c Ê
cc
cc

 

Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi (1869-1948), also known as Mahatma Gandhi, was born in
Porbandar in the present day state of Gujarat in India on October 2, 1869. He was raised in a
very conservative family that had affiliations with the ruling family of Kathiawad. He was
educated in law at University College, London. In 1891, after having been admitted to the
British bar, Gandhi returned to India and attempted to establish a law practice in Bombay,
without much success. Two years later an Indian firm with interests in South Africa retained
him as legal adviser in its office in Durban. Arriving in Durban, Gandhi found himself treated
as a member of an inferior race. He was appalled at the widespread denial of civil liberties
and political rights to Indian immigrants to South Africa. He threw himself into the struggle
for elementary rights for Indians.

ÿ

Gandhi remained in South Africa for twenty years, suffering imprisonment many times. In
1896, after being attacked and humiliated by white South Africans, Gandhi began to teach a
policy of passive resistance to, and non-cooperation with, the South African authorities. Part
of the inspiration for this policy came from the Russian writer Leo Tolstoy, whose influence
on Gandhi was profound. Gandhi also acknowledged his debt to the teachings of Christ and
to the 19th-century American writer Henry David Thoreau, especially to Thoreau's famous
essay "Civil Disobedience." Gandhi considered the terms passive resistance and civil
disobedience inadequate for his purposes, however, and coined another term, Satyagraha
(from Sanskrit, "truth and firmness"). During the Boer War, Gandhi organized an ambulance
corps for the British army and commanded a Red Cross unit. After the war he returned to his
campaign for Indian rights. In 1910, he founded Tolstoy Farm, near Durban, a cooperative
colony for Indians. In 1914 the government of the Union of South Africa made important
concessions to Gandhi's demands, including recognition of Indian marriages and abolition of
the poll tax for them. His work in South Africa complete, he returned to India.

ÿ 

Gandhi became a leader in a complex struggle, the Indian campaign for home
rule. Following World War I, in which he played an active part in recruiting
campaigns, Gandhi, again advocating Satyagraha, launched his movement of
non-violent resistance to Great Britain. When, in 1919, Parliament passed the
Rowlatt Acts, giving the Indian colonial authorities emergency powers to
deal with so-called revolutionary activities, Satyagraha spread throughout
India, gaining millions of followers. A demonstration against the Rowlatt
Acts resulted in a massacre of Indians at Amritsar by British soldiers; in 1920, when the
British government failed to make amends, Gandhi proclaimed an organized campaign of
non-cooperation. Indians in public office resigned, government agencies such as courts of law
were boycotted, and Indian children were withdrawn from government schools. Throughout
India, streets were blocked by squatting Indians who refused to rise even when beaten by
police. Gandhi was arrested, but the British were soon forced to release him.
›conomic independence for India, involving the complete boycott of British goods, was
made a corollary of Gandhi's Swaraj (from Sanskrit, "self-governing") movement. The
economic aspects of the movement were significant, for the exploitation of Indian villagers
by British industrialists had resulted in extreme poverty in the country and the virtual
destruction of Indian home industries. As a remedy for such poverty, Gandhi advocated
revival of cottage industries; he began to use a spinning wheel as a token of the return to the
simple village life he preached, and of the renewal of native Indian industries.

Gandhi became the international symbol of a free India. He lived a spiritual and ascetic life of
prayer, fasting, and meditation. His union with his wife became, as he himself stated, that of a
brother and sister. Refusing earthly possessions, he wore the loincloth and shawl of the
lowliest Indian and subsisted on vegetables, fruit juices, and goat's milk. Indians revered him
as a saint and began to call him Mahatma (great-souled), a title reserved for the greatest
sages. Gandhi's advocacy of nonviolence, known as ahimsa (non-violence), was the
expression of a way of life implicit in the Hindu religion. By the Indian practice of
nonviolence, Gandhi held, Great Britain too would eventually consider violence useless and
would leave India.

The Mahatma's political and spiritual hold on India was so great that the British authorities
dared not interfere with him. In 1921 the Indian National Congress, the group that
spearheaded the movement for nationhood, gave Gandhi complete executive authority, with
the right of naming his own successor. The Indian population, however, could not fully
comprehend the unworldly ahimsa. A series of armed revolts against the British broke out,
culminating in such violence that Gandhi confessed the failure of the civil-disobedience
campaign he had called, and ended it. The British government again seized and imprisoned
him in 1922.

After his release from prison in 1924, Gandhi withdrew from active politics and devoted
himself to propagating communal unity. Unavoidably, however, he was again drawn into the
vortex of the struggle for independence. In 1930 the Mahatma proclaimed a new campaign of
civil disobedience, calling upon the Indian population to refuse to pay taxes, particularly the
tax on salt. The campaign was a march to the sea, in which thousands of Indians followed
Gandhi from Ahmedabad to the Arabian Sea, where they made salt by evaporating sea water.
Once more the Indian leader was arrested, but he was released in 1931, halting the campaign
after the British made concessions to his demands. In the same year Gandhi represented the
Indian National Congress at a conference in London.

 !" 

In 1932, Gandhi began new civil-disobedience campaigns against the British. Arrested twice,
the Mahatma fasted for long periods several times; these fasts were effective measures
against the British, because revolution might well have broken out in India if he had died. In
September 1932, while in jail, Gandhi undertook a "fast unto death" to improve the status of
the Hindu Untouchables. The British, by permitting the Untouchables to be considered as a
separate part of the Indian electorate, were, according to Gandhi, countenancing an injustice.
Although he was himself a member of an upper caste, Gandhi was the great leader of the
movement in India dedicated to eradicating the unjust social and economic aspects of the
caste system.

In 1934 Gandhi formally resigned from politics, being replaced as leader of the Congress
party by Jawaharlal Nehru. Gandhi traveled through India, teaching ahimsa and demanding
eradication of "untouchability." The esteem in which he was held was the measure of his
political power. So great was this power that the limited home rule granted by the British in
1935 could not be implemented until Gandhi approved it. A few years later, in 1939, he again
returned to active political life because of the pending federation of Indian principalities with
the rest of India. His first act was a fast, designed to force the ruler of the state of Rajkot to
modify his autocratic rule. Public unrest caused by the fast was so great that the colonial
government intervened; the demands were granted. The Mahatma again became the most
important political figure in India.



When World War II broke out, the Congress party and Gandhi demanded a declaration of war
aims and their application to India. As a reaction to the unsatisfactory response from the
British, the party decided not to support Britain in the war unless the country were granted
complete and immediate independence. The British refused, offering compromises that were
rejected. When Japan entered the war, Gandhi still refused to agree to Indian participation.
He was interned in 1942 but was released two years later because of failing health.

By 1944 the Indian struggle for independence was in its final stages, the British government
having agreed to independence on condition that the two contending nationalist groups, the
Muslim League and the Congress party, should resolve their differences. Gandhi stood
steadfastly against the partition of India but ultimately had to agree, in the hope that internal
peace would be achieved after the Muslim demand for separation had been satisfied. India
and Pakistan became separate states when the British granted India its independence in 1947
(see: Tryst with Destiny -- the story of India's independence). During the riots that followed
the partition of India, Gandhi pleaded with Hindus and Muslims to live together peacefully.
Riots engulfed Calcutta, one of the largest cities in India, and the Mahatma fasted until
disturbances ceased. On January 13, 1948, he undertook another successful fast in New Delhi
to bring about peace, but on January 30, 12 days after the termination of that fast, as he was
on his way to his evening prayer meeting, he was assassinated by a fanatic Hindu.

Gandhi's death was regarded as an international catastrophe. His place in humanity was
measured not in terms of the 20th century, but in terms of history. A period of mourning was
set aside in the United Nations General Assembly, and condolences to India were expressed
by all countries. Religious violence soon waned in India and Pakistan, and the teachings of
Gandhi came to inspire nonviolent movements elsewhere, notably in the U.S.A. under the
civil rights leader Martin Luther King, Jr. and in South Africa under Nelson Mandela.
 Ñ Ê
Ñ 
 
 
Ñ

Known as ?
 (leader), Mr. Bose was a fierce and popular leader in the political scene in
pre-independence India . He was the president of the Indian National Congress in 1937 and
1939, and founded a nationalist force called the Indian National Army. He was acclaimed as
a semigod, akin to the many mythological heroes like Rama or Krishna, and continues as a
legend in Indian mind.

