Académique Documents
Professionnel Documents
Culture Documents
Shuaib H. Ahmad
Assistant Professor of Civil Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
North Carolina State University
Raleigh, North Carolina
92
Increased stiffness is advantageous
when deflections or stability govern the Synopsis
design, while increased tensile strength
is advantageous for service load design Experimental data on the structural
in prestressed concrete. properties of high strength concrete (t.'
Current ultimate strength design greater than 6000 psi (42 MPa) I are
practice is based on experimental in- reported. Based on these findings, as
formation obtained from concretes with well as data on normal strength con-
compressive strength in the range of crete, empirical expressions are pro-
3000 to 6000 psi (21 to 42 MPa). For de- posed.
veloping a satisfactory procedure for the The implications of such parame-
design of structures using higher ters as compressive strength, com-
strength concretes, additional consider- pressive stress-strain curve, modulus
ations, validation or modification of of elasticity, tensile strength, shear
existing strength design methods may strength, Poisson's ratio, ductility , lat-
be necessary. eral reinforcement, as well as
In this paper, experimental data on economic considerations for the
high strength concrete obtained by the structural design of prestressed con-
authors are reported. Based on these crete are studied and design recom-
data as well as those reported by other mendations are made.
investigators, the authors have proposed
empirical expressions to substitute for
some of the currently used relation-
ships. Note that the details of the exper- stress-strain curve is to load the concrete
iments are presented elsewhere. In this cylinders in parallel with a larger diam-
paper, the emphasis is on the results, eter, hardened steel tube with a thick-
comparison with normal strength con- ness such that the total load exerted by
crete, development of empirical for- the testing machine is always increas-
mulas and some discussion on structural ing. This approach can be used with
design implications. most conventional testing machines.
An alternative approach is to use a
closed-loop testing machine so that
STRESS-STRAIN RELATION specimens can be loaded to maintain a
constant rate of strain increase to avoid
IN UNIAXIAL COMPRESSION unstable failure. The choice of feedback
Several experimental investiga- signal for the closed-loop operation is
tions 5 'la have been undertaken to obtain important and governs the occurrence of
the stress-strain curves of high strength stable or unstable post-peak behavior.
concrete in compression. It is generally The difficulties of experimentally ob-
recognized that for high strength con- taining the post-peak behavior of con-
cretes, the shape of the ascending part of crete in uniaxial compression and meth-
the curve is more linear and steeper, the ods of overcoming these difficulties are
strain at maximum stress is slightly described in a study by Ahmad and
higher, and the slope of the descending Shah." For very high strength con-
part is steeper, as compared to normal cretes, it may be necessary to use the
strength concrete. lateral strains as a feedback signal rather
To obtain the descending part of the than the axial strains.'2
stress-strain curve, it is generally neces- For the present study, a closed-loop,
sary to avoid the specimen testing sys- servo controlled testing machine was
tem interaction. A simple method of used to obtain complete stress-strain
obtaining a stable descending part of the curves. The testing was done under
10
a
B--
in
Ln 45 I
Q)
L
30
4
25
7
}
^.vv i jwc v.v v.vv1+ V.wn U.UU1 0.002 0.003 0.004 0.005
strain (in/in) strain (in/in)
Fig. 1. Stress- strain curves of high strength concrete under uniaxial compression.
strain controlled conditions and a con- the statistical analysis of the experi-
stant rate of increase of axial strain was mental data on 3 x 6 in. (75 x 152 mm)
maintained throughout the test. Fig. 1 concrete cylinders." •1 ° These cylinders
shows the results of the present investi- were tested in a closed-loop testing
gation along with other available exper- machine under strain controlled condi-
imental data. From Fig. 1 it can be seen tions and had a compressive strength
that the slope of the curve in the post varying from 3000 to 11,000 psi (20 to 75
maximum stress range increases as the MPa).
strength of concrete increases.
