi
tions, ensuring accurate interpretation of field logs used for pipe evaluation.
• A 28-in. spaced log recording in a single string of 7-in., P-l 10, 38 #/ft casing
9-12
244
"Sltlas
Magnelog (2934MA) - Wall Thickness Determination
Atlas Wireline Services operates a surface calibration facility at the Western Atlas Center in
Houston, Texas. This facility is used to record tool response data for calibration charts that support
Vertilog, Vertiline, and Magnelog. The charts are based on carefully controlled laboratory condi
tions, ensuring accurate interpretation of field logs used for pipe evaluation.
• A 28-in. spaced log recording in a dual string of 9.6-in., N-80,40 #/ft casing and 13.3-in., K-55,
68 #/ft casing
1.00
0.90
0.80
0.70
;§. 0.60
| 0.50
| 0-40
0.30
0.20
0.10
0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.2
360
320
280
240
I 160
120
80
40
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2
9-13
245
WESTERN
ATLAS
80
10 15 20 25 35 40
Porosity, + (%)
k - 0.136 v—
Example
Determine: k, k = 214 md
10-1
247
KSil
WESTERN
Reservoir Permeability Estimate fnmi Log Data ATLAS
co
01
To
S
S
u
i
/
12 16 20 24 28 32 35
Porosily, t (%)
Example
lU-2
248
HSU
WESTERN
ATLAS
Forpw= 1.025 (Sea Water) Forpw = 1.1 (150,000 ppm Formation Water)
.01 .02 03.04.05.07 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.50.7 1 2 3 .01 .02 .03.04.05.07 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.50.7 1 2 3
Example Solution
10-3
249
WESTERN
Charts and Equations to Estimate Relative Permeability to ATLAS
100
1 1 I I I I I
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70
Irreducible Water Saturation, S,w (°/o) Irreducible Water Saturation. SiW (%)
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
i\
10-4
250
Chart to Estimate Viscosity of Water
0.1
0
68 100 150 200 250 300 350
Reservoir Temperature, °F
10-5
251
n
<
en
O
Vi
I
Ril
0.05
Psia
0 02
0.015 -
0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500
Rich Gas
0.02-
0.015 -
0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature. °F
10-7
253
Kifl
WESTERN
Charts to Estimate Water Cut in the IVansition Zone ATLAS
of an Oil Reservoir
70
50
1
3
To
to
10
10 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 10 30 40 50 70 80
10-8
254
WESTERN
ATLAS
Clay
Point
1.0
Fluid
Point
10 20 30 40
Shaly reservoir rocks are classified in three categories: producible, non-producible and zones which require
stimulation.
This chart is based on field data from the U.S. Gulf Coast area, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.
The "q-factor," used to estimate producibility of shaly reservoir rocks is defined as:
Example
10-9
255
Formation Strength Parameter Equations in Well Logging Terms
Log-derived values of density, shear travel time and compressional travel time can be mathematically related
to Young's Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Shear Modulus and Poisson's Ratio.
Equations in
Elastic Constants Basic Equations Interrelation of Equations Well Logging Terms
F/A
(1) Young's Modulus (E) measures opposition of a substance to extensional stress, E =
Al/I
(2) Bulk Modulus (K) is the coefficient of incompressibility and measures opposition of substance to
• , v F/A
compressional stress, K =
Av/v
(3) Shear Modulus (jO, also called rigidity modulus, measures the opposition of a substance to shear stresses.
(4) Poisson's Ratio (o) is the ratio of relative decrease in diameter to relative elongation, o =
Al/1
10-10
256
WESTERN
ATLAS
to
10-11
257
IZil
WESTERN
ATLAS
I I/ I II
100 150 200
Shear Transit Time, Ms (usec/ft)
140
a>
If 100
8
s
I
o
0.45
50
40
50 100 150 200
1042
258
ESftfl
WESTERN
Determination of Combined Modulus of Strength ATLAS
r
WESTERN
ATLAS
Log-Derived Clay Content Indicators10"15
where A = R|/Rxo,
B = R,/R,.|
1.0-o = (KxVdxW)/(KxVclxW K = log-derived coefficient, W = clay porosity from bulk and matrix
+ts») Pd; Sx0 = flushed zone water saturation; laboratory-derived, too many
requirements.
GAMMA RAY Vd = (GR - Only clay minerals are radio Radioactive minerals other than
active. clays (mica, feldspar, silt).
Vd = (GR-W)/Z
Radiobarite scales on casing.
where W, Z = geologic area coefficient. Severe washouts (<KGR).