Subhas Chandra was born on January 23rd 1897 in Cuttack (in present day Orissa) as the
ninth child among fourteen, of Janakinath Bose, an advocate, and Prabhavatidevi, a pious and
God-fearing lady. A brilliant student, he topped the matriculation examination of Calcutta
province and passed his B.A. in Philosophy from the Presidency College in Calcutta. He was
strongly influenced by Swami Vivekananda's teachings and was known for his patriotic zeal
as a student. His parents' wishes kept him away from the Indian freedom struggle and led
him into studies for the Indian Civil Service in ›ngland. Although he finished those
examinations also at the top of his class (4th), he could not complete his aprecentship and
returned to India, being deeply disturbed by the JallianwallaBagh massacre. He came under
the influence of Mahatma Gandhi and joined the Indian National Congress (a.k.a. Congress).
Gandhiji directed him to work with DeshbandhuChittaranjan Das, the Bengali leader whom
Bose acknowledged as his political guru.

Bose was outspoken in his anti-British stance and was jailed 11 (eleven) times between 1920
and 1941 for periods varying between six months and three years. He was the leader of the
youth wing of the Congress Party, in the forefront of the trade union movement in India and
organized  
 , another wing of Congress. He was admired for his great skills in
organization development .

 #

Bose advocated complete freedom for India at the earliest, whereas the Congress Committee
wanted it in phases, through a Dominion status. Other younger leaders including Jawaharlal
Nehru supported Bose and finally at the historic Lahore Congress convention, the Congress
had to adopt ½   (complete freedom) as its motto. Bhagat Singh's martyrdom and
the inability of the Congress leaders to save his life infuriated Bose and he started a
movement opposing the Gandhi-Irvin Peace Pact. He was imprisoned and expelled from
India. But defying the ban, he came back to India and was imprisoned again!

Clouds of World War II were gathering fast and Bose warned the Indian people and the
British against dragging India into the war and the material losses she could incur. He was
elected president of the Indian National Congress twice in 1937 and in 1939, the second time
defeating Gandhiji's nominee. He brought a resolution to give the British six months to hand
India over to the Indians, failing which there would be a revolt. There was much opposition
to his rigid stand, and he resigned from the post of president and formed a progressive group
known as the     (1939).

The second World War broke out in September of 1939, and just as predicted by Bose, India
was declared as a warring state (on behalf of the British) by the Governor General, without
consulting Indian leaders. The Congress party was in power in seven major states and all state
governments resigned in protest.

Subhas Chandra Bose now started a mass movement against utilizing Indian resources and
men for the great war. To him, it made no sense to further bleed poor Indians for the sake of
colonial and imperial nations. There was a tremendous response to his call and the British
promptly imprisoned him . He took to a hunger-strike, and after his health deteriorated on the
11th day of fasting, he was freed and was placed under house arrest. The British were afraid
of violent reactions in India, should something happen to Bose in prison.


# 

Bose suddenly disappeared in the beginning of 1941 and it was not until many days that
authorities realized Bose was not inside the house they were guarding! He traveled by foot,
car and train and resurfaced in Kabul (now in Afghanistan), only to disappear once again. In
November 1941, his broadcast from German radio sent shock waves among the British and
electrified the Indian masses who realized that their leader was working on a master plan to
free their motherland. It also gave fresh confidence to the revolutionaries in India who were
challenging the British in many ways.

The Axis powers (mainly Germany) assured Bose military and other help to fight the British.
Japan by this time had grown into another strong world power, occupying key colonies of
Dutch, French, and British colonies in Asia. Bose had struck alliance with Germany and
Japan. He rightly felt that his presence in the ›ast would help his countrymen in freedom
struggle and second phase of his saga began. It is told that he was last seen on land near Keil
canal in Germany, in the beginning of 1943. A most hazardous journey was undertaken by
him under water, covering thousands of miles, crossing enemy territories. He was in the
Atlantic, the Middle ›ast, Madagascar and the Indian ocean. Battles were being fought over
land, in the air and there were mines in the sea. At one stage he traveled 400 miles in a rubber
dinghy to reach a Japanese submarine, which took him to Tokyo. He was warmly received in
Japan and was declared the head of the Indian army, which consisted of about
40,000 soldiers from Singapore and other eastern regions. Bose called it the m
  

 (INA) and a government by the name "c       
" was declared on the
21st of October 1943. INA freed the Andaman and Nicobar islands from the British, and
were renamed as  and   islands. The Government started functioning.

 $



Bose wanted to free India from the ›astern front. He had taken care that Japanese
interference was not present from any angle. Army leadership, administration and
communications were managed only by Indians. Subhash Brigade, Azad Brigade and Gandhi
Brigade were formed. INA marched through Burma and occupied Coxtown on the Indian
Border. A touching scene ensued when the solders entered their 'free' motherland. Some lay
down and kissed, some placed pieces of mother earth on their heads, others wept. They were
now inside of India and were determined to drive out the British! V   (Let's march to
Delhi) was the war cry.
The bombing of Hiroshima and Nagasaki changed the history of mankind. Japan had to
surrender. Bose was in Singapore at that time and decided to go to Tokyo for his next course
of action. Unfortunately, the plane he boarded crashed near Taipei and he died in the hospital
of severe burns. He was just 48.

The Indian people were so much enamored of Bose's oratory and leadership qualities,
fealressness and mysterious adventures, that he had become a legend. They refused to believe
that he died in the plane crash. The famous Red Fort trial wherein Bose's generals and the
INA officers were tried, became landmark events. Initially, the British Government thought
of a court-martial, but there was a countrywide protest against any kind of punishment. For
common Indians, Axis and Allied powers hardly mattered, but they could not tolerate
punishment of fellow countrymen who were fighting for freedom. The British Government
was in no position to face open rebellion or mutiny and a general amnesty for INA soldiers
was declared.

While Bose's approach to Indian freedom continues to generate heated debate in the Indian
society today, there is no denying of his burning patriotism, his tireless efforts to free India
from inside and outside and his reckless adventures in trying to reach his goals. His exploits
later became a legend due to the many stories carried by the disbanded INA soldiers who
came from every nook and corner of our great country.

Had he lived, Subhas Chandra Bose could have given a new turn to Independent India's
political history. But he lives on eternally in the Indian mind, more famous after his death.

 Ê Ñ

 


BalGangadharTilak's contribution to modern India stands on par with that of Mahatma

Gandhi's

. Tilak was a great Sanskrit scholar and astronomer. He fixed the origin and date of Rigvedic
Aryans, which was highly acclaimed and universally accepted by orientalists of his time.
His role in Congress and advocating Home Rule for India were enormous. His newspaper
(Kesari) founded in 1881 is going strong even today. Hundreds of schools in India were
result of his vision. We owe the mass celebration of the Ganesh festival (see: Ganesh
Chaturthi) only to Tilak. He was Guru to Savarkar (biography) and hundreds of nationalists
and thousands of Indians. Actually he set up the platform for Gandhiji's leadership. Although
Gandhi accepted Gokhale as his mentor, in practice, he adopted all of Tilak's ideas of
 i and of social reform. In 1920, when Tilak passed away, 200,000 mourners
assembled on Chowpati beach of Bombay, without a single untoward incident. It is very hard
to condense the great man's contribution to our country, but I have made an attempt below.
-- JyotsnaKamat
August 15, 1998
India's Independence Day

"Swaraj is my birthright and I shall have it! " were the fiery words of Tilak which roused
a sleeping nation to action, making Indian people aware of their political plight under a
foreign rule. Tilak did not question the British Sovereignty nor his demands rebellious or
revolutionary. All he was asking was favorable conditions in India, to enable people to learn
to govern themselves. May be all over the world, the separatist forces should follow his
vision and define freedom as ability to govern one's land. But the handful rulers who ruled
India's millions thought otherwise. They thought that Tilak was whipping a rebellion and he
was imprisoned twice; two years for the first and six during the second. They said, he had
committed treason.

Born in Ratnagiri, a small coastal town in 1856 in a middle class family, Tilak had to fend Ê
himself for college education. At an early age he was convinced that the educational system
the British provided for the Indians was not at all adequate. After graduation and a law
degree, he helped found a school which laid emphasis on nationalism. He started a news
paper 'Kesari' which tried to teach Indians of their glorious past and reminded them to be self
reliant ( ).

