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Log Interpretation Charts ATLAS

Atlas Wireline Services

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Log Interpretation
Charts

WESTERN
ATLAS

Atlas Wireline Services


1

© Copyright 1985 All rights reserved.

Alias Wireline Services


Western Atlas International, Inc.
10205 Westheimer Road
Houston, Texas 77042-3192
Tel 713-972-4000
Fax 713-972-5298
Telex 6717084 WAI AWS

Printed in the U.S.A. This book, or parts thereof, may not be


reproduced in any fonn without permission of the copyright holder.

The data and charts contained herein were obtained from reliable sources and are
believed to be accurate. However, we cannot guarantee the absolute accuracy
of these data and charts, and readers must use their own judgment in using this
material to plan their operations.

AT93-I92 1901 Rev. 7/94 5M IPP


Foreword

This edition of the Atlas Wireline Services Log Interpretation Charts contains major updates and revi
sions. Some charts deleted from previous editions of this text have been reinstated. Other charts have
been revised because of new laboratory measurements or computer-generated data.

The opening section of this edition is devoted to general information and contains charts, nomograms,
and tables often useful in log analysis. For example, a list of service mnemonics for Atlas Wireline is
given. A chart suggesting the proper mud excluder to be used with the Circumferential Borehole
Imaging Log (CBIL™) tool in different sizes of boreholes has been included. The different log scales
and depth scales are described and graphically presented. An explanation of time markers and their
relation to logging speed is also presented. A brief explanation of the acoustic waveform is given.
Symbols used on well logs and most of the common map symbols have also been added to this sec
tion. A geologic time table is provided and several common geologic terms are described graphically.
The comparative links between log responses and geological facies is presented in a table. Curve
shape characteristics with relation to particular depositional environments and some core analysis ter
minology are also presented.

Numerous new charts have been added throughout this edition, particularly in the resistivity section,
including a chart that can be used to select the proper deep-resistivity tool for the logging environment.
Spectralog® charts for estimating feldspars or micas and two clay types have also been added. A major
effort was made to correct minor discrepancies and to add more convenience in scaling; i.e., English
and metric terms. Charts for obtaining formation strength parameters have been reinstated. The chart
for pipe expansion due to internal pressure contains additional interpretative lines for larger casings,
and the cement evaluation charts have been updated along with a form for information on cement jobs.

Supplemental charts include diffusion correction charts for the PDK-100® instrument, two examples of
the extensive set (>I,000) of interpretation charts for Magnelog data, one example [15.5 Ib/ft (23.1
kg/m) J-55] of the Vfertilog® interpretation charts, and a chart for the short-spaced dielectric tool. A
chart to estimate gas density at reservoir conditions and suggested relations of hydrocarbon density to
particular hydrocarbon types has also been added.

Fora more in-depth treatment of certain log analysis-related topics, the Atlas Wireline Services text
entitled. Introduction to Wireline Log Analysis is suggested reading.

in
Contents

Section Chart Page

Foreword

1 General Information
Formation Parameters .1-1 . .1
Conventional Symbols for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation .1-2 . .2
Conventional Subscripts for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation .1-3 ..3
Unit Conversions .1-4. ..5

Description of Core Analysis -5 ,J


Service Mnemonics - Products Category Listing 1-6 ..8
Service Mnemonics - Products Alphabetical Listing 1-7 .10
Common Log Presentation Formats .11
Well Log Scales -9. .12
BHC Acoustilog Presentation -10 .13
Symbols Used on Well Logs -11 .14
Map Symbols for Identifying Well Conditions -12 .15
Paleofacies Characteristics -13 .16
Grain Size Scales for Sediments -14 .17
Comparison Chart for Sorting and Sorting Classes •15 .18
Curve Shape Characteristics . ■16 .19
Time Rock Correlation , ■17 .20
Generalized Table of Geologic Time and Occurrences of
Major Tectonic, Climatic, and Paleontological Event ■18 .21
Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) Operating Range and Mud Excluder Selection ■19 .22

L Temperature and Fluids


Estimation of Formation Temperature .2-1 .23
Estimation of Rmf and Rmc .2-2 .24
Determination of Static Bottomholc Formation Temperature .2-3 .25
Equivalent NaCl Concentrations from Total Solids Concentrations .2-4 .26
Resistivity of Equivalent NaCl Solutions .2-5 .27
Total Salinity Versus Density of Different Solutions .2-6 .28
Variation of Brine Density with Temperature and Pressure .2-7 .29
Comparison of Temperature Gradient Steepness and Lithology , .2-8 .30
Brine Density as a Function of Fluid Salinity and Formation Temperature and Pressure .2-9 .31

J Spontaneous Potential
SP Bed Thickness Correction .3-1 .33

R weqq .3-2 .34


f
Rw from Rweq as a Function of Temperature (*F) .3-3 .35
Rw from Rweq as a Function of Temperature (*C) .3-4 .36

*-f Natural Radioactivity


Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction for 1-11/16-in. Diameter Instrument . .4-1 . .37
Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction for 43-mm Diameter Instrument .4-2. .38
Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction for 3-5/8-in. Diameter Instrument ... .4-3. .39
Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction for 92-mm Diameter Instrument .... .4-4. .40
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (English) .4-5. .41
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (Metric) . .4-6. .42
Spectralog Uranium Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (English) .4-7. .43
Spectralog Uranium Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (Metric) .4-8. .44
Spectralog Potassium Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (English) .4-9. .45
Spectralog Potassium Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (Metric) .4-10 .46
Contents

Section Chart Page


Speclralog Thorium Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (English) 4-11 47
Spectralog Thorium Response-Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction (Metric) 4-12 48
Gamma Ray Correction for KC1 Mud - 3-5/8-in. Diameter Instrument (Decentralized) (English) 4-13 49
Gamma Ray Correction for KC1 Mud - 92-mm Diameter Instrument (Decentralized) (Metric) 4-14 50
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Correction for KCI Mud (English) 4-15 51
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Correction for KCI Mud (Metric) 4-16 52
Spectralog Potassium Correction for KCI Mud (English) 4-17 53
Spectralog Potassium Correction for KCI Mud (Metric) 4-18 54
Shale Volume from Radioactivity Index 4-19 55
An Interpretative Model for Spectral Gamma Ray Mineral Identification 4-20 56
Spectralog Mineral Estimates 4-21 57

J Microresistivity
Rxo from Micro Laterolog 5-1 59
Borehole Size Correction for Micro Laterolog (Series 1233, 1236.3140) K = 0.01439 5-2 60
Minilog and Rxo Determination of Porosity and Formation Factor 5-3 61
Simplified Minilog Porosity Determination 5-4 62
Borehole Size Correction for Thin-Bed Resistivity Tool (TBRT) (Series 1236 XB K = 0.0052) 5-5 63

O Porosity and Lithology


Conductivity-Derived, Water-Filled Porosity 6-1 65
Density Porosity and Shaliness Correction for Constant pf and Varying pf 6-2 66
Porosity and Gas Saturation in Empty Boreholes - Density and
Hydrogen Index of the Gas Assumed to be Zero 6-3 67
Acoustic Porosity and Shaliness Correction for Constant Atrand Varying Atf (English) 6-4 68
Acoustic Porosity and Shaliness Correction for Constant Atf and Varying Atf (Metric) 6-5 69
Acoustic Porosity Determination (Clean Formations) 6-6 70
Pe Borehole Size Correction in Air and Water (for Compensated Z-Densilog - Series 2222) 6-7 72
Pe Borehole Size Correction in Water-Based Barite Mud
(for Compensated Z-Densilog - Series 2222) 6-8 73
Bulk Density Borehole Size Correction (for Compensated Z-Densilog - Series 2222) 6-9 74
Bulk Density Borehole Size Correction (for Compensated Densilog - Series 2227) 6-10 75
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size Correction (for Series 2418 CN Log) 6-11 76
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) (0 ppm NaCI) 6-12 77
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) (50 kppm NaCI) 6-13 78
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) (100 kppm NaCI) 6-14 79
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) (150 kppm NaCI) 6-15 80
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) (200 kppm NaCI) 6-16 81
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) (250 kppm NaCI) 6-17 82
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (0 ppm NaCI) 6-18 83
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (50 kppm NaCI) 6-19 84
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (100 kppm NaCI)... .6-20 85
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (150 kppm NaCI) 6-21 86
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (200 kppm NaCI) 6-22 87
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (250 kppm NaCI) 6-23 88
Sidewall Neutron Mudcake Correction 6-24 89
Compensated Neutron Mudcake, Casing, and Cement Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) 6-25 90
Formation Salinity and Mud Weight Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) 6-26 91
Compensated Neutron Mud Weight Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (Freshwater Barite Muds) 6-27 92
Compensated Neutron Mud Weight Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) (Freshwater Non-Barite Muds) ... .6-28 93
Compensated Neutron Standoff Correction (for Series 2418 CN Log) 6-29 94
Compensated Neutron Standoff Correction (for Series 2420 CN Log) 6-30 95

VI
Contents

Section Chart Page

Compensated Neutron Standoff Correction (for Series 2435 CN Log) 6-31 96


Compensated Neutron Log Temperature and Pressure Correction 6-32 97
Compensated Neutron Combined Lithology and Absorber Effect 6-33 98
Mudcake Correction for Compensated Neutron Log 6-34 99
Mud Weight Correction for Compensated Neutron Log 6-35 100
Compensated Neutron Lithology Effect (for Series 2420 CN Log and Sidewall Neutron) 6-36 101
Compensated Neutron Lithology Effect (for Series 2435 CN Log) 6-37 102
Compensated Neutron Log and Sidewall Neutron Log: Lithology and Shaliness-Corrected Porosity 6-38 103
Formation Salinity Effect (for Series 2435 CN Log) 6-39 104
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log
(for Series 2420 CN Log) 6-40 105
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log
(for Series 2420 CN Log) 6-41 106
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log
(for Series 2435 CN Log) 6-42 107
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log
(for Series 2435 CN Log) 6-43 108
Porosity and Ltthology Determination from Compensated Density and Sidewall Neutron Log 6-44 109
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Density and Sidewall Neutron Log 6-45 110
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog
(for Series 2420 CN Log) 6-46 Ill
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog)
(for Series 2420 CN Log) 6-47 112
Porosity and Lithology Determination from BHC Acoustilog and Compensated Neutron Log
(for Series 2435 CN Log) 6-48 113
Porosity and Lilhology Determination from BHC Acoustilog and Compensated Neutron Log
(for Series 2435 CN Log) 6-49 114
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Sidewall Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog 6-50 115
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Sidewall Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog 6-51 116
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Density and BHC Acoustilog 6-52 117
Porosity vs. Formation Factor 6-53 118
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot (using Scries 2420 CN Log) 6-54 119
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot (using Series 2435 CN Log) 6-55 120
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot (Sidewall Neutron Log) 6-56 121
Mineral Identification Plot - pmaa vs. Atmaa 6-57 122
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Z-Densilog (pj- = 1.0 g/cm3 or Mg/m3) 6-58 123
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated Z-Densilog (pf = 1.1 g/cm3 or Mg/m3) 6-59 124
Matrix Identification Plot 6-60 1 *>5
Porosity Correction for Gypsum Infilling 6-61 126
Estimation of Porosity in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formations 6-62 127
Estimation of Hydrocarbon Density in Clean Formation 6-63 128
Estimation of Gas Density at Reservoir Conditions 6-64 129

/ Resistivity and Water Saturation


Induction or Laterolog — Deciding Which Tool Should be the Most Effective and Reliable 7-1 131
Borehole Size Correction (for Series 811 Induction Log) 7-2 132
Borehole Size Correction (for Series 811 Induction Log) 7.3 133
Borehole Size Correction (for Scries 814 Induction Log) 7.4 134
Borehole Size Correction (for Series 814 Induction Log) 7.5 135
Borehole Size Correction (for Series 815-818-809 Induction Log) 7.6 136
Borehole Size Correction (for Series 815-818-809 Induction Log) 7.7 137
Borehole Size Correction for Deep Induction Log (for Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL) 7-8 138

VII
Contents

Section Chart Page


Borehole Size Correction for Deep Induction Log (for Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL) 7-9 139
Borehole Size Correction for Medium Induction Log (for Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL) 7-10 140
Borehole Size Correction for Medium Induction Log 7-11 |4|
Bed Thickness Correction for Deep Induction Log 7-12 142
Bed Thickness Correction for Deep Induction Log 7-13 143
Bed Thickness Correction for Dual Laterolog 7-14 144
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Centered, K = 0.7998) 7-15 145
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Eccentered, K = 0.7998) 7-16 146
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Pipe Conveyed, K = 0.7998) 7-17 147
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Centered, K = 1.3379) 7-18 148
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Eccentered, K = 1.3379) 7-19 149
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Pipe Conveyed. K = 1.3379) 7-20 150
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Centered, K = 0.9029) 7-21 151
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Eccentered, K = 0.9029) 7-22 152
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Pipe Conveyed. K = 0.9029) 7-23 153
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Centered, K = 0.8765) 7-24 154
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Eccentered, K = 0.8765) 7-25 155
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB Pipe Conveyed. K = 0.8765) 7-26 156
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EC Centered, K = 0.7939) 7-27 157
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EC Eccentered, K = 0.7939) 7-28 158
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EC Pipe Conveyed, K = 0.7939) 7-29 159
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EC Centered, K = 0.9821) 7-30 160
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EC Eccentered, K = 0.9821) 7-31 161
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EC Pipe Conveyed, K = 0.9821) 7-32 162
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC Centered, K = 0.8984) 7-33 163
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC Pipe Conveyed, K = 0.8984) 7-34 164
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC Ecccntered. K = 0.8984) 7-35 165
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC Centered, K = 0.8712) 7-36 166
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC Eccentered, K = 0.8712) 7-37 167

VIII
Contents

Section Chart Page

Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen


(for Series 1229 EC Pipe Conveyed. K = 0.8712) 7-38 168
Borehole Size Correction for Dual-Phase Induction (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log
(for Series 1507 XB Centered. K = 2.13) 7-39 169
Borehole Size Correction for Dual-Phase Induction (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log
(for Series 1507 XB Eccentered. K = 2.13) 7-40 170
Borehole Size Correction for Dual-Induction Focused Log (DIFL)
(for Series 1503 XC Centered. K = 0.7807) 7-41 171
Borehole Size Correction for Dual-Induction Focused Log (DIFL)
(for Scries 1503 XC Eccentered. K =0.7807) 7-42 172
R, from 1229 EA/EB Dual Laterolog (for R, > Rxo) Using Deep (Rlld>- Shallow (RLLS). and Rxo 7-43 173
R, from 1229 EA/EB Dual Laterolog (for R, > Rxo) Using Groningen (Rllg>- Snallow C^LLS*-
and Rxo. Current Return at 40 ft 7-44 174
R, from 1229 EA/EB Dual Laterolog (for R, > Rxo) Using Groningen (RLLG), Shallow (Rib
and Rxo. Current Return at 60 ft 7-45 175
Rt from 1229 EC Dual Laterolog (for Rt > Rxo) Using Deep (Rjxd)- Shallow (Rjxs). and Rxo 7-46 176
Rt from 1229 EC Dual Laterolog (for Rt > Rxo) Using Groningen (Rllg>- Shallow (R|xs).
and Rxo. Current Return at 40 ft 7-47 177
R, from 1229 EC Dual Laterolog (for R, > Rxo) Using Groningen (RLlg>- Shallow <RLLS).
and Rxo. Current Return at 60 ft 7-48 178
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (10 kHz, Rxo = I ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7-49 |79
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt). Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (20 kHz. Rxo = I ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7-50 180
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (40 kHz. Rxo = I ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7-51 181
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt). Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (10 kHz. Rxo = 10 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7-52 |82
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (20 kHz, Rxo = 10 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.53 183
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,). Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (40 kHz. Rxo = 10 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.54 184
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,). Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (10 kHz. Rxo = 20 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.55 |85
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (20 kHz, Rx0 = 20 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.56 |86
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (40 kHz, Rxo = 20 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.57 \$-j
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (10 kHz, Rxo = 50 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.58 | Rg
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (20 kHz, Rxo = 50 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.59 189
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (40 kHz. Rxo = 50 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7-60 )9q
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,). Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (10 kHz. Rxo = 100 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.6I 191
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (20 kHz. Rxo = 100 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7_62 192
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt). Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (40 kHz. Rxo = 100 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.63 j 93
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo < Rt), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (10 kHz, Rxo = 1 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7-64 194

IX
Contents

Section Chart Page


Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo < R,), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (20 kHz, Rxo = 1 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.65 195
R, from 1507 XB (for Rxo < R(), Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) (40 kHz. Rxo = 1 ohm-m) -
Shallow Focused Log (SFL) 7.66 196
R, from Dual-Induction Focused Log (for R, < Rxo) 7-67 197
R, from Dual-Induction Focused Log (for R( > Rxo) 7-68 198
R, from Deep Induction, Focused Log, and Rxo 7-69 199
R, from Deep Induction, Short Normal, and Rxo 7-70 200
Determination of Water Saturation by Archie's Formula 7-71 201
Determination of Water Saturation Using Rxo/Rt 7-72 202
Determination of Water Saturation in Shaly Sand 7-73 203
Determination of Water Saturation in Shaly Sand (Contd) 7-74 204
Resistivity of Mixed Waters, Rz, for Rocky Mountain Method 7-75 205
Determination of Water Saturation by Rocky Mountain Method 7-76 206
Resistivity/Porosity Crossplot (for F = f^) 7-77 207
Resistivity/Porosity Crossplot (for F = ij)'2) 7-78 208
Resistivity/Porosity Crossplot (for F = O.620215) 7-79 209
Determination of Rwa, Sw, and $ 7-80 210
Dielectric Water Attenuation vs. Water Resistivity Relationship 7-81 211
Dielectric Water Propagation vs. Water Resistivity Relationship 7-82 212
Dielectric Response in a Homogeneous Medium (200 MHz) 7-83 213
Dielectric Response in a Homogeneous Medium (47 MHz) 7-84 214
Water Saturation from Dielectric Propagation Time (Clean Formations) 7-85 215

O Pulsed Neutron
Determination of Zw 8-1 217
Zw for Boron Compounds in Water 8-2 218
Determination of XcH4 8-3 219
Neutron Capture Cross Section of Wet Gas 8-4 220
Correction of Sgas for Condensate Content 8-5 221
Determination of Ioi| for Varying Gas/Oil Ratios 8-6 222
Water Saturation Determination from Pulsed Neutron Capture (PNC) 8-7 223
PDK-I00 Sigma Borehole and Diffusion Correction 8-8 224
Borehole Salinity Corrections for Sandstone Formation (7-in. Casing, 8-in. Borehole) 8-9 225
PDK-100 Diffusion Corrections to SGMA for Sandstone Formation (9-5/8-in. Casing, 12-in. Borehole) 8-10 226
C/O Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Saturations 8-11 227
Inelastic Ca/Si Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Porosity 8-12 228
Capture Si/Ca Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Porosity 8-13 229
C/O Oil Saturation Correction vs. Cement Thickness 8-14 230
C/O Ratio Correction for Oil Density (Gravity "API) 8-15 231
Capture/Inelastic Ratio and Porosity Correlation 8-16 232

y Borehole Mechanical Integrity


Cement Compressive Strength from Segmented Bond Tool Log 9-1 233
Cement Compressive Strength from Series 1423 Bond Attenuation Log 9-2 234
Cement Compressive Strength from Series 1456 Dual Receiver Bond Log 9-3 235
Cement Compressive Strength from Series 1412, 1415, and 1417 Cement Bond Log Instruments 9-4 236
Example Form for Information Critical to CBL Interpretation 9-5 237
Example Form for Cement Data Critical to CBL Interpretation 9-6 238
Guidelines for Practical Interpretation of Variable Density Logs and Acoustic Waveform Signature 9-7 239
Guidelines for Practical Interpretation of Variable Density Logs and Acoustic Waveform Signature 9-8 240
Casing Sizes Threaded, Coupled Type Nonupset 9-9 241
Contents

Section Chart Page

Pipe Expansion Due to Internal Pressure 9-10 242


Determining Corrosion in Tubular Goods 9-11 243
Magnelog - Wall Thickness Determination - Single String/2934MA/
Spacing: 29 in.. 7-in. P-l 10 38 #/ft Casing 9-12 244
Magnelog - Wall Thickness Determination - Dual String/2934 MA/
Spacing: 28 in., 9.6-in. N-80 40 #/ft and 13.3-in. K-55 68 #/ft Casing 9-13 245

1U Permeability, Viscosity, and Rock Properties


Reservoir Permeability Estimate from Log Data (Timur Equation) 10-1 247
Reservoir Permeability Estimate from Log Data (Morris and Biggs Equation) 10-2 248
Permeability from Resistivity Gradient 10-3 249
Charts and Equations to Estimate Relative Permeability to Water, Oil, or Gas 10-4 250
Chart to Estimate Viscosity of Water 10-5 251
Charts to Estimate Viscosity of Different Crude Oils 10-6 252
Charts to Estimate Viscosity of Different Natural Gases 10-7 253
Charts to Estimate Water Cut in the Transition Zone of an Oil Reservoir 10-8 254
Reservoir Producibility in Shaly Sand 10-9 255
Formation Strength Parameter Equations in Well Logging Terms 10-10 256
Interrelationships of Formation Strength Parameters 10-11 257
Interrelationships of Formation Strength Parameters 10-12 258
Determination of Combined Modulus of Strength from
Bulk Density and Compressional Travel Time 10-13 259

11 Miscellaneous Tables
Log-Derived Clay Content Indicators .261
Permeability and Water Cut Determination .263
Logging Parameters for Various Elements. Minerals, and Rock Types .266
Densities of Mctamorphic Rocks .275
Classification of Water Saturation Equations in Shaly Clastic Reservoir Rock -5 276

REFERENCES 278
BIBLIOGRAPHY 280

XI
Kit
ATLAS

Formation Parameters

Transition
Zone or
Annulus

(\ Fluid Resistivity
J L Zone Water Saturation

Q Zone Resistivity

1-1
____■»■
WE81EHN
ATIA8
Conventional Symbols for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation1

Utter
Quanlily Symbol

atomic number Z

atomic weight A
cementation (porosity) exponent m
concentration (salinity) C
conductivity, electric C

correction term or correction factor


(either additive or multiplicative) B
cross section, macroscopic I siema
cap
density p rho

depth D

diameter d
electrochemical coefficient K
electromotive force E
factor F

geometrical fraction (multiplier or factor) G


gradient g

gradient, geothermal gG
index (use subscripts as needed) I
macroscopic cross section I sigma ca
porosity (Vb - Vs)/Vb + phi

pressure p

radial distance (increment along radius) Ar


radius r
resistivity R
saturation S

saturation exponent n

slope, interval transit time vs. density (absolute value) M


slope, neutron porosity vs. density (absolute value) N
SP reduction due to shaliness osp alpha

SP, static (SSP) Essp

specific gravity y gamma

SSP (static SP) Espp


temperature T

thickness h
time t

time difference At
velocity v

volume V
volume fraction or ratio (as needed, use same subscripted symbols as
for "volumes"; note that bulk volume fraction is unity and pore
volume fractions are t) V

Dimensions: L = length, m = mass, q = electrical charge, t = time, T = temperature.