RESISTIVITY Low porosity zones (car- High porosity water sand, high
If several resistivity logs bonate, marls), pay zones with Rd - values.
are available, use the one low(Sw-Swir).
which exhibits highest
resistivity values in sub where b = 1.0 , from 0.5 to 1.0.
ject well. b = 2.0 Rd approaches R,
where
(l/b)= 1.0 when
(1/b) =0.5/(1 -
NEUTRON
High gas saturation or very is low.
low reservoir porosity.
11-1
261
KSit
ATLAS
Vd =
DENSITY-ACOUSTIC Vcl =
(Atma-Atf) (P5h-Pf)-(Pma-Pf) (Atsh-Atf)
NEUTRON-ACOUSTIC Vc,=
(Atma-Atf)(0Nsh- l.O)-(0Nma-
11-1 (Contd)
262
KM
WESTERN
ATLAS
f = factor is
k =
S = inner surface of rock (cmVcm3)
A2 = empirical constant 19
k = A,
(1 -
So = surface area per unit volume of solid material
A3 = empirical constant 19
11-2
263
Permeability and Water Cut Determination
264
Bit
WESTERN '
ATLAS
265
Logging Parameters for ATLAS
^I
266
WES1ERM
Logging Parameters for ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
267
WESTERN
Logging Parameters for ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
268
iSil
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
269
ISM
Logging Parameters for WESTERN
ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
270
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
271
RSifl
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
272
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
273
RSifl
Logging Parameters for WESTERN
ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types
274
WESTERN
ATLAS
275
Classification of Water Saturation Equations ATLAS
in Shaly Clastic Reservoir Rock
276
Classification of Water Saturation Equations
in Shaly Clastic Reservoir Rock
C»(1-
Algerefa/. C, = Clay slurry model.
F relates to total volume occupied by
fluid and clay.
Sw relates to fluid-filled pore space.
■(-■IE
Sw relates to total interconnected pore
space.
Raiga-Clemenceau q
et al. C, =>—-Si- 4 "Dual-porosity" model: oOlV =o, -o(
'F relates 10 tree-ftunJ porosity unless otherwtse staled. S. relates to tree-fluid pore space unless otherwise stated; equations are written with n • 2
a ■> predominant sand (arm; ;J - predominani interactive term; i » predominant shale term /. the saturation expononi, is
an interactive term. s. the saturation exponent, is a shate term
115 (Contd)
277
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
References
1. "Supplement V to 1965 Standard — Letter and paper presented at the 1979 CWLS Formation
Computer Symbols for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation Symposium, Calgary, OctobcrA
Evaluation," JPT (October 1975) 1244-1261.
14. Larionov, V.V.: "Borehole Radiometry," Nedra, M.
2. "Supplement V to 1965 Standard — Letter and (1969), 327.
Computer Symbols for Well Logging and Formation
Evaluation," JPT (October 1975) 1244-1261. 15. Fertl, W.H.: "Gamma Ray Spectral Data Assists in
Complex Formation Evaluation, Trans., 1979 6th
3. Graton, L.C. and Fraser, H.J.: "Systematic Packing SPWLA European Formation Evaluation Sympo
of Spheres with Particular Relation to Porosity and sium, London, March 26-27.
Permeability,"/ Geol. (1935) 43, 785-909.
16. Darcy, H.: Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de
4. Folk, R.L.: Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Dijon, Victor Dalmont, Paris (1856).
Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, TX (1974).
17. Recommended Practices for Determining Perme
5. Bigelow, E.L.: "Making More Intelligent Use of ability of Porous Media, American Petroleum
Log-Derived Dip Information, Part III: Computer Institute, APR RP No. 27 (September 1952).
Processing Considerations," The Log Analyst
(1985), No. 3. 18. Englchart, W.V. and Pitter, H.: "Uberdie
Zusammenhangc Zwischen Porositat, Permeabilitat
6. Bigelow, E.L.: "Making More Intelligent Use of and Komgrobe bei Sanden and Sansteinen,"
Log-Derived Dip Information, Part V: Stratigraphic Heidelb. Beitr. Min. Petrogr. (1951), 2,477.
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19. Carmen, P.C.: Flow of Gases Through Porous
7. Potter II, R.W. and Brown, D.L.: 'The Volumetric Media, Acad. Press, Inc., New York (1956).
Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions
from 0° to 500° at Pressures Up to 2000 bars Based 20. Timur, A.: "An Investigation of Permeability,
on a Regression of Available Data in the Literature," Porosity, and Residual Water Saturation Relation
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1421-C (1977). ships," Trans., 1968 SPWLA 9th Annual Logging
Symposium, June 23-26.
