International Journal of Excellence Innovation and Development
||Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2019||Page No. 025-028||
Mechanical Characteristics of Eco-friendly
Concrete Using GGBS and Manufactured
Sand
P. Karthigai Balan
Assistant professor, Department of Civil Engineering, Saranathan College of Engineering, Tiruchirappalli, Tamilnadu, India
Abstract––This paper describes the properties of
concrete with partially replacing the M-Sand for fine
aggregate and GGBS for Cement. M25 grade of concrete
was used for this project. M sand was partially replaced
about 0%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40% and 50%% in the
weight of fine aggregate. GGBS was partially replaced
constantly about 10% in the weight of cement. The
compressive strength and flexural strength of the
concretes were tested and compared with the strength of
the conventional concrete at the curing ages of 7, 14 and
28 days of curing. Test results show that the maximum
strength was attained at 40% replacement of M sand. So
the optimum replacement of M sand is 40% in the
weight of fine aggregate. Further increase in the
percentage of M sand reduces the strength of concrete
than the conventional concrete.
Keywords––Eco-friendly concrete, GGBS, M-sand, Strength
INTRODUCTION
Concrete is prepared by mixing various constituents like
cement, aggregate, water, etc. Which are economically
available. Concrete is a composite material composed of
granular like coarse aggregate embossed in a matrix and
bound together with cement or binder which fills the
space between the particles and glues them together.
Almost three quarters of the concrete is composed of
concrete. To meet the global demand of concrete in
future, it is becoming a more challenging task to find
suitable alternate to natural aggregate for preparing
concrete. Therefore in India the use of alternate sources
for natural aggregate is becoming increasingly
important. GGBS is a co product of iron making
industry. The use of blast furnace slag aggregate in
concrete by replacing natural aggregate is most
promising concept because its impact strength is more
than the natural aggregate. Steel slag aggregate are
already being used as aggregate in asphalt paving road
mixes due to their mechanical strength. The cheapest and
easiest alternate to natural sand is manufactured sand by
crushing rocks or stones in desire sizes and trade by
suitable methods. Sand produced by such means is
known as manufactured/crusher/artificial sand.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Nimitha Vijayaragavan and A S Wayal
The cheapest and easiest alternative to natural sand is
manufactured sand produced by such a means is known
as manufactured crusher or artificial sand. The paper
presents the result of experimental investigation of
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partial and full replacement natural sand by
manufactured sand. The main aim of the paper is to
compare the compressive strength and workability of
concrete with manufactured sand and natural sand in
various proportions.
M. Adams Joe, A. Maria Rajesh, P. Brightson,
M. Premanand
The natural river sand was the cheapest resource of sand.
Compared to the river sand M-sand have a better quality
with more bonding strength. From the experiments
results it is concluded that the M-sand can be used as a
replacement for fine aggregate. It is found that 50%
replacement of fine aggregate by M-sand give maximum
result in strength and durability aspects than the
conventional concrete.
K.G. Hiraskar and Chetan Patil
Blast furnace slag is a by product and using it as
aggregate in concrete will might prove an economical
and eco friendly solution in local region. The demand for
aggregate is increasing rapidly and so as the demand of
concrete. The results shows that it has properties similar
to natural aggregates and it would not cause any harm if
incorporated into concrete. There is no negative effects.
EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
Cement
Cement is the most important constituent of concrete, it
forms the binding, medium for the discrete ingredients
made out of naturally occurring raw materials and
sometimes blended or inter ground with industrial wastes.
Cement comes in various type and chemical compaction.
For our project we have used OPC 53 grade.
Table 1: Physical properties of cement
Sl. Property Values Standard
No Obtained Value
1 Initial setting time (min) 48 >30
2 Final setting time(min) 240 <600
3 Fineness 3.5 <10
4 Specific gravity 3.07 -
Fine aggregate
Locally available river sand having bulk density of 1.71
kg/m3. Specific gravity of 2.65 and fineness of 5.24.
MANUFACTURED SAND
M-sand used as partial &full replacement for river sand
having bulk density of 1.75 kg/m3. Specific gravity of
2.73 and fineness of 5.24.
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Mechanical characteristics of eco-friendly concrete using GGBS and manufactured sand Balan PK

