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Accepted Article
Stability of infinite slopes investigated with elastoplasticity and hypoplasticity
Standsicherheit unendlich langer Böschungen untersucht mit Elastoplastizität und Hypoplastiztät
It is commonly assumed that the maximum slope angle β of with, σI′ and σIII
′
, the major and the minor principal stress
an infinite cohesionless slope is equal to the friction angle of (compression positive), respectively
the soil ϕ. However, this relation holds only for a dilatancy
σI′ − σIII
′
angle ψ equal to the friction angle if the Mohr-Coulomb fail- sin ϕm = (1)
ure criterion is employed. This article demonstrates that the σI + σIII
′ ′
increase of the soil strength due to the plain-strain conditions is related to a Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion. This mobilized
in an infinite slope allows for using β = ϕ as a conservative ap- friction angle reaches during shearing a maximum value, the
proximation for ϕ < 35◦ and ψ > ϕ/3. Further, the presented so-called peak friction angle ϕp = max ϕm , and (for initially
calculations support the common practice in geotechnical engi- dense samples) will decrease to the so-called critical friction
neering of using the strength parameters obtained from triaxial angle ϕc . The specimen will change its volume throughout
tests in limit state calculations like the Bishop’s method with- shearing. An angle of dilatancy can be calculated to be used
out further consideration of the dilatancy. However, it seems in a flow rule of an elasto-plastic material model. For example,
to be more appropriate to use direct shear tests when possible, in triaxial conditions it follows for a Mohr-Coulomb like flow
i.e. for fine grained soils. rule
Es wird üblicherweise angenommen, dass die maximale Nei- ε̇v
tan ψm = − , (2)
gung β einer unendlich langen, kohäsionslosen Böschung dem 2ε̇1 − ε̇v
Reibungswinkel ϕ des Materials entspricht. Bei der Verwen- where we use the same index m as for the mobilized friction
dung des Versagenskriteriums nach Mohr-Coulomb ist das je- angle, to emphasize that these two values are coupled. We
doch nur korrekt für Böden mit Dilatanzwinkel ψ gleich dem denote the value of ψm at the peak of shear strength with ψp .
Reibungswinkel. In diesem Beitrag wird gezeigt, dass in Folge At critical state ψm = ψc = 0. Another mobilized friction angle
des ebenen Verzerrungszustandes β = ϕ als konservative Schät- can be calculated from a simple shear or direct shear test with
zung verwendet werden kann wenn ϕ < 35◦ und ψ > ϕ/3 gilt. the applied normal stress σn′ and the measured shear stress τ
Außerdem bestätigen die angestellten Berechnungen die übli- τ
che Vorgehensweise in der Geotechnik Standsicherheitsunter- tan φm = ′ , (3)
σn
suchungen, wie zum Beispiel das Lamellenverfahren nach Bi-
which is related to a Coulomb failure criterion. Again we will
shop, mit Festigkeitsparameter aus dem Triaxialversuch ohne
find a peak value for dense specimens φp = max φm and a
Berücksichtigung der Dilatanz durchzuführen. Es scheint jedoch
critical value φc for large shear strains. The peak friction angle
angemessener, wenn möglich Rahmenscherversuche durchzu-
is used in the calculations following. Hence, we will abbreviate
führen, um die erforderlichen Parameter zu erhalten.
ϕ := ϕp and ψ := ψp in triaxial tests, as well as φ := φp in
simple or direct shear tests.
1. Introduction
The mechanical model of the infinite slope is very simple and
3. Mohr-Coulomb – elastoplastic
hence can be easily implemented into Geographical Information The text book derivation for the stability of an infinite slope
Systems (eg. [1, 2, 3]). This model is also very clear and trains relates the normal stress σn′ at the bottom of a lamella (Fig.
the ability to interpret slope stability problems mechanically. 1(a)) with the shear stress at failure τf using a Coulomb fail-
ure criterion. With the silent assumption of ϕ = φ it follows
2. Friction angle and angle of dilatancy of soil that the inclination of the slope β at limit state is equal to
the friction angle ϕ (e.g.[4]). Teunissen and Spierenburg [5]
We extensively use the terms friction angle and angle of dila- posed the question if the material strength in the lamella is
tancy in this article and will therefore start with a definition high enough to remain as a rigid body in this limit state cal-
of our nomenclature. The mobilized friction angle calculated culation. They employed an ideal plastic material model with
This article has been accepted for publication and undergone full peer1 review but has not been through the copyediting, typesetting,
pagination and proofreading process, which may lead to differences between this version and the Version of Record. Please cite this article
as doi: 10.1002/gete.201500021.