8. Bigelow, E.L.: "A Practical Approach to the Interpre
tation of the Cement Bond Log," JPT(iu\y 1985). 21. Morris, R.L. and Biggs, W.P.: "Using Log-Derived
Values of Water Saturation and Porosity, Trans.,
9. Tixier, M.P.: "Evaluation of Permeability from 1967 SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, June
Electric Log Resistivity Gradients," Oil & Gas J. 11-14.
(June 1949).
22. Coatcs, G.R. and Dumanoir, J.L.: "A New
10. Archie, G.E.: 'The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Approach to Improved Log Derived Permeability,
Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics," Trans., 1973 SPWLA 4th Annual Logging Sympo
Trans., AIME (1942) 146, 54-67. sium, May 6-9.
11. Fertl, W.H.: "Status of Shaly Sand Evaluation," 23. Jones, P.J.: "Production Engineering and Reservoir
paper I presented at the 1972 4th CWLS Formation Mechanics (Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas)," Oil
Evaluation Symposium, Calgary, May 9-10. & Gas J. (\945).
12. Clavier, C. et al.: "The Theoretical and Experimental 24. Brown, A. and Hussein, S.: "Permeability from
Basis for the Dual Water Model for the Interpreta Well Logs, Shaybah Field, Saudia Arabia," Trans.,
tion of Shaly Sands," paper SPE 6859 presented at 1977 SPWLA 18th Annual Logging Symposium,
the 1977 SPE Annual Technical Conference and June.
Exhibition, Denver, CO, Oct. 9-12.
25. Lebreton, F. et al.: "Acoustic Method and Device
13. Frost, E. and Fertl, W.H.: "Integrated Core and Log for Determining Permeability Logs in Boreholes,"
Analysis Concepts in Shaly Clastic Reservoirs," U.S. Patent No. 3,622,969 (1971).
278
WESTERN
ATLAS
References (Contd)
279
Bibliography
1. Clavier, C. and Rust, D.H.: "MID Plot: A New paper presented at the 1979 CWLS Formation
Lithology Technique," The Log Analyst (1969), Nov.- Evaluation Symposium, Calgary, OctoberA
Dec.
14. Larionov, V.V.: "Borehole Radiometry," Nedra, M.
2. Desai, K. and Moore, E.J.: "Equivalent NaCl (1969), 327.
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3. Ellis, D. et al.: "Mineral Logging Parameters: Nuclear SPWLA European Formation Evaluation Sympo
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Meeting, Los Angeles. and Korngrobe bei Sanden and Sansteinen,"
Heidelb. Beitr. Min. Petrogr. (1951). 2,477.
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Media, Acad. Press, Inc., New York (1956).
8. Larinov, V.V.: "Borehole Radiometry," Nedra,
Moskwa(l969). 20. Timur, A.: "An Investigation of Permeability,
Porosity, and Residual Water Saturation Relation
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Dielectric Log Interpretation in Variable Salinities Symposium, June 23-26.
Using Resistivity Versus Phase Angle Crossplots,"
Trans., SPWLA (1987). 21. Morris, R.L. and Biggs, W.P.: "Using Log-Derived
Values of Water Saturation and Porosity, Trans.,
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Values of Water Saturation and Porosity," Trans., 11-14.
SPWLA (1967).
22. Coates, G.R. and Dumanoir, J.L.: "A New
11. Overton, H.L. and Lipson, L.B.: "A Correlation of Approach to Improved Log Derived Permeability,
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Content, " Trans., AIME (1958), 213, 333-36. sium, May 6-9.
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Concepts, and Field Applications," Trans., SPWLA & Gas J. (1945).
(1981).
24. Brown, A. and Hussein, S.: "Permeability from
13. Raiga-Clemenceau, J. et al.: "The Concept of Well Logs, Shaybah Field, Saudia Arabia," Trans.,
Acoustic Formation Factor for More Accurate 1977 SPWLA 18th Annual Logging Symposium,
Porosity Determination from Sonic Transit Time June.
Data," The Log Analyst (1988). Jan.-Feb.
25. Lebreton, F. et al.: "Acoustic Method and Device
14. Raymer, L.L. et al.: "An Improved Sonic Transit Time- for Determining Permeability Logs in Boreholes,"
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280