The British used all the native raw materials to run their factories in ›ngland and sold the
finished products to India, keeping the India an ever dependant country. In the process, all the
self-employing industries of India like spinning, weaving, glass making, sugar ,dyeing, paper
making were destroyed. People became destitute for no fault of theirs to help an empire
become richer and stronger.

Tilak tried to breathe life into the moribund nation through four mantras. (1). Boycott of
foreign goods (2) National ›ducation (3) Self Government (4) Swadeshi or self reliance. He
realized that mere protest against British rule was not going to help and insisted on native
production and reliance. "We have no arms, but there is no necessity. But our strong political
weapon is boycott (of foreign goods) Organize your powers and then go to work so that they
cannot refuse you what you demand" - he told the masses.

It is strange that the British read treason in these words. He founded Deccan ›ducation
Society to give better education as per the country's needs. He wrote scathing articles over
inhuman punishment meted out to the nationalist youth who protested the division of Bengal
(VangaBhanga). Indian newspapers were not to criticize the British policy in those days and
two articles titled "Has the Government lost its head ?" and "To Rule is not to wreak
vengeance" appearing in Kesari landed him in jail, after a namesake trial. For the first time in
British history, intellectuals in ›ngland (including the great orientalist, Max Muller) were
able to convince the Government that the trial was unfair. But the second time (1908) was no
different. Tilak advocated his own case and when the judgment of six years of black-waters
( ) imprisonment was pronounced, he gave the famous statement :
" All I wish to say is that in spite of the verdict of the jury, I maintain my innocence. There
are higher powers that rule the destiny of men and nations. It may be the will of Providence
that the cause I represent may prosper by suffering than by remaining free"

Tilak was immensely popular through writing and through social work. His idea of national
festivals took shape in ShivajiUtsav and Ganesh Utsav which were instrumental in bringing
people together culturally - irrespective of their caste and creed. His trial and punishment led
to national upheaval. But the British were careful enough to arrange everything in secret and
the judgment was delivered at midnight and Tilak was taken under military vigil to be
deported to Burma (present Myanmar, which was also under British control)
At 52, a diabetic and ailing Tilak wrote his famous commentary on Bhagavad-Gita, the
sacred book of Hindus. He stressed that Gita taught action (karma), nothing but action.
Religion or spiritual message were secondary and the need of the hour was to arise and fight.
This was Lord Krishna's message to Arjuna. Tilak's wife, his companion of 45 years died at
Pune and the news reached him in Madalay prison Burma only after a week. He had
sacrificed his personal life, his profession, name and fame for the sake of the country.

By the time Tilak completed his six year prison term, he was the unquestioned leader of the
Indians - the uncrowned king. He was known as the TilakMaharaj.

It is strange co-incidence that the last Burmese king Theba had to spend his last days in
solitary confinement in Ratnagiri and this 'uncrowned king' from Ratnagiri had to spend
prison days in Burma!

There was unprecedented jubilation in India after Tilak was free and was back in India. Civil
resistance, the concept of Swaraj, and nationalism had taken deep roots. Tilak's suffering did
not go in vain. A band of leaders, full of zeal for nationalism and self-sacrifice had come up
in India. National schools were coming up in all corners of India. He paved the way for
Khadi (hand woven cloth), picketing against foreign goods and alcoholism. His death in 1920
brought Mahatma Gandhi on the scene and Gandhiji gave a concrete shape to Tilak's ideas of
Swadeshi.

The court which convicted Tilak bears a plaque that says, " The actions of Tilak has been
justified as the right of every individual to fight for his country. Those two convictions have
gone into oblivion -- oblivion reserved by history for all unworthy deeds".

 Ê   Ñ 



  
 

Bhagat Singh was born in a Sikh family of farmers in the village of Banga of Layalpur
district of Punjab (now in Pakistan) on September 27th of 1907. His family stood for
patriotism, reform, and freedom of the country. His grandfather Arjun Singh was drawn to
AryaSamaj, a reformist movement of Hinduism, and took keen interest in proceedings of the
Indian National Congress. Bhagat Singh's father Kishen Singh and uncleAjit Singh were
members of Ghadr Party founded in the U.S. in early years of this century to route British
rule in India. Both were jailed for alleged anti-British activities. Ajit Singh had 22 cases
against him and was forced to flee to Iran. Thereafter he went to Turkey, Austria, Germany
and finally to Brazil to escape Black Water (6 ) punishment for his revolutionary
activities in India.

Y
  


Ôoung Bhagat Singh was brought up in a politically charged state of Punjab which was left
with a seething memory of the Jalianwala massacre of more than 400 innocent lives and
thousands injured (1919). As a lad of fourteen he went to this spot to collect soil from the
park of Jalianwala (¦) in his lunch box, sanctified by the blood of the innocent and kept it
as a memento for life.

Bhagat Singh was studying at the National College founded by LalaLajpatrai, a great
revolutionary leader and reformist. To avoid early marriage, he ran away from home and,
became a member of the youth organization Noujawan Bharat Sabha which had memberships
of all sects and religions. He met Chandrashekhar Azad, B.K. Dutt and other revolutionaries.
They used to print handouts and newspapers in secret and spread political awareness in India
through Urdu, Punjabi and ›nglish. These were all banned activities in India at the time,
punishable with imprisonment.

Y
  

 







Anti-British feelings were spreading; Indians wanted some proper representation in running
the administration of their country to which British reciprocated only on paper. Noticing
restlessness was spreading, the British Government appointed a commission under the
leadership of Sir John Simon in 1928, to report on political happenings. There was no single
Indian member in this commission, and all the political parties decided to boycott the
commission when it planned to visit major cities of India.

In Lahore, LalaLajpatrai (picture) and PanditMadan Mohan Malavia decided to protest to the
commission in open about their displeasure. It was a silent protest march, yet the police chief
Scott had banned meetings or processions. Thousands joined, without giving room for any
untoward incident. ›ven then, Scott beat LalaLajpatrai severely with a 
(bamboo stick) on
the head several times. Finally the leader succumbed to the injuries.

Bhagat Singh who was an eye witness to the morbid scene vowed to take revenge and with
the help of Azad, Rajguru and Sukhadev plotted to kill Scott. Unfortunately he killed Mr.
Sanders, a junior officer, in a case of mistaken identity. He had to flee from Lahore to escape
death punishment.

 
 
 

Instead of finding the root cause for discontent of Indians, the British government took to
more repressive measures. Under the Defense of India Act, it gave more power to the police
to arrest persons to stop processions with suspicious movements and actions. The act brought
in the council was defeated by one vote. ›ven then it was to be passed in the form of an
ordinance in the "interest of the public." No doubt the British were keen to arrest all leaders
who opposed its arbitrary actions, and Bhagat Singh who was in hiding all this while,
volunteered to throw a bomb in the central assembly where the meeting to pass the ordinance
was being held. It was a carefully laid out plot, not to cause death or injury but to draw the
attention of the government, that the modes of its suppression could no more be tolerated. It
was agreed that Bhagat Singh and BatukeshwarDutt would court arrest after throwing the
bomb.
It was a forgone conclusion in 1929 April 8th at Delhi Central Assembly. Singh and Dutt
threw handouts, and bombed in the corridor not to cause injury and courted arrest after
shouting slogans m ¦  ¦ (Long Live, Revolution!)

Meanwhile the killers of Sanders were identified by the treachery of Bhagat Singh's friends
who became "c  ." Bhagat Singh thought the court would be a proper venue to get
publicity for the cause of freedom, and did not want to disown the crime. But he gave a fiery
statement giving reasons for killing which was symbolic of freedom struggle. He wanted to
be shot like a soldier, and not die at the gallows. But, his plea was rejected, and he was
hanged on the 23rd of March 1931. He was 24.

Bhagat Singh became a legendary hero for the masses. Innumerable songs were composed
about him, and the youth throughout the country made him their ideal. He became a symbol
of bravery and a goal to free India.

