PL5101 – Planning Analytical Method

RESUME – ASSOCIATION ANALYSIS

Ayu Erlinna – 25418024

Association Analysis is included to Bivariate
Measurement which means that the concept involving two
variables. Furthermore, this concept has three characteristics,
which are:
1. Existence of the variables
2. Strength of the existence, if it is exist
3. Pattern/ direction of the association
The direction of the association can be either ​positive (when the
variables vary in the same direction) or ​negative
association (when the variables vary in the opposite
direction).
There are three kinds of measurement level that can be
process with this analysis:
Type Characteristic
al er of categories, not applicable in
math calculation, only can see the
mode
tial data/ rank, not applicable in
math calculation, can see the mode
& median
-Ratio numbers, has true zero, has true
equal interval, applicable in every
math calculation, can see the
mode, median, & mean
Association Analysis has two types of association that
can be used,: ​1) Correlative​: that indicating relationship
between one variable with another variable and can be used for
all types of measurement level; ​2) Experimental​: has causal
relationship in which one variable can affect other variable, but
it can be used for Interval-Ratio only.
For ​nominal variables​, suitable analysis methods are:
1. Chi Square Based (CA)
Assess the strength of the association between two
variables (2x2) by computing a ​phi (ᴓ). The minimum result is
0 (weak relationship), immediate result is 0.11 – 0.3 (moderate
relationship), and maximum result is > 0,30 (strong
relationship). However, for the table larger than two variables
(>2x2) we use ​Crammer’s V.
2. Proportional Reduction in Error (PRE)-Based (CA)
This method measure two different predictions about
the scores of cases on the dependent variables. To measure the
strength of the association we calculate pre-measure called
lambda (λ). The result of this method will be ranged from 0.00
to 1.00. When we multiplied by 100, the value of (λ) indicates
the strength associated with percentage of error reduction.
For ​ordinal variables​, suitable analysis methods are:
1. Collapsed Ordinal-Level Variables (CA)
This method used for ordinal-level variables that have
limited number of categories. For ​gamma (G) we predict
whether one case will have higher or lower score than the
other. The result will be ranged from 0.00 (no association) to ±
1.00 (perfect relationship). In terms of the logic of (G), the
result has pattern whether it is ​positive relationship (if both
variables rank in same order) or ​negative relationship (if
variables rank in opposite order).
Other method can be used to calculate are ​Somer’s d
Coefficient ​depend on which variable set as dependent variable
and ​Kendall Tau-b Coefficient ​which do not differ
independent and dependent variable.
2. Continue Ordinal-Level Variables (CA)
Different from the previous, this method can be used for
some ordinal-level variables that have a broad range and many
distinct scores and it called ​Spearman’s RHO (r​s​). ​The result
ranges from 0.00 (no association) to ± 1.00 (perfect
association) whether it ​is positive relationship (+ 1.00) if
there were no disagreement or negative relationship (- ​1.00)
if there were perfect disagreement. ​Moreover, if the rho
squared ​(r​2​s​) it represents the proportional reduction in
errors while predicting rank.​ The formula is
Lastly, for Interval-Ratio variables ​suitable analysis
methods are:
1. Scattergrams and Regression Analysis (EA)
It has two dimensions which are independent variable
(X) and dependent variable (Y). Each dot in scattergram
represents a case in the sample and the dot’s location represents
the scores of the case on both variables. The result of the
scattergram can be seen from the overall pattern of the dots by
drawing a straight line called ​regression line. ​The ​more the
dots cluster ​around the regression line the stronger the
association. ​The angle of the regression line also represent
positive (if the line increase in X axis)​, ​negative (if the line
slope in X axis​), or ​zero relationship (if the line steady/ flat).
2. Correlative Coefficient Pearson r (CA)
(r) is an index of the strength of the linear relationship
between two variables, with value 0.00-0.30 describe as weak,
0.30-0.60 describe as moderate, and more than 0.60 describe as
strong.
 PL5101 – Planning Analytical Method

3. Variance Analysis (ANOVA) (EA)

To identify and measure the various source of a
variation within a collection of data by comparing mean square
between with mean square within (F). ​If the F (obtained) < F
(result) it means that it fail to reject Null Hypothesis.