The stress-strain curve in uniaxial
compression can be mathematically rep- SECANT MODULUS OF
resented by a fractional equation 6"s,'" ELASTICITY
A (E/E° ) + (B-1) (E/E o ) (1) The secant modulus of elasticity is
f = ^c 1 + 4-2)(€f€) +B (€J€) defined as a the secant slope of the uni-
axial stress-strain curve at a stress level
f 4 O.I f,, of 45 percent of the maximum stress. A
for post peak region comparison of experimentally deter-
mined values4 of the secant modulus of
or by a combination of power and expo- elasticity with those predicted by the
nential equation:10 expression recommended by ACI 318,
Section 8.5,' 5 based on a dry unit weight,
f=fc[l —^1 —
(2a) W, of 145 lb per cu ft is given in Fig. 2.
n^ ^^
Also shown is the proposed equation for
for ascending part estimating the secant modulus of elas-
ticity for low as well as high strength
f =fr exp 1-k (E — E ° ) Lu3 I (2b) concretes which is:
for descending part E, = W 2.5 ( vT,)ass = Ws.a ( f^ )o.3u (7a)
and wheref is the stress at strain (E), f
and E. are the maximum stress and the Note that Eq. (7a) goes through the
corresponding strain, and A, B, and K origin and is comparable to the ACI
are the parameters which determine the equation for low and normal strength
shape of the curve in the ascending and concrete, but it is more accurate for high
descending parts, respectively. strength concrete. Other empirical equ-
ations proposed for predicting the elas-
The value of the parameters A, B and
tic secant modulus are:* • s• "
K are determined by:
E, = 40,000 ^,' ,' + 1.0 x 10 6 psi
A = E, E° (3)
for (3000 psi f,' _- 12,000 psi) (7b)
,MPa
^L) '4 0
i
2.76 10 20 f^ , MPa 40 60 80 100, 50
7 -
in
x 2.5
Ec=w (ft)
0.65
psi 30 0x
v3
vl3
—proposed
tai equation (7a7 , E_= {40,000 fc' +1.0x10 6 } (w/145)Lsps
point spread
M
,psi
Fig. 2. Secant modulus of elasticity versus concrete strength.
coarser the grading, the higher the mod- of compressive strength. Based on the
ulus of elasticity); the wetness or dry- available experimental data of split cyl-
ness of the concrete at the time of test inder and beam flexure tests on concretes
(the drier the concrete at the time of the of low, medium 19 ' 2 ' 2 ' and high
test the lower the modulus of strengths, 1s,2E.2a empirical equations to
elasticity—wet concrete is stiffer al- predict the average split-tensile strength
though often weaker); and the method of (ff p ) and modulus of rupture (f,) for
obtaining the deformations (strain gage, concretes of strengths up to 12,000 psi
mechanical compressometer, transduc- (84 MPa) are proposed as follows:
ers, etc.).
In view of the possible variability of fSP = 4.34 (J c )0.55 (8)
0.
4.34 (fC)o.a5
(mean)
800
f5, =7.40r bb —^
(Ref. 4) --
O O -
00
Q
O ^0 q q a4
600 Jr .^ . c r °
0 ff• • s^ r. fyp = 6 fC
A
(lower bound)
U9 400 0°p •
o e . •
rn
° o Ahmod (6'x12"cylinders)
98
oa
0
o -'
0
0 ^-
11.7 f, ^.^ .3(f2/
2.3(f'
(Ref. 4) \ i (mean)
a0
N
a o ^- 0 2
i • (lower bound)
L
pv
V
L
/ °a V 6r
0 v va
E ^^°r ■r
i p • Gonnerman and Shuman (7"x10 " beams)
7
r°
• Walker and Bloem (6^x 6' beams)
c Houk (6 " x6" beams)
v v Grieb and Werner (6'x6"x 21" beams)
o Corrasquillo (4"x4"x14"beams)
o Kha loo (6 "x 6"x 20" beams)
Based on the available experimental concrete (Fig. 4). This implies less
information, Poisson's ratio of higher internal microcracking for concretes of
strength concretes in the elastic range higher strengths."