Submitted: 13-Jul-2015
Revised: 20-Nov-2015
Accepted: 22-Nov-2015
© 2015 Ernst & Sohn Verlag für Architektur und technische Wissenschaften GmbH & Co. KG, Berlin
www.ernst-und-sohn.de Page Ϯ geotechnik
50
Accepted Article σI′
γ
45
σn′ stable
β β
σIII
′
40
τf
ϕ (◦ )
35
(a) (b)
30 failure
Figure 1: Infinite slope, possible failure of an element.
and Spierenburg [5] proposed a relation for the limit state of Abbildung 2: Grenzzustand einer kohäsionslosen Böschung, β ist die
a slope, which depends on the friction angle and the dilatancy Böschungsneigung, ϕ der Reibungswinkel und ψ ist der Dilatanzwinkel
angle of the material des Materiales.
sin ϕ cos ψ
tan β = . (4) Eq. (4) is limited to the case of an earth pressure coefficient
1 − sin ϕ sin ψ at rest K0 < 1, which should be applicable for most slopes.
If the slope failure is assumed to be a simple shear mechanism The case K0 > 1 is studied in Appendix B.
(Fig. 1 (b)), equation (4) can be derived analytically from a A limit state function g depending on the friction angle ϕ,
simple shear element test employing a linear-elastic perfectly the dilatancy angle ψ and the inclination of the slope β can
plastic material model with a Mohr-Coulomb yield function be established, so that in an ultimate state the value of this
and a non-associated flow rule, see Appendix A. The flow rule function is zero. This limit state function reads
(as derivation of a plastic potential with respect to the stress) sin ϕ cos ψ
g = tan β − (6)
in such models implies coaxiality of the stress tensor and the 1 − sin ϕ sin ψ
plastic stretching tensor. However, calculations with an elasto-
for equation (4). For g(ϕ, ψ, β) < 0 the slope is defined as
plastic material model with a non-coaxial flow rule ([8], [9]) will
stable and a state g(ϕ, ψ, β) > 0 is not feasible, see Fig. 2. The
predict the same values of β. From a relation between Coulomb
red line defines the ultimate state of the slope (g(ϕ, ψ, β) = 0).
and Mohr-Coulomb friction angle proposed in [10] for simple
A point above the line g = 0 results in a stable slope, whereas a
shear conditions, it follows for a non-coaxial flow rule (similar
point below (yellow filled area) results in a failure of the slope.
to a relationship suggested in [11])
In all figures ϕ = β is plotted as a reference. In Fig. 3 the limit
sin ϕ cos(ψ + 2ι) state functions for several dilatancy angles are shown.
tan β = (5) Relation (4) was previously introduced by Davis [12] to in-
1 − sin ϕ sin(ψ + 2ι)
corporate non-associated plasticity in a slip-line analysis. He
with ι = ασ − αε̇ , being the angle of non-coaxiality, i.e. the proposed to use the reduced-strength parameters
deviation of the principal directions of the stress tensor ασ and sin ϕ cos ψ
the strain rate tensor αε̇ , compare Appendix C. Numerical tan ϕ⋆ = (7)
1 − sin ϕ sin ψ
simple shear experiments with discrete elements showed for
cos ϕ cos ψ
K = 0.5 that the angle of non-coaxiality starts with ι < 0 c⋆ = c (8)
1 − sin ϕ sin ψ
and monotonically increases to ι = 0 (i.e. coaxiality) for large
strains. This means that β from (5) is smaller or equal to in combination with an associated flow rule. The same relations
β from (4), which confirms the computations with the elasto- were proposed by Drescher and Detournay [13] for the use in
plastic model mentioned above [8]. For K = 1 the angle of translational failure mechanisms, when a coaxial flow rule is
non-coaxiality ι ≈ 0 throughout the entire shearing [10]. used. The reduced strength parameters have also been recently
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50 σI MN
Accepted Article 45
MC
40
ϕ (◦ )
35
30
β=ϕ
25 MC-EP, ψ = 0 σII σIII
MC-EP, ψ = ϕ/4
MC-EP, ψ = ϕ/3
20 Figure 4: Comparison of Matsuoka-Nakai (blue) and Mohr-Coulomb
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 (red) failure criteria, with marks at triaxial compression test (filled cir-
cle), triaxial extension test (circle) and plane strain states (gray plane).