1-2
Conventional Subscripts for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation2

Subscript Definition

anhydrite

apparent (general)

bottom hole

bulk

clay

corrected

dolomite

equivalent

fluid

flushed zone

formation (rock)

gas

geometrical

geothermal

grain
hole

hydrocarbon

intrinsic

invaded zone
irreducible

limestone

liquid

log, derived from


log, given by
matrix (solids except dispersed (nonstructural) clay
or shale)

maximum

minimum

mud

mud cake

mud filtrate
oil

primary

pscudo-SP

relative

residual

sand

sandstone
secondary

shale

silt

SP, derived from


SSP

surrounding formation
tool, sondc

total (gross)

irue (opposed to apparent)

1-3
Bil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Conventional Subscripts for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation

Subscript Definition

water

well flowing conditions


well static conditions
zero hydrocarbon saturation

%.

1-3 (Contd)
■Sit
WESTERN
ATLAS

Unit Conversions
Kit
CRN
ATLAS
Unit Conversions
Description of Core Analysis

1-5
Bil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Service Mnemonics — Products Category Listing
WESTERN
ATLAS
Kim
WESTERN
ATLAS
Service Mnemonics — Products Alphabetical Listing

10
Bit

Common Log Presentation Formats

Linear Grid
SP DEPTH RESISTIVITY CONDUCTIVITY
Ohms m2/m Millimhos/m

SP 16'Normal Induction Conductivity


Millivolts 40' Spacing
20 4000 0
Rm = 0.7 0 78'
B000 4000
Rm = 0.64 O 78'
Induction Resistivity
BHT=190"8 10 500 2 40* Spacing 1g
Mean Surfacr Temp = 80*F
2lIIIIIIIl02
The time markers occur every
60 sec and can be used to Induction
i i
determine logging speed. "===-
*w —Amp 16" Normal

SP a -Conductivity

16'Normal
-hi I I I

Split 3-Cycle Grid

GR SP DEPTH RESISTIVITY CONDUCTIVITY


Ohms nfiltn Mil!imhos/m

Induction Conductivity
40' ISpactng
16' Normal
4000 C
0.2 1.0 10 20

Ineuction Rosistivry B43


GAMMA RAY eooo 4000
40' Spacing

2P 130 02 1.0 10 20

INDUCT1C
4
CONDUCnVTTY

SP

6' NORMAL

GAM

1-8

II
Bit
WESTERN
ATLAS
Well Log Scales

12
ISM
WESTERN
ATLAS
BHC Acoustilog Presentation

_CALJinJ____J6| TRANSIT TIME (MS)


10 0
GR(API) 120. | _POROSJTY
+30 ■10
AC IMICS/lt)
VOL (cu It)
M 140 40
0 30

OPECHE

1011

MINNELUSA
TEN MILLISECONDS
TRANSIT TIME -

__>

POROSITY
CALIPER

INTEGRATED
BOREHOLE
TIME
VOLUME
MARKERS

VI \ TENSION
CURVE —
TP

- Integrated Transit Time (ms)

1-10

13
WESTERN
ATLAS
Symbols Used on Well Logs

Casing Shoe Formation Interval Test


FT-*
(Wireline)

Cored Interval Perforations

DST Interval Bridge Plug

Plug
Sidewall Core
(Cement, Sand, or Gravel)

Production Packer
Sidewall Core Attempt ■
NR-* (Single)
No Recovery

Production Packer
Sidewall Core Attempt - (Dual — Multiple
LB-*
Lost Bullet Uses Same Format)

Ml

14
WESTERN
AT1AS
Map Symbols for Identifying Well Conditions

Oil Producer

♦ Abandoned Oil Producer

♦ Oil and Gas Producer Abandoned Oil and Gas Producer

Shut-in or Suspended Abandoned Drilling Well


Oil Producer with Oil Show

O Gas Producer Abandoned Gas Producer

(D
Shut-in or Suspended Abandoned Drilling Well
Gas Producer with Gas Show

O
Drilling Well or
Proposed Well Location Salt Water Disposal

SWD

Q
Bottomhole Location "X"
Indicates Bottomhole Location Dry Hole
( (Indicate Well Status)
•x

0 Multiple Completion Oil


Multiple Completion Gas

1-12

15
WESTERN
ATLAS
Paleofacies Characteristics

MATRIX MUDSTONE

CEMENT

PORE

GRAIN
WACKESTONE

Volumetric components of sandstone

ARRANGEMENTS OF SQUARE LAYERS

CASE1 CASE 2 CASES

ARRANGEMENTS OF SIMPLE RHOMBIC LAYERS GRAINSTONE

CASE 4 CASES CASE 6


(Dh
Six regular packing configurations of uniform spheres: Case 1,
cubic; Case 2, orthorhombic; Case 3, rhombohedral; Case 4, Samples of carbonate grain types
orthorhombic; Case 5, tetragonal; Case 6, rhombohedral.3 (A) mudstone - muddy carbonate rocks containing less than
10% grains,

(B) wackestone - mud supported rocks containing more than


10% grains,

(C) packstone - grain-supported muddy carbonates,

(D) grainstone - grain-supported, mud-free carbonate rocks.

Modes of detrital clay dispersion in sandstones

1-13

16
WESTERN
ATLAS
Grain Size Scales for Sediments4

US. STANDARD MILLIMETERS MICRONS T


SIEVE MESH # (mm) phi WENTWORTH SIZE CLASS

4096 -12
1024 -10 BOULDER (-8 lo -12*)
- USE — - 256 - 8
COBBLE (-6 lo -8*)
- WIRE — - 64 - 6
SQUARES 16 - 4 PEBBLE (-2 to -6*)
5 — 4 - 2
6 3.36 - 1.75
7 2.83 - 1.5 GRANULE
8 238 - 125
10 2.00 — - 10
12 1.68 - 075
14 1.41 - 0.5 VERY COARSE SAND
16 1.19 - 0.25
18 1.00 - 0.0
20 0.84 0.25 iff
25 071 05 COARSE SAND
30 0.59 075
35 1/2 0.50 - ■500 ■ 10
40 0.42 420 1.25
45 0.35 350 1.5 MEDIUM SAND
50 0.30 300 1.75
60 1/4 0.25 - -250 - 20
70 0.210 210 225
80 0.177 177 25 FINE SAND
100 0.149 149 275
120 1/8 0.125 - -125 - 30
140 0.105 105 3.25
170 0.088 86 35 VERY FINE SAND
200 0.074 74 3.75
230 1/16 0.0625 - - 62.5 - - 4.0
270 0.053 53 425
325 0.044 44 45 COARSE SILT
0.037 37 475
_ ANALYZED _
- 1/32 0.031 - ■ 31 - 50
1/64 0.0156 156 6.0 MEDIUM SILT
BY
1/128 0.0078 7.8 70 FINE SILT
■ 1/256 0.0039 - - 3.9 - 8.0 VERY FINE SILT ■
PIPETTE ~
0.0020 2.0 9.0
0.00098 0.98 100 CLAY
OR
0.00049 049 110
0.00024 0.24 120
HYDROMETER
0.00012 012 130
1 I 0.00006 0.06 14.0

UNITS = NEGATIVE LOGARITHM TO THE BASE 2 OF THE DIAMETER IN MILLIMETERS.

1-14

17
tzil
WESTERN
AJIAS
Comparison Chart for Sorting and Sorting Classes5

SORTING IMAGES

RO

888 0.35 0.50

o( )V JO

tm 1.00 2.00

DIAMETER RATIO PHI STANDARD VERBAL


(mm) DEVIATION SCALE

1.0 00
VERY WELL SORTED
-1.6- -0.35- MATURE
WELL SORTED
-2.0- -0.50-

MODERATELY SORTED
-4.0- - 1.00-

POORLY SORTED SUBMATURE


-16.0 • -2.00-
VERY POORLY SORTED

1-15

18
WESTERN
ATLAS
Curve Shape Characteristics6

Smooth Serrated
Cylinder-shaped curves represent uniform deposition.
Characteristic environments are:

Eolian Dunes Deltaic Distributaries


Cylinder Shape
Tidal Sands Turbidite Channels
Fluvial Channels Proximal Deep Sea Fans

Smooth Serrated Bell-shaped curves represent a fining upward


sequence such as:
Tidal Sands Deltaic Distributaries
Bell Shape Alluvial Fans Turbidite Channels
Braided Streams Lacustrine Sands
Fluvial Channels Proximal Deep Sea Fans
Point Bar

Smooth Serrated
Funnel-shaped curves represent a coursening upward
sequence such as:

Funnel Shape Alluvial Fans Distributary Mouth Bars


Barrier Bars Delta Marine Fringe
Beaches Distal Deep Sea Fans
Crevasse Splays

Combination curve shapes may indicate gradual


changes or abrupt changes from one environment
to another.

Convex or concave curve shapes may indicate


relative changes in water depth during deposition.

1-16

19
WESTERN
ATLAS

Time-Rock Correlation

Several methods of time-rock correlation have been and are being used to describe geological age,
stratigraphic sequences, etc. Some involve the traditional "layercake" methods that have served ade
quately in petroleum exploration for many years. However, the days of finding giant structural traps
are mostly behind us and stratigraphic traps have taken on more significance. Lateral changes in
facies, pinchouts, etc. are more important considerations today.

Positions in the vertical sequence are still important but lateral facies changes and the effects of
generalized, ambiguous terminology can create correlation problems.

Correlation of biostratigraphic units provides one method of correlating the time sequences, which
emphasizes the importance of comparing (when possible) paleofacies evidence to the electrofacies
characteristics of log measurements. Bathymetric cycles can be correlated. Time parallel strata can
be correlated. Positions in a climatic cycle can be correlated. Tectonics also play an important role
in the sedimentation framework.

The generalized geological timetable outlines some of the faunal, floral, climatic, and tectonic
events that are reasonably well accepted by the scientific community. The intent is not to provide
a geology course, but to show how geology can be correlated to log analysis in different situations.

For example, meandering streams are notably absent prior to the Devonian. They developed pri
marily in the valleys and coastal areas from the Devonian until the Cretaceous because that is where
the moss, ferns, and pines established themselves. By the Cretaceous, flowering plants had evolved
and established themselves in the highlands, deterring the erosion process and creating more mean
dering systems. By the time grasses had evolved in Miocene time, the character of fluvial morpholo
gy had reached the state of morphological development witnessed today. Therefore, there is a low
probability of a meandering stream environment in rocks older than Cretaceous and a probability of
zero should be expected in rocks older than Devonian.

1-17

20
ECU
WESTERN
Generalized Table of Geologic Time and Occurrences of Major Tectonic, ATLAS

Climatic, and Palcontological Events

r
1-18

21
Bil
Circumferential Borehole Imaging Log (CBIL) WESTERN
ATLAS
Operating Range and Mud Excluder Selection

The ultrasonic attenuation of the borehole drilling fluid plays a major role in determining CBIL log
quality. High values of ultrasound attenuation in either large or small diameter holes can adversely
affect the desired formation image. High ultrasound attenuation in a small hole will create an interfer
ence pattern (e.g., wood grain) on the image, and is caused by diminished return echo summing with
the transducer ringing and sound reverberations within the tool. Tool centralization is therefore very
critical in small diameter holes. High ultrasound attenuation in large diameter holes will cause unde-
sired speckles, fuzziness and/or streaks in the image, caused by reduced signal-to-noise ratio and beam
spreading. Dark streaks or bands on the image are due to the longer sound proof caused by borehole
ellipticity and/ore a decentralized tool.

A new cone-shaped teflon window was designed to reduce the occurrence and severity of the interfer
ence pattern when logging in small diameter boreholes |6 to 8 in. (152 mm to 203 mm)]. The slanted
surface of the window reduces acoustic reverberations between the transducer and window that inter
fere with the return echo.

A new CBIL mud excluder was designed to reduce the amount of signal attuenuation in boreholes
>8 in. (203 mm) in diameter. The excluder replaces the high-attenuation fluid path with a lower atten
uation teflon path. The angled surface of the excluder reduces the sound reflection at the
excluder/fluid interface enabling successful CBIL images to be obtained in boreholes (in "good condi
tion") that range in diameter from 6 in. (152 mm) to 12.5 in. (318 mm). Practical field experience
shows that a 0.75-in. (20-mm) spacing between the excluder and the borehole wall will yield good
images while limiting the risk of becoming stuck in the hole. The excluder should be used in any
weighted water-base or oil-base drilling fluid. Past performance has also demonstrated that a properly
\
installed and maintained excluder will not diminish CBIL log quality in fresh water-based fluids.

The graph on this page is used to select the proper mud excluder for particular borehole sizes. Six dif
ferent excluders are available for the borehole sizes listed. Assuming "good borehole conditions" and
good tool centering, the graph ensures effective operation range when the proper excludes are utilized
since they were developed for worse-case fluid attenuation. The graph area between 10.75 and 11.25
in. (273 mm to 286 mm) requires a customized excluder kit for optimum operation.

4? ^

' I ' '


9 10 12

Borehole Diameter (in.)

1-19

22
12*1
WESTERN
ATLAS

Estimation of Formation Temperature

Mean Surface
Formation Temperature, T, (°C)
Temperature. Tms

■4 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225


t—i—[-1 i i i | i i i i I i i i i f I I I—I—I 1 I I I [ I I I I I I I I I I I I I

16 25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

' ■■ M r | i1 i' i' i1 i1


50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225 250

O
a
a

B,
o

a.

0.6 0,8 \ 1.0 \ 1.2 "V't.4 1.6 *

100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

i 1 i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i I i i i i—I I I I I—I—I—J—L_L
40 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450

Wean Surface Formation Temperature, T, (°F)


Temperature, Trrts
Example
bg x D/ioo
Given; Total Well Depth = 10,000 ft
Bottom Hole Temperature * 200°F
gG - -SS x 100
Mean Surface Temperature ■ SOT

From Chart: Geothermal Gradient = 1.2°F/100 ft


Temperature Gradient Conversions Formation Temperature
at 7,000 ft = 164°F
1°F 1.823 °C
Note; To convert the formation temperature scale, T,-
100 ft 100 m
CF), to a mean surface temperature, Tltls, not shown,
add or subtract the appropriate value to the entire
0.549 °F
scale. For example, if Tllti = 40°F, the 60° tick
100 m 100 ft mark corresponds to 4O°F, the 150" tick corresponds
to L30°F, the 300°F tick corresponds to 28OT. Kc.
2-1

23
WESTERN
ATLAS
Estimation of Rm|-and R mt

Rml or Rmt
(Q-m)
5

-- 4

-- 3

-- 2

(Q-m)
T" 6
5
- - 4

-- 3

Mud Weighl -- 2
05
llb/gal) (kg/m3)
16-18 _ 1920-2160

0.5

-- 0.2

10 ->- 1200

0.1
■0.1

■0 05

0.05

■0.01

-- 0.02

2.65
0.01
= 0-69

Example

Given: Rm = 0.7 fi ■ m at 200"F mud


Mud wdglu= 12.0lli/gal Note; This chart may be usai when ihc
miasurcd values of Rn]1- and RIIX. are not
Dcierminc: Rmf and Rmc available, but does not apply to lignosulfonate
Rmf = 0.4i2.mal200°F
muds.
RmL- = 1.2 LI ■ m at 200"F (from eqiiaiion)

24
WESTERN
nuns

Determination of Static Bottomholc Formation Temperature

245

240
115

Slalic Temperature 235

110 230 E

225

f 105
o

o
eS

iu:

I I 210
D.1 0.2 0,3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0

At/(l + At)

This chan is used io predict the static boltomhoie formation icrnperature by recording the bottomhole temperature
on each successive trip in the well. Each bottcunhole temperature is plotted vs. the borehole fluid circulation time
relationship on a siimilog graph. Passing a straight line through llie plotted points to the right ordinate will provide
an estimation of the static bottomhole formation temperature.

Example

Dimension I ess Buiiomhole


Time Temporal Luv

At
Run 0.538 220°FU04"C)
t + Ae

At
Run 2 0.671 225°F (IQ7CC)
t + At

At
Run 3 0.7fi5 228°F
t + At 4.5

i = circulation time (hr)

At = time after circulation stopped (hr)

Static Temperature - 234°F (!12CC)

2-3

25
Equivalent NaCl Concentrations from Total Solids Concentrations

26
WESTERN
ATLAS

Resistivity of Equivalent NaCl Solutions

27
WESTERN
ATLAS
Total Salinity Versus Density of Different Solutions

Supersaturated Konnuliun Waters

Salt-saturated brine is commonly accepted to he about 260.000 ppm; however, thai is irue
for NaCI solutions. Formation water can on occasion be supersaturated with CnCh salts and provide
an explanation for unusual log responses and/or log analysis results with respect to conventional log
interpretation charts or algorithms. A chan comparing total salinity versus density of solutions is
provided to exhibit CaCli solutions reaching the saturation point at abow 500,000 ppm. and repre-
seniinj; ;i solution density of 1.5 g/cnr*. When such solutions are found as formation water, thu neu
tron log is severely affected by the abnormal salinity, ami fluid density used for calculating density
porosity is often pessimistically low in value. When ■ hypersaline condition exists, it often requires
some local wizardry to design empirical log analysis charts to lit the unusual conditions.

0-9
100 200 300 400 500 000
Total Salinity, (kppm)

2-6
WESTERN
ATLAS

Variation of Brine Density with Temperature and Pressure7

460
-225

400
-200

350 -

300
O

250

200 -

150 -

-50

100

-25

0.86 0.90 0.94 0.98 1.02 ^ 106 1-10 1.14 1.18

Density (g/cm^ or Mg/m3)

The relationship expressed by this chart,

p = 0.9974 + 8.O3X1O-4S+ I.78X1O"6P- I0"4 <1.07 + 1.578X10 2S - 2.54XI0-4P) T


- lO"6 (2.75 - 7.3X10'3S + 3X1O"5P) T2.

where S is salinity in kppM by weight NaCI, P is pressure in lb/in.2, T is temperature in


°C, and r is density in g/cm3, reproduces the reference1 data in the range 10<S<250,
0<P<8700, 25<T<225 with an rms error of 0.003 g/cm3. Since these data are quoted
with uncertanities of + 0.005 g/cm3, the implied absolute accuracy of the formula is
±0.006 g/cm3.

Example: Find the density of 130 kppM salt water at 4,350 psi and 3()2°F
1) Interpolate to find the density of 120 kppm salt water at 4,350 psi and 302°F.
2) Interpolate to find the density of 180 kppm salt water at 4,350 psi and 302°F.
3) Interpolate between I) and 2) to find the required density = 1.036 g/cm3.