appears comparable to the expected The lower relative expansion during
range of values for lower strength con- the inelastic range may mean that the
cretes. In the inelastic range, the rela- effects of triaxial stresses will be pro-
tive increase in lateral strains is less for portionally different for higher strength
higher strength concretes as compared concretes. For example, the effective-
to concretes of lower strengths. 14 That is, ness of hoop confinement is reported
higher strength concretes exhibit less to be less for higher strength con-
volume dilation than lower strength crete S.14
El
10
Q1
L
N
6 circumferential strain
measuring device
V)
asL
a. 4-
E
0
U
0 p
Fig. 4. Axial stress versus axial strain and lateral strain for plain, normal weight concrete.
100
where f' is the compressive strength brittleness) in a quantitative manner
measured at the usual static rate and a is since no rational method of measuring
the shape factor to account for the dif- this quantity currently exists. Attempts
ferent shapes. The shape factor is given using nonlinear fracture mechanics to
h
by: define fracture toughness are being
made 37,38
a=0.85+0.09(4)-0.02 (h)for ^5 Ductility can be quantitatively ex-
pressed, in a crude manner, from the
(10c) slope of the post-peak response of con-
where crete subjected to uniaxial compression;
for example, if the slope is zero, then the
d = diameter or least lateral dimen-
sion (in.) material is perfectly plastic, while for
h = height (in.) perfectly brittle material, the slope is
infinity. From Fig. 1 it can be seen that
and high strength concrete has a greater
slope than that for normal strength con-
(Eq } f = 1938.46 + 11.138(i) + 0.272 ffl ,8
crete.
(l Od) According to the above definition, un-
reinforced high strength concretes are
where f, is in psi and f3 is the shape fac-
more brittle than normal strength con-
tor given by:
crete; however, the same is not neces-
0.80+0.143(4)- 0.033(h) sarily true for reinforced high strength
concrete structural elements. Consider,
for -a5 (l0e) for example, a typical under-reinforced
concrete beam moment versus midspan
From these equations, it can be seen deflection relationship shown in Fig. 5a.
that (1) the secant modulus of elasticity If ductility is defined as the ratio of the
increases with increase in strain rate; (2) deflection at ultimate to that at yielding
the strength enhancement (increase) of the tensile steel, then this ratio de-
due to higher strain rates is less for con- pends not only on the compressive
cretes of higher strengths as compared stress-strain curve of concrete but also
to normal strength concretes; and (3) the on the amount of longitudinal rein-
strain corresponding to the maximum forcement, shape of the beam cross sec-
stress increases with the increase in tion and the loading conditions (third
strain rate. point loading versus single central point
It should be noted that the study n is loading, presence of axial loads, as well
limited in scope and more research is as many other factors).
needed in this area to quantify the ef- Moment versus midspan deflection
fects of very fast strain rates on high curves of the beam shown in Fig. 5a
strength concretes. Such information is were theoretically calculated for three
currently being obtained by using an in- reinforcement ratios and five compres-
strumented impact testing system at sive strengths. The amount of longitudi-
Northwestern University 36 nal steel was varied such that the ratio
between the actual steel content, p, and
MATERIAL AND the balanced steel content, p b (defined
SECTIONAL DUCTILITY and calculated according to the ACI
Code's ) remained essentially the same
It is generally accepted that high for beams with five different concrete
strength concrete is less ductile than strengths.
normal strength concrete. It is not pos- The moment-curvature relationship
sible to express the relative ductility (or for a section was calculated assuming
fc f
c = 0.003
16 811 1400
c0.0042
/E -0.003 1200
E B9
Y 1 20 Fcu=O,OO42 2
= 0.003 -1000'.-_
C B7
11 100 Cc= 0.0042 EE
0
Eo /EL =0.003
800 E
B5
BO E,„ = 0.004 6
600
fy -414 MPa (60ksi)
60 b=17.8 mm
{7in) P =0.50
E E h 400
40 E
E _ E.^ P P
Lq
a N Fold
f7 N 200
2
-k___ O0 101.6mm 01,6mm
f4in1
101.6mm
0 I I I 0
7.5 15,0 22.0 30.0 37.5 45.0 52.5 60.0
mid span deflection (mm)
Fig. 5a. Analytical moment versus midspan deflection for a singly reinforced beam with
different concrete.