β (◦ )
Abbildung 4: Vergleich des Matsuoka-Nakai (blau) und Mohr-Coulomb
Figure 3: Limit state g = 0 of a cohesionless infinite slope in an elasto- (rot) Versagenskriteriums, mit Markierungen bei triaxialer Kompressi-
plastic material model with Mohr-Coulomb yield function, Eq. (6). on (gefüllter Kreis), triaxialer Extension (Kreis) und bei ebenem Ver-
zerrungszustand (graue Fläche).
Abbildung 3: Grenzzustand g = 0 einer kohäsionslosen Böschung
mit einem elastoplastischem Materialmodell und einer Mohr-Coloumb
Fließfläche, Gl. (6). where I1 , I2 and I3 are the first, second and the third invariants
of the stress tensor respectively, which can be expressed as
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ϕ (◦ )
35
30
β=ϕ
25 MN-EP, ψ = 0
MN-EP, ψ = ϕ/4
MN-EP, ψ = ϕ/3
20
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
β (◦ )
Figure 5: End points of simple shear calculations in the principal stress
space for different friction angles ϕ and dilatancy angles ψ.
Figure 6: Limit state g = 0 for Matsuoka-Nakai failure criterion.
Abbildung 5: Endpunkte der Simple Shear Berechnungen im Haupt-
spannungsraum für unterschiedliche Reibungswinkel ϕ und Dila- Abbildung 6: Grenzzustand g = 0 für das Matsuoka-Nakai Versagens-
tanzwinkel ψ. kriterium.
An different approach towards computing the limit state of a For the special case of critical state (ψ = 0) this can be
slope is to determine the required friction angle for its stability. simplified to [21]
For this purpose, in the first step the full stress tensor has to p
be calculated. The shear and normal stresses in every depth 18 cos2 β − 15 cos4 β − 3
of the slope are already known from the classical approach. sin ϕc = . (22)
5 cos2 β − 1
The remaining stresses need to be determined. Haefeli [20]
has proposed a graphical kinematic solution for this task, an The results of the computation of the required friction angle
analytical method is presented in [21]. Both methods are based for different dilatancies are shown in Fig. 8., which agree quite
on the assumption that the stress and stretching tensors are well with the elastoplastic solution with Masuoka-Nakai.
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40 ϕ
-300
σ1 − σ2 (kPa)
Accepted Article 30
ϕm (◦ )
-200
20
-100 10
0 0
0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3
ε1 ε1
20
ψ
0.06
0
ψm (◦ )
0.04
εv
0.02
0 -20
-0.02
0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3 -40
ε1 0 -0.05 -0.1 -0.15 -0.2 -0.25 -0.3
ε1
Figure 9: Triaxial test with Hostun Sand and intial conditions e0 = 0.627, σ0′ = −100 kPa.
Abbildung 9: Triaxialversuch mit Hostun Sand und den Anfangsbedingung e0 = 0.627, σ0′ = −100 kPa.
50 50
45 45
40 40
ϕ (◦ )
ϕ( )
◦
35 35
30 β=ϕ 30 β=ϕ
MN-EP, ψ = 0 MN-K, ψ = 0
appr. ψ = 0 MN-EP, ψ = 0
25 MN-EP, ψ = ϕ/4 MN-K, ψ = ϕ/4
appr. ψ = ϕ/4 25
MN-EP, ψ = ϕ/4
MN-EP, ψ = ϕ/3 MN-K, ψ = ϕ/3
appr. ψ = ϕ/3 MN-EP, ψ = ϕ/3
20 20
20 25 30 35 40 45 50 20 25 30 35 40 45 50
β (◦ ) β (◦ )
Figure 7: Comparison of limit states g = 0 with the approximated rela- Figure 8: Results of the elastoplastic computation with the kinematic
tion (15) and the elastoplastic model with the Matsuoka-Nakai criterion. approach.