2-7

29
WESTERN
AT1AS
Comparison of Temperature Gradient Steepness and Lithology

Temperature Increases

Limestone

. Shale

Dolomite

Gypsum

\
Anhydrite

Sandstone

2-8

30
WESTERN
Brine Density as a Function of Fluid Salinity and Formation ATLAS

Temperature and Pressure

Salinity (kppM)
I i | i i I i |

50 100 I 150 200 250


450

400

350

~ 300
i
|
I 250

200

150

100

9,000

8,000

7.000

6,000

5,000

4,000

3,000

2,000

1.000

ATM
0.90 0.95 1.00 1.20
Brine Density (g/cm3) I ■ ' ' ' I ' ' ' ' I i i I—I T I I I I i ' i ■ I

The relationship expressed by this chart,


pBr (g/cm3) = 1.066 + 7.4X IO-4S(kppM) - 2.5X IO-7[T(°F)+47312 + P(psi)/1.9X105,
reproduces data from USGS Bulletin I421-C with an rms error of 0.004 g/cm3, for typical down-
hole temperatures and pressures (25 < P(psi)/[T(°F)-80] < 55). It is less accurate outside these limits.

2-9

31
WESTERN
ATLAS

SP lied Thickness Correction

3.5

2.5

CD

1.5

1.0 1.2 1.5 2-0 2.5 30 4.0 5.0 6.0 7.0 8,0 9.0 10.0
SP Correction Factor
1

-1.5
R
SP correction factor = + 0.95

h - ■ ■ Ri II /0.65>
6.05
- 0.1

for — >5 und 3<h<50. for h in ft

SSP - SP X SP correction factor

Given: SP^ = - 50 mV; h = 8 ft; R^ = 35 Q"m; R,n = O.7£2-m

Solution: Bed thickness = 8 ft; R/Rm = 50; SP correction factor = 1.42

Noniogmph Solution: SPlog = - 50 mV; SP correction factor = 1.42; SSP = - 71 mV

3-1
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rw from the SSP

-200

500°F
250°C

-175
400° F
200°C

-150
3O0°F
150°C

-125

% -100

a"
-75

-50

50

75
0.3 0.5 1.0 3.0 5.0 10.0 30.0

Using Tf in °F;

SSP = - (60 + 0.133 Tf)log Example


*eq Given: SSP = - 71 mV; Tf = 140°F; R^ = 0.55Q-m

HSSP T
Determine: Rwea since Rmf/Rwea = 8.0
(60 + 0.133 Tr) I'
=0.55/8.0 = 0.069 Q-m
°F = 1.8 (°Q + 32

3-2

34
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rw from Uw i as a Function of Temperature (°F)

05 H

0.2 ri

E 01 -

3.
' -_

EC
005 r

0.02 r

0.01 -

0005 -

0.002 r

0001
0.005 0.01 0.02 0.03 0.05 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.5 1

R,, orRm(.(Q-m)

English:

fL + 0.131 x iol"l°snVl9.'»]-2

- 0 5 R
11

Example

Given: 1^, = 0.069 Q-m, Tr = 140°F

Dclenninc: Rw; R^. = 0.073 B'm al 140°F.

For mosily NaCl formation waters, use the solid lines. Use the dashed lines for fresh formation waters
thai are being influenced by siilt.s other than NaCl, and for gypsum-based muds.

3-3
©

i
V)

s
§
o

n
KS1I
WESTERN
Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction ATLAS

for a l'Vifi-in. Diameter Instrument

4 -

3 -

Q
2 -
o

1
0.9
OS

0.7

0.6

0.5
12 16 20

Borehole Diameler (in.)


Decentralized
Centralized

For decentralized tool:

Borehole diameter in inches


Mud weight in Ib/gal

For air in borehole (decentralized):

A - 0.675827
B = 0.0045061
C = 0.00074056

For centralized tool:

A = 0.667925 - 0.0094607 x W - 0.00009904 X W2


B - 0.045183 + 0.0012987 x W + 0.00010822 x W2
C = -0.014169 + 0.0019549 x W - 0.00001368 x W2

Chart provides correctioas to 7%-in., freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

4-1

37
Gamma Ray Borehole Si/e and Mud Weight Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
for a ln/u.-in. (43-nini) Diameter Instrument

IE

ID

100 200 300 400 500

Borehole Diameter (mm) Deconlralized


Cenlrali?ed

For decentralized tool:

A a 0.822149 - 0.2948092 x W + 0.05460770 x W3 and D Borehole diameler in centimeters


B = -0.033622 + 0.0716393 X W - 0.01295763 X W2 W Mud weight in g/cm-1
C = 0.000530 - 0.0009257 X W + 0.00018812 x W2

For air in borehole (decentralized):

A = 0.675827
B = 0.0017741
C = 0.00011479

For centralized tool:

A = 0.667925 - 0.0789020 x W 0.00688849 x W2


B = 0.017788 + 0.0042644 x W 0.00296362 X W2
C = -0.002196 + 0.0025271 x W 0.00014745 X W2

Chart provides corrections to 77s-in. (200-mm), fresh-watur-filled borehole, with instrumem decentralized.

4-2

38
KSifl
WESTERN
Gamma Riiy Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction ATLAS

for a 35/s-in. Diameter Instrument

3 —

CE
2 -

09

0.8

07

0.6

05
8 10 12 14 16 IB 20
Borehole Diameter (in,)

Decentralized
Centralized

GRco/GRiog = A+BxD+CxD2

For dccentruSizcd tiKil:

A - 1.278627 - 0.12390I6 X W + 0.00352223 x W^ and I> = Borehole diameter in indies


B - -0.135629 + O.O33I273 x W - 0.00088511 X W^ W = Mud weight in \blgti
C - 0.003407 - 0.0008101 X W + 0,00002193 x W?

For air in borehole (decentralized);

A - 0.696160
B = 0.0148190
C - O.OOO23S21

For centralized ton);

A = 0.390412 + 0.0350544 x W - 0.00146984 X W?


B = 0.153958 - 0.0181037 x W -t- 0.00050879 x W?
C = -0.017859 + 0.0028769 x W - 0.00004882 x W^

Chart provides correciioas la 7%-in., freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

4-3

39
Gamma Ray Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
for a 35/st.-in. (92-mm) Diameter Instrument

40
WESTERN
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Response ATLAS

Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

41
IBM
Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Response WESTERN
ATLAS
Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

2.5

1.5

05
10 20 30 40 50
Borehole Diameter (cm)

Correction Chart Equation (decentralized):

where

A = 0.621115 + 0.0054355 X W - 0.00087780 X W2


B = 0.080813 - 0.0034177 x W + 0.00032912 x W2
C = -0.002796 + 0.0002633 X W - 0.00001398 X W2

and

D = Borehole diameter in inches


W = Mud weight in lb/gal

Chart provides corrections to 6-in., freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-6

42
Spectralog Uranium Response ATLAS

Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

2.5

1.5 -

0.5
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Borehole Diameter (in.)

Correction Chart Equation

where

A = 0.541400 + 0.0059536 X W - 0.00073206 x W2


B = 0.101233 - 0.0045605 x W + 0.00035343 x W>
C = - 0.002612 + 0.0001865 x W - 0.00001150 X W2

and

D = Borehole diameter in inches


W = Mud weight in lb/gal

Chart provides corrections to 6-in., freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-7

43
Spectralog Uranium Response WESTERN
ATLAS
Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

%v

10 20 30 40 50
Borehole Diameter (cm)

Correction Chart Equation (decentralized):

where

A = 0.541400 + 0.0496528 X W - 0.05091912 X W2


B = 0.039856 - 0.0149743 X W + 0.00967845 X W2
C = - 0.000405 + 0.0002410 X W - 0.00012394 X W2

and

D = Borehole diameter in centimeters


W = Mud weight in g/cm3

Chart provides corrections to 6-in. (15.24-cm), freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.


%k

4-8

44
WESTERN
Spectralog Potassium Response ATLAS

Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

2.5

1.5

0.5
8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Borehole Diameter (in.)

Correction Chart Equation (decentralized):

\r tic* ^ a j- u v r^ _L. r* n/ r\5


r^Qf/IVjQp — r\ i D A LI ~r w ^ L/^

where

A = 0.611194 + 0.0038498 x W - 0.00098837 x W2


B = 0.067880 - 0.0006362 X W + 0.00028139 X W2
C = - 0.001902 + 0.0000805 X W - 0.00000924 X W2

and

D = Borehole diameter in inches


W = Mud weight in lb/gal

Chart provides corrections to 6-in., freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-9

45
Spectralog Potassium Response ATLAS
Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

15

05
^v
10 20 30 40 50

Borehole Diameter (cm)

Correction Chart Equation (decentralized):

where

A = 0.611194 + 0.0321077 x W - 0.06874695 X W2


B = 0.026725 - 0.0020889 X W + 0.00770559 x W2
C = - 0.000295 + 0.0001040 X W - 0.00009958 x W2

and

D = Borehole diameter in centimeters


W = Mud weight in g/cm3

Chart provides corrections to 6-in. (15.24-cm), freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-10

46
Spectralog Thorium Response inui
ATLAS

Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

25

English

1.5

05
j i I l i
8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Borehole Diameter (in.)

Correction Chart Equation (decentralized):

where

A = 1.156151 - 0.6601228 X W + 0.15548819 x W2


B = - 0.022915 + 0.0621355 X W - 0.01401322 x W2
C = 0.000094 - 0.0003399 X W + 0.00009242 x W2

and

D = Borehole diameter in centimeters


W = Mud weight in g/cm3

Chart provides corrections to 6-in. (15.24-cm), freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.

441

47
WESTERN
Spectralog Thorium Response ATLAS

Borehole Size and Mud Weight Correction

20 30 40 SO
\
Borehole Diameter (cm)

Correction Chart Equation (decentralized):

where

A = 1.156151 - 0.0791514 X W + 0.00223545 X W2


B =-0.058205 + 0.0189238 x W - 0.00051173 x W2
C = 0.000606 - 0.0002629 x W + 0.00000857 x W2

and

D = Borehole diameter in inches


W = Mud weight in lb/gal

Chart provides corrections to 6-in., freshwater-filled borehole, with instrument decentralized.

Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-12

48
KM
WESTERN
Gramma Ray Correction for KCI Mud ATLAS

35/«-in. Diameter Instrument (Decentralized)

■',<'
WESTERN
GaHUBQ Ray Correction for KCl Mud ATLAS

3?/s-in. (92-mm) Diameter Instrument (Decentralized)

100

90 -

80 -

30

20 -

10 -

10 20 30 40 50

Borehole Diameter (cm)

KCl Correction Chart liquation (decentralized)

With KCl mud. first determine the borehole corrections for hole size and mud weight from Chart 4-4. Then apply this
KCl correction for the influence of KCl in the borehole.

where

FGR = borehole size and mud weight correction <GRui[/GR| from Chart 3-4)

KCl = KCl correction in API units


= f x KCl,.4

KCI, 4 a KCl correction in API units for 1.4 g/cm' mud (from chart)

or

= a + bxD + cxEP
where

a - -0.5536 - 2.1434 x P + 0.01484 x P2


b 0.06738 + 0.2544 x P - O.OOI763 x P3
c -0.0007875 - 0.002349 x P + 0.00001640 x P2
D = Borehole diameter in centimeters
I1 = Percent KCl in mud by weight

and

f = borehole KCl mud weight correaion factor (normalized to


1.4 g/cm-1)
or

= 3.780 - 2.538 x W + 0.4211 x W^

W _ weight of mud containing KCl in g/cm-' Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.
4-14
ifiil
WESTERN
ATLAS

Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Correction for KCl Mud

100

90 -

= 70

a.
< 60 -

50
o
O
40

30

20

10

a io 12 14 16 10 20

Borehole Diameter (in.)

KCl Correction Chart Equation (decentralized)


Wiili KCl mud, first determine ihe borehole corrections for hole size and mud weighl from Chart 4-5. Then apply this
KCl correction for the influence of KCl in ihe borehole.

GR™ - FCR |GRlog - KCl]


Example
where
Given:
FCiB = borehole size and mud weighi correclion (GR^GR^ from Chart 3-5)
KCl = KCl correction in API units GRi^ = 211.4 API
= f x KCl!, D = 8 in.
W =16 Ib/gal
KC1|2 = KCl correction in API units for 12 Ib/gal mud (from chart)
P = 12% KCl by weight
or FGK = 1.23

Determine:
where

a = 0.06541 - 1.1079 x P - 0.04823 x pi KC1,: - 19.9 API

b = -0.02194 + 0.3199 x P + 0.01534 x P- KCl = 10.7 API

C = 0.001074 - 0.00394 x P - 0.0005598 X P^ f = 0.540


- 246.9 API
D = Borehole diameter in inches
P = Percent KCl in mud by weJgJtt
and No KCl correction is needed for
the Spectra)og uranium or thorium
f = borehole KCl mud weighi correclion factor (normalized to
12 Ib/gal from chart) scries response.

or

= 4.420 - 0.4126 x W + 0.01063 x \V^

W = weight of mud containing KCl in Ib/gal Nole: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-15

51
ISSifl
WESTERN
ATLAS

Spectralog Total Gamma Ray Correction lor KCl Mud

100

90

80

£ 70 -

a.
< 60

50
o
o
■10

30 -

20

10

10 2D 30 40 50

Borehole Diameter (cm)

KCl Correction Chart Equation (dccenrdlized)


With KCl mud, first determine ilie borehole corrections for hole size and mud weight from Chan 4-6. Then apply this
KC) correction for the influence of KCl in the borehole.

GRcor " PGR


Example
where

FGR = borehole size and mud weight correction (GR^/GR, from Chart 3-6) Given:

KCl = KCl correction in API uniis = 58.4 API

= f X KCl|.4 D as 20.32 centimciers

KCI| 4 = KCl correction in AP! units for 1.4 g/cm3 mud (from chart) W = 2.158 g/cm3
P = 12% KCl by weight
Or
o 1.28

where Determine:

a = 0.06541 - 1.1079 x P - 0.04823 x P^


KC1I4 = 19.9 API
b = -0.008637 + 0.1259 x P + 0.006038 x P 8.7 API
KCl
c - 0.0001665 - 0.0006103 x P - 0.00008677 X V- f 0.439
D = Borehole diameter in centimeters 63.6 API
P = Percent KCl in mud by weigh!

and
No KCl correction is needed for
f as borehole KCl mud weight correction factor (normalized to
the Spectralog uranium or thorium
1.4 g/cm3)
series response.
or

= 4.420 - 3.441 x W + 0.7397 x W^


W = weight of mud containing KCl in g/cnv1 Note: The lool is generally run decentralized.

4-16

52
WESTERN
ATLAS

Spectralog Potassium Correction lor KCI Mud

7 -

6 -

5 -

I 4
o
O
3 -

2 -

1 -

io 14 16 18 20

Borehole Diameter (in.)

KCI Correction Chan Equation (decentralized)

With KCI mud. first determine the borehole corrections for hole size and mud weight from Chart 4-9. Then apply this
KCI correction for the influence of KCI in the borehole.

where

= borehole size and mud weight correction

KCI = KCI correction in percent


= f x KC!12
KCI 12 = KCI correction in percent for 12 Ib/gal mud (from chart)

or

where

a = 0.01521 - 0.08913 x P - 0.002202 x


b - -0.004739 + 0.02689 xP + 0.0006576 x
c = 0.0001496 - 0.0006354 x 1> - 0.00001382 X

D = Borehole diameter in inches


P = Percent KCI in mud by weight
and
No KCI correction is needed for
t = borehole KCI mud weight correction factor (nomaBzed to
the Spec I nil og uranium or thorium
12 Ib/gal)
series response.
or

= 1.722 - 0.03389 x W - 0.002190 x W


W = weight of mud containing KCI in lb/gal Note: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-17
BU
WESTERN
ATLAS
Spectralog Potassium Correction for KCI Mud

is
a.

a
u

10 20 30 40 50

Borehole Diameter (cm)

KCI Correction Chart Equation (decentralized)


With KCI mud. first determine the borehole corrections for hole size and mud weight from Cluin 4-10. Then apply this
KCI correction for the influence of KCI in the borehole.

- fgr
where

SJHO and mud weight correction (K41ir/K| from Chan 3-10)

KCI = KCI correction in percent


= f x KCI, j

KCI 1,4 - KCI correction in percent for 1.4 g/cm3 mud (from chart)
or

where

a = 0.01521 - 0.08913 x P - 0.002202 x P^


b = -0.001866 + 0.01059 x P + 0.0002589 x P=
c = 0.00002319 - 0.00009848 x P - 0.000002142 x P^
I) = Borehole diameier in CODtlmMera
I' = Percent KCI in mud by weight
No KCI corre«iiin is needed for
and the Spectralog ur;Lnium or
= borehole KCI mud weight correction factor (nomadized to thorium series response.

1.4 g/cm3)

or

= 1.722 - 0.2826 x W - 0.1523 x W:

W = weight of mud containing KCI in g/em:1 Nole: The tool is generally run decentralized.

4-1S
ISM
WESTERN
ATLAS

Shale Volume from Radioactivity Index

0)
E
o

4)

Larionov (Older rocks)—*r* Stiebei

Larionov Tertian rocks!

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1

Radioactivity Index, IRA

RA - RAc]ean sand Clavier, et al:


Ira-
RAsh ~ RAcleansand Vsh = 1.7 - [3.38 - (IRA

where: Stieber:

RA = Radioactivity log reading in zone of interest .0 - 2.0 IRA)


(South Louisiana Miocene and Pliocene)
RAcJean = Radioactivity log reading in a clean
shale-free zone

RAsh = Radioactivity log reading in a shale

Larionov:

(Older rocks), Vsh = 0.33 (22 x 'ra - 1.0)

(Tertiary rocks), Vsh = 0.083 (23-7 * 'ra - 1.0)

Example

Given: Clean sand = 15 API units, shale = 90 API units, zone of interest = 40 API units,
formation = Tertiary rocks

Determine: 40 " 15 0.33, % V,h =


90—15

4-19

55
ATIA8

56
Spectralog Mineral Estimates

100

Kaolinite

Chlorite

10.0

Th/K

Clay 2
Glauconite
1.0

Feldspars

Clay 1

0.1
10 15 20 25 01 2345 6789 10
Th(ppm) ►

Modified model of feldspar and two clay types Estimating apparent clay. mica, feldspar, etc. from Pe vs. Th/K
ratio

An empirical model to estimate proportions of feldspar and two


clay types

4-21

57
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rxo from Micro Laterolog

4.0

Mudcake Thickness, hmc

3.0

of 2.0
S

I I I I I I I

20 30 40 50

Mudcake Thickness, hmc:

0 in- Rxo =

K in.: —=— = 1.0342 + 0.0018 - 7.7255 x 10"*

Rxo + 1.0917 x 1O"«


in.: = 0.9970 + 0.0168 I —=tfc - 1.8153 X 10"4
RMLL Rmc

in.: = 0.9176 + 0.0924 + 2.0578 X 10-3 ^V - 5.4619 x !<>-•


MULL ^ R j
Rxo Rmll\3
)
1 in.: = 0.55607 + 0.4641 - 0.0225 2.2353 x 10~3

MLL xo
Equations valid while < 100, and, < 10.

5-1

59
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Micro Laterolog ATLAS

(Series 1233,1236,3104 K = 0.01439)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Thick Beds

Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
RMLLapp/Rm =
Homogeneous medium

1000 10000

RMLL/R

5-2

60
WESTERN
Minilog® and Rxo Determination ATLAS

61
WESTERN
ATLAS

62
Borehole Size Correction for Thin-Bed Resistivity Tool (TBRT) WESTERN
ATLAS
(Series 1236 XB K = 0.00352)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohm-m/ohm


PRELIMINARY (Field Test Support)

Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
RTBRTapp/Rm =
Homogeneous medium

1000 10000
RTBRT/R

5-5

63
WESTERN
ATLAS
Conductivity-Derived, Water-Filled Porosity

10,000

3-

500

1000
0.01 0.Q2 0.03 0.040,05

This chart, based on F = l/<j>\ can be used to quickly Example


derive the water-filled porosity from Rw or R^f as in
Given; C= 20 mmho/m (50 Q-m), R^, = 0.5
dicated by conductivity or resistivity measuring devices.
4> s (a RJB^V* Determine: <j>w; $w = 10%

*= [(a R^ x C)/1000]1/in Note: Total porosity estimates from this chart


where, are valid only in water-filled formations, If
§w < ^Toial- '^e difference is an estimate of
a = 1.0, m - 2.0
hydrocarbon-filled pure

6-1

65
KSM
WESTERN
Density Porosity and Shaliness Correction ATLAS

ibr Constant pf and Varying pf

(g/cm3) Ptl (kg/m3

3.1 -EE-3100

3.0 -= E- 3000 Porosity (%) Shaiiness Porosity (%)


(lor p( = 1.0 g/cm3 Corrected (tor P( * 1.0 g/cm3
or 1000 kg/m3) Porosity (%) Of 1000 kg/m3)
2.9 -= 5- 2900 2
40

2.8 -= '— 2800

■10

2.7 — - 2700

■15

2.6 ■2600

■20
Pmo (kg/m3)
2.5 — - 2500 2.9 -r 2900
■25
2.8

2.4 -2400
■30

2.3 — —2300 • 35

Grain Density ol Formation Matrix


5
g/cm3 kg/m3
■2200 2 -40
Sandstone 2.65 2650
10 20 30 40 50
Limestone 2.71 2710 v h IBM 0
/ / y S ^ (2.2) 2200
Dolomite 2.85 2850
(2.3) 2300
2.1 ■2100 2400 , <*
2500

(2.6) 2600

2.0- -2000

Density porosity is corrected for shaiiness by application of V5h as determined from Chan 4-19. The chart is
mathematically correct when /i^ = 2.71 g/cm3, or 2710 kg/m3, and provides reasonably accurate corrections
with other grain densities.