Table 2: Comparison between river sand and M-sand. Table 6: Properties of steel slag.
Sl. Property River Sand Manufactured S. No Property Values obtained
No Sand 1 Type Uncrushed
1 Particle passing Less than Less than 15 2 Density 3.6kg/m³
75 microns 3% 3 Water absorption 2.5%
2 Specific gravity 2.3 - 2.7 2.5 - 2.9 4 Impact value 28%
3 Water Absorption 1.5 - 3 % 2 - 4%
4 Surface moisture Up to 7% Up to 10 % Water
5 Soundness value Less Relatively Mixing water quality is required in accordance with the
sound(>5) sound(<5) quality standards of drinking water, the use for PH> 4
clean water.
Table 3: Sieve analysis comparison between natural and
river sand. WORKABILITY TESTS
IS Sieve River Sand (%) M-Sand (%) Slump Cone Test
4.75 mm 99.25 99.75 Slump cone test is one of the most commonly used
2.36 mm 93.50 78.25 method of measuring consistency of concrete.
1.18 mm 48.00 52.00 Consistency of concrete can be measure with the
workability of concrete by determining the slump value.
600 Microns 21.00 38.00
The test is conducted as per the standard procedure for
300 Microns 04.00 21.00
different samples and the slump value for all those
150 micron 0.05 05.00 samples were found out. The slump value of concrete is
58mm at the W/c ratio of 0.5
Coarse aggregate
Natural coarse aggregate Compaction Factor Test
Crushed natural aggregates with maximum grain size of Compaction factor value of concrete is very much useful
20 mm with standard abrasion value and impact and to determine the workability of concrete. This process
crushing strength value. done with compaction factor testing apparatus. The test
was conducted as per procedure and the different weight
Table 4: Mechanical properties of Natural Coarse of cylinder is noted when partially compacted and fully
aggregate. compacted conditions. And the compaction factor value
Sl. No Property Obtained Value of concrete is 93% at the W/c ratio of 0.5.
1 Type Crushed
2 Maximum size 20mm Vee Bee Consistometer Test
3 Specific gravity 2.50 To determine the workability of fresh concrete by using a
4 Total water absorption 0.5% Vee – Bee consistometer as per IS: 1199 – 1959. The
5 Moisture content 0.7% apparatus used is Vee- Bee consistometer. This results the
6 Fineness modulus 7.6 workability of concrete at different W/c ratio. And the
7 Impact value 18.40% allowable vee-bee value is noted and used for different
uses. When applying w/c ratio of 0.5, the concrete become
stiff and the Vee- Bee result is 8 seconds. The workability
GGBS aggregate
of the given concrete concluded that the concrete is
Generally steel possess high tensile strength and impact
suitable for medium workability.
strength and stee slag is used as an aggregate as an
aggregate to improve the flexural and tensile strength of
concrete and steel slag will also be an economical MIX PROPORTION OF CONCRETE
replacement compared with conventional aggregate. We are used M25 type of concrete for testing of
Ground Granulated Blast Furnace Slag is an industrial concrete. And the calculated mix proportion value of the
by product obtained from the extraction of ‘iron’ from M25 concrete is given below,
ores which is a complex process requiring a number of
other materials which are added as flux or catalysts. Table 7: Mix proportion for m25 concrete.
After making steel these ingredients forming a matrix Water Cement Fine Coarse
are to be periodically cleaned up. Removed in bulk, it is (Litres/m³) (Kg/m3) Aggregate Aggregate
known as steel-slag. This steel slag consists of silicates (Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
and oxides. Therefore here, GGBS is used as an 199 398 652 1109
aggregate to produce concrete of good tensile strength 0.50 1 1.64 2.80
and flexural strength.
TESTING OF HARDENED CONCRETE
Table 5: Chemical Compositions of GGBS aggregate. Compressive strength test
Chemical constituent Portland cement GGBS An important property of hardened concrete is the
CaO 65% 40% compressive strength it is determined by a compression
test on specially produced specimens. The main factor
SiO2 20% 35%
influencing compressive strength are the type of cement,
Al2O3 5% 10% the W/C ratio and the degree of hydration which is
MgO 2% 8% affected mainly by the curing time and method.