Abbildung 7: Vergleich zwischen den Grenzzuständen mit der angenä- Abbildung 8: Ergebnisse der elastoplastischen Berechnung mit kinema-
herten Beziehung (15) und dem Matsuoka-Nakai Versagenskriterium. tischem Ansatz.
5
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40
φ
Accepted Article
50
σ
τ
20 β=ϕ
tan
MN-EP
45 MN-K
Hypo
0 40
0 10 20 30 40 50
γ(◦ )
ϕ (◦ )
35
Figure 10: Simple shear test with Hostun sand and initial conditions
e0 = 0.627, σy′ = −100 kPa and σx
′
= σz = 48.50 kPa.
30
Abbildung 10: Simple Shear Berechnung mit Hostun Sand und den
Anfangszustand e0 = 0.627, σy′ = −100 kPa and σx
′
= σz = 48.50 kPa.
25
6. Hypoplasticity 20
20 25 30 35 40 45 50
Numerical simple shear computations with the hypoplastic ma- β (◦ )
terial model [22, 23] in particular the version of von Wolffers-
dorff [24] can be used to asses the limit state in an infinite
Figure 11: Comparison of the different computations for ψ = 0.
slope. Triaxial test calculations with the material parameters
summarised in Tab. 1 were conducted, e.g. Fig 9. The friction Abbildung 11: Vergleich verschiedener Berechnungen mit ψ = 0.
angle and the dilatancy angle at peak are controlled by the ini-
tial isotropic stress σ0′ and void ratio e0 . The maximum friction
angle and the dilatancy at peak increase with reduction of the
stress and reduction of the initial void ratio.
Simple shear test calculations with the same initial void ra-
tios, materials and vertical stresses σy′ as in the triaxial tests
were made, e.g. Fig. 10. The lateral stresses (σx′ and σz′ ) have 50
been calculated with (1−sin ϕc )σy′ . The maximum shear stress β=ϕ
τf of the simple shear test can be transformed to a slope incli- MN-EP
45 MN-K
nation β with the help of (14). This β is plotted in Figs. 11, 12 Hypo
and 13 together with ϕ and ψ from the corresponding triaxial
calculations for the same material, initial stress and initial void 40
ratio.
ϕ (◦ )
6
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Table 1: Material paramters for the hypoplastic constitutive model in version [24]; This hypoplastic model has eight parameters: the critical friction
angle ϕc , the granular hardness hs , the void ratios ei0 , e0 and ed0 , the exponents n, α and β.
Tabelle 1: Materialparamter für das hypoplastische Materialmodell in der Verison von [24]; Dieses hypoplastische Modell besitzt acht Parameter:
den kritischen Reibungswinkel ϕc , die Granulathärte hs , die Porenzahlen ei0 , e0 and ed0 , die Exponenten n, α und β.
7
www.ernst-und-sohn.de Page 8 geotechnik
[4] Kolymbas, D.: Geotechnik: Grundbau und Tunnelbau. [17] Matsuoka, H., Nakai, T.: Stress-deformation and strength
Springer, Berlin (2007). characteristics of soil under three different principal
stresses. In Proc. JSCE, volume 232 (1974), pp. 59–70.
[5] Teunissen, J. A. M., Spierenburg, S. E. J.: Stability of
infinite slopes. Geotechnique 45(1995), no. 2, pp. 321–323. [18] Fellin, W.: The rediscovery of infinite slope model/Die
Wiederentdeckung der unendlich langen Böschung. Ge-
[6] Goldscheider, M.: Gültigkeitsgrenzen des statischen Kol- omechanics and Tunnelling 7(2014), no. 4, pp. 299–305.
lapstheorems der Plastomechanik für Reibungsböden.
geotechnik 36(2013), no. 4, pp. 243–263. [19] Schranz, F.: Standsicherheit von unendlich langen Hän-
gen. Master’s thesis, Universität Innsbruck (2014).