 Ê 


[
ÊÊ Ê
Ê ÊÊ


ÊÊÊ


ÊÊÊ

Ê 
ÊÊ 
Ê Ê  Ê

Ê

 Ê
ÊÊÊ
Ê Ê Ê
Ê ÊÊ 
ÊÊ

Ê
ÊÊÊ


Ê  Ê
[

Ê
 Ê

ÊÊ Ê

Ê Ê Ê

 Ê Ê Ê
Ê
ÊÊ ÊÊ  Ê ÊÊ  Ê
 

Ê Ê    Ê 
Ê

Ê

ÊÊ  Ê
Ê
Ê 
Ê
Ê
 
Ê
Ê Ê

 Ê

ÊÊ
 Ê
ÊÊÊ
 Ê!  Ê
 Ê Ê

Ê Ê  Ê  Ê



Ê 
Ê
Ê"  Ê#
Ê Ê$%ÊÊÊ 
Ê
Ê
 Ê



ÊÊ

ÊÊ
 Ê Ê
&
ÊÊ Ê Ê Ê 

Ê
Ê ÊÊ'  Ê
 Ê&
Ê
Ê Ê[
Ê[
Ê( Ê
Ê Ê

 Ê Ê)
 ÊÊ&  Ê
Ê* Ê(((Ê Ê
  ÊÊ Ê
ÊÊÊ Ê
  Ê
Ê
 Ê
ÊÊ

&  ÊÊ#
Ê


Ê
Ê
ÊÊ   Ê
+ Ê 
Ê

Ê

Ê,
ÊÊÊ
Ê
 Ê  Ê Ê
  Ê Ê
 Ê
Ê

Ê[
Ê[
Ê(ÊÊ ÊÊ
Ê
 Ê
ÊÊÊ  ÊÊ

Ê ÊÊ
Ê  Ê

ÊÊ
Ê
ÊÊÊ  ÊÊ
ÊÊ-
Ê

  ,Ê

Ê! Ê Ê#
ÊÊ
Ê
 Ê
 Ê
ÊÊ

Ê

ÊÊ  ÊÊ   
Ê


Ê Ê

ÊÊ
Ê

Ê 
Ê Ê  Ê  Ê
 
Ê ÊÊ   Ê
Ê Ê Ê

Ê  Ê
 Ê 
ÊÊ
 Ê Ê Ê.
Ê
  
Ê#
Ê[

Ê/

ÊÊ Ê  Ê 
Ê  Ê
  ÊÊ
ÊÊ
Ê
 Ê!  ÊÊ Ê
Ê ÊÊ 
Ê  Ê

(Ê Ê
 
Ê Ê
 Ê Ê Ê 

Ê  Ê
 ÊÊ

Ê
Ê

 Ê Ê
Ê

Ê
Ê Ê
Ê

 Ê
 ÊÊÊÊ- 

Ê


,ÊÊÊ Ê
Ê  Ê

Ê
 Ê

Ê Ê  Ê
Ê
Ê 
ÊÊÊ[
Ê[
Ê(( Ê
ÊÊ

Ê
 Ê Ê
#
Ê

[
Ê
 Ê#

Ê0 
 Ê
 Ê Ê Ê
 Ê1
Ê

ÊÊ  
Ê Ê
 Ê
 Ê#
Ê
Ê
 Ê 
Ê  Ê
 Ê

ÊÊ Ê
Ê
 Ê
 Ê
ÊÊ  Ê Ê


Ê Ê Ê
Ê
 Ê#
ÊÊ
Ê
Ê
 Ê

 Ê Ê

Ê  Ê Ê
ÊÊ
ÊÊ

Ê ÊÊ

  Ê#
Ê
+  ÊÊ Ê
Ê
Ê
  
Ê

ÊÊ
Ê ÊÊ
 Ê2 
ÊÊ Ê
 .+ Ê/

ÊÊ
Ê  Ê

ÊÊÊÊ
 Ê
Ê
 
Ê  Ê3 
 Ê

Ê 
Ê
  Ê
Ê 


Ê
Ê   Ê

Ê
ÊÊ

Ê ÊÊÊ

ÊÊ
 Ê 

 Ê
Ê
 ÊÊ Ê  ÊÊ
Ê



Ê 
 Ê
 Ê 




ÊÊ#
ÊÊ
 Ê  Ê

ÊÊ 

Ê Ê ÊÊ
 Ê Ê Ê
Ê
 Ê
Ê

Ê3
 ÊÊÊ
Ê 

 
Ê Ê ÊÊÊÊ
 
 Ê
Ê Ê

Ê4Ê Ê
 Ê! ÊÊ

Ê

 Ê/ ÊÊ

Ê

Ê ÊÊ
Ê

Ê Ê&Ê
 Ê
 Ê

ÊÊ

 Ê
 Ê.

 Ê)
 Ê 
Ê
Ê
Ê
Ê Ê
  
Ê5  Ê

Ê 
Ê
ÊÊ
 Ê1
Ê

ÊÊ  Ê
Ê! ÊÊ
 Ê
 Ê
   ÊÊ[
Ê[
Ê((Ê

&
 Ê$%$ÊÊ$67 Ê
Ê


,Ê  
Ê ÊÊ 
Ê 
ÊÊ Ê  Ê Ê
 Ê  Ê
Ê
Ê   Ê  Ê  Ê  Ê
Ê
Ê Ê  Ê! Ê(
ÊÊ Ê Ê
 Ê-
,Ê
5 Ê ÊÊ
 Ê
Ê Ê Ê8  Ê&

  ÊÊ
 Ê1
Ê

Ê
Ê" Ê[ Ê
 Ê
 

Ê

Ê
Ê
 Ê'
ÊÊ Ê
Ê

ÊÊ

,Ê
Ê Ê  Ê   ÊÊ
Ê
 Ê Ê  Ê3Ê&
ÊÊ ÊÊ Ê& Ê

  Ñ Ñ

  

© Ê

 



 



 



 



©
 
 


 
   





 


 

   



 
 


  
  






  








 


 


 
 Ê  

 !" #$#%$&'()*%+ ", &,)"'$(#')$-'$(#'('% $)
(-#')*.& (#("$/()'-# &&,$,'% /(-#, )(/ 0$# 1 % %$)-%$
"#$ 
 ! )&'$00%+ 0 /' %$#,0 2*'%'$&"()  #,-)$#2#,'$" 0 && 
&!$'%002) '
3$(# )&1'% ) $&"() '%#(# -#$4- !*(/, &)$$#2'% ')- 2 #$-&(/%$)-%$5
% ()3()' +$&$(#)*1'% -#"'% ,&')' 2$&'1'% 3)(-,3')$('1'% 0 , )(/" #1
'% )%$' '(/
#,$.&3$'0")6 '&1'% %"3$(#(/&%) %(0, )$#' ) &' % 
& (#,&(#(/&%((0' % )1%$)-%$!&()#$#©78$#'% +$002 (/%()!,$#
-9)'$#$)-"&'# &'%'# &' , &)$ ,&"(, &' )$+ #*%),&%$3#,
!#'1% %,'(,)(3(-'(/&%((0 )0* 
#©7:71 ''% 2 (/©;1% ! #''(
, ##(!
 " #$#& )%(/(33()'-#$'*1#,!()6 ,&,$&3'%0 )6/()
 && <( 

(-30 (/* )&0' )1'% ("3#* " ,$&')$-'()/() % 003)(,-'&#,
%$)-%$!&3)("(' ,'("#2 '% ("3#*.&($0/$00$#2&''$(#''% 3()'(/