102
0- fy= 60 ksi
g • p/p6 0.3
a P/pb = 0.5
6 A p/pb = O.7
4)
7
41 6
U
D 5-
C
Z0 4-
U
as 3
2
1
I
00 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
f, (ksi)
Fig. 5b. Effect of concrete compressive strength on the deflection ductility
of a singly reinforced beam under third point loading.
Fig. 6 shows the shear stress-shear is to provide the total shear resistance in
strain and shear stress-axial tensile excess of shear imposed (required) by
strain curves for concretes of different conditions using factored loads. The
compressive strengths. These curves total shear resistance is made up of two
were obtained by testing solid 3 x 9 in. parts: V, provided by the concrete and V,
(76.2 x 228.6 mm) cylindrical concrete provided by the shear reinforcement.
specimens under pure torsion. The The value of V, recommended by the
shear strains were simultaneously ob- ACI Code15 includes the contributions
tained by the strain gages on the surface of the uncracked concrete at the head of
of the concrete and by measuring the a hypothetical crack, the resistance pro-
change in are length (as shown sche- vided by the aggregate interlock along
matically in the subset of Fig. 6) with the diagonal crack face, and the dowel
the help of a very sensitive, linear volt- resistance provided by the main rein-
age direct transducer (LVDT). The re- forcing steel.
sults obtained from these methods were In a recent paper, Frantz`' reported
very comparable to each other. that the current ACI formulas for cal-
In these tests, the lateral loads (to culating V, are applicable to high
generate the torsion) were applied strength concrete, However, unpub-
through a pair of horizontal jacks placed lished data by Nilson indicates that cur-
24 in, (610 mm) apart. The axial tensile rent design methods are not conserva-
extension induced because of shear was tive for higher strength concretes.
also recorded through a LVDT placed Recently, fifty-four singly reinforced
between the top of the test specimen beams were tested at North Carolina
and the platten of the machine. The re- State University'' to study the flexure-
lationship between the shear stress (cal- shear interaction of high strength con-
culated by using the elastic torsion for- crete beams. All the beams were with-
mula) and axial tensile strain is a mea- out web reinforcement and were 5 in.
sure of the shear dilation phenomenon wide x 10 in. deep (127 x 254 rum), The
in concrete (note that for metals this di- beams were tested under third point
lation is assumed to be zero). loading with different shear span to
The relatively lower axial tensile depth (aid) ratios. Some of the beams
strain observed for high strength con- were designed to fail in flexure and
crete may indicate that microcracks in others were designed to fail in shear.
high strength concrete are less rough. Only the results of beams which failed
This may influence the so-called shear- in shear are presented in Figs. 7a-7b.
aggregate-interlock phenomenon.9' The Ioad which produced the first di-
The current shear design philosophy agonal crack was defined as the diagonal
M1
T(psi )
422
900 6 3"
SOO T//"/
700
B
600
/
B
500
A 400 A
300
200
cracking load and was used to calculate cation of the initiating flexural crack and
the shear stress at diagonal cracking to the observer's judgment.
(ar , ). Note that the magnitude of the The ultimate shear stress (au ) was cal-
cracking load (and thus the cracking culated by dividing the failure
stress) is sensitive to both the actual lo- (maximum) load by the cross-sectional
2Q0 Zsutty e Q e
vr=59If^Pa,
L_U
proposed design
equation
d i'3 psi
v«=40(fcpa}
0
2 3 i 4 5 6
ifcpa)I
Fig. 7a. Cracking shear stress of slender beams without web reinforcement.
106
a
VI
VI
L
Ui
a
E
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
d 1/3
tfCpa?