. = Pma - V
'sh
Pf \Pma " Pf

Example

Given: pb = 2.20 g/cnv\ Pma = 2.65 g/cm3, />sll = 2.50 g/cm3. Vsh = 20%. p{ = 1.15 g/cm3

Detemiine: Porosity
$ = 27% (for pf - 1.0 g/cm3), i[)t,ir = 25%
if = 27.55? (for (if = 1.15 g/cm3

6-2

66
Porosity and Gas Saturation in Empty Boreholes WESTERN
ATLAS
Density and Hydrogen Index oi1 the Gas Assumed to be Zero

--15

20

25

--30

40

50
60

80
100

150
200
300
400
600
1000
2000
10.000

Use Only il SA = 0

(kg/m3! 2000
Bulk
Density, p

(9'cm3) 200 210 22Q 230 24Q 25Q 26Q 27Q 38o

This chart determines dry gas saturation and porosity in empty boreholes using:

Sg = 1 - Sr = 1 - (So 4- Sw)

TR,

Example

Given:
/ib-2.15g/cm3;pma - 2.65 g/cm3; <((„ - 10%: R, = lOfim; Rw -0.1 Qm
Determine: $ = 22.7%; S,, = 56%

6-3

67
WESTERN
Acoustic Porosity and Shaliness Correction ATLAS

for Constant Atf and Varying Atf

Shale Correction

Corrected

Acoustic porosity is corrected for shaliness by application of Vsh as determined from Chart 4-19. The chart
provides a good approximation when Atina = 55.5 ps/ft, but also provides reasonably accurate corrections with
other matrix values.

Example Given: Consolidated formation (limestone). At(k]g) = 62/w/ft. Atma = 50 /is/ft

Determine: Porosity. <t> = 11%'

Given: Unconsolidated sand (slightly shaly). At,, , = 121 /w/ft. Atsll = 135 pS/ft
Vu~= 18,000 ft/s. Vsh = 10%. Alf - 244
111-4 3" L

Determine; Porosity, q>untllr = 36%, (Jft(,r = 30% (for Alf - 190 ps/ft)
$m = 24% (for Atf - 240 ps/ft)

For consolidated formations, For unconsolidated formations,

At - AW 100 U " At,,


d>= — - V,. ■V sh

6-4

68
Acoustic Porosity and Shaliness Correction WESTERN
ATLA5

for Constant Atj- and Varying Atf (Metric)

Shale Correction

Corrected
PDrosity, ^ (%)

600 —

300 &
'250 **

Acoustic porosity is corrected for shaliness by application of Vsh as determined from Chart 4-19- The chart
provides a good approximation when At^ — 1R2 jis/m, hut also provides reasonably accurate corrections with
other matrix values.

Example Given: Consolidated formation (limestone), dk^, = fis/m, Atm;| = 150 (is

Determine: Porosity, $ = U9S

Given: Uncon soli dated sand (slightly shaly), At,^ = 400 ^s/m, itsh = 450

= 800

Determine: Porosity, - 36%, $mv - 30% (for Atf = 615


(t>cor = 24% (for it,- - 800 fts

For consolidated formations, For unconsolidated formations,

At - At,,,., /Atsh - At,, At - Al, / 328


sh 1 -V sh
A'f"

6-5

69
WESTERN
Acoustic Porosity Determination ATLAS

(Clean Formations)

70
ISM
WESTERN
Acoustic Porosity Determination ATLAS
(Clean Formations)

Dolomite
Acoustic Porosity,

,100 200 300 400 500 600 700

100

90
4tma = 43.5 us/ft Wyllie-Rose -
80
At, = 189 |is/ft

I70 Raymer et al. (orig.)

E 50
E


20

10

_L I I I I
-10
25 50 75 100 125 150 175 200 225

Acoustic Travel Time OiS/ft)


J,
Wyllie-Rose

4>ac = -
Atf " Atma
Raymer et al.
11/2


where,

Atn
a = - 1
2xAtf

The above computed porosities can be corrected for shale volume by using either Chart 6-4 or 6-5.

/PS

6-6 (Contd)

71
HSil
WESTERN
Pe Borehole Size Correction in Air and Water ATLAS

(for Compensated Z-Densilog - Series 2222)

Borehole Size (mm)

150 200 250 300 350 400

-0.5 I
10 11 12 13 15

Borehole Size (in.)

pe ~ pe. + (Pe Correction) Example (Water-filled borehole)

Given: P = ].7 barns/electron

Borehole Size =11.5 in.

Determine: P.
cor

Pe - 1.7 4- 0.15

= 1.85 barns/electron

6-7

72
Pe Borehole Si/e Correction in Water-Based Baritc Mud WESTERN
AfLAS

(for Compensated Z-Densilog - Series 2222)

Borehole Size (mmj

200 250 300 350 400

.-4.0

-4.5
10 11 12 13 16

Borehole Size (in.)

Pe = Pei + (P, Correction) Example

Given: P, = 1.7 bams/electron


log
Borehole Size = 13 in.

Mud Weight i- 12 Ib.'gal

Determine:

Pe =1.7 + (-0.62)

= 1.08 barns/electron
6-8

73
WESTERN
Bulk Density Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
(for Compensated Z-Densilog-Series 2222)

Fresh water. Filled Borehole 10 ppg Mud m Borehole

006 _ 006

S 002 % 002
c
6

I ...
o
U

|
-004

-006
20 2J 24 26 26 22 24 26 28
Log Density (g/cm3 ot Mg/m') Log Density (g/cm1 or Mg/m3)

14 ppg f.fud m Bc'ehole 18 ppg Mud in Borenole

B
"e
a; oo2
c
9

i -002 = % -002
a

22 24 26 28 22 24 26 28

Log Oonsity (g/cmJ or Mg/m3) Log Density (gjfcm3 or Mg/m3i

Note: Borehole fluid corrections to density readings depend


only on the mud density and not on the type ot weighting
material used.

20 21 22 23 24 2S 26 27 2.8 29 30

Log Density (gUcm' or Mg/m3)

6-9

74
WESTERN
Bulk Density Borehole Size Correction ATLAS

(for Compensated Densilog-Series 2227)

10 ppg Mud in Borehole

008

_ 006

I
I X
% 002
c
a

| °00
>■

1-002

22 24 26 2 2 24 25 2.8

Log Densily (g/cm3 or Mg/m3) Log Densely (g/cm3 or Mg/m3)

14 ppg Mud m Borehole 18 ppg Mud m Borehole

006 -

I
o
004
S 0M
1
S 002 S 002
I
S
g ooo

>■

24 26 2S 20 22 24 26 28 30

ensity (g'cm1 or Mg/m3) Log Density (g/cm3 or Mg/m3)

0.18
Note: Borehole fluid corrections to density readings depend
0.16 only on the mud density and not on the type of weighting
material used.
_ 0.14

£ 0.12
5

§ 0.10

I 0.08
5

O 0.06

S 0.04

0 0.02

0.00

•0.02
2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.6 2.6 2.7 2.8 2.9 3.0
Log Densily (g/cm3 or Mg/m3)

6-10

75
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2418 CN Log)

15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, + (%)

Borehole Size Equation

4-3/4 in. <(,cor = 1.08 <(>a + 1.38

6-1/4 in. ♦cor = 1.04 <t»a + 0.92


7-7/8 in. 0cor = ^a
10-5/8 in. <(.cor = 0.9268 <|>a - 0.96

14 in. <(>cor = 0.8462 ^ - 1.46

6-11

76
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction
(for Series 2420 CN Log)

0 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

0)

■o
9

o
O

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, |a(°/o)

0 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40

35

# 100 mm
30 150 mm
200mm

t 25 250 mm

<S 20

I 15

S 10

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, +a{%)

6-12

77
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2420 CN Log)

50,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <fra(%)


1

50,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40 Metric

35

J 3° Borehole 100 mm
Size 150 mm
8 25 200 mm
250 mm
» 20

1 15

10
§
8 >300 mm
5
•350 mm
• 500 mm
0

-5
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4a{%)

6-13

78
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2420 CN Log)

100,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <y%)

100,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

Borehole 500 mm ■
40 Metric Size 350 mm ■
300 mm -

I 35
J
*IB
30
£
£ 25 100 mm
is 150 mm

| 20 200 mm
250 mm
E

3 15

10
s

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4a(%)

6-14

79
WESIERH
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2420 CN Log)

150,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40

35

% 30

t 25
I0 20

1 15

| 10

8 .
0

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4>a(%)

150,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40

35

30

25

£
20

10

-5
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <|>a(%)

6-15

80
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 2420 CN Log)

200,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10
O
o
5

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4>a(%)

200,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40

35

30

>.

"33 25

I
q>
20
S

15

10

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4a(%)

6-16

81
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction
(for Series 2420 CN Log)

250,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a{%)

250,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45
Borehole 500 mm-
150 mm
Size 350 mm
100 mm
40 Metric 300 mm
200 mm
250 mm

35

30

25

20

15

10

-5
-5 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a(e

6-17

82
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

0 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4>a(%)

0 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

j i

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4>a(%)

6-18

83
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
(for Series 2435 CN Log)

50,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4>a(%) /^%K

50,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

Metric
40

35

Borehole

f 25 Size
E
£
« 20

1
E 15
i

10
o
O

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, |a(

6-19

84
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

100,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40 English

Borehole
Size

10

-5
-5 0 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity,

100,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40 Metric

35

10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4a(%)

6-20

85
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS
(for Series 2435 CN Log)

150,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40 English

Borehole
Size

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a(%)

150,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40 Metric

35

8 30

25

&

E
'3
■a

o
O

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, +a(%)

6-21

86
ISil
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

200,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

English

Borehole
Size

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, +a(%)

200,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40 Metric

35

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a(%)

6-22

87
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Borehole Size and Salinity Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

250,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid


45

40

35

§ 30

f 25
I
20

I 15

10

-5
-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <|>a(%)

250,000 ppm NaCI Equivalent Borehole Fluid

300 mm
mm

500 mm

j i

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a(°/o)

6-23

88
iSil
WESTERN
ATLAS

Sidewall Neutron Mudcake Correction

Corrected Limestone Porosity, $cor (%)

10 15 20 25 30 35

^l 3
1/4 -
For 9 5 For
.4 kg/cm3 j= £ 1400 kg/m3
Mudcake ^ 1/2 c
5
f- Mudcake

S 3/4
10 15 20 25 35 •§
Stdewalt Neutron Limestone Porosity, ^swn^)

English:

<J)cor = (0.0O088hmc + 0.00326)<t>2SWN + ( - 0.26126hmc + 0.901255)<t»SWN + (-5.27296hmc + 0.47882)

Metric:

(t>cor = (0.000034h " °'Olhmc + 0. - 0.21hmc + 0.47882)

Corrected Limestone Porosity, <|>cor (%)


E

/
10 15 20 25 30 35 <§■
g
3 •=

For
2500 kg/m^
Mudcake

10 15 20 25

Sidewall Neutron Limestone Porosity, $swn(%)

English:

<)>cor = (0.00853hmc - 0.00041)<»2SWN + ( - 0.245hmc + - (3.385hmc + 0.1105)

Metric:

(t>cor = (0.00033hmc - 0.00041)^SWN + ( - 0.01hmc + 1.016M»SWN - (0.125hmc + 0.1105)

6-24

89
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Mudcake, Casing, and Cement Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2420 CN Log)

^
Mudcake Correction

Mudcake Correction

<j>cor =

x 0.25 (<)>a - 0.225) +

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, | (%)

Casing and Cement Correction

40
Open Hole-

7-in . 20-lb Casing in 8-3/4-in. Borehole


35
0.272ln Steel Casing and Cement Correction
# 0.875in. Comont

8 30 5-1/2-ln., 17-lb Casing In 7-7(8-ln. Borehole, 7-in., 20-lb casing in 8-3/4-in. borehole
0.304-tn. Steel
1.19-ln. Cement
*cor = <!>a " 3
5-1/2-in., 17-lb casing in 7-7/8-in. borehole
*cor = <t>a " 4
5-1/2-in., 17-lb casing in 8-3/4-in. borehole
<t>cor = <!>a " 5

5-1/2-ln., 17-lb Casing In 8-3/4in. Botehola


0304ln. steel
1 625 In Cement

I I I

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a(

6-25

90
WESTERN
Formation Salinity and Mud Weight Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2420 CN Log)

Formation Salinity Effect

Formation Salinity

0 ppm NaCI,
t'cor = <>a
100,000 ppm NaCI,
<fcor= 1-04 <|>a
Fresh Water
250,000 ppm NaCI,

100,000 ppm NaCI <|>cor = 1.105 ^

250,000 ppm NaCI

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a(%)

Mud Weight Correction

Mud Weight Correction

No correction when <)>a < 20%

For 8 lb/gal, «J»cor = $a

For ^ > 20%, MW > 8 Ib/gal

|>cor (0.386 log MW + 0.651)


x ((J>a - 20) + 20

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, ♦_(%)

Note: Formation salinity is not considered to be an environmental correction. Rather, it should be used for
interpretive purposes along with R^ Sw, lithology, etc.

6-26

91
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Mud Weight Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

Freshwater Barite Muds

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a (%)

Freshwater Barite Muds

Fresh
Water

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <$a (%)

6-27

92
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Mud Weight Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

Freshwater Non-Barite Muds

40

1 35
J 30

2 25
£
c 20

5 15

a 10

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, 4a (%)

Freshwater Non-Barite Muds

40

I 35
J 30

8 25

2 20
I
I 15

10

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, |a (%)

6-28

93
ISil
Compensated Neutron Standoff Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 2418 CN Log)

Freshwater Borehole

English

-2

§ "4

o
O
-6

Standoff

CO

t -8
s.
-10

-12

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Borehole Size (in.)

Freshwater Borehole

5 mm
Metric

-2

£. -4

-6

Standoff

-8

-10

-12

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Borehole Size (mm)

6-29

94
Bit
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron StandotT Correction ATLAS
(for Series 2420 CN Log)

0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Borehole Size (in.)

Freshwater Borehole

5 mm

-10

-12

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Borehole Size (mm)

6-30

95
ESifl
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Standoff Correction ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

Freshwater Borehole

English
0-25 in.
-2

-4

i a
S -6

o
O
% -8
■o

2
CO
>. -10

-12

-14

I I
-16
6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20

Borehole Size (in.)

Freshwater Borehole

Metric
5 mm

-2

-4

.2
-6

-8

CO Standoff
-10

-14

-16 I J I J_ j I J_

50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500

Borehole Size (mm)

6-31

96
Bll
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Log Temperature ATLAS

and Pressure Correction

Temperature Correction

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a (p.u.)

Pressure Correction
40

14.7 psi(100 kPa).


35

10,000 psi (=70,000 kPa).


30

20.000 psi (=140,000 kPa).


25

20

15

10
g
o
O
5

0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <j>a (p.u.)

The above temperature and pressure corrections apply to all Compensated Neutron tools.

6-32

97
ATLAS
Compensated Neutron Combined Lithology and Absorber Effect Correction

Absorber Effect
50

45

40

35

2
o 30
0.

25
s
20

I%
5
15
o
10

-5 0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45

Apparent Limestone Porosity, $a (%)

Combined Lithology & Absorber Effect

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <b (%)

6-33

98
ATLAS
Mudcake Corrections for Compensated Neutron

Caicite and Barite Mudcake Effect

Thickness
0.00 in. (0 mm)
0.25 in. (6 mm)

o
o
£L

"8

I
O

15 20 25

Apparent Porosity, <|>a (%)

Mudcake Correction for Hematite Mud


5.0

2.5

|
o
O

-2.5

-5.0
10 20 30 40 50

Apparent Porosity (p.u.)

6-34

99
WESTERN
ATLAS

Mud Weight Corrections for Compensated Neutron

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

0
10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, <t>a (%)

Hematite Mudcake Correction

Thickness
0.00 in. {0 mm) ■Ei
0.25 in. (6 mm)
0.50 in. (13 mm);
if 0.75 in. (19mm)ij
1.00 in. (25 mm);

20 25 30 35

Apparent Porosity, $ (%)

6-35

100
KSifl
ERM
Compensated Neutron Lithology Effect ATLAS

(for Series 2420 CN Log and Sidewall Neutron)

10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Apparent Limestone Porosity, |a (%)

Compensated Neutron (for Series 2420 CN Log)

Dolomite: 0cor = <J>a - 6, when 4>a > 12;

*cor = 0.0476 <t>a2 - O.O714 0a


Sandstone: <|) cor + 4

Sidewal) Neutron

Dolomite: <!>cor = 0.00384 $a2 + 0.824 <|>a - 1.240

Sandstone: <J>cor = -0.00311 <|>a2 + 1.106 <t>a + 2.696

6-36

101
WESTERN
Compensated Neutron Lithology Effect ATIA8

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

Apparent Limestone Porosity,

102
WESTERN
Formation Salinity Effect ATLAS

(for Series 2435 CN Log)

^k
Sandstone Formation Limestone Formation
35

30
w
25

I 20

I 15
E
GO

10

5 10 15 20 25 30 35 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Sandstone Porosity, 4 (%) Limestone Porosity, k (%)

Dolomite Formation

10 15 20 25 30 35

Dolomite Porosity, j (%)

Note: Formation salinity is not considered to be an environmental correction. Rather, it should be used for
interpretive purposes along with Rw, Sw, lithology, etc.