, # 
'!&% ) '%'% ,) " ,(/& ''$#2-3#,(!#$#2) /$# )*1!%$%% 0' )
) 0$& ,!$'%%$&3 ')(% "$0&+ #'-) 
#©7=1%$)-%$) '-)# ,'(
#,$#,
&')' ,'%  0$# ("" )$0()3()'$(#!$'%3$'0(/& ©1>>> >> % 
3)$")*-&$# &&(/ 0$# ("" )$0()3()'$(#!&'($"3()'3(0* &' )*)##,
?3()'&3$ & % -&$# &&!&& '-3$#3)'# )&%$3!$'%%"3600"#$1%$&
& (#,(-&$#1!%(-& ,'( !$'%%$"$#
, #1 " # % /$)&'(// $ (/'%  0$# 
("" )$0()3()'$(#!&& '-3''% )&$#'%# ') '$#&9$,-#, ) 
'!&
8> 4 ' )(("!$'%' 0 3%(# 1(# '0 #,'%) %$)& 
#$'$00*1'% *%,'!(
&&$&'#'&'(% 03'% "!$'%'% $)-&$# && 
#©7=1%"360 0"#$#,
%$)-%$
"#$ #, ,'% $)3)'# )&%$3#,%$)-%$&')' ,(#%$&(!# 
'$&
 0$ + ,'%'('%%,,$// ) #'' "3 )" #'&#,,$// ) #''6 (#%(!'((#,-'
 -&$# && %$0 ) "#$!&-'$(-&'), )#,,$,#(' 0$ + $#-$0,$# 2*)#
$#+ #'()$ &1%$)-%$!&6#(!#)$&6'6 )#,% (#&$, ) ,'%'-$0,$#2
$#+ #'()$ &1#'$$3'$#23)$ )$& 1#,"6$#23)(/$'&'%)(-2%'%'!&2((,/()
2)(!'% -)$#2'%$&3 )$(,1%$)-%$#,%$&/"$0*-& ,'(&'*$#(#  ,)(("
3)'" #'''% @$%$#,&'' $#%-0 &%!)1-"$ 
#©7=A1% "(+ ,'(#
-3")6 '3)'" #''
0'"(-#'(,$# (-'%-"$ 
"#$B&# '!()'%!&
&'$"' ,'(-'& ©"$00$(#*0' ©7=>&  
8 Ê #&$#22((,(33()'-#$'*$#'% ' ?'$0 -&$# &&1%$)- %$&')' ,%$&/$)&'' ?'$0 "$00
')(,1$#
%" ,,$#'% * )©7==  ?'$0 &! ) "#-/'-) ,-&$#23(0* &' )
/$) *)# %$)-%$&')' ,'% )#,C$"0C1!%$%!&#" ,/' )%$& 0, )
)('% )"#$600
"#$B&&(#1$"0
"#$ ?' #&$+ ")6 '$#2(/'% )#,
C$"0C$#'% $#' )$()&(/
#,$", $'%(-& %(0,#" )#%$& ) '$0(-'0 '&! ) 
&')' ,#,'% *-& ,'(& 00C(#0*$"0C)#,(/' ?'$0 & 
#'% * )©7;1 %#$0
' "/)("'% ()0,#6+$&$' ,'%  0$#  ?'$0 &B#-/'-)$#2-#$' %$&-#$'
%&'% )) ,$&'$#'$(#(/ $#2 )'$/$ ,&C ? 00 #' + #*, + 0(3 ,(-#')*
&'#,),&C,-)$#2'%'3 )$(, %$)-%$
"#$$&) ,$' ,!$'%&')'$#2'%  4-$'*-0'
$#
#,$ () '%#A1>>>$#+ &'()&/)("+)$( -&3)'&(/
#,$&-&)$ ,'(
 0$# B&
$#©7;;+ )'$" 1%$)-%$,$+ )&$/$ ,%$&-&$# &&!$'%'% () 
&3 $0$&'$(# $#2$#3 ')(% "$0&#,,,$'$(#0$#' ) &'&$#' 0 (""-#$'$(#&1
$#/()"'$(#' %#(0(2*1 # )2*13(! )1) '$01' ?'$0 &1$#/)&')-'-) & )+$ &13$'0
")6 '&1#,0(2$&'$& % ("3#*&!%(0 !&, &)$ ,*'% &C-&$# &&
"3$) !$'%# &'$"' ,##-0'-)#(+ )(/D©#1#,#A1>>> &')(#2!()6/() C 
: Ê  
%',(*(-00"#!%(%' &'(0 (& E
!$## )E%'$&'(( &*1'((
20$1#,-)$ &'% &'()* 
00%$)900$)%#,
"#$ + )!#' ,'( $&'% $22 &'
'% )  + )$&1'%  &''% )  + )!&  !#' ,3$  (/'% '$(#F3) / )0*00(/
$' 
/('% )&!(-0,#.'0 '%$"$#1% !(-0,) ' %$&(!#'-)/#,(!#$'00 
"#$$&
'-00*-&$# &&"#1-'%$&) )$&&( ?')(),$#)*'%'% $&"() '%#9-&'
-&$# &&"#1"() '%# + ##$#,-&')$0$&'  $&/(06% )('("$00$(#&(/
#,$#&1
+ #'%(& !%() #('-&$# &&" #1(),(#('&3$) '(-&$# &&) )
#,'%'$&
!%*%$)-%$
"#$$&&(&3 $019-&'&%'"#,%$!&&(" '%$#2"() '%#
3(0$'$$##,
#,$)#,%$!&"() '%#3)$" "$#$&' ) % & 3 (30 ) #('()#
+ )*,* 
)#6%$)-%$0(#2!$'%'% #,%$&1 -& 00(/'% ""(+ ,'% 
#'$) (-#')*$# )'$#,$) '$(# $'%(-''% %'"1! !(-0,&'$00 -#, )'% 
)$'$&% $'%(-'
#,$)1'% (-#')*!(-0,%+  #'()#3)'$#'(4-&$$#, 3 #, #'
/$ /,("&1'% 6$#,! %, /() '% )$'$&% )&))$+ ,% ) 
#,!$'%(-'%$)-%$1! 
!(-0,#('%+ 0 )#'%(!'('%$#6$21#('$#' )"&(/&"00/'()*% ) #,'% ) 1
-'$#' )"&(/2$#'30#'&1&$2&#*!% ) $#'% !()0,#,&"(, )#&'% *
(" %$)-%$'-2%'
#,$'('%$#6$21 -& 1&% -& ,'(&*1(-)&$&$2
(-#')*#,$/! ,(#(''%$#6$21! &%00# + ) 0 '(''$#(-)3(' #'$0 
'$&#('
&*'('%$#6$2$#
#,$  ) &(!())$ ,(-''% # ?'" 0'%''% ) $&#('$" 
/()#*'%$#2 0& ()'% 0&''%(-&#,* )&! %+ #(''%(-2%'$2'001'%(-2%'% 
)'%&-#, ) %$+9$,$,')*  #'%$#6(#0*(/'% # ?'" 01'% # ?'3*% 4- 1
'% # ?'9(1'% # ?' 0 '$(#  ## + )'%$#6(/'% ,*/' )'("())(!10 '0(# 
'% * )/' )'("())(!1()'% 2 # )'$(#/' )'% # ?'  ) &(3(()'%'
+ )*'%$#2' #,&'( &%()'' )"1&"00#,')$/0$#21#,0"(&'0!*&' "3())*#,
&%()'0$+ , 
&*)#" )%#'1% -& ,'(2(/)("(# , 0 )'(#('% )#,0&('(
3-)%& 2 #'&(/'% $2' ?'$0 ("3#$ &$#-"$1"(&'(/!%("%+ #(!&%-'
-3&%(3()2(# #6)-3' 
"#$&'$00) " " )&'% "#,00&'% "%$&&% '%& -'
%(!$&$''%'%$)-%$! #'(#'(% "$0&/)("' ?'$0 &1#,/)("'% ) '(
 3 ')(% "$0&#,'% #'(($0 ?30()'$(#E
"#$)) 0*'06 ,(-'"(# *1'%(-2%
'%'!&&-33(& ,'( %$&/()'  !&6#(!#$#'% ")6 '&/$##$0!$G),  
)$& ,& ;1>>)() $#00/()%$&-&$# &&1%-2 "(-#' + #/()"#0$6 
"#$ 
'&'((6# )0*%-#,) ,* )&'(%$ + !%''% *,$, %$)-%$1'!$ &$21
'((69-&'(-':>* )&'(,(!%'% %&,(# % 
"#$&) #(!# )0*'!$ &
$2&'&#,2)(!$#20&(''!$ '% $))' % ) ,$,%$)-%$0 )#'('%$#6
$2E ,$,#('0 )##*'%$#2/)("%$&-&$# &&(#' "3())$ & -& '% ) !&
#('%$#2'(0 )# 
'%$#6% !&()#'%$#6$#2$2 
'!&& (#,#'-) '(%$"1
('% )!$& %(!(-0,"#$#©>/'*©>/'(//$ %!6$#2*)# #,-3&'% (!# )
(/%-2 3 ')(% "$030#'#,# 4-00*%-2 ($0) /$# )*E !&) &'0 &&&(-0
!%(&$"30*%,'(,(!%'% ,$,1 -& '%'!&%$& 
 Ê ("3-0&$(# + )*'%$#2 0& " /' )!),&1&$',( &!% #*(-6#(!!%'*(-) 
2($#2'(,(1'%(-2%#('%(!*(-) 2($#2'(,( $'
/'% /$)&'%0/(/'% >'% #'-)*
 0(#2 ,'('&1'% & (#,%0/ 0(#2 ,'(%$)-%$
"#$#,$/% 0$+ &0(#2
#(-2%1'% /$)&'%0/(/'% ©&' #'-)*!$000&( 0(#2'(%$" %$)-%$
"#$$&
$#, ,"#(/'!( #'-)$ &H
/*(-'6 3$  (/(),$#)*20&&1%(0,$'(+ )&(" 
&%) ,, ,33 )#,0 '&-#0$2%'&%$# '%)(-2%100*(-!$00%+ $&)$2%'3$0 (/33 ) 
-'$/*(-'6 "2#$/*$#220&&#,/(-&'% &" &-#0$2%'(#'% 33 )1*(-#
&')'/$) $## )&/(-&1"&' )$#2'% $0$'*'(("30$&% 
#, %)$%$)-%$!&
'% "&' )(/"&'& %$&$&'% /$)&'0 &&(#! 0 )#/)("%$"5 /(-&& ,(#!%' + )
*(-30#'(,('$00*(-%$ + $'  %,'% &" "$&&$(#)*G 01'% &" /(-&$#
%$"1)$2%'/)(" 0$# .&/$)&'3-0$$&&- '$00'% '$" % -$0''% """('%@"#2)
) /$# )*  !&0!*&(3 #"$#, ,  !&%-#2)*/()# !$, &#,# + )
,$&(-#' ,#*$, ()3 )&(# + #* )& /() %$&, '%% 0((6 ,/()# !$, &/()
")6 '$#2$#'%$&# !$#/()"'$(#2 %$&!&'% & (#,0 &&(#! 0 )#/)("%$"5
0!*& (3 #"$#, ,1 -& !% #*(-%+ #(3 #"$#,*(-&&$"$0' "() 1
 (" &(0-'$(#()$ #' ,#,"6 "() 3)(2) &&$#0$/  0!*&'-2%'-&'%'
#('%$#2$&$"3(&&$0 $#'%$&!()0, #  *(-(# $+ #$, #,6$'-3!$'%
&')(#2 0$ /1*(-#, /$#$' 0*&- , I#) 0$&'$2(0&.!&' )""$&&$#2/)("%$&
,$'$(#)* $2%'/)("' ?'$0 &'() /$# )*'(,)$00$#2/()($01% /(-#,#('%$#2$"3(&&$0 
C
", /'('% !(),C#(CJ
#'% & + #'$ &1%$&' ?'$0 -#$'2(') (2#$'$(#&(# (/
'% !()0,.&"(&'"(, )#' ?'$0 "$00&1"'%$#2() + #&-)3&&$#2, + 0(3 ,#'$(#&.
&')$#2 #'&'#,),& % #'% ' ?'$0 $#,-&')*!&3&&$#2'%)(-2%,+ )& '$" &1% 
, + 0(3 ,*)#3)( &&$#2#,! #'(#'( (" 2$#'$#'% 20(0&*#'% '$
' ?'$0 &$#,-&')*  ) 3 ' ,'% 3 )/()"# $#3 ')(% "$0&1'((  0 )#* '
#('% )0 &&(#/)("%$"50!*&0((6/()!*&'((#+ )')$&$&$#'(#(33()'-#$'*
#,'%$#6% ,(/'$"  !& #'%-&$&'$1-0$#2!$'% ?$' " #'1 2 )/()
&(" '%$#2# !'(,(   ?-, ,(3'$"$&"#,!&&(-) (/3(&$'$+  # )2*  
 0$ + , #'%-&$&"$&'% /- 0(/0$/ 1$'% 03&*(-'(2 '!% ) *(-.) 2($#2 %'!&
'% /(-)'%0 &&(#! 0 )#/)("%$"  !&$2,) " )  0!*& 0$ + ,'%'% 
!&!()'%*(/%$&,) "  &$,*(-!$00 (" '% 3 )&(#*(- 0$ + *(-)& 0/'( 
  & 0 &&0*$#&3$) ,-&'('%$#6$2#,"6 (-),) "'% 3-)3(& (/0$/ % #
*(-) 3)(33 ,-3*&')(#2 & 0/ 0$ /#,&$#20 "$#, ,, ' )"$#'$(#'(%& #,
%$ + *(-),) "1*(- (" &(0-' 0*-#&'(330 1!&%$&"#') %$&!&'% 
 &'0 &&(#! 0 )#/)("%$" 
= Ê 