Fig. 7b. Ultimate shear stress of slender beams without web reinforcement.
fects horn lateral confinement are differ- This conclusion was also reached in a
ent than those for normal strength con- recent study at Northwestern Univer-
cretes. This difference can be attributed sity1e Moment-curvature relationships
to the different (less) volume dilation in were calculated for confined concrete
the inelastic range for higher strength columns subjected to a constant axial
concretes14 (Fig. 4). load and increasing amount of lateral
Using the constitutive properties of load. The current practice of providing
concrete and the stress-strain relation- confinement as suggested by AC1 15 for
ships of the confining steel, an analytical round columns is given by:
model was proposed by Ahmad and
Shah14 to predict the beneficial effects of Tea = 0.45 (A a /A. – 1) flll fvh (12a)
hoop confinement for low as well as (12b)
Pa = 0.12 ff I.f,,h
high strength concrete. This work
showed that adequate ductility can be where
obtained for high strength concrete by p, = ratio of spiral reinforcement
increasing the amount of confining Ao = gross area of the cross section
reinforcement or by increasing the yield A„ = area of core of spirally reinforced
strength of hoop reinforcement. Similar column measured to outside di-
conclusions have been reported from ameter of the spiral
experiments with high strength, normal f„h = yield stress of the hoop steel
weight concrete conducted by Japanese Note that the higher the compressive
researchers and for lightweight, high strength, the higher the amount of con-
strength concrete.' fining reinforcement required by the
1100
C 5 f' = 9000 ps i
9000 Po=Agfc=4072 kips
P„=1018 kips 1000
P,/Po 0.25
8000 spiral reinforcement: ps =0.031 900
spacing = 2,75in
800
confined concrete (cor
700
6000
600
500C
E
0 500
steel
E 400C
400
T C
steel hardening 300
C=compressive steel
T= tensile steel 200
I 100
unconfined concrete (cover) I0
Q0 0.01 0.02 0.03 c04 e 0.05
strain
Fig. 8. Diagram of moment versus maximum core compressive strain.
ACI Code. It was observed' that Eqs. contribution of confined core and the
(12a) and (12b) adequately compensate longitudinal steel compensates for the
for the inherently poor efficiency of the loss of cover capacity. The theoretically
unit confinement for high strength con- calculated curves could not be corn-
crete by increasing the confinement for pared with the experimental results of
increased compressive strength. high strength concrete columns since no
This can be seen in Fig. 8 where the data are available. However, a satisfac-
theoretically calculated moment versus tory comparison was obtained with the
maximum core compressive strain for a available results for normal strength
round, high strength column'" is shown. concrete.''
The column was subjected to increas-
ing bending moment and a relatively ECONOMICS OF
high constant axial load. It was con- HIGH STRENGTH CONCRETE
fined using the ACI Code requirement.
Even for a relatively high value of To examine the possible savings in
axial strain, the column is seen to main- engineering costs of using high strength
tain the ACI predicted value of the concrete, a 79-story high rise building
maximum load. As shown in Fig. 8, the similar to Water Tower Place in
108
Table 2. Cost comparison of using normal strength concrete
and high strength concrete for a 79-story building (Ref. 49).
Compressive strength
Materials Up to
12,000 psi 4,000 psi
Cost per 25 x 25 ft panel
Concrete $ 45,035 $ 88,836
Forms 35,729 54,606
Longitudinal steel 34,449 87,161
Spirals 1,441 1,930
Chicago, Illinois was examined by Shah tire height of the building is that the
et a1. The total cost of constructing col- same forms can he used repeatedly for
umns using high strength concrete with all stories.
compressive strengths of up to 12,000 For the computations a typical interior
psi (84 MPa) was compared with that column was considered. Columns were
using concrete with a compressive designed for only axial loads and no
strength of 4000 psi (28 MPa). moments were considered, since only a
With the high strength concrete, col- preliminary estimate was attempted.
umn dimensions were kept constant and For the high strength concrete, the top
were calculated so that the lowest story 29 floors were designed with 4000 psi
columns can be made with a 12,000 psi (28 MPa), the next 31 floors with 9000
(84 MPa) concrete and 1 percent lon- psi (63 MPa), while the bottom 19 floors
gitudinal steel. The dimension of the were designed with 12,000 psi (84 MPa).