6-39

104
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated ATLAS

Density and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2420 CN Log)

105
WES1
Porosity and Lithology Determination from Compensated ATLAS

Density and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2420 CN Log)

106
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS

Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)

107
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS

Compensated Density and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)

p. = 1.1 g/cm3 or Mg/m3


:2.65

40- :2.71

40-

35-

35-
40-

30-

30-
35-
25"

25-
30-
20-

20-

15- 25-

15-
10-
20-

ffl
10-
5"
15-

5-
0-I
10-
SS
o-

Note:
LS Follow lines according to
5 -
rock mixture as defined by
Limestone and Dolomite
Sandstone and Limestone
Sandstone and Dolomite
0 J

*a
DOL

■t-jjt Anhydrite

0 10 20 30 40
Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)

I i i i i i | | i i

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45
Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)

6-43

108
Porosity and Lithology Determination from WESTERN
ATLAS
Compensated Density and Sidewall Neutron Log

1.9

40-
.2.71 2.0

40"

35-
• 2.86
2.1
35- 40"

30-

30" 2.2
35-

25-

25- 3
30- 2.3
20-

.o
20-

25- 2.4
15-

IB
c

15- a

10- 20-
m 2.5

10-

5-
15-
2.6

5-
0-

10-

SS 2.7
0-

>a

LS

2.8

0-

DOL 2.9

3.0
- 10 0 10 20 30 40 50

Sidewall Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)

i i I I i | i i (

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Sidewall Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)

6-44

109
Porosity and Lithology Determination from
Compensated Density and Sidewall Neutron Log

110
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog for Series 2420 CN Log)

= 55.5
110
40-i "3 360

40"
340
35-
40 -i

100

35- 320
30-
35-

300
30- 90
25-

30-

280

25-
20-

25- 80
260

15- 20- ID
i=
o
P
o
20- 240
I
10- 15- 3
a.
w
220
1
Q.
CO
15-

5-
10-
200
60

10-

0J
5- Note: 180
Follow lines according to
SS rock mixture as defined by
5- Limestone and Dolomite
Anhydrit
50 Sandstone and Limestone
Sandstone and Dolomite 160
0-

LS

140

DOL
40
Acoustic porosity
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
computed from
Wyllie-Rose. Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40

Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)

6-46

111
KSlfl
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS

Compensated Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog (for Series 2420 CN Log)

q 360
Atma = 55.5

40 -i

47.5
- 340
40-
43.5
35-
40-

- 320

35-
30-
35-

30-
25-

30-

25-
20-

- 260 s
25-
a

15- 20-

20-

10- 15- CO

15-

5-
10-

ID

0-
5-

SS

0-

LS

- 140

DOL
0 10 20 30 40
Acoustic porosity
computed from Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)
Wyllie-Rose

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)

6-47

112
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from AT1A8

BHC Acoustilog and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)

55.5
=1 360
40 -I

At. = 189 fiS/ft or 620 ^s/m


A'ma - 475
40-i
- 340
35-
40-

35- - 320
30-
35

25- 30-

30"

20- 25-

25-

15 - 20-
.9

20"

£ 70
15 "
CO

15"

5-
10-

10-

0 J
5 -

SS

5- Note:
Follow lines according to
rock mixture as defined by
0-I Limestone and Dolomite
Sandstone and Limestone
i~—• Sandstone and Dolomite
« 0-I
♦a - 140
DOL

Acoustic porosity ~10 0 10 20 30 40 50


computed from
Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)
Wyllie-Rose.
I 1 1 1 1 ''■■
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)

6-48

113
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
BHC Acoustilog and Compensated Neutron Log (for Series 2435 CN Log)

, = 55.5 110 360

40 -i

= 47.5
340
435
35 -
100

320

30 -

300
90
25 -

280

20-

80
260

15 - l=
o
o

240 |
1 o

■i 70
10-
Spec

220 w

5 -

200
60

0-
180
ss Note:
Follow lines according to
rock mixture as defined by
50
Anhydrite Limestone and Dolomite
160
Sandstone and Limestone
Sandstone and Dolomite

140
DOL 40 1 1 I 1 1
Acoustic porosity
-10 0 10 20 30 40 50
computed from
Wyllie-Rose. Compensated Neutron Apparent Limestone Porosity (%)
II
0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40
Compensated Neutron Apparent Sandstone Porosity (%)

6-49

114
Porosity and Lithology Determination from
Sidewall Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog

115
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Sidewall Neutron Log and BHC Acoustilog

116
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS

Compensated Density and BHC Acoustilog

Specific Acoustic Time,

150 200 250 300 350


1.9 I ■ ' ' l • ■ ■ l 14 ' ' I ' ■ ' I ' ' '
Sylvlte

2.65
pf = 1.0 g/cm3 or Mg/m3
40-1
Pma - 271 2.0
At, = 189 MS/ft or 620
40-1

35-
Pma = 2-86
2.1
35- 40 -i

30-

30- 2.2
35-

25"

25-
30- 2.3
20-

20-

25-
15"

15-

10- 20-

10-

5-
15-
2.6

5-

0 J
10-
SS 2.7
0-

LS
5-

2.8

0-

DOL 2.9

• Gabbro

3.0
40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110

Specific Acoustic Time, At

6-52

117
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
Porosity vs. Formation Facfor

50 100 300 500 1000 2000 5000 10,000

Formation Resistivity Factor, F

This chart provides a variety of graphic solutions relating porosity to fonnaiion resistivity factor. Actual measured
data can be plotted to construct the best solution for a given area. Alternatively, the cementation factor (m) can be
estimated as follows:

Very slightly cemented, 1.4 to 1.6

Slightly cemented, 1.6 to 1.8

Moderately cemented, 1.8 to 2.0

Highly cemented sands, carbonates, > 2.0

Hard Formations:

F = l/ifi™

Low c|> non-fractured carbonates (Shell Oil)

m = 1.87 + 0.019/*
where

Soft Formations:

0.62 0.81
F = or F =
2.15
*

6-53

118
WESTERN
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot ATLAS

(using Series 2420 CN Log)

1.3

' Salt

*lvma = 19.500 Ws or 5945 m/s)


Limestone^ /'Sandstone
' 'M = 18,000 ft/s or 5488 m/s)

: O= Fresh Mud. p, = 1.0g/cm3. At, = 189^s/ft


p,= I.OMg/m3, At,-620MS/m

Salt Mud, p, = 1.1 g/cm3, At, = 185 ps/ft


p, = 1.1 Mg/m3, At, = 607 /

I i i ii i

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

1 "
English or metric (for pf in g/cm3 or Mg/m3): N
P\>~ Pf

English (for At in us/ft): Metric (for At in

/ Atf - At \ Atf - At
M = 0.01 ( -2 M = 0.003048
\ Pb " Pf /

6-54

119
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot
(using Series 2435 CN Log)

120
WESTERN
Mineral Identification by M-N Crossplot ATLAS

(Sidewall Neutron Log)

0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

English or metric (for pf in g/cm3 or Mg/m3):

English (for At in ^s/ft): Metric (for At in pis/m):

/ Atr - At \ /Atf-At\
M = 0.01 ( ^ ) M = 0.003048
\ Pb ~ P( ) \Pb~Pf )

6-56

121
Mineral Identification Plot WESTERN
ATLAS

Pmaavs-Atmaa

100 120 140 160 180 200 220 240


I I ' I I
r \
T I
T I
2.0

2.1

2.2

2.3

2.4

3 2.6

2.7

2.8

2.9

3.0

3.1
30 40 50 60 70

4tma>s/ft)

_ Plog ~ ^D/N Pi
At maa
1 -0D/N ~ <)>A/N

where,

= density/neutron crossplot porosity


$a/n = acoustic/neutron crossplot porosity

6-67

122
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS

Compensated Z-Densilog

Freshwater-filled Borehole, pf = 1.0 g/cm3 or Mg/m3

I
6
1=
I

2.7

Note:
Follow lines according to
2.8 rock mixture as defined by
Sandstone and Dolomite
. Limestone and Dolomite
> Sandstone and Limestone

!
I
3.0
12 3 4 5

Photoelectric Cross Section, Pe (barns/electron)

6-58

123
RSil
WESTERN
Porosity and Lithology Determination from ATLAS
Compensated Z-Densilog

Saltwater-filled Borehole, pf = 1.1 g/cm3 or Mg/m3


1.8

Q 9.5 —i

— Note:
— Follow lines according to
— rock mixture as defined by
Sandstone and Dolomite
Limestone and Dolomite
Sandstone and Limestone '

—I—I—[—i—■ ~ --.-T-r—"-r—;-j—
12 3 4

Photoelectric Cross Section, P (barns/electron)

6-59

124
1511

Matrix Identification Plot

18

Heavy—L)
16
Minerals

■5-- 14

I
CO

12
z>

1
CO
10

I
Q.
Q.
<

3.1 3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 25 2.4 2.3 2.2

Apparent Matrix Grain Density, p aa(g/cm3 or Mg/m3)

Uma, = - (» x Uf)

where, <f = formation porosity


pf = 1.0 g/cm3 (fresh water)
— 1.1 g/cm3 (salt water)
Uf - 0.398 barns/cm3 (fresh water)
= 1.36 barns/cm3 (salt water)

The Matrix Identification Plot can be used to determine the component matrix lithology using the apparent
matrix grain density and the apparent matrix volumetric cross section. Charts can also be constructed for
rock and mineral mixes.

6-60

125
WESTERN
ATLAS
Porosity Correction for Gypsum Infilling

75

70

fes
W

I 60

55
Si
o

50

45

Dolomite

40 I

3.0 2.9 2.8 2.7 2.6 2.5 2.4 2.3 2.2 2.1 2.0
Apparent Matrix Grain Density, p (g/cm3)
maa

The Permian Basin (west Texas and New Mexico, U.S.A.)


has a particular interpretation problem caused by gypsum
infilling. The empirically-based chart presented assumes a
40% reduction in acoustic-derived porosity due to the
presence of vuggy pores in dolomite. Estimates of gypsum
infilling can be made by comparing At against apparent
matrix density (from pb and <t>CN crossplot). A gypsum-
corrected porosity value can then be determined.

NOTE OF CAUTION: Empirically based charts for local


usage can vary considerably from one field to another
within the same geological horizon, and also from one
geological formation to another.

6-61

126
KM
WESTERN
Estimation of Porosity ATLAS

in Hydrocarbon - Bearing Formations

:%)

0 -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6

Compensated Neutron

Sidewall Neutron

To obtain a good approximation, including excavation effect

(0.22 <j)N, + 0.78 $D


(for Compensated Neutron)
(1 + 0.14 Shr)

(0.3 <pNcor + 0.7 $Dcop


(for Sidewall Neutron)
(1 + 0.14 Shr)

where.

= - 0, jl - [1/(1 +0.14 Shr)]

Example

Given: $N% = lO^o, iQD_ = 3O°/o, Shr = 40% for Compensated Neutron

Determine: ty, 6, = 25.6%, &i> = - 1.4%, $ = 24.2%

6-62

127
WESTERN
ATLAS
Estimation of Hydrocarbon Density in Clean Formation

Compensated Neutron Sidewall Neutron


1.0

0.9

0.8

0.7

0.6

.0.5 **<*>< 0.5 -

0.4

0.3

0.1 •

0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8
Hydrocarbon Density, ph Hydrocarbon Density, ph

To obtain a good approximation, including excavation effect

(for Compensated Neutron)


Ph= Shr (2.67 + 0.75 <J>Nco/0Dcor)

Shr P." + 0-72 <t>Nco/Vor)


Ph (for Sidewall Neutron)
Shr (1.67 + 0.75 +Nco/«f>Dcor)

where,

" v sh
1>Dcor = I'D - Vsh X fDsh

Example

Given: <(>Ncor = 10%, 0Dcor = 30%, Shr = 40% for Compensated Neutron

Determine: ph; <t>N(:o/<t>Dcor = 0-33, Ph = 0.15

6-63

128
WESTERN
ATLAS

Estimation of Gas Density at Reservoir Conditions

g (g/cm3)

Typical Values for ph with Respect to:

Oil ~ 0.55 (High API°) to 0.95 (Low APIC

Condensate - 0.25 to 0.60

Gas-0.15 to 0.30

6-64

129
WESTERN
Induction or Laterolog — ATLAS

Deciding Which Tool Should be the Most Effective and Reliable

30

20
Induction devices
15 are preferred.

10

8.0

6.0

5.0
Generally, when FtyRm < 3000.
induction devices have preference.
4.0

3.0

1 2.0

1.5 Above the dashed line and


to the right of appropriate Rw values,
select both logs.
1.0
Dual Laterolog devices
0.8
are preferred.
0.6

0.5

0.4

Generally, when R|/Rm > 8000,


0.3
dual laterologs have preference.

0.2

I
0.15
35 30 25 20 15 10
Porosity (%)

Induction devices were first designed for logging in oil-based mud conditions, a situation where
laterolog devices do not work. Induction systems also work in empty or gas-filled boreholes,
another condition that eliminates the use of electrode systems.

Shallow, ground conductance can seriously affect induction measurements in shallow wells, and
laterologs become the preferred device. Laterologs are also preferred as the resistivity measure
ment in reservoirs containing high concentrations of conductive minerals such as pyrite (FeS->).

Nevertheless, in water-based drilling fluids, the problem of deciding on induction or laterolog


tools requires a sense of the following four conditions:
• In-situ formation resistivities (R, or Ro)
• The formation water salinities (Rw) at formation temperature
• The resistivity of the drilling fluid (Rm) at formation temperature
• The resistivity of the mud filtrate (Rmf) at formation temperature

The chart above attempts to clarify which tool is preferred, but note that "gray areas" are still
found, a situation in which both devices are recommended. As a "rule-of-thumb." induction is
preferred when Rmf/Rw > 2.5 and Rt/Rm < 3,000. Dual Laterolog devices are preferred in high-
resistivity formations (> 200 ohm-m and when R,/Rm > 8,000), salt-based drilling fluids, and
especially when Rmf/Rw approaches or becomes less than unity.

7-1

131
K5U
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS
(for Series 811 Induction Log)

IS

14

13

12

~ 11

F 1°
2
D

£ 3

-15 -10 -5 5 10 15

Radial Geometric Factor (x 1000)

—|—
-20 -30 -40 -50 -60 ■70
-70 ■80
-80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150

Signal tram Hole (mmho/m]

Example

Given: Borehole diameter = HI.5 in.; standoff = 2.5 in.; R,n = 0.5 R]l = 10 Q-m

Determine: Signal from hole - -7 mmho/m


= l,000/l()iim= I00 mmho/m Borehole
Radial Geometrical Factor (x 1,000)
correction =
= 100 mmlui/ni -(-7 mmho/m) - 107 mmho/m
(mmho/ra) Mud Rc-islivily |Rmj
R1Lcor = 1,0(10/110 mmho/m = 9.3 il-\\\

7-2
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS

(for Series 811 Induction Log)

24

16

14


n
a
5 12

-25 -20 -15 -10 5 10 15

Radial Geometric Facior (x 1000)

<?/ >

^ J>*

i i i i i n i i i i i i i f
-50 -100 -150 -200
Signal from Hole (mmho/m)

Example

Given: Borehole diameter - 10.5 in.; standoff = 2.5 in.; Rm = 0.5 Qnv. Ril = 10

Determine: Signal from hole = -7 mmho/m


O-m= lOOmmho/m BorehoJe
Radial Geomeirical Factor (x 1,000)
Qlco = 10(J mmho/ni -(-7 mmho/m) - KJ7 mmhp/m
(inniho/nij Mud Resistivity (Km)
JO mmho/m = 9.3 Qm

7-3

133
Borehole Size Correction WESTERN
ATLAS
(tor Series 814 Induction Log)

5 in ie

Radial Geometric Factor fx 1000)

-60 -70 -90 -no -120 -130

Signal from Hole (mmho/m)

Example

Given: Borehole diamcicr = 10 in.: standoff = 1,5 in.; Rm = 0.I £2m; Ril=

Determine: Signal from hole = -13 minhu/m


Cil= 1,000/10 Q-m = lOOmmlio/m
I Radial Geometrical Factor (x 1,000)
C|Lcor = 100 minJio/m -(-13 inmho/m) =113 mmho/rn correclion =
(mraJio/m) V Mud Ke-sistivity (RmJ
RlLcor = 1 .OCX)/125 mmho/m = 8.8 n m

7-4

134
BSil
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS

(for Series 814 Induction Log)

24

22

18

16

14

12

10

-25 -20 -15 -10 ■5 5 10 15 20

Radial Geometric Factor (x 100Q)

1 I I I I I I I I I I I I I I 1 I I I I r^
►50 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -80 -90 -100 -110 -120 -130 -140 -150 -160 -170 -180 -190

Signal from Hole (mmho/m)

Example

Given: Boreliok diiuncier = 10 in.: siaiidoff = 1.5 in.; Rm = (1.1 Sim: Rjl= lOii-m

Determine: Signal from hole »-13 inmho/m


C\L= I.000/I0i2.m= 100 mmho/m
C\\ = 100 mmho/m -(-13 minho/m)= 11.1 mmlio/m
R1Lcor = 1.000/125 mmho/m = 8.8 Cim
Borehole /„ ,. , -. . , ,-
icior i\ 1,000)
comcuoD = I
(mmhu/ml \ Mud Resistivity

7-5

135
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS

(tor Series 815-818-809 Induction Log)

5 10 15

Radial Geometric Factor (x 1000]

►30 +20 -10 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 ■90 -100 -110 -120 -130

Signal from Hole (mmho'm)

Example

Given: BfflE&olediameter = 11.5 in.is(andoff=2in.;Rm = O.5£2m; R[[. = lOii-m

Determine: Signal from hole = -6.4 ininho/m


Ch,= 1.000/l0Jl-rn = lOOminho/m
C[[ = lOOmmho/rn -(-6.4 mmho/tn) = 106,4 mmlio/m
R[l^)r = i.0(X)/l 10 inmlm/m = 9.4 il-m
Radial Geometrical R 1.000)
corrcclion
(nimho/m) Mud Resistivity (Rm)

7-6
nsai
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction ATLAS

(for Series 815-818-809 Induction Log)

24

22

IB

IB

5 12

10

■25 -20 -15 ■10 s ia 15

Radial Geometric Factor (x 1000]

i—i—r i—i r
+50 +40 +30 +20 +16 0 -10 -20 -30 -40 -50 -60 -70 -SO -90 -100-110 -120;-130-t40-1S0-160-170-180-190
Signal from Hals (mmho/m}

Example

Given: Borehole diameter = 11.5 in.; standoff = 2 in.; Rm =S.$®-m;RlL = lQO-|»

Determine: Signal from hole = -64 minho/m


Cji. = 1,000/10 n-m = 100 mmho/m
Cil = 100 mmho/m -(-6.4 mmho/m) = 1064mmho/m
RlLcur = 1.000/110 mmho/m = 9 A Urn
Radial Geometrical Fatitir (X 1.0(X»

(ninllio/m) Mud Resistivity <Rm)

7-7

137
RSii
Borehole Size Correction for Deep Induction Log WESTERN
ATLAS
(tor Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL)

4 5 6

Radial Geometric Factor (x 1000)

40 55 30 25 20 15

Signal Irom Hols (mmho/m)

Example

Given: Borehole diameter = 14 in.; Rm = 0.1 Hm; standoff's 1.5 in.; Rtld= lOQm

Determine: Signal from Hole = 16 inniho/m


Cil= 1,000/10Q*mm lOOmmho/m
Borehole
'-"-cor= ""^ min!l(^m -16 nimho/m = 84 mmho/m COITCtliOll
nil Geomeirical FaetiH I* 1,000;

r" ' ■000/80 mmho/m =11.9 Q-m (iTiniho/m) Mud Resistivity (Rm)

7-8

138
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction tor Deep Induction Log ATLAS

(tor Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DIML)

24

22 —

20

1G

14
3
1
12

10

■10 10 15

fladial Gecmeinc Factor (i 1000)

150 140

Signal (rom Hole (mmho/m)

Example

Given: Borehole diameter* 14 in.; Rm = 0.1 Q-m; standoff = 1.5 in.; RjLD"1

Determine: Signal from Hole* 16 mnvho/m


Cii. = 1.000/10 n-m = 100 mmho/m
CiL-[ir- '00 minho/m -16 inmho/m = 84 mmho/m
^r = 1.000/80 mmho/in =11.9 Q-m

R:idi;il Guomtlrica] Faclor [\ l.000)\

(nimhn/m) Mud Resislivitj (Rm) /

7-9

139
Borehole Size Correction for Medium Induction Log WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL)

-1 9 10 11 15

Radial Geometric Factor fx 1000)

SO 40 20 10
Signal Iram Hole (mmho/m)

Example

This chan provides a method for determining how much of ihc recorded signal is
due to the borehole.

Given: Borehole diameter" ]() in.; Rm = 0.1 il-m: standoffs .5 in.

Determine: .Signal from Hole ~ 21 mmho/m Borehole


Radial Oeomeiricfll Facior (,\ l.QOOj
correction
jinmho/m) Mud Roslsiiviiy (R,o)

7-10

141)
■an
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Medium Induction Log ATLAS

(for Series 1503/1507 DIFL/DPIL}

24

22

20

!B

12

10

-18 -16 -14 -12 -10 -a -6-1 6 8 10 12 14 16 1B

Radial Geamelric Factor (* 1000)

I I I I i
180 160 140 120 100 80 60 40

Signal from Hole (mmho/m)

Example

This chart provides a method for determining how much of the recorded signal is
due (o die borehole.

Given: Borehole diameter = 10 in.; Rm = 0.1 Urn; standoff « 1.5 in.

Determine: Signal from Hole = 27 mmho/m

Borehole
itedlal Geometricid Futi(jr(s 1,000)
<:orrci;tiun
(mmho/m) Mud Resistivity (Rra)

7-11

141
Bed Thickness Correction for Deep Induction Log

20
16 ft and 12 ft (4-5 m)

7 ft (2 m)^
10
8 ft

10 ft (3 m)
R.-1
5

? 4
oi
3

0.5
0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5 10 20 0.5 1.0 2 3 4 5 10 20

SI

10 15 20 25

7-12

142
■Zil
WESTERN
ATLAS

Bed Thickness Correction for Deep Induction Log

100 100

6 ft (i ;s my

80 Rs = 5 80

5 ft (1.5 m)
E" 60 |- 60

a SL

of
40
J 40

20 20

20 40 60 80 100 20 40 80 100

100
: S ft or 6 ft (1.5-1.8 m)

80

Rs = 20

60

40

20

20 40 60 80 100 100

7-13

143
Bii
WESTERN
AT1AS

Bed Thickness Correction for Dual Laterolog

Bed Thickness Correction for Dual Laterolog (Deep)


2.4

500 Conductive Beds R,/Rm 20


2.0
Resistive Beds R^R,,, = 20
100

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.4
3 456789 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8090100

Bed Thickness (ft)

0.5 1 2 3 4 5 10 15 20 30

Bed Thickness (m)

Bed Thickness Correction for Dual Laterolog (Shallow)


2.4

500

100 Conductive Beds

2.0 Resistive Beds =120

1.6

1.2

0.8

0.005'
I I
0.4
3 4 5 6789 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 8090100

Bed Thickness (ft)

7-14

144
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.7998)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Centered Thick Beds

100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlu)) to determine the corrected log value

7-15

145
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.7998)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohm.m/ohm

Tool Eccentered Thick Beds

100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m) ^y projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine the corrected log value )■
'corr

i\

7-16

146
CRN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.7998)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohnvm/ohm

Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds


1.4

BHO < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


1.3 BHD > 8 in.: 1 5-in. Standoff

1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of ihe borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m^ ^y projecting a Hne upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rjxd) t0 determine the corrected log value (Rj_ld ^

7-17

147
Bil
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 13379)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Centered Thick Beds


1.4

Normalized to:
8-in. borehole

1.3

1.2

</> 1.1

£ 1

0.9

0.8

) j t f t t
0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^tn) ^v ProJect'"g a 'me upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rljj;) to determine the corrected log value

7-18

148
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 1.3379)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHDS8in.;1.5-in. Standoff

1.3

1.2

(A
_l
_l

cc

o
u
Ui
_i
tr.