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 International Journal of Excellence Innovation and Development
||Volume 2, Issue 1, Jan. 2019||Page No. 025-028||

The compressive strength of the concrete is tested at the Table 9: Observations and results in flexural strength
curing intervals of 7 days, 14 days and finally 28 days. test.
Grade Percentage of Flexural strength
Table 8: Observations and Results in Compressive Replacement (N/mm²)
strength test. 7 days 14 days 28 days
Grade Percentage of Compressive strength M25 M-sand GGBS
Replacement (N/mm²) 0 10 2.87 3.38 4.20
7 days 14 days 28 days 25 10 2.62 3.21 4.10
M25 M-sand GGBS 30 10 2.68 3.27 4.0
0 10 16.33 22.76 24.6 35 10 2.71 3.33 4.30
25 10 16.50 22.14 20.0 40 10 2.59 3.22 4.60
30 10 16.43 22.44 24.9 45 10 2.41 3.10 4.23
50 10 2.39 3.0 4.34
35 10 16.67 22.55 23.2
40 10 18.42 23.65 25.8
45 10 15.23 21.45 24.0 Flexural Strength Test
50 10 14.0 20.10 23.1 5
Conventional
4.5
Compressive Strength Test 4 25%MS 10%
35 GGBS
3.5
30%MS
Convention
3 10%GGBS
30
2.5 35%MS
25%MS 10%GGBS
25 10%GGBS 2 40%MS
30%MS 1.5 10%GGBS
20 10%GGBS 45%MS
1
35%MS 10%GGBS
15 10%GGBS 0.5 50%MS
40%MS 0 10%GGBS2
10 10%GGBS 7 days 14 days 28 days
45%MS
5 10%GGBS CONCLUSION
50%MS Experimental study on replacement of natural river sand
by M-sand and natural coarse aggregate by GGBS
0 10%GGBS
aggregate shows the successful results of
7 days 14 days 28 days a. Natural sand replaced by M-sand at the ratios of
25%, 50%, 75% and 100%
Result b. Natural Coarse aggregate replaced by GGBS
75% replacement of natural river sand by M-Sand and aggregate at the ratios of 0%, 10%, 20%, and 30%.
20 % replacement of natural aggregate by GGBS c. 75% replacement of fine aggregate by M-sand and
aggregate results in increasing the compressive strength 20% replacement of coarse aggregate by GGBS
of the concrete. aggregate gives optimum strength.
d. The result proves that the M-sand is a perfect
Flexural strength test alternate to river sand at the ratio of 75%
Flexural strength of concrete is the ability of a concrete e. GGBS aggregate proved the strength development
to resist failure in bending.. Flexural strength is an in Eco-Friendly concrete at the ratio of 20%.
significant characteristic of concrete as concrete in f. The positive result comes by the irregular shape,
structures are mostly subjected to bending. Flexural size of both M-sand and GGBS aggregate, which
strength is performed by casting prism. The specimens provides better bonding between the particles in
are well cured with water as short period of drying can concrete.
produce a sharp drop in flexural strength. It is therefore g. The successful result shows the positive in
the specimens are well cured and the test results were replacement of Manufactured sand at the ratio of
calculated for 7 days, 14 days and 28 days respectively. 75% and GGBS as 20%.

The flexural strength of concrete prism specimen is to be REFERENCE

expressed as the modulus of rupture fb and was [1] Studies on strength behaviour of high volumes of
investigated by measuring the load and it was calculated slag concrete. By T. Vijayagowri and P.
by using the equation. Srinivasan Rao.

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Mechanical characteristics of eco-friendly concrete using GGBS and manufactured sand Balan PK

[2] Determination of mechanical strength for high [3] Effects of M sand on compressive Strength and
grade concrete by partial Replacement of M sand Workability of concrete. By A.S Wayal Nimitha
by Abhishekkullkarni, Kalayani Bhutada on issue Vijayaragavan on issue 2013.
May 05 2014.

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