[7] Desrues, J., Zweschper, B., Vermeer, P.: Database for
tests on Hostun RF sand. Institutsbericht 13, Institut für [20] Haefeli, R.: Schneemechanik mit Hinweisen auf die Erd-
Geotechnik, Universität Stuttgart (2000). baumechanik. Beiträge zur Geologie der Schweiz, Geotech-
nische Serie, Hydrologie, Lieferung 3 (1939).
[8] Yu, H.-S., Yuan, X.: On a class of non-coaxial plasticity
models for granular soils. Proceedings of the Royal Soci- [21] Fellin, W.: Abschätzung der Standsicherheit von annäh-
ety of London A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering ernd unendlich langen Kriechhängen. geotechnik 34(2011),
Sciences 462(2006), no. 2067, pp. 725–748. no. 1, pp. 22–31.
8
www.ernst-und-sohn.de Page 9 geotechnik
[22] Kolymbas, D.: A generalized hypoelastic constitutive law. A. Simple Shear with Mohr-Coulomb
In Proc. XI Int. Conf. Soil Mechanics and Foundation En-
Accepted Article
gineering, San Francisco, volume 5. Rotterdam: Balkema The Mohr-Coulomb failure criterion is
(1985), p. 2626. σI′ + σIII
′
σ ′ − σIII
′
f= sin ϕ + I . (28)
[23] Kolymbas, D.: An outline of hypoplasticity. Archive of 2 2
Applied Mechanics 61(1991), no. 3, pp. 143–151. For plain strain conditions the principal stresses are
r
[24] von Wolffersdorff, P.-A.: A hypoplastic relation for gran- σ′ + σ′y (σx′ − σy′ )2
ular materials with a predefined limit state surface. Me-
′
σI,III = x ± 2
+ τxy = σ∗ ± τ ∗ , (29)
2 4
chanics of Cohesive-Frictional Materials 1(1996), pp. 251–
271. from replacing (29) in (28) it follows
r
[25] Rowe, P.: The relation between the shear strength of ∗ σx′ + σy′
∗ (σx′ − σy′ )2 2
sands in triaxial compression, plane strain and direct f = σ sin ϕ + τ = sin ϕ + + τxy .
2 4
shear. Géotechnique 19(1969), no. 1, pp. 75–86. (30)
The plastic potential g for Mohr-Coulomb is defined as
[26] Vardoulakis, I., Goldscheider, M.: Biaxialgerät zur Un-
tersuchung der Festigkeit und Dilatanz von Scherfugen in g = σ ∗ sin ψ + τ ∗ . (31)
Böden. geotechnik 3(1980), no. 1, pp. 19–31.
For the calculation in the elastic region also the elastic ma-
[27] Budhu, M.: Lateral stresses observed in two simple terial tensor C e is required, which is
shear apparatus. Journal of Geotechnical Engineering
111(1985), no. 6, pp. 698–711. 1−ν ν 0 ν
e E ν 1−ν 0 ν
C = 0 .
[28] Kolymbas, D.: Eine konstitutive Theorie für Böden und (1 + ν)(1 − 2ν) 0 0.5 − ν 0
andere körnige Stoffe, volume 109 of Veröffentlichungen ν ν 0 1−ν
des Instituts für Bodenmechanik und Felsmechanik der (32)
Universität Fridericiana in Karlsruhe. Institut für Boden- After the yield surface is reached the elastoplastic material
mechanik und Felsmechanik der Universität Fridericiana tensor C ep has to be used, which depends on the actual stress
(1988). state and is calculated with
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τ τ
τxy
Accepted Article τ∗
σy 2α σ′
∗
τxy
′
τ
σ ∗ σx −σy σx′
2 −σ ′
2α ϕ
σy′ σ ∗
10
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0.7 30
Accepted Article
0.6 25
20
0.5
φ(◦ )
15
0.4
τxy
10
σy
K0 = 1 − sin ϕc
0.3 K=1
5 K=2
0.2 K=3
0
K0 = 0.5 0 10 20 30 40 50
0.1 K = 1.25 γ( )
◦
K = 2.33
0 Figure 17: Stress-strain curves for different values of K and loose Hostun
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012 sand (σy = −200 kPa, e0 = 0.822 kPa).