0.8

0.7 J I I

1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RlLS^W by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rjxs) t0 determine the corrected log value

7-19

149
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 1.3379)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohm-m/ohm

Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD J 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff

1.3

1.2

3 1.1

a 1

0.9

0.8

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (R[xs)t0 determine tne corrected log value

/^!\

7-20

150
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.9029)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 40 ft Tool Centered Thick Beds

0.1 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLC/^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the venical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (RLLG) to determine the corrected log value (RLLGcorr).

7-21

151
Bil
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.9029)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 40 ft Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-tn. Standoff


BHD 2 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff
1.3

1.2

1.1

(f1
o

0.9

0.8

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RllG^iti) ^y projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllq) t0 determine lne corrected log value
'corr

7-22

152
Kit
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.9029)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohm-m/ohm

Current Return at 40 ft Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1.5-in Standoff
1.3

1.2

O 1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RlLG^iti) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value t0 determine the corrected log value )■
'corr

7-23

153
WES1
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.8765)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 60 ft Tool Centered Thick Beds

0.8

0.7
7 nhl/ill, I
0.1 10 1000 10000

RLLG'Rm

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RllG^W ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine ^e corrected log value ).
corr

7-24

154
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.8765)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 60 ft Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff

1.3

1.2

a 1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RlLG^iti) ^y projecting a l'ne upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value Io determine the corrected log value
'corr )■

7-25

155
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EA/EB K = 0.8765)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 60 ft Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD>8in.:1.5-in. Standoff
1.3

0.8 ^

0.7

1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m) bv projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (R) to determine
deti th corrected
the td log
l l
value (R )).

%,

7-26

156
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.7939)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Centered Thick Beds


1.4

Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
RLLDapp/Rm=100
1.3
Homogeneous medium

1.2

a 1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLfV^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlld) to determine the corrected log value
'corr

7-27

157
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.7939)

^
K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff
1.3

1.2

1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m^ ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (RlLD^ to determine the corrected log value

7-28

158
RSil
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Deep
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.7939)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds


1.4

1.3 -

1.2 —

3 M

tr 1 —

0.9

0.8 —

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLD^m.) ^ projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlld) to determine the corrected log value

7-29

159
ESil
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.9821)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohm-m/ohm

Tool Centered Thick Beds

1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m^ ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rlls) to determine the corrected log value
corr

|\

7-30

160
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.9821)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohrrvm/ohm

Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff

1.3

1.2

0.7
100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine the corrected log value ).
corr

7-31

161
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Shallow
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.9821)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohm-m/ohm /%

Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds

^L

10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLS^m) ^y projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rll§) to determine ^e corrected log value (Rll<j )•

|k

7-32

162
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8984)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 40 ft Tool Centered Thick Beds


1.4
i I I UN
Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
RLLGapp/Rm=100
1.3 Homogeneous medium

1.2

0.7
1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllg) t0 determine the corrected log value (RLLGcorr)-

7-33

163
KM
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8984)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 40 ft Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff

1.3

1.2

0.8

0.7
0.1 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m' by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllg) t0 ^etermme tne corrected log value corr

7-34

164
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8984)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 40 ft Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.4

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1 5-in. Standoff

1.3

1.2

100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m) by ProJecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllg) t0 determine tne corrected log value (RLLGcorp"

7-35

165
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8712)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 60 ft Tool Centered Thick Beds


1.4

1.3

1.2

C3 1.1

3
IT 1

0.9

0.8 \

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RllG^W ^v projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value to determine the corrected log value
'corr )■

7-36

166
WESTERN
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen ATLAS

(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8712)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 60 ft Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.4
! ! i ! I II!

BHD < 8 in.: O.S-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff

1.3

1.2

a 1.1

0.9

0.8

0.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (Rm^m) ^ projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rllq) t0 determine the corrected log value

7-37

167
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Laterolog (DLL) Groningen WESTERN
ATLAS
(for Series 1229 EC K = 0.8712)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Current Return at 60 ft Tool Pipe Conveyed Thick Beds

BHD < 8 in.: 0.5-in. Standoff


BHD > 8 in.: 1.5-in. Standoff

0.7
1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RLLG^m^ by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
l
log l (R
value t0 determine the corrected log value )■
corr

7-38

168
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Phase Induction (DPIL) Shallow Focused Log Sffi
(for Series 1507 XB K = 2.13)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Centered Thick Beds


1.5

1.4 —

0.1 100C0

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from
horizontal axis (RsFL/Rm) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor (RsFLcor/^SFL,) al°ngtne vertical axis, which is then
multiplied by the actual log value (R<jfl) t0 determine the value corrected for borehole signal (RsFLcorP'

7-39

169
Kifl
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Phase Induction (DPIL) Shallow Focused Log ""BBis
(for Series 1507 XB K = 2.13)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Eccentered Thick Beds


1.5

BHD < 8 in.: O.S-in. Standoff


BHD>8in.: 1.5-in. Standoff
1.4

1.3

1000 10000

RSFL'Rm

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from
horizontal axis (RsFl/^m) ^v ProJec*ing a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor (RsFLcor/^SFlJ a'on8 ^e vertical axis, which is then
multiplied by the actual log value (RsFlJ t0 determine the value corrected for borehole signal (RgpL )■

7-40

170
Borehole Size Correction for Dual Induction Focused Log (DIFL)
(for Series 1503 XC K = 0.7807)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohmm/ohm

Tool Centered Thick Beds


1.5

Normalized to:
8-in. borehole
1.4

1.3

1.2

5 1.1

0.9

0.8

O.7
0.1 10 100 1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RpoC^m) by projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rpoc)t0 determine the corrected log value (Rpoc „)•

7-41

171
IZifl
Borehole Size Correction for Dual-Induction Focused Log (DIFL)
(for Series 1503 XC K = 0.7807)

K = tool calibration factor ("K-factor") in ohm-m/ohm %

Tool Eccentered Thick Beds

LL

0.7 i-i-L

1000 10000

This chart provides a method to correct the log value for the influence of the borehole. The chart is entered from the
horizontal axis (RpoC^m) bv projecting a line upward to the appropriate borehole size curve. From that point, a
line is projected to the left to derive a correction factor along the vertical axis, which is then multiplied by the actual
log value (Rpoc)to determine the corrected log value (RpQC r^-

7-42

172
WESTERN
Rt from 1229 EA/EB (for Rt > Rxo) ATLAS

Using Deep (RLld)> Shallow (RLls)> and Rxo

173
Rt from 1229 EA/EB (for Rt > R^)
Using Groningen (Rllg)» Shallow (Rlls)' and Rxo
Current Return at 40 ft

100 :

10

Is
tr"1

.1
.5 10 20

□ / R

nLLG ' nLLS

This chan provides a method of obtaining R, from the Dual Laterolog (1229 EA/EB) using Groningen (Rllg^
readings where Rt > Rxo. This chan is developed for the Groningen setup that has the current return spaced at
40 ft. Rxo should be determined from an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog. Rxo, Rllg- an(*
should be corrected for borehole effects before using this chart.

An example illustrating the use of this type of chart is given with Chart 7-68.

7-44

174
Rt from 1229 EA/EB (for Tt > Rxo)
ATLAS
Using Groningen (RllG>» Shallow (R^ls)' and Rxo
Current Return at 60 ft

175
Rt from 1229 EC (for Rt > RTO) WESTERN
ATLAS
Using Deep (RLLD), Shallow (RLLS), and R

100

o 10
x
rr

a
_t
_i

rr

RLLD / RLLS

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual Laterolog (1229 EC) readings where Rt > Rxo. Rxo
should be determined from an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog. Rxo, Rlli> an<* RLLS s^ou't' ^
corrected for borehole effects before using this chart.

An example illustrating the use of this type of chart is given with Chart 7-68.

7-46

176
Rt from 1229 EC (for Rt > Rx0)
Using Groningen (Rllg)> Shallow (Rlls)> and Rxo
Current Return at 40 ft

177
Rt from 1229 EC (for Rt > R^) Bit
raw
Using Groningen (Rllg)' Shallow (Rlls)» ant' ATLAS

Current Return at 60 ft

.Invasion Diameter (in.)

100

10

8
rr

o
_i

Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

Note: The 1229 EC Shallow is a deeper measurement, which is less


then but closer to the depth of investigation of the Groningen
Deep. For this reason, for a detailed invasion analysis, use the
"Normal Deep & Shallow" tornado chart.

1.0 1.4 1.8

RLLG ! RLLS

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual Laterolog (1229 EC) using Groningen (RllG> readinSs
where R. > Rxo. This chart is developed for the Groningen setup that has the current return spaced at 60 ft. Rxo
should be determined from an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog. Rxo, RllG- and RLLS sh°u'd be
corrected for borehole effects before using this chart.

An example illustrating the use of this type of chart is given with Chart 7-68.

7-48

178
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

(0

Freq = 10kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

1.2 1.6 2.0

R ILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-49

179
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS

Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

jj

180
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS

Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) • Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

181
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) rim?"
WEST!
ATLA8
Dual-Phase Induction for (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

Diameter (in.)

50 J60 70

Freq = 10kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

RILM I RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > R,. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 10 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-52

182
RS11
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS

Dual-Phase Induction Log for (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

Freq = 20 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterlog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 10 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-63

183
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for R^, > Rt) ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

Invasion Diameter (in.)

20

10
Q

cc"

CO
rr

Freq = 40 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

nILM ' nILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
(he chart. The depth of nitrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 10 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-54

184
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS

Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

50
Invasion Diameter (in.)

20

10

co

Freq = 1OkHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

RILM l RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 20 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

(^

7-55

185
Rt from 1507 XB (for R^ > Rt) WESTERN
ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

Invasionpiarneterfln.)

40 i 50 :60.70

Freq = 20 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

RILM l RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterlog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 20 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-56

186
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

50

20

10

CO

Freq = 40 kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

R / R
nILM ' nILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Lateroiog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 20 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-57

187
Rt from 1507 XB (for R^ > Rt) WE8TERN
ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

Invasion Diameter (in.)


R/R ILD
40 \ 50 : 60 70

100

CO
DC
10

Freq = 10kHz
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

R ILM

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10kHz and Rxo is near 50 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

758

188
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

100

DC
10

Freq = 20 kHz
J Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

RILM/RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rx0
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 50 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

759

189
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

100

of

CO

10

■i Freq = 40 kHz
\ Thick Beds
} 8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

RILM ' RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rx0 > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 50 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-60

190
WESTERN
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt) ATLAS

Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

"a!
CO
DC

Freq=1OkHz
J\
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

nILM' nILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 100 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-61

191
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

Invasion Diameter (in.)

rr"

""of
CO
rr

j Freq = 20 kHz
Thick Beds
: 8-in. Borehole
: Step Profile

RILM l RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterlog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 100 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chan 7-67 example.

7-62

192
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo > Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shllow Focused Log (SFL)

100

rr~

CO
0C
10

Freq = 40 kHz -
Thick Beds
8-in. Borehole
Step Profile

RILM ! RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo > Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 100 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are the same as those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-63

193
HSit
raw
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo < Rt) ATLAS

Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

.01 .1

RILM / RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo < Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of Filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 10 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are similar to those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-64

194
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo < Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

.01 .1

RILM ' RILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo < Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 20 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are similar to those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-65

195
Rt from 1507 XB (for Rxo < Rt)
Dual-Phase Induction Log (DPIL) - Shallow Focused Log (SFL)

rr~

.01 .1

R / R
nILM ' nILD

This chart provides a method of obtaining Rt from the Dual-Phase Induction Log readings where Rxo < Rt. Rxo
should be determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog, but an estimate of Rxo can be made from
the chart. The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

This chart should be used when the transmitter frequency is 40 kHz and Rxo is near 1 ohm-m.

Instructions for using the chart are similar to those used in the Chart 7-67 example.

7-66

196
WESTERN
ATLAS

Rt from Dual Induction - Focused Log (Rt < Rxo)

Truck Beds
B-in. (203-mm)
Borehole
Step Profile
No Skin Effect

i I i I I 1 .

This chart provides a method of obtaining R, from tlic Dual 1 nduction-Focused Log readings where R, is less
than Rw The depth of filtrate invasion may also be determined.

Charts 6-12 and 6-13 compute logs based on the following equations:

where R_o = resistivity of formation invaded by drilling fluids; R, = resistivity of undisturbed formation; J =
geomeiric factor for Focused Log at the invasion diameter; G = geometric factor for Induction Log ai the
invasion diameter; FL = Focused Log; ILM = Induction Log Medium; 1LD = Induction Log Deep

Example

Given: Rfl/Rild = 10 Q-m/l Q-m = 10; R!Lm/R|ld = 1-4 S-m/1 Q-m = 1.4

Deiermine: dj = 39 in., R^/R, = 18.5; R,/Rild = 0.95; R, » {R,/R[Ld) R]LD = 0.95 fi-m

7-67

197
KSifl
WESTERN
ATLAS

R, from Dual Induction-Focused Log (Rj > 8LJ

15 2C

- d- (mm) / 40C

m-i- / "V/V

Thick Beds
■in. (203-mm)
Borehole
Step Profile
No Skin Effect

This chart provides a method of oblaining R, from the Dual Induction-Focused Log readings where R,
is greaicr llian RK0. Rxo should bo determined by an auxiliary survey such as the Micro Laterolog.

Example

Given; R|Ld/rmi = 20 Q ■ m/5 Qtti = 4; Rild^ILM = 20 Q"m/10 Q'm = 2

Determine; d| « 50 in., RS11/R, - 0.17; R,/R[ld = 1.5; Ri - (Rt/R]LD) RlLDJ l-5 x 20 - 30 Q'm

7-68

198
WESTERN
ATLAS

Rt from Deep Induction, Focused Log, and Rxo

Rxo'RILD

10 in. (250 mm)


15 in. (400 mm)
20 in. (500 mm)
30 in. (750 mm)

0.1

RIO/RFOC

Thick Beds

8-in. (203-mm) borehole

RjlD is skin effect corrected.

RFOC is borehole corrected.

7-69

199
WESTERN
ATLAS
Rt from Deep Induction, Short Normal, and Rxo

100

M-lnf0*>6-m)H^T;^:ini:(iB0p'imrn)--: r i
40 tn.-(1-m) /--j- -~ 16 inr^400 mm)
- I - - ! - - J \ ' J - ■ ','
50

40

30

20

RXo'R.ld 10

20 30 40 SO 100

This chart is for R^ > R( and R^, < 40.

Thick Beds

8-in. (203-mm) borehole

RjlD is skin effect corrected.

7-70

200
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS

Determination of Water Saturation by Archie's Formula

201
iSia
WESTERN
ATLAS

202
iSftfl
WESTERN
ATLAS

203
WESTERN
ATLAS

204
iSil
WESTERN
ATLAS

Resistivity of Mixed Waters, R7, for Rocky Mountain Method

100
90
80

70

60

50

40

30

10
9
8

Fine-grained formation, low permeability 0.10


Average formation 0.075
Coarse-grained formation, high permeability 0.05

-I L i—I—l—L
5 6 7 9 10 20 30 40 50

This chart is used to adjust the fluid resistivity values in the invaded zone for the effect of mixing the mud
filtrate with the formation waters.

Example

Given: Rmf/Rw = 10.0; z = 0.075

Determine: Rz/Rw; Rz/Rw - 5.9 (Refer to next chart for Sw determination)

7-75

205
WESTERN
ATLAS

->

206
WESTERN
ATLAS

Resistivity/Porosity Crossplot (for F = <|r2)

Conductivity, Ca Resistivity, Ra
(mmho/m) (Q-m)
100- 10

80-

15

1-0
2.72 2.70 2.68 2.66 2.64 2.62 2.60 2.58 2.56 2.54 2.52 2.50
Bulk density, pb (g/cm3 or Mg/m3)
Porosity, $ (%)
10

Note: The saturation scale on die right side of the chart


is intended as a sliding scale; i.e., it is moved horizontally
until the "100 mark" intersects the line representing
100% S™.

7-77

207
ATLAS
Resistivity/Porosity Crossplot (for F =

208
209
WESTERN
ATLAS

Determination of Rwa, Sw and p

Rwa Determination

(Q-m)
Sands Carbonates
3-
- 3

(Q-m)
4- - A 50

5-- 5

- 25

- 20

- 15

*— 10

- - 0.02

■ 0.01
Conductivity-Derived Porosity (CDP)
Determination
CDP -*- (S-rn)

Example

A sandstone has a porosity of 24% and


R, = 3.0 Q-m; Rtt = 0.02 Q-m

Tind: = 0.225 Q-m


Water Zones: Oil/Gas Zones:

Sw = 30%
Km = R/F
Note; Conductivity-derived porosily is valid
il/m
CDP - only when Rwa = Rw.

7-80

210
WESTERN
ATLAS

Dielectric Water Attenuation vs. Water Resistivity Relationship

2000

1750

1500

1S 1250

j^\
750

500

250

0.01 0.1 1 10

Water Resistivity, Rw (Q ■ m)

7-81

211
vsai
WESTERN
ATLAS

Dielectric Water Propagation Time vs. Water Resistivity Relationship

103

"a

Id
CD 102
OJ
Q.
o

a
o

68° F (20DC]
140°F (60°C)
212°F (100°C)

101
0.01 0.1 1 10

Water Resistivity, R (Q-m)

7-82

212
WESTERN
ATLAS

Dielectric Response in a Homogeneous Medium (200 MHz)

36 7.2 1O.a WA 1B0 216 25 2 388 32A 360

= 6.0 in.
(152 mm)

= 9.0 in.
(229 mm)

BO 100 120 1&)

Phase Angle (a)

0 36 7.2 108 14.4 1B0 216 2S.S 288 360

05 -

a,
1
<

60 eo too -120 140 160 180

Phase Angle (°>

7-S3

213
Kit
WESTERN
ATLAS
Dielectric Response in a Homogeneous Medium (47 MHz)

Propagation Time, t

"5.

<

60 ac IDC

Phase Angle {°;

Frequency-dependent approximate
values
" Approximate values

where £0 = 8,854 x 10 ~12 farads/m


£ = dielectric constant (farads/m).

7-84

214
fSfel
WESTERN
Water Saturation from Dielectric Propagation Time ATLAS

(Clean Formations)

215
Determination of Ivv

E

w*

SO 100 150 200 250

Equivalent NaCI Concentration, kppm

Ew = 22.1957 + 0.3384C + 1.7587 X C2 + 0.1340 X IF6 C3

where Ew = Sigma water, capture units (10"3 cm"1).


C = NaCI concentration in kppm.

NaCI equivalent = 1.645 x Cl

8-1

217
WESTERN
ATLAS

Iw for Boron Compounds in Water

Quantity of Boron Compound, CB (kg/m3)

10 15 20 25 30 35

100

50

4 6 8 10 12 14

Quantity of Boron Compound, CB (Ib/bbl)

Equation

English Metric

= 24.8 x CB + 23.0 X = 8.7 x CB + 23.0

= 20 x C,j + 23.0 Z. = 7.0 x CB + 23.0

= 12.9 x C,j + 23.0 Z. = 4.5 x CB + 23.0

8-2

218
WESTERN
ATLAS

Determination of LCH4

<b A
X

10
8 10 12 14

ICH = [Reservoir Pressure (psi) - B]/M

°C = (°F - 32)/1.8

8-3

219
ESftl
WESTERN
ATLAS

220
WESTERN
ATLAS
Correction of Igas for Condensate Content

(1.01 X + B

8-5

221
mi
WESTERN
ATLAS

Determination of Xoj| for Varying Gas/Oil Ratios

222
RSIfl
WESTERN
ATLAS
WESTERN
ATLAS

PDK-100 Sigma Borehole and Diffusion Correction

5.5-in. Casing — 8-in. Borehole

-10-

-12
10 20 30 40 50 60

PDK Log SGMA (c.u.)

5.5-in. Casing — 8-in. Borehole

-2

3,
< -4
o
CO

I
8
-8

-10

-12
10 20 30 40 50 60

PDK Log SGMA (c.u.)