column and the percentage of the lon- For normal strength concrete, all
gitudinal steel was maintained constant floors had concrete with a compressive
for all 79 stories. Note that, in general, strength of 4000 psi (28 MPa). However,
the smaller the percentage of steel, the to maintain a 1 percent ratio of the
lower the column cost per unit load car- longitudinal steel, the dimensions of the
rying capacity. 55 The advantage of designed circular columns were in-
keeping constant dimension for the en- creased from about 55 in. (1400 mm) at
Bulb Tee
AASHTO-PCI
Type VI
W S DOT
120 series
Colorado
spacing 8' Or
Bulb Tees
.J
60 B.T. 8 ksi
a 150 72F B.T. 6 ks i
N 48 Br. 10 ksi
X
a
100
4 6 8 10 12
girder spacing (ft)
Fig. 9. Effect of concrete strength on span capabilities and depth
variations of different types of solid prestressed girders.
the top to 116 in. (2950 mm) for the bot- cost of concrete, longitudinal steel, spi-
tom story. The total number of columns ral steel and the formwork were taken
for a spacing of 25 ft (7.6 m) and floor from the 1983 Chicago area cost esti-
plan dimensions of 94 ft x 220 ft (28.6 x mate and are shown in Table 3.
67 m) was 33. A total savings of $3,824,007 is ob-
A cost comparison of these two design tained when using a high strength con-
alternatives is shown in Table 2. The crete option for the columns. This
110
4.
48„
1,.
.T 3„
i1
191/2
2" 2' R
=_^ry a6
26" 24"
WSDOT Girders Bulb Tee
42
jIj/2
41 N^ 92
O
Qa 2
as N
10 8 (".1
/1 II
8 ^^
28
24"
Type V & V1
(AASHTO-PCI) 72" Colorado Girder
present study
2400 /f,=13ksi, p=0.005
21
PCI
£cu
A = 0.00342
n
8: 0.00362
C: 0.00322
3 A': 0.00292
3
01
_ 0 ` = 0.00321
C'= 0.00264
A
present study
f,=5ksi, p=0.005
PCI
A'
C ' C B'
Fig. 11. Effect of concrete strength on the load-moment interaction curve of prestressed
concrete beam-column element.
112
bf.ff
5.5
0.4
Pu
K-
f^ bt
03
A
0.1- B
f,=13 ksi
fe=5ksi
O
0 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26
Li
Or
Fig. 12, Effect of concrete strength and level of axial load and amount of prestressing
reinforcement on the sectional ductility of prestressed concrete beam-column element.
114
Table 4. Analytical results of strain at ultimate and curvature ductility for low and high
strength concrete.
K'° ata,.
f p K"
^^ = 0.003
K _ P, e
f,hI
8. The beneficial effects of the confin- sure adequate sectional ductility, addi-
ing reinforcement on the stress-strain tional lateral confining reinforcement
curve of concrete depends on the will be necessary.
strength of concrete. The effect of the 9. Additional considerations for use of
lateral confining reinforcement be- high strength concrete for precast and
comes predominant only after sufficient prestressed concrete applications are
lateral dilation has taken place; for detailed in a recent ACI Special Publi-
example, after the concrete has under- cation.s' For examples, see papers by
gone large strain in the most com- Aswad and Hester, Moksnes and Jakob-
pressed direction. In the inelastic range sen, and Fafitis and Shah in the ACI
the lateral dilation of higher strength publications Further information is
concrete is relatively less. Thus, to en- given in the list of references.
116
REFERENCES
1. Freedman, S., "High Strength Con- Chicago Circle, August 1979. Also, Non-
crete," Modern Concrete, V. 34, Nos. linear Design of Concrete Structures,
6-10, October 1970, pp. 29-66, November University of Waterloo Press, 1980, pp.
1970, pp. 28-32, December 1970, pp. 222-230.