%$)-%$
"#$!&#((),$#)*0 , )  !&"#!%(
2+ "#2 " #'!%(0 # !K$&"J % ) $&# !K$&"J'%'
.+  #" #$#2'(
,,'('% +&'!()0,(/!(),&/()4-$' !%$0 #(!  -& 1!$'%(-' ?22 )'$(#1$'.&
!(),/()!%$%#(&*#(#*"#,(/-009-&'$ 5K%$)-%$&"J %$)-%$&"(©5% 
 &$0 #' # /'() %$&!&#('% )(/%$&) ")60 ')$'& % #% % 03 ,&(" (# 1
% # + ) + )) '% ,!(),(-'$''(#*(#  0& % ) %+  ##(# "(#2-&
!%(%+ #.'6#(!#%$&6$#,# &&1* '% # + )! #')(-#,)(,&'$#2$'  # + )
-& ,%)$'*&30'/()"'(2$#3-0$$'*  (" '$" &1% !(-0, + #2('('%  ?' #'
(/#('0 ''$#2'% ) $3$ #'6#(!!%('% ,(#()!&  -%!&'%  ?' #'(/%$&
2 # )(&$'* K?3 ''% -# ?3 ' ,J9-&'"$2%'%+  #($# ,/()%$" %$)-%$&"
(5) "$2-',) "!$'%*(-) * &(3 # $&3% #(" #0%$ + " #'&%(! ,

#,$'%'0$"$''$(#&! ) (#0*$#'% "$#, 
#,'%'#('%$#2!&')-0*-#''$#0 /()
'%(& !%(,) " ,$2 % # + )
')$ ,'(3($#'(-''(%$"'%''&6& " ,'(($2
'( ("30$&% ,1% !(-0,) 30*5J($&#(#&! )HJ('(#0*,$,% ,) "$21% 
'-2%'00(/-&'(,(&('(( %$)-%$!&$#, ,"#(/"#*3)'&1&$& +$, #' 