8-8

224
WESTERN
Borehole Salinity Corrections for ATLAS

Sandstone Formation (7-in. Casing — 8-in. Borehole)

-6
Salinity = 75 k

-8 _L
10 20 30 40 50 60
PDK Log SGMA

Salinity = 250 k

'00*
-6

10 20 30 40 50 60
PDK Log SGMA

8-9

225
WESTERN
PDK-100 Diffusion Corrections to SGMA for ATLAS

Sandstone Formation (9V»-in. Casing — 12-in. Borehole)

20 r

15

10

10
PDK log SGMA

20

15

10

Borehole Salinity = ?sn u

10

8-10

226
WESTERN
ATLAS

C/0 Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Saturations

1.7

1.6

1.5

1.4

1.3
10 20 30

Porosity, 4> {%)

This chart is normalized to 6%-in., 32-lb/ft, freshwater-filled casing.

8-11

227
ES11
WESTERN
ATLAS

Inelastic Ca/Si Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Porosity

1.0

0.90
o

0.80

10 15 20 25 30 35 \

Porosity, 4 (%)

This chart is normalized to 6%-in., 32-lb/ft, freshwater-filled casing.

8-12

228
Capture Si/Ca Ratio Response to Varying Lithology and Porosity

1.40

1.30

Energy Intervals
SI: 3.17 - 4.65 MeV
Ca: 4.86 - 6.62 MeV

<0

1.20

CO

Limestone (Fresh Water and/or Oil)


1.10

1.00
10 15 20 25 30 35

Porosity, + (%)

This chart is normalized to 6%-in., 32-lb/ft, freshwater-filled casing.

8-13

229
C/O Oil Saturation Correction vs. Cement Thickness

100

90

80

70

7 60

i 50

100

Apparent Oil Saturation, So (%)

This chart is nonnalized to 6%-in., 32-lb/ft, freshwater-filled casing.

8-14

230
WESTERN
ATLAS

C/0 Ratio Correction for Oil Density (Gravity °API)

0.20

0.15

0.10

0.05

15 20 25 30 35

Porosity, $ (%)

jf Cased Hole

Open Hole

This chart is normalized to 6%-in., 32-lb/ft, freshwater-filled casing.

8-15

231
ESlf
WESTERN
ATLAS

Capture/Inelastic Ratio and Porosity Correlation

0.45

0.40

0.35
o

I
0
0.30

0.25

0.20
10 20 30

Porosity, $ (%)

This chart is normalized to 6%-in., 32-lb/ft, freshwater-filled casing.

8-16

232
WAM
WESTERN
Cement Compressive Strength from ATLAS

Segmented Bond Tool Log

25.0

22.5

20.0

17.5

15.0

I
io.o
CO

50

2.5

0.0
0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1

Casing Thickness (in.)

This chart is intended to provide an estimate of the compressive strength of bonded cement using the
attenuation readings from the Segmented Bond Tool (SBT™) log.

Enter the chart on the left with the attenuation in dB/ft, while at the same time entering the casing wall
thickness (in.) from the bottom of the chart. The point at which the two lines intersect is the estimated
compressive strength (psi) of the bonded cement.

9-1

233
Kill
WESTERN
ATLAS

Cement Compressive Strength from Series 1423 Bond Attenuation Log

Casing O.D. (mm]

Cement 273244194178 140 127 115


Compressive
Strength
psi
(MPa)

Standard API Cement Foam Cement

(30)

4000 —
(25)

3000 —
(20) —

(15)---
2000 —

(10)

1000 —
— 1000

— I

—aoo

) (5) Casing Thickness


(3)

(4)
(2)
250 500

(3)
(1)
100 —

(0.5) — — 300
I (2)

65
9.625 f 7.0 5.5 5.0 45
10.75 7.625

Casing O.D. (in.)

Enter the nomogram along the attenuation scale and project a straight line through the casing thickness to read cement
compressive strength. Attenuation can be read directly Irom the Bond Attenuation Log.

9-2

234
I2M1
WESTERN
ATLAS

Cement Comprcssive Strength from Series 1456 Dual Receiver Bond

235
WESTERN
Cement Cnmprcssive Strength from Series 1412,1415, and 1417 ATLAS

Cement Bond Log Instruments

1415, 1417
TR Span
3 ft
1412 (0,9 m)
TR Span
4 ft Cement
(1.2 m) Compressive
Strength
(psi)
(MPa)
100- Foam Cement Standard Cement

50-

40-
30- — 30

4000 --
20- 165 — 25

10-
20 3000 -t-320°

24 — 15
0) Q.
2000
II 2000

a. jlj 26
E -
— 10

32 (mm)
u u.
II
Q - 1000
O 1000 —
36

— 5
6 —
40 800 —
0.21-5
500
Casing Thickness — 3

4 —
-IB ■ 2
500- 2S0

52 3 —
— 1
— 100

300 — — 0.5
2 —
— 50
— 03
200 —

1 —
Casing O.D. (in)
100 —

This chart is intended to provide an estimate ot the campfGsstve strength of bonded cement
using the Area! CDL AmpMjda tt is based on fresh water mud-

Enter the nomograph on. the led with the CBL amplitude; then follow the diagonal lines to the
casing si^e. Extend from this point horizontally to define attenuation. Connect the attenuation with
the appropriaie casing thickness and extend lo the psi to Gsiimaie the compressive strength of the
bonded cement,

This chart may also be used to determine attenuation in bonded pipe when the compressive
strength of the cement is known. For this purposa, the chart is entered at the right and a line
extended through the casing wall thickness to read attenuation. From this point, extend the line
horizontally to the pipe size. Then (allow the diagonal lines to the amplitude to indicate the
expected amplitude.

9-4

236
WESTERN
ATLAS

Example Form for Information Critical to CBL Interpretation

INFORMATION IMPORTANT TO
THE INTERPRETATION OF CEMENT BOND LOGS

Operating Company. Well Name.

Field County State.

Location Sec. Twp.. Range.

Depth Measured from KB. DF. GL.

Date Total Depth.

Casing Fluid Type. Fluid Density. Fluid Level.

Average Well Drift ° From. To. From. To.

Centralizer Depths

Scratchier Depths.

Pipe Reciprocated from hrs to hrs; Pipe Rotated from hrs to hrs

DV Tool No. 1 @ ft (m), DV Tool No. 2 @ ft (m), DV Tool No. 3 @ ft (m)

Float Collars No. 1 No. 2. No. 3.

Was an open hole caliper run?

Was an open hole acoustic log run?

9-5

237
WESTERN
ATLA8

Example Form for Cement Data Critical to CBL Interpretation

CEMENT DATA IMPORTANT TO


THE INTERPRETATION OF CEMENT BOND LOGS

Date(s) of Cement Job(s)

Type of Job D Surface D Protection □ Intermediate


□ Production D Liner D Squeeze

Depth Interval from ft (m) to. ft(m)

Type of Cement:

Class Sxs. Additive Name. Retarder Name.

Class Sxs. Additive Name. Retarder Name.

Class. Sxs. Additive Name. Retarder Name.

Class. Sxs. Additive Name. Retarder Name.

Slurry Weight. Sxs. . yield (ft3 or m'/sx).

Weight. Sxs. . yield^orm'/sx).

Bbls Water Used Mix No. 1 Mix No. 2 Mix No. 3.

Type Preflush Fluid Volume.

Breakdown Pressure. @. . hrs Date/Time.

Max. Pressure Stage 1 Stage 2. Stage 3.

Final Max. Pressure Pressure Released. hrs Date.

Intended Cement Top. ft(m)

Cement in place (static) hrs Date.

Cement job evaluation: □ Good D Some problems noted below D Poor

COMMENTS:

9-6

238
Kit
ERN
Guidelines for Practical Interpretation of Variable ATLAS

Density Logs and Acoustic Waveform Signature

239
WESTERN
Guidelines for Practical Interpretation of Variable ATLAS

Density Logs and Acoustic Waveform Signature

VARIABLE DENSITY

2001200

P-Wave S-Wave
i

Shear _
Waves

Compressional
Fast Formation Waves
Arrivals

9-8

240
WESTERN
ATLAS

Casing Sizes Threaded, Coupled Type Nonupset

Casing
O.D. !.D. Wt. Thickness
mm in. mm Ib/ft kg/m in. mm

8-5/8 219.1 7.775 197.49 38.00 56.54 0.425 10.80


7.725 196.22 40.00 59.52 0.450 11.43
7.651 194.34 43.00 63.98 0.487 12.37
7.625 193.68 44.00 65.47 0.500 12.7
7.511 190.78 49.00 72.91 0.557 14.15
9 228.6 8.290 210.57 34.00 50.59 0.355 9.02
127.0 4.560 115.82 11.50 17.11 0.220 5.59 8.196 208.18 38.00 56.54 0.402 10.21
4.494 114.15 13.00 19.34 0.253 6.42 8.150 207.01 40.00 59.52 0.425 10.80
4.408 111.96 15.00 22.32 0.296 7.52
8.032 204.01 45.00 66.96 0.484 12.29
4.300 109.22 17.70 26.34 0.3S0 8.89 7.812 198.43 55.00 81.84 0.594 15.09
4.276 108.61 18.00 26.78 0.362 9.20 9-5/8 244.5 9.063 230.20 29.30 43.60 0.281 7.14
4.154 105.51 21.00 31.25 0.423 10.74 9.001 228.63 32.30 48.06 0.312 7.93
5-1/2 139.7 5.044 128.12 13.00 19.34 0.228 5.79
8.921 226.57 36.00 53.57 0.352 8.94
5.012 127.31 14.00 20.83 0.244 6.20 8.835 224.41 40.00 59.52 0.395 10.03
4.974 126.34 15.00 22.32 0.263 6.68 8.755 222.38 43.50 64.73 0.435 11.05
4.950 125.73 15.50 23.06 0.275 6.99 8.681 220.50 47.00 69.94 0.472 11.99
4.892 124.26 17.00 26.34 0.304 7.72 8.535 216.79 53.50 79.61 0.545 13.84
4.778 121.36 20.00 29.76 0.361 9.17 10 254.0 9.384 238.35 33.00 49.10 0.308 7.82
4.670 118.62 23.00 34.22 0.415 10.54
[0-3/4 273.1 10.192 258.88 32.75 48.73 0.279 7.09
10.054 255.37 40.00 59.52 0.348 8.84
10.050 255.27 40.50 60.26 0.350 8.89
9.960 252.98 45.00 66.96 0.495 10.03
9.950 252.73 45.50 67.70 0.400 10.16
6 152.4 5.524 140.31 15.00 22.32 0.238 9.902 251.51 48.00 71.42 0.395 10.77
6.05
5.500 139.70 16.00 23.81 0.250 6.35 9.850 250.19 51.00 75.89 0.450 11.43
5.424 137.77 18.00 26.78 0.288 7.32 9.782 248.51 54.00 80.35 0.424 12.27
5.352 135.94 20.00 29.76 0.324 8.23 9.760 247.90 55.50 82.58 0.450 12 57

5.240 133.10 23.00 34.22 0.380 9.65 11-3/4 298.1 11.150 283.21 38.00 56.54 0.300 7.62
6-5/8 168.3 6.135 155.83 17.00 26.34 11.084 281.53 42.00 62.50 0.333 8.46
0.245 6.22
6.049 153.65 20.00 29.76 0.288
11.000 279.40 47.00 69.94 0.375 9.53
7.32
5.989 152.12 22.00 32.74 0.318
10.880 276.35 54.00 80.35 0.435 11.05
8.08
5.921 150.39 24.00 35.71 10.772 273.61 60.00 89.28 0.489 12.42
0.352 8.94
5.855 148.72 26.00 38.69 0.385 9.78 12 304.8 11.384 289.15 40.00 59.52 0.308 7.82
5.761 146.33 27.00 40.18 0.432 10.97
13 330.2 12.438 315.93 40.00 59.52 0.281 7.14
5.791 147.09 28.00 41.66 0.417 10.S9
12.360 313.94 45.00 66.% 0.320 8.13
5.837 148.26 28.80 42.85 0.394 10.01
12.282 311.% 50.00 74.40 0.359 9.12
5.615 142.62 32.00 47.62 0.505 12.83
12.220 310.39 54.00 80.35 0.390 9.91
177.8 6.538 166.07 17.00 26.34 0.231 5.87
13-3/8 339.7 12.715 322.96 48.00 71.42 0.330 8.38
6.456 163.98 20.00 29.76 0.272 6.91
12.615 320.42 54.50 81.10 0.380 9.65
6.398 162.51 22.00 32.74 0.301 7.65
12.515 317.88 61.00 90.77 0.430 10.92
6.366 161.70 23.00 34.22 0.317 8.05
12.415 315.34 68.00 101.18 0.480 12.19
6.366 160.93 24.00 35.71 0.332 8.43
12.347 315.90 72.00 107.14 0.514 13.06
6.276 159.41 26.00 38.69 0.362 9.20
12.175 309.25 83.00 123.50 0.600 15.24
6.214 157.84 28.00 41.66 0.393 9.98
6.184 157.07 29.00 43.15 0.408 10.36 14 355.6 13.344 338.94 50.00 74.40 0.328 8.33
6.154 156.31 30.00 44.64 0.423 10.74 16 406.4 15.375 390.53 55.00 81.84 0.313 7.95
6.094 154.79 32.00 47.62 0.453 11.51
15.250 387.35 65.00 96.72 0.375 9.52
6.004 152.50 35.00 52.08 0.498 12.65
15.125 384.18 75.00 111.60 0.438 11.13
5.920 150.37 38.00 56.54 0.540 13.72
15.010 381.25 84.00 124.99 0.495 12.57
5.836 148.23 40.00 59.52 0.582 14.78

7-5/8 193.7 7.125 180.98 20.00 29.76 0.250 6.35


7.025 178.44 24.00 35.71 0.300 7.62
6.969 177.01 26.40 39.28 0.328 8.33
6.875 174.63 29.70 44.19 0.375 9.53
6.765 171.83 33.70 50.15 0.430 10.92
6.625 178.28 39.00 58.03 0.500 12.70
8-5/8 219.1 8.097 205.66 24.00 35.71 0.264 6.71
8.017 203.63 28.00 41.66 0.304 7.72
7.921 201.19 32.00 47.62 0.352 8.94 24-1/2 622.3 23.750 603.25 100.00 148.B0 0.375 9.53
7.825 198.76 36.00 53.57 0.400 10.16 23.650 600.71 113.00 168.14 0.425 10.80

9-9

241
ATLAS

Pipe Expansion Due to Internal Pressure

Internal Pressure, p, (MPa)

3 4 5 10 20 30 40 50

0.005

s.

0.001

0.0005

0.0004

0.0003

0.0002 0.005
0.004

0.003
0.0001
200 300 400500 1000 3000 5000 10,000
Internal Pressure, p, (psi)

Expansion = (10<000174d2 - O.O164d + 0.00464)W + {-0.086d2 + 1.218d - 9.15))/(p0.9fi6)

where

d = diameter
w = weight/ft
p = internal pressure

Example

Given: Internal Pressure = 900 psi, 7 in. 23.0 lb/ft

Determine: Expansion = 0.0034 in.

940

242
WESTERN
ATLAS
Determining Corrosion in Tubular Goods

243
Magnelog (2934MA) - Wall Thickness Determination

Atlas Wireline Services operates a surface calibration facility at the Western Atlas Center in
Houston, Texas. This facility is used to record tool response data for calibration charts that support
Vertilog, Vertiline, and Magnelog. The charts are based on carefully controlled laboratory condi
tions, ensuring accurate interpretation of field logs used for pipe evaluation.

Magnelog data interpretation involves comparison of the specific frequency versus


both phase shift and amplitude. Magnelog charts include:

• A 28-in. spaced log recording in a single string of 7-in., P-l 10, 38 #/ft casing

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7


Wall Thickness (in.)

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7


Wall Thickness (in.)

9-12

244
"Sltlas
Magnelog (2934MA) - Wall Thickness Determination

Atlas Wireline Services operates a surface calibration facility at the Western Atlas Center in
Houston, Texas. This facility is used to record tool response data for calibration charts that support
Vertilog, Vertiline, and Magnelog. The charts are based on carefully controlled laboratory condi
tions, ensuring accurate interpretation of field logs used for pipe evaluation.

Magnelog data interpretation involves comparison of the specific frequency versus


both phase shift and amplitude. Magnelog charts include:

• A 28-in. spaced log recording in a dual string of 9.6-in., N-80,40 #/ft casing and 13.3-in., K-55,
68 #/ft casing

1.00

0.90

0.80

0.70

;§. 0.60

| 0.50
| 0-40
0.30

0.20

0.10

0.00
0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 1.1 1.2

Wall Thickness (in.)

360

320

280

240

I 160
120

80

40

0.0 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5 0.6 0.7 0.8 0.9 1.0 1.1 1.2

Wall Thickness (in.)

9-13

245
WESTERN
ATLAS

Reservoir Permeability Estimate from Log Data (Timur Equation)

80

10 15 20 25 35 40

Porosity, + (%)

k - 0.136 v—

where tf», Swj are in ^o.

Example

Given: Swi = 30%, $ = 25%

Determine: k, k = 214 md

10-1

247
KSil
WESTERN
Reservoir Permeability Estimate fnmi Log Data ATLAS

(Morris and Biggs Equation)

co

01
To

S
S
u

i
/

k, Permeability (md) for Oil


[for Gas. (k](0.1)]

12 16 20 24 28 32 35

Porosily, t (%)

c = I 250 for oil


79 for gas

where ty, Swj are


decimal fractions.

Example

Given: Swi = 30%, ty - 25%, oil zone

Determine: k, k = 170 ind

lU-2

248
HSU
WESTERN
ATLAS

Permeability from Resistivity Gradient''

Forpw= 1.025 (Sea Water) Forpw = 1.1 (150,000 ppm Formation Water)

.01 .02 03.04.05.07 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.50.7 1 2 3 .01 .02 .03.04.05.07 0.1 0.2 0.3 0.50.7 1 2 3

Grad » Basic Resistivity Gradient = f — - —) Grad = Basic Resistivity Gradient = (— - — \

Bora discussion of estimation of permeability order of magnitude from logs,


see the paper "Evaluation of Permeability from Electric Log Resistivity Gradients"
by \l.P.Tix\cr (Oil & Gas Journal. June 16, VM9)

Example Solution

RQ = FRW, Ro = 50 x .05 - 2.5 ohm-m.


R, at 7050 ft = I5ohm-m. AR = 35— 15=20ohm-m.
F = 50. AD = 7050 — 7010 = 40 ft.
Ru. =.05atBHT. Grad. =(20/40) x( 1/2.5) = 0.2
Oil gravity is 30° API. Rw is low. use chart For pw -1.1
k is found tobe 85 md,

10-3

249
WESTERN
Charts and Equations to Estimate Relative Permeability to ATLAS

Water, Oil, or Gas

100

10 kra = [(0.9- SW)/(O.9-S1W)]?

1 1 I I I I I
10 20 30 40 50 60 70 10 20 30 40 50 60 70

Irreducible Water Saturation, S,w (°/o) Irreducible Water Saturation. SiW (%)

10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Irreducible Water Saturation, SIW (%)

i\

10-4

250
Chart to Estimate Viscosity of Water

Salinity in ppm NaCI

0.1

0
68 100 150 200 250 300 350

Reservoir Temperature, °F

10-5

251
n

Absolute Viscosity of Gas-Free Crude, cp


Viscosity of Gas-Saturated Oil. cp
©
(At Reservoir Temperature and Saturation Pressure)
o P
w
C/J

<
en

O
Vi

I
Ril

Charts to Estimate Viscosity of Different Natural Gases

Dry Gas Wet Gas

0.05

Psia

0 02

0.015 -

0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500 0 100 200 300 400 500

Temperature. *F Temperature. "F

Rich Gas

0.02-

0.015 -

0.01
0 100 200 300 400 500
Temperature. °F

10-7

253
Kifl
WESTERN
Charts to Estimate Water Cut in the IVansition Zone ATLAS

of an Oil Reservoir

70

Very Light Oil (65


60

50

1
3
To
to

10

10 30 40 50 60 70 80 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

Water Saturation. S* (%) Water Saturation, S* (%)

Heavy Oil (19° API)

10 20 30 40 SO 60 70 80 10 30 40 50 70 80

Water Saturation. Water Saturation.

10-8

254
WESTERN
ATLAS

Reservoir Producibility in Shaly Sand

Clay
Point

1.0

Fluid
Point
10 20 30 40

Effective Porosity, $„ (%)

Shaly reservoir rocks are classified in three categories: producible, non-producible and zones which require
stimulation.

This chart is based on field data from the U.S. Gulf Coast area, New Mexico, Colorado and Wyoming.

The "q-factor," used to estimate producibility of shaly reservoir rocks is defined as:

<t>AC - ({>DEN ^ aVsh ^ aVsh

Q ~ <j>AC ~ <|>DEN + aVsh ~ <j>AC


Tentative permeability cut-offs such as q > 0.4, (q > 2<t>e) have been used.

Example

Supposing q = 0.2, 4»e = 20%; point A falls in a producible region.