21-24; January 1971, pp. 15-22; and Feb- 12. Shah, S. P., Gokos, U. N., and Ansari, F.,
ruary 1971, pp. 16-23. "An Experimental Technique for Ob-
2. Anderson, A. R., "Research Answers taining Complete Stress-Strain Curves
Needed for Greater Utilization of High for High Strength Concrete," Cement,
Strength Concrete," PCI JOURNAL, V. Concrete and Aggregates, CCAGDP, V.
25, No. 4, July-August 1980, pp. 162-164. 3, Summer 1981.
3. Shah, S. P., "High Strength Concrete — 13. Sargin, M., "Stress-Strain Curves Re-
A Workshop Summary," Concrete Inter- lationships for Concrete and Analysis of
national, May 1981, pp. 94-98. Structural Concrete Sections," Study No.
4. ACT Committee 363, "State-of-the-Art 4, Solid Mechanics Division, University
Report on High Strength Concrete," AC! of Waterloo, Ontario, Canada, 1971.
Journal, Proceedings V. 81, No. 4, July- 14. Ahmad, S. H., and Shah, S. P., "Stress-
August 1984, pp. 364-411. Strain Curves of Concrete Confined by
5. Nilson, Arthur H., and Slate, Floyd 0., Spiral Reinforcement," ACI Journal,
"Structural Design Properties of Very Proceedings V. 79, No. 6, November-
High Strength Concrete," Second Prog- December 1982, pp. 484-490.
ress Report, NSF Grant ENG 7805124, 15. ACT Committee 318, "Building Code
School of Civil and Environmental En- Requirements for Reinforced Concrete
gineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, (ACI 318-83)," American Concrete In-
New York, 1979. stitute, Detroit, Michigan, 1983.
6. Wang, P. T., Shah, S. P., and Naaman, 16. Carrasquillo, R. L., Slate, F. 0., and Nil-
A. E., "Stress-Strain Curves of Normal son, A. H., "Properties of High Strength
and Lightweight Concrete in Compres- Concrete Subject to Short-Term Loads,"
sion," ACI Jou rn al, Proceedings V. 75, ACI Journal, V. 78, No. 3, May-June
No. 11, November 1978, pp. 603-611. 1981, pp. 171-178.
7. Kaar, P. H., Hanson, N. W., and Capell, 17. Jobse, H. J., and Moustafa, E. S., "Appli-
H. T., "Stress-Strain Characteristics of cations of High Strength Concrete for
High Strength Concrete," Research and Highway Bridges," PCI JOURNAL, V.
Development Bulletin RD051-01D, 29, No. 3, May-June 1984, pp. 44 -73.
Portland Cement Association, Skokie, II- 18. Ahrnad, S. H., and Shah, S. P., "Complete
linois, 1977. Triaxial Stress-Strain Curves for Con-
8. Ahmad, S. H., "Properties of Confined crete,"ASCE, V. 108, ST4, April 1982.
Concrete Subjected to Static and 19. Walker, Stanton, and Bloem, Delmar L.,
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APPENDIX - NOTATION
f = stress rate e
E = strain a, = shape factors
= uniaxial compressive strength (eo )i = peak strain at strain rate e
(peak stress) a = shear span
e o = strain corresponding to peak V" = shear stress at diagonal crack-
stress ing
A, B, K = calibrating constant yr = ultimate shear stress
Er, (E, ), = secant modulus of elasticity p = longitudinal steel ratio
at 0.45 ff under static strain d = effective depth, i.e., distance
rate from extreme compressive fi-
W = unit weight in lb per cu ft ber to center of gravity of ten-
fg p = split cylinder strength sile reinforcement
f, = modulus of rupture of con- A. = gross area of section
crete A,, = area of core of spirally rein-
(E )F = secant modulus of elasticity forced column measured to
at strain rate e outside diameter of spiral
E = strain rate f„n = yield stress of hoop steel
e, = static strain rate = 32 micro- ph = reinforcement ratio produc-
strains per sec ing balanced strain condition
(f )E = compressive strength at strain p. = ratio of spiral reinforcement