"&-) '% ) ) "#*3 (30 !%(,$&30*&(" (/'% ')$'&" #'$(# ,(+ 1$#'% $)
!()6$#2&'*0 &&! 001-'%$)-%$!&(# (/'%(& )) 3 (30 !%(, "(#&')' ,
00(/'% "100'% '$" 
#,'%'.&!%'", %$"&-%3% #(" #0' "-$0, )#,
%$ + )  &1! 00# ,K%$)-%$&"&J$#(-)0$+ &'() "$#,-&'%'$/$'!&
3(&&$0 /()(# 3 )&(#'( 00'%$&#,"() 1! '((# 
#,0$6 %$"12((#'(
%$ + '% $"3(&&$0 '(( %$)-%$&"(85%#2 *(-)()$'1(#&'#'0*H(
-#, )&'#,'%$&&'' " #'10 '"  ?30$#%$)-%$.&K()$''% ()* J !(-0,(/' #
?30$#'%'! ) 00()#$#'(#()$' 
'$&-3'(-&'(3)(2) &&'('% # ?'  (-0,
%((& '(0$+ #,,$ $#'% ()$''%'! ) ()#$# -''%'!(-0, )$"$#0
!&' (/3(' #'$0 % #! 3-&%(-)& 0+ &$#'('% # ?'()$'1!  # /$'#('(#0*
(-)& 0+ &-' + )*(# (## ' ,!$'%-& (! + )1!% #*(-%#2 ()$'&1*(-!$00
) ' /)$'$(# % 2((,# !&$&'%'*(-) # "$ &/)("*(-)3) +$(-&()$'!$00# + )
 0 '() %*(-$#*(-)# !(# *'% '$" ) & #'" #'-$0,&-3$#*(-)# !
()$'1*(-&%(-0,"(+ '('% # ?'0 + 0 
#,&((# %#2$#2()$'&$&'% 6 *'((-)
3)(2) &&&#'$(# 
; Ê %$)-%$&"(:5$, &) #((# .&"(#(3(0*  %)$%$)-%$
"#$!&#('9-&'
/$)"0*)((' ,$#'),$'$(#0
#,$#+0- &1-'!&0&('% 4-$#' & & #'$00*"(, )#
"#1'% "#(/'% # !"$00 ##$-" %$&!&0 )0*) /0 ' ,$#%$&3&&$(#/()" 2
&$G ,3)(9 '&1'% "(&',+# ,' %#(0(2*#,'% %$2% &'0 + 0(/3)(,-'$+$'* % 
()3()' 3%$0(&(3%*% /(00(! ,!&&%()'1&$"30 #,&-$#' C%$#6$2 %$#6
,$// ) #'0* %$#6/&' %$#6% , 
$"/()'%  &'C  $#&3$) ,'%  0$# ' "'(
,( '' )'%#'%  &'#('(#0*$#
#,$-'$#'% !()0, %$)-%$&"5()%$"1%$&
3 (30 ! ) %$&"(&'$"3()'#'&& '  &(-' ,)(-#,/()'%  &'#,"(&''0 #' ,
3)(/ &&$(#0&1#-)'-) ,'% "#,(#'$#-(-&0*3)(3 00 ,'% "'($"/()&'$00%$2% )
2(0& % & %$2%0*"('$+' ,3 (30 ("3)$& '% () (/!%'% #" ,5C% 
 0$# "$0*C  %)$%$)-%$
"#$+$&-0$& ,'% 2)(!'%(/ 0$# &#$#' 2)0
3)'(/%$&2)#,+$&$(#/()
#,$  !&(#+$# ,'%'
#,$(-0, (" #
(#("$&-3 )3(! )!$'%$#&%()'3 )$(,(/'$" #,!#' , 0$# '(30*#
$"3()'#')(0 $#) 0$&$#2'%$&2(0 % %2+,$'&'' &1C% '$(#&(/2) '
"#) #$#&3$)'$(#/()('% )& %' + )% ,( &1 (" &&'#,),/()('% )&'(
/(00(! C%$& )'$#0*330$ &'( %)$%$)-%$
"#$  
A Ê 
 


 
 
,$"(#,$&" ) 0*0-"3(/(0'%',$,! 00
-#, ) ?') " 3) &&-)  ($"2$# %(!)$00$#'%-"# $#2# *&-&'$#$#
3) &&-) &(/0$/  $/ .&%00 #2 &) #('&-33(& ,'(3)0*G *(-1'% *.) &-33(& ,'(
-#0 &%*(-)$## )&') #2'%<% 03*(-,$&(+ )!%(*(-) 
#©7A1 0$# 

#,-&')$ &" -32$#&')$2%'&$&&- ) 2),$#23)'0*(#+ )'$0 ,  #'-) & 
'
!&)-"() ,'%'("3#*!&"6$#200 //()'&'( #&-) '%''% $)&'(63)$ &,$,
#('&0$, #$#%  #&$#2#(33()'-#$'*1 ))' 0!%$%!&2)(-3(/&'(6
 )(6 )&/)("0-''&')' ,'(&%()'& 00'% &%) &(/ 0$# ((-#' )'%$&1
2)(-3(/&'(6)(6 )&'$00)  #'0*) / )) ,'(&C)$ #,&(/ 0$# C&')' ,'(-*
'% &%()'&(0,&%) &(/ 0$# 
#,-&')$ &(#'% ("* '(6?%#2 %  )
)' 0!&'$#2(#'%  0$ /'%''% -00&!(-0, &%()'(/&%'(("30 ' '% 
')#&'$(#&#,!(-0, ) ,*/()& ''0 " #'-#, )'% C,0C'),$#2&*&' "
3) +0 #'$#("* '(6?%#2 ,-)$#2'%(& ,*& % -00&6 3'(#-*$#2#,
3)$ (/& ©3 )&%) !&"$#'$# ,'$00'% ,*(/& ''0 " #' #'% ,*(/
& ''0 " #'1'%  ))' 0!&'6 #6!% #'% -00&, "#, ,3%*&$0
, 0$+ )*(/&%) & (("30 ' '% ')#&'$(#1'% "-%# , ,&%!&3)(+$, ,'(
'% &'(6)(6 )&!%(%,(-2%'&%) &(/ 0$# 1*#(# ('% )'%#
%$)-%$
"#$ 
#'% & (/#(# & ''0 " #'1'% -00&, "#, ,#C#,0C
3 #0'*&-"(/& 83 )&%) $'%'%$&1'% , "#,$#) & ,#,'% &%) &(/
 0$# &%('(+ ©A>)-3 &$#"$#-' & % & ''0 " #'-& ,# #()"(-&-3)()
$#'% ")6 '#,%$)-%$
"#$!&'% -#4- &'$(# ,6$#2(/'% &'(6")6 '&  
3)(+ ,'(%$&, ')'()&9-&'%(!,#2 )(-&$'!&'(30*!$'% 0$# % &$'-'$(#
!&2 ''$#2("30 ' 0*(-'(/(#')(0 (/$#,&(0-'$(#'('%$&&$'-'$(#1'% ("*
'(6?%#2 !&0(& ,/()'%) -&$# &&,*& 
-'%()$'$ &/)("'% ("* '(6
?%#2 $#' )+ # ,$#'% "'' )#,)(-2%',(!#'% C#,0C)' '(& !$'%
&'$3-0'$(#'%''%  ))' 0%,'(, 0$+ )'% &%) &!$'%$#'% # ?'/ !,*& % 
 ))' 0(-2%'&%) &(/ 0$# /)("'% ")6 ''%$2% )3)$ 0 + 0&#,$'!&
0&(0 )#''%'%$)-%$
"#$%$"& 0/&-330$ ,'%(& &%) &'('%  ))' 0#,
)# ,% 0'%*3)(/$'(-'(/%  ))' 0B&,+ #'-) 
/' )'%$&$#$, #'1"#*
4- &'$(#&! ) )$& ,*%$&, ')'()&#,'% 3) && ('"#*3 (30 ! ) 0 '(
-#, )&'#,&'(%(!*)#'), )'$00/ !* )&2(!&0 '(2 '$#&-%%-2 
"(-#'(/&%/0(!,-)$#2)$&$&3 )$(, % #&! )'('%$&!&3)(+$, ,*'% '% #
/$## "$#$&' )1)#-6% )9 $#'% 3)0$" #'  $#/()" ,'% %(-& '%'
7 Ê (# &$, #'
#,$#%,$#+ &' ,-3'(& >$00$(#$# 0$# ,-)$#2©7A A8 
% & $#+ &'" #'&! ) )(-' ,'%)(-2%"#*("3#$ &0$6 )((,$0 1 ('#,
$&( % & ("3#$ &! ) 3)$")$0*) 2$&' ) ,$#
&0 (/# % $#' ) &'$#2/'()
!&'%'00'% 3)("(' )&()(!# )&(/'% & ("3#$ &%,(""(#&-)#"  %% 