10-9

255
Formation Strength Parameter Equations in Well Logging Terms

Log-derived values of density, shear travel time and compressional travel time can be mathematically related
to Young's Modulus, Bulk Modulus, Shear Modulus and Poisson's Ratio.

DEFINITION OF ELASTIC CONSTANTS

Equations in
Elastic Constants Basic Equations Interrelation of Equations Well Logging Terms

9K pv2 3K>i / p \ /3At2 - 4At2\


Young's ModuW E = ^-^ E = — - 2,(1 + 0) = 3K(. - 2o) E = ^ ^T^T ) * ••* * 10"

Em 2(1 +o) E /lAt2 - 4At2\


Bu.k ModuW2' K - pv2 - 4/3v2 K - j^—^ = , ^-^ = ^^—^ K - P [ -^ ) x ..34 x ,0-

Shear Modulus'" ^ = pv? j< = "^" = 3K ^^ = -^— M = A x 1.34 x 1010


1 9KxE 2 + 2o2 + 2o AtJ

Poisson's Ratio'4' o = 1/2 —r

p = bulk density, g/cm3 vc = compressional velocity, ft/s

vs = shear velocity, ft/s Atc = compressional travel time, /is/ft

Atj = shear travel time, fjsl'ft 1.34 x 1010 = conversion factor

F/A
(1) Young's Modulus (E) measures opposition of a substance to extensional stress, E =
Al/I

(2) Bulk Modulus (K) is the coefficient of incompressibility and measures opposition of substance to

• , v F/A
compressional stress, K =
Av/v

(3) Shear Modulus (jO, also called rigidity modulus, measures the opposition of a substance to shear stresses.

Finite values for solids, zero values for fluid, \i = F/A


tan S

(4) Poisson's Ratio (o) is the ratio of relative decrease in diameter to relative elongation, o =
Al/1

10-10

256
WESTERN
ATLAS

Interrelationships of Formation Strength Parameters

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


Poisson's Ratio, a

Obtain Values for a


(Poisson's Ratio)
and u (Shear
Modulus) from
Previous Charts

to

0.1 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5


Poisson's Ratio, o

10-11

257
IZil
WESTERN
ATLAS

Interrelationships of Formation Strength Parameters

Shear Modulus, u {x 106 psi)

10 5 2.5 2.0 1.5 1.0

I I/ I II
100 150 200
Shear Transit Time, Ms (usec/ft)

140

a>

If 100
8
s

I
o

0.45

50

40
50 100 150 200

Shear Transit Time, Ats (usec/ft)

1042

258
ESftfl
WESTERN
Determination of Combined Modulus of Strength ATLAS

from Hulk Density and Compression;!I Travel Time

r
WESTERN
ATLAS
Log-Derived Clay Content Indicators10"15

LOGGING CURVE MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP FAVORABLE CONDITIONS UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS


SPONTANEOUS Vd = 1.0 - (PSP/SSP) = 1.0 - a Water-bearing, laminated shaly Rmf / rw approaches 1.0. Thin,
POTENTIAL sands (<R,). 3>Rt ZOnes. Hydrocarbon-bearing.
(SP curve)
Large electro-kinetic and /or inva-
Vcl = (PSP - SPmin)/(SSP - SPrain) c < 1.0 as function of clay sion effects,
type.
Vd=1.0-cx«
1.0- a=log A/log [(A - Vd x B)/ Knowledge of several parameters required, including a, R,, Rxo, R,,.
(l-Vc,xB)] Similar limitations as for straightforward SP equations.

where A = R|/Rxo,
B = R,/R,.|

1.0-o = (KxVdxW)/(KxVclxW K = log-derived coefficient, W = clay porosity from bulk and matrix
+ts») Pd; Sx0 = flushed zone water saturation; laboratory-derived, too many
requirements.

GAMMA RAY Vd = (GR - Only clay minerals are radio Radioactive minerals other than
active. clays (mica, feldspar, silt).

Vd = C(GR - - GRmin) C<1.0, frequently approx Only potassium-deficient kaolinite


imately 0.5 when Vd<40lft. present. Uranium enrichment in
permeable, fractured zones.

Vd = (GR-W)/Z
Radiobarite scales on casing.
where W, Z = geologic area coefficient. Severe washouts (<KGR).

Vd=0.33(22VCL-1.0)* Highly consolidated and Younger, unconsolidated rocks.


Mesozoic rocks.

Vd = 0.083(23JVCL-1.0) Tertiary elastics. Older, consolidated rocks.

•where VCL = (GR -

SPECTRALOG fd = (A-Arain)/(Araax-Amin) Conditions similar to gamma Similar to gamma ray discussion.


Gamma ray spectral ray discussion. A = Spectralog However, uranium enrichment in
logging provides 'd = C(A-An,in)/(Anlax-Amin) readings (K in %, Th in ppm). permeable, fractured zones and
individual measurements Anin = minimum value (K or radiobarite build-up are no limita
of potassium (K,%) and rd = 0.33(22VCL-1.0)* Th) in clean zones. tions.
thorium (Th, ppm) A^ = maximum values (K, If Th-curve is used, localized ben-
content. Vd = O.O83(2"VCL-l.O)» Th) in essentially pure shales. tonite streaks should be ignored.

•where VCL = (A- - Amin)

RESISTIVITY Low porosity zones (car- High porosity water sand, high
If several resistivity logs bonate, marls), pay zones with Rd - values.
are available, use the one low(Sw-Swir).
which exhibits highest
resistivity values in sub where b = 1.0 , from 0.5 to 1.0.
ject well. b = 2.0 Rd approaches R,

vd = - R«)/ [Rt(Rmax - R«i)] }S In clean hydrocarbon-bearing


zones, one calculates Vd=0.

where
(l/b)= 1.0 when
(1/b) =0.5/(1 -

NEUTRON
High gas saturation or very is low.
low reservoir porosity.

+mjn can be varied.

11-1

261
KSit
ATLAS

Log-Derived Clay Content Indicators

LOGGING CURVE MATHEMATICAL RELATIONSHIP FAVORABLE CONDITIONS UNFAVORABLE CONDITIONS

PULSED NEUTRON Vd = {I-2rain)/ftIlax-2min) Fresh water environment, low


porosity and gas-bearing
zones.

Vd =

DENSITY-NEUTRON Vd = Too low Vd in prolific gas zones.


(PSh - Pf) (+Nma " 1 -0) - (4>Nsh ~ 1 0) (Praa - Pf) Don't use with severe hole condi
tions.
Lithology affected.

DENSITY-ACOUSTIC Vcl =
(Atma-Atf) (P5h-Pf)-(Pma-Pf) (Atsh-Atf)

Less dependent on lithology Badly washed out, wellbores.


and fluid conditions than
DEN-NEU crossplot. Highly undercompacted forma
tions (shallow, overpressures).
Use in gauge boreholes.

NEUTRON-ACOUSTIC Vc,=
(Atma-Atf)(0Nsh- l.O)-(0Nma-

Use only in gas-bearing zones Similar effects due to shaliness on


with low S«,. both logs.

11-1 (Contd)

262
KM
WESTERN
ATLAS

Permeability and Water Cut Determination

Permeability Determination This equation assumes viscous or laminar flow of


homogeneous fluids through a medium of uniform
Permeability is a measure of the fluid conductivity of packing and uniform cross section. In reality, nature
the rocks, i.e., that property which expresses the ease does not generally allow a single fluid system. The
with which fluid moves through the interconnected pores presence of hydrocarbons presents the problem of
of a rock without alteration of the original rock matrix. having up to three elements (oil, gas, and water) in the
The term darcy, after Henry Darcy,16 is used in pore space. For such cases, the effective permeability, or
expressing the unit of measurement of the permeability the ability of the rock to conduct a particular fluid in the
of a rock. By definition, "a porous medium has a presence of other fluids, is important. The ratio between
permeability of one darcy when a single phase fluid of the effective permeability to a particular fluid at a partial
one centipoise viscosity that completely fills the voids of saturation and the permeability at 100% saturation
the medium will flow through it under 'conditions of (absolute permeability) is termed relative permeability.
viscous flow' at a rate of 1 cm/sec/cm2 of cross- Effective permeability and relative permeability are both
sectional area under a pressure or equivalent hydraulic of primary importance in evaluating a reservoir's poten
gradient of one atmosphere (76.0 cm of Hg) per centi tial productivity of hydrocarbons and in the determina
meter." Darcy's Law is given by: tion of a reservoir's effective lifetime for economical
hydrocarbon production.
While Darcy's Law is well stated, assumptions and
M dx modifications must be made to the equation to try to
determine permeability from well log data. As of this
q = volume per unit time, cm/sec date, no single generalized equation relating wireline log
data to permeability can be used under all conditions
k = permeability constant, darcys with accuracy. Table I shows some of the most common
approaches to determine permeability from log data.
A = cross-sectional area, cm2 Most of the equations in the table were derived for use
in granular sandstone reservoirs; however, these same
M = fluid viscosity, cP equations have been used with varying degrees of success
in carbonate reservoirs. To achieve any form of
accuracy, a large amount of core analysis data are
-j- = hydraulic gradient, atm/cm
necessary to construct a set of calibration curves, before
any empirically based relationship can be accurately
applied to any given field.
TABLE I

PERMEABILITY ESTIMATION USING WIRELINE LOG DATA

Equation Comments Reference

kA dp Darcy's Law, single fluid homogeneous porous media 16

f = factor is
k =
S = inner surface of rock (cmVcm3)

A] = empirical constant, sometimes referred to as Kozeny's 19


constant

S = surface area per unit bulk volume

A2 = empirical constant 19
k = A,
(1 -
So = surface area per unit volume of solid material

A3 = empirical constant 19

Sp = surface area per unit volume of pore space

11-2

263
Permeability and Water Cut Determination

264
Bit
WESTERN '
ATLAS

Permeability and Water Cut Determination

265
Logging Parameters for ATLAS

Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

^I

266
WES1ERM
Logging Parameters for ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

267
WESTERN
Logging Parameters for ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

268
iSil
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

269
ISM
Logging Parameters for WESTERN
ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

270
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

271
RSifl
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

272
Logging Parameters for
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

273
RSifl
Logging Parameters for WESTERN
ATLAS
Various Elements, Minerals, and Rock Types

274
WESTERN
ATLAS

Densities of Metamorphic Rocks

275
Classification of Water Saturation Equations ATLAS
in Shaly Clastic Reservoir Rock

276
Classification of Water Saturation Equations
in Shaly Clastic Reservoir Rock

Reference Equation' Type" Comments

C»(1-
Algerefa/. C, = Clay slurry model.
F relates to total volume occupied by
fluid and clay.
Sw relates to fluid-filled pore space.

Husten and Anton C, = -jr-Sl 3 F=Mo,2 where o, is the total


interconnected porosity.

■(-■IE
Sw relates to total interconnected pore
space.

Patchett and Herrick C, = ■BQvSw*Vsh( Laminated sand-shale model.


Vih = volume fraction of laminated
shales only.
F relates to total interconnected
porosity within shaly-sand streaks.
S« relates to total interconnected pore
space within shaly-sand streaks.

Poupon and Leveaux C, = — "Indonesia" formula.

Poupon and Leveaux Cf = — Simplified Indonesia formula for

Raiga-Clemenceau q
et al. C, =>—-Si- 4 "Dual-porosity" model: oOlV =o, -o(

'F relates 10 tree-ftunJ porosity unless otherwtse staled. S. relates to tree-fluid pore space unless otherwise stated; equations are written with n • 2

"TYPE EQUATIONS FOR S. RELATIONSHIPS

Type 1: C, -nS^ + > Type 3 C,-ftS* *JS'. + >


No interactive term; 5A does not Interactive term. S u does not appear in
appear in bolt) terms. all terms.

Type 2: ,2^ Type 4 C, -aS^-JS^+->S*.


No interactive term; S, appears in bolh interactive term; 6\ appears m all
terms terms

a ■> predominant sand (arm; ;J - predominani interactive term; i » predominant shale term /. the saturation expononi, is
an interactive term. s. the saturation exponent, is a shate term

115 (Contd)

277
KSil
WESTERN
ATLAS
References

1. "Supplement V to 1965 Standard — Letter and paper presented at the 1979 CWLS Formation
Computer Symbols for Well Logging and Formation Evaluation Symposium, Calgary, OctobcrA
Evaluation," JPT (October 1975) 1244-1261.
14. Larionov, V.V.: "Borehole Radiometry," Nedra, M.
2. "Supplement V to 1965 Standard — Letter and (1969), 327.
Computer Symbols for Well Logging and Formation
Evaluation," JPT (October 1975) 1244-1261. 15. Fertl, W.H.: "Gamma Ray Spectral Data Assists in
Complex Formation Evaluation, Trans., 1979 6th
3. Graton, L.C. and Fraser, H.J.: "Systematic Packing SPWLA European Formation Evaluation Sympo
of Spheres with Particular Relation to Porosity and sium, London, March 26-27.
Permeability,"/ Geol. (1935) 43, 785-909.
16. Darcy, H.: Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de
4. Folk, R.L.: Petrology of Sedimentary Rocks, Dijon, Victor Dalmont, Paris (1856).
Hemphill Publishing Co., Austin, TX (1974).
17. Recommended Practices for Determining Perme
5. Bigelow, E.L.: "Making More Intelligent Use of ability of Porous Media, American Petroleum
Log-Derived Dip Information, Part III: Computer Institute, APR RP No. 27 (September 1952).
Processing Considerations," The Log Analyst
(1985), No. 3. 18. Englchart, W.V. and Pitter, H.: "Uberdie
Zusammenhangc Zwischen Porositat, Permeabilitat
6. Bigelow, E.L.: "Making More Intelligent Use of and Komgrobe bei Sanden and Sansteinen,"
Log-Derived Dip Information, Part V: Stratigraphic Heidelb. Beitr. Min. Petrogr. (1951), 2,477.
Interpretation," The Log Analyst (1985), No. 5.
19. Carmen, P.C.: Flow of Gases Through Porous
7. Potter II, R.W. and Brown, D.L.: 'The Volumetric Media, Acad. Press, Inc., New York (1956).
Properties of Aqueous Sodium Chloride Solutions
from 0° to 500° at Pressures Up to 2000 bars Based 20. Timur, A.: "An Investigation of Permeability,
on a Regression of Available Data in the Literature," Porosity, and Residual Water Saturation Relation
U.S. Geol. Surv. Bull. 1421-C (1977). ships," Trans., 1968 SPWLA 9th Annual Logging
Symposium, June 23-26.
8. Bigelow, E.L.: "A Practical Approach to the Interpre
tation of the Cement Bond Log," JPT(iu\y 1985). 21. Morris, R.L. and Biggs, W.P.: "Using Log-Derived
Values of Water Saturation and Porosity, Trans.,
9. Tixier, M.P.: "Evaluation of Permeability from 1967 SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, June
Electric Log Resistivity Gradients," Oil & Gas J. 11-14.
(June 1949).
22. Coatcs, G.R. and Dumanoir, J.L.: "A New
10. Archie, G.E.: 'The Electrical Resistivity Log as an Approach to Improved Log Derived Permeability,
Aid in Determining Some Reservoir Characteristics," Trans., 1973 SPWLA 4th Annual Logging Sympo
Trans., AIME (1942) 146, 54-67. sium, May 6-9.

11. Fertl, W.H.: "Status of Shaly Sand Evaluation," 23. Jones, P.J.: "Production Engineering and Reservoir
paper I presented at the 1972 4th CWLS Formation Mechanics (Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas)," Oil
Evaluation Symposium, Calgary, May 9-10. & Gas J. (\945).

12. Clavier, C. et al.: "The Theoretical and Experimental 24. Brown, A. and Hussein, S.: "Permeability from
Basis for the Dual Water Model for the Interpreta Well Logs, Shaybah Field, Saudia Arabia," Trans.,
tion of Shaly Sands," paper SPE 6859 presented at 1977 SPWLA 18th Annual Logging Symposium,
the 1977 SPE Annual Technical Conference and June.
Exhibition, Denver, CO, Oct. 9-12.
25. Lebreton, F. et al.: "Acoustic Method and Device
13. Frost, E. and Fertl, W.H.: "Integrated Core and Log for Determining Permeability Logs in Boreholes,"
Analysis Concepts in Shaly Clastic Reservoirs," U.S. Patent No. 3,622,969 (1971).

278
WESTERN
ATLAS
References (Contd)

26. Fertl, W.H. and Vercellino, W.C.: "Predict Water


Cut from Well Logs," Oil & Gas J. (June 1978).

27. Boatman, E.M.: "An Experimental Investigation of


Some Relative Permeability-Relative Electrical
Conductivity Relationships," Master's thesis. The
University of Texas, Austin, TX (1961).

28. Smithson, Scott B.: Title unknown, Geophys.


(August 1971), 4, No. 4, 690-694.

279
Bibliography

1. Clavier, C. and Rust, D.H.: "MID Plot: A New paper presented at the 1979 CWLS Formation
Lithology Technique," The Log Analyst (1969), Nov.- Evaluation Symposium, Calgary, OctoberA
Dec.
14. Larionov, V.V.: "Borehole Radiometry," Nedra, M.
2. Desai, K. and Moore, E.J.: "Equivalent NaCl (1969), 327.
Determination from Ionic Concentrations," The Log
Analyst (1969), No. 3. 15. Fertl, W.H.: "Gamma Ray Spectral Data Assists in
Complex Formation Evaluation, Trans., 1979 6th
3. Ellis, D. et al.: "Mineral Logging Parameters: Nuclear SPWLA European Formation Evaluation Sympo
and Acoustic," The Technical Review 36, No. 1, 38-53. sium, London, March 26-27.

4. Fertl, W.H.: "Shaly Sand Analysis in Development 16. Darcy, H.: Les Fontaines Publiques de la Ville de
Wells," Trans., SPWLA (1975). Dijon, Victor Dalmont, Paris (1856).

5. Gaymard, R. and Poupon, A.: "Response of Neutron 17. Recommended Practices for Determining Perme
Density Logs in Hydrocarbon-Bearing Formations," ability of Porous Media, American Petroleum
The Log Analyst (1968), Sept.-Oct. Institute, APR RP No. 27 (September 1952).

6. Hingle, A.T.: "Use of Logs in Exploration Problems," 18. Englehart, W.V. and Pitter, H.: "Uber die
paper presented at the 1959 SPE International Zusammenhange Zwischen Porositat, Permcabilitat
Meeting, Los Angeles. and Korngrobe bei Sanden and Sansteinen,"
Heidelb. Beitr. Min. Petrogr. (1951). 2,477.
7. Kowalski, J.J.: "Formation Strength Parameters from
Well Logs," Trans., SPWLA (1975). 19. Carmen, P.C.: Flow of Gases Through Porous
Media, Acad. Press, Inc., New York (1956).
8. Larinov, V.V.: "Borehole Radiometry," Nedra,
Moskwa(l969). 20. Timur, A.: "An Investigation of Permeability,
Porosity, and Residual Water Saturation Relation
9. Lawrence, T.D. and Fernandez, J.: "Simplified ships," Trans., 1968 SPWLA 9th Annual Logging
Dielectric Log Interpretation in Variable Salinities Symposium, June 23-26.
Using Resistivity Versus Phase Angle Crossplots,"
Trans., SPWLA (1987). 21. Morris, R.L. and Biggs, W.P.: "Using Log-Derived
Values of Water Saturation and Porosity, Trans.,
10. Morris, R.L. and Biggs, W.P.: "Using Log-Derived 1967 SPWLA Annual Logging Symposium, June
Values of Water Saturation and Porosity," Trans., 11-14.
SPWLA (1967).
22. Coates, G.R. and Dumanoir, J.L.: "A New
11. Overton, H.L. and Lipson, L.B.: "A Correlation of Approach to Improved Log Derived Permeability,
Electrical Properties of Drilling Fluids with Solid Trans., 1973 SPWLA 4th Annual Logging Sympo
Content, " Trans., AIME (1958), 213, 333-36. sium, May 6-9.

12. Oliver, D.W. et al.: "Continuous Carbon/Oxygen 23. Jones, P.J.: "Production Engineering and Reservoir
(C/O) Logging - Instrumentation, Interpretive Mechanics (Oil, Condensate, and Natural Gas)," Oil
Concepts, and Field Applications," Trans., SPWLA & Gas J. (1945).
(1981).
24. Brown, A. and Hussein, S.: "Permeability from
13. Raiga-Clemenceau, J. et al.: "The Concept of Well Logs, Shaybah Field, Saudia Arabia," Trans.,
Acoustic Formation Factor for More Accurate 1977 SPWLA 18th Annual Logging Symposium,
Porosity Determination from Sonic Transit Time June.
Data," The Log Analyst (1988). Jan.-Feb.
25. Lebreton, F. et al.: "Acoustic Method and Device
14. Raymer, L.L. et al.: "An Improved Sonic Transit Time- for Determining Permeability Logs in Boreholes,"
To-Porosity Transform," Trans., SPWLA (1980). U.S. Patent No. 3,622,969 (1971).

280

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