ε12
Abbildung 17: Spannungs-Dehnungslinien für unterschiedliche Werte
von K und lockeren Hostun Sand (σy = −200 kPa, e0 = 0.822 kPa).
Figure 16: Stress-strain curves for different values of K (ϕ = 30◦ and
ψ = ϕ/4).
Abbildung 16: Spannungs-Dehnungslinien für unterschiedliche Werte K > 1 by calculations with the Mohr-Coulomb elasto-plastic
von K (ϕ = 30◦ und ψ = ϕ/4). model in slope stability design.
The relation of σx′ and σy′ can be calculated with α = 45◦ +ψ/2 C. Coaxiality
and is
The angle between the direction of the largest principal stress
σ′ σ ∗ − τ ∗ cos 2α 1 + sin ϕ sin ψ and the horizontal is defined as ασ . Analogically the angle
K = x′ ≥ ∗ = . (48)
σy σ + τ ∗ cos 2α 1 − sin ϕ sin ψ between the horizontal axes and the principal strain rate ε̇1 is
If the lateral stress is also higher than in the second solution defined as αε̇ for the elastoplastic calculations and αD for the
of (42) (α = ϕ/2 + 45◦ ) the shear strain reaches a maximum hypoplastic calculations.
for the given friction angle. The lateral stress coefficient has For the elastoplastic calculation it can be seen in Fig. 19
to be higher than that the stress and strain rate are not coaxial at the begin-
ning. However, the directions converge with on going shearing
σx′ σ ∗ − τ ∗ cos 2α 1 + sin2 ϕ and are practically the same after a long shearing. As already
K= ≥ = (49)
σy′ σ ∗ + τ ∗ cos 2α cos2 ϕ mentioned in section 3, ασ is for K < 1 always smaller than
αε̇ .
and the relation between shear and normal stress is tan ϕ, if For the hypoplastic calculation the coaxiality of stress and
(46) is used, what also means ϕ = φ. deformation rate tensor is also not given (cf. Fig. 20) at the
In Figure 16 stress-strain-curves for the three different lateral beginning. Just as in the elasto-plastic calculations after a
stress coefficient K are plotted. It can be seen that for a normal long shearing the stress tensor and deformation rate tensor are
consolidated soil (blue line, K0 = 1 − sin ϕ) the shear stress coaxial.
increases until the maximum is reached. For a coefficient higher
than in (48) (red line, K > 1.13 for this pair of ϕ and ψ) a peak
can be reached, which is higher than in a normal consolidated
soil. After the peak the shear stress decreases again until the
value of the normal consolidated soil is reached. In the case of a
lateral stress coefficient also higher than (49) (in this case K >
1.67) a peak value of tan ϕ can be reached (green line). After
that the shear stress also decreases to the normal consolidated
value.
Note, that simple shear computations with hypoplasticity do
not confirm an increasing φ with increasing K, Fig. 17. More-
over, for dense soil the opposite trend is predicted, Fig. 18.
Hence, we do not recommend to use the higher φ predicted for
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40
Accepted Article
35
30
25
φ(◦ )
20
15
K0 = 1 − sin ϕc
10 K=1
5 K=2
K=3
0
0 10 20 30 40 50
γ(◦ )
Figure 18: Stress-strain curves for different values of K and dense Hostun
sand (σy = −100 kPa, e0 = 0.627 kPa).
50
40
angle ( )
◦
30
20
ασ
10 αε̇
0
0 0.0002 0.0004 0.0006 0.0008 0.001 0.0012
ε12
Figure 19: The principal direction of the stress tensor ασ and the strain
rate tensor αε̇ in an elasto-plastic calculation (ϕ = 30◦ , ψ = ϕ/4).
60
50
angle ( )
40
◦
30
20 ασ
10 αD
0
0 2 4 6 8 10
◦
γ ( )
Figure 20: The principal direction of the stress tensor ασ and the defor-
mation tensor αD in a hypoplastic calculation (σx = σz = 4.85 kPa, σy =
10 kPa, e = 0.667, Hostun Sand).
12