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Chemical composition
Cr Fe C N S Mn Si Al W Nb Ti La P Ni Cu
min. 20.0 0.10 1.0 0.20 0.02 0.04
bal.
max. 24.0 0.030 0.04 0.006 0.80 0.60 0.10 3.0 1.00 0.20 0.20 0.050 0.50 0.50
Table 2 – Chemical composition (wt.-%).
Physical properties
100 212 65 391 20.6 143 494 0.118 9.8 5.5 207 30.0
200 392 74 445 21.5 149 532 0.127 10.1 5.7 203 29.3
400 752 89 535 22.6 157 615 0.147 10.8 6.0 190 27.6
600 1112 103 620 25.4 176 948 0.226 11.2 6.2 175 25.4
800 1472 109 656 26.1 181 660 0.158 11.8 6.6
1000 1832 113 680 29.9 207 674 0.161 12.8 7.1
Table 3 – Typical physical properties at room and elevated temperatures.
Mechanical properties
200 600
180 500
20 °C
160 200 °C
Yield strength Rp0.2, MPa
400
Stress, PMa
140
300
120 600 °C
®
Crofer 22 H
100 200 400 °C
700 °C
80
100
800 °C
60
® 0
Crofer 22 APU
40 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
20 Strain, %
100
100
®
Crofer® 22 H Crofer 22 H
25 MPa 20 MPa
Creep strain, %
10
Stress, MPa
10
®
Crofer 22 APU
1
Fig. 3 – Typical creep-rupture strength of solution annealed Fig. 4 - Typical creep strain - time curves of solution annealed
Crofer® 22 H, 12 mm plate, in air in comparison to Crofer® 22 APU. Crofer® 22 H in air. All curves are from a continuous elongation
(After B. Kuhn et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich) measurement at the sample except *), which is from discontinuous
elongation measurement
(After B. Kuhn et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich)
strength.
0.4
Laboratory heat
Corrosion resistance
Crofer® 22 H shows excellent corrosion resistance in 0.3
atmospheres relevant to SOFC applications up to 900 °C.
The oxide layer of Crofer® 22 APU consists of a fine grained 0.2
inner scale which is predominantly Cr2O3 and a columnar
(Mn, Cr)3O4 spinel outer oxide layer. 0.1 800 °C
®
Figure 5 shows the corrosion resistance of Crofer 22 H in
0
air at 800 °C for a commercial heat. For comparison the
0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200
results of a laboratory heat melted with high-purity pre-
materials prior to the commercial heat are also included in Time, h
Figure 5.
Fig. 5 - Mass change during discontinuous oxidation tests (100 h cycles)
of a commercially produced Crofer® 22 H heat in air at 800 °C as a
function of time. For comparison a laboratory melt (250 h cycles) is
included (typical values).
(After Quadakkers, Niewolak et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich)
6
Crofer® 22 H
1.5 2.5
800 °C
Weight change after 1110 h, mg/cm²
0.3 mm
Crofer® 22 H
Crofer® 22 APU Crofer ® 22 H 2.0
1.0
0.5
0.5
800 °C
0.0 0.0
0.5 1.0 2.5 0.3 0.5 1.0 2.5 0 2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 12000
Initial specimen thickness, mm Time, h
Fig. 6 - Mass change after 1110 hours of discontinuous oxidation tests Fig. 8 - Mass change during discontinuous oxidation tests (250 h cycles)
(100 h cycles) in air at 800 °C of samples with varying thickness from of commercially produced Crofer® 22 H in air at 800 °C as a function of
Crofer® 22 H and Crofer® 22 APU (typical values). time. (typical values)
(After Quadakkers, Niewolak et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich) (After Quadakkers, Niewolak et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich)
1.5 5
Crofer® 22 APU 900 °C
Weight change after 1000 h, mg/cm²
(2 - 2.5 mm)
First commercial heat 4 Crofer® 22 APU Crofer® 22 H
Weight change, mg/cm²
1.0
current heat 3
2
0.5
1
Crofer® 22 H
800 °C
(1 mm)
0.0 0
0 500 1000 1500 2000 2500 0.5 1.0 2.5 0.5 1.0 2.5
Time, h Initial specimen thickness, mm
Fig. 7 - Mass change during discontinuous oxidation tests (250 h cycles) Fig. 9 - Mass change after 1000 hours of cyclic oxidation tests in air at
of commercially produced Crofer® 22 H and Crofer® 22 APU in air at 900 °C (cycles of 2 h and 15 min. cooling) of samples with varying
800 °C as a function of time. (typical values) thickness from commercially produced Crofer® 22 H and
(After Quadakkers, Niewolak et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich) Crofer® 22 APU (typical values).
(After Quadakkers, Niewolak et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich)
Figure 6 clearly shows that the thickness of sheet material Figure 7 shows long term results of Crofer® 22 H and
has no significant effect on the corrosion resistance of Crofer® 22 APU (first commercial melt and a heat from
Crofer® 22 H after 1110 h at 800 °C in air. There is a current production, which is restricted in residual elements),
significant effect on the oxidation resistance of which clearly shows the excellent corrosion resistance of
Crofer® 22 APU. Crofer® 22 H.
7
Crofer® 22 H
1.5
Weight change after 1000 h, mg/cm²
800 °C
®
1.0 Crofer 22 APU Crofer® 22 H
0.5
0.0
Air Argon 4% H2 Argon 4% H2 Argon 4% H2
10% CO 2% H2O 20% H2O 10% CO
Air Argon 4% H2 Argon 4% H2 Argon 4% H2
10% CO 2% H O 20% H O 10% CO
Fig. 11 - Mass change after 1000 hours of discontinuous oxidation tests
(100 h cycles) in various gases at 800 °C of commercially produced
Crofer® 22 H and Crofer® 22 APU for a sheet thickness of 1 mm (typical
values).
(After Quadakkers, Niewolak et al., Forschungszentrum Jülich)
8
Crofer® 22 H
Conditions:
hot or cold rolled (hr, cr), soft-annealed and pickled
Strip1)
Conditions
cold rolled, solution annealed and pickled or bright annealed2)
Publisher
VDM Metals GmbH
Plettenberger Straße 2
58791 Werdohl
Germany
Disclaimer
All information contained in this data sheet are based on the results of research and
development work carried out by VDM Metals GmbH, and the data contained in the
specifications and standards listed available at the time of printing. The information
does not represent a guarantee of specific properties. VDM Metals reserves the
right to change information without notice. All information contained in this data
sheet is compiled to the best of our knowledge and is provided without liability.
Deliveries and services are subject exclusively to the relevant contractual conditions
and the General Terms and Conditions issued by VDM Metals GmbH. Use of the
most up-to-date version of this data sheet is the responsibility of the customer.
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www.vdm-metals.com