#$#+ &'$2'$(#*'%  & )+ #6(/
#,$$#'% $#$, #',$,#('/$#,#*-# '%$0
()$00 20'&()')#&'$(#&(""$'' ,* 0$# ()$'&3)("(' )&  &3$' %$&
0"(&'$,&(-%1
"#$%& #6#(!#'(%+ /0 ?$0 +0- &#,#-# '%$0
&') 6)-##$#2'%)(-2%%$" $&$(2)3% )%$"& 0/%&$' ,&(" $#&'# &(/%$&
-# '%$0 %+$()!% #% !&9-&'#(),$#)* "30(* '3 ')(03-"3$#-$ 
 %& #-& ,(/%+$#2"#$3-0' ,2(+ )#" #'3(0$$ &'(&-$'%$&(!## ,&1
#,%& #6#(!#'( 6$#2 "6 )$#2(+ )#" #' 0 '$(#& 
0'%(-2%"(&'" ,$
&(-) &' #,'(&3 6(-'(-'-&$# &&3(0$'$&# ?-&1'% 
"#$%(-& %&0!*&
#9(* ,"() 3)(' '$(##,&% 0' )/)("'% " ,$&'()"&'%'&! 3)(&&'% 
(-#')* -&&0 !$'%-&0$,$-&0$,$(/("* * $#2!&1'(# 3($#'$#
'$" 1'% $22 &'("3 '$'()(/%$)-%$#, 0$# 
#,-&')$ & ('%-&0$,$#,
%$)-%$! ) 6#(!#/()'% $)$#/0- # $#'% 3(0$'$0$)0 &#,'% $)$0$'*'(2 '
'% "(&',$//$-0'0$ #& &33)(+ ,,-)$#2'% '$" &(/3) 0$ )0$G , (#("* -)$#2
'% @#')'*)-0  '! #©7;;©7;71-&0$,$('$# ,'% 3 )"$&&$(#'(-$0,
=>1>>>'(## &3 )##-"$" '%*0' ) 3%'%0' 30#'  /() '% 0 '' )(/
$#' #'!&(#+ )' ,$#'(0$ # 1"#*%-),0 &" $#'% !* $#00*1$#©7A©1
-&0$,$!&2)#' ,'% 0$ #& /()'% 30#' %$&$#$, #'' ,&'0*&'
 '! #'% '!(3)'$ &#,'% ("3 '$'$(#'((6#-20*'-)# % 
#,$#?3) &&

)'$0 &
'(# 3($#'$#'$" 1"#'%( #6!&/)$ #,(/%$)-%$
"#$ 
 "#'%( #6!&0&((#&$, ) ,'( 0(& '(-&0$,$ #"#*(&$(#&1
"#'%( #6')$ ,'($#' )+ #  '! #'% '!(!))$#2/'$(#&#,)$#2# #,
'('%  #"$'* ( #6#,
"#$ " )$+0&"$#0* -& 
"#$B&())-3'
-&$# &&3)'$ &#,%$&$00 20'$(#&'%'0 ,'(( #6#('2 ''$#2/$)&%) $#
'% ("3#*  ' )(#1"#'%( #6%(& '(&-33()'-&0$,$ 
'(# 3($#'(/
'$" 1"#'%( #6$& 0$ + ,'(%+ &$,C-&0$$&##20$&%"#  ##('
%#,0 
"#$ 
"#$ 
6#(!%(!'(/$#$&%%$"C "#'%( #61'% 3')$)%
(/% 
#,$#?3) &&)(-3 %$&/$0 3%('(2)3%(/) ( #6!&'6 #$#%$&
3 #'%(-& ''% ?3) &&(! )&1)$"#($#'1("*"#'%( #61'% 
3')$)%(/% 
#,$#?3) &&)(-3 %$&/$0 3%('(2)3%(/) ( #6!&'6 #$#
%$&3 #'%(-& ''% ?3) &&(! )&1)$"#($#'1("*
©> Ê
&,*&3&& ,*1% 
#,$#?3) &&1)(,&% ',$0*3-0$&% ,*%$"1))$ ,
& )$ &(/)'$0 &2$#&' 0$# 
#,-&')$ &#,%$)-%$$#!%$%'% *0$" ,'%'
%$)-%$!&-&$#2-#/$)'), 3)'$ &'("?$"$& '% 3)(/$'& "#'%( #6,$,
#('-& %$&&'//''% 
#,$#?3) &&'($#+ &'$2' '% & -'&&$2# ,%$&0(& 
(#/$,#' 1,+$&()#,%)' ) ,(-#'#' -)-"-)'%*/()'%$&'&6 
3)'/)(" 
-)-"-)'%*1#('% )9(-)#0$&'# 6+)!%(!&#('(#'% )(00&(/
#,$# 
?3) &&&')' ,(#')$-'$#2&'()$ & @"#,&(()9#$1-&$# &&"#(33(& ,'('% 

"#$&!&0&(3)'(/'%$&"3$2# ('%
"#$#,( #6! )  4-00*
)$'$$G ,#,,"$) ,*& '$(#&(/'% &($ '*  (30 )$'$$G ,( #6'%'% !&
-&$#2#'$(#0# !&33 )/()'% -& (/3 )&(#0 #"$'* )$'$& 0$ + ,'%'
'% ) ! ) "#*('% )-&$# &&"#$#'% (-#')*!%(! ) -&$#2"() -#/$)#,
-# '%$03)'$ &-'( #6%(& '(')2 '(#0*
"#$#,#(''% ('% )& )$'$&
0&(,"$) ,( #6/()%$&$0$'*'()-#'% & )'$0 &!$'%(-'#*% 03/)("%$&
) 2-0)&'// %$)-%$
"#$!&0&(2 ''$#2"() ) (2#$'$(##,,"$)'$(#1$#
'% " #'$" 
& '$(#(/'% 3-0$&')' ,'(33) $' %$)-%$B&-&$# &&& #& 
#,%$&$0$'*'('" '% &*&' "(),$#2'(%$&!$&% & %  #,'('%$&'-&&0 " 
(#0*/' )%$)-%$
"#$&-// ) ,&')(6 %$0 %$)-%$
"#$!&) (+ )$#2
$# #$ 2(1%$&&(#&-6 &%
"#$#,
#$0
"#$"#2 ,'% //$)& % 
#,$#
?3) &&%,'-)# ,'% 2-#&2$#&' 0$# #,!&,$) '0*0"$#2'% 2(+ )#" #'
/()#(',($#2 #(-2%'(3 #0$G  0$# 
#,-&')$ & % ''0  '! #,$ 
( #6#,'% 
"#$&'((6# !,$) '$(##, " #'$(#0)$&$& -)-"-)'%*
#,#('% )9(-)#0$&'1-02(6)(#&()' ,!$'%) &$, #'$#$L$0 $#2%#,2%(&' 
!)(' %(&'$0 0 '' )'('% )$" $#$&' )(#%$& %0/ % 
#,$#?3) &&3-0$&% ,
,)/'(/'% ) &$, #'.&0 '' )&&((31#(') 0$G$#2'%'L$0 $#2%%,", 
%#2 &'('% 0 '' ) /() & #,$#2$''(9$+#,%$ 
"#$%,!(#'% ''0 '
'%$&3($#' (!1!%$0 '% '-&&0 !&,$) '0* '! #'% )$" $#$&' )9$+#,%$
#,"#'%( #61
"#$", 4-$ ' ?$' % 2(+ )#" #''% #)$, ,'% 
?3) &&2- &'%(-& $# 0%$.& -#, )2)#,/(-#,'% ()$2$#0,)/'!$'%
()) '$(#&$#-02(6).&%#,!)$'$#2 *©7AAA719$+.&2(+ )#" #') '0$' ,!$'%
& )$ &(/3)(& -'$(#&2$#&''% 
#,$#?3) && + #'% #1( #6) '$# ,%$&
$(#$&''-)  -& 1'("#*3 (30 1% & " ,'( ) 30*$#2%$&% )($, /$# 
,-)$#2'% " )2 #*) 2$" %$)-%$#,  $#2%
'!&!$, 0*6#(!#'%'
%$)-%$,$,#B' #9(*(),$0) 0'$(#!$'%$&%!#'%)'3 $#2%1!%(&- , ,
9$+#,%$&'% )$" $#$&' )(/
#,$ 
#*©7A1% &-,, #0*) "(+ ,'% 
$"3()'(/-)$/$ , ) 3%'%0$
$,/)("'% 3 # # )0 $ #& ' 2()* 
&)!
"' )$0'%$&!&+ )*$"3()'#''("#-/'-) 3(0* &' )/$0" #'*)# %$&", $'
+ )*,$//$-0'/() 0$# '())*(#(3 )'$(#&  0$# !&0 '(& -) 1/)("
+)$(-&/$##$0$#&'$'-'$(#&10 '' )&(/) ,$''%'!(-0,00(!$''($"3()'0"(&'(# 
 /-00* ).&) 4-$) " #'(/
(#'%  + (/'% $&&-# (/'% 2(+ )#" #'#('$/$'$(#1
%#2$#2'% ' 2()*-#, )!%$%
(-0, $"3()' , 
#©77>1'% 2(+ )#" #' 
(!# ,/$##$0$#&'$'-'$(#&0$6 '%  $/ 
#&-)# ()3()'$(#(/
#,$#,'%  # )0

#&-)# ()3()'$(#&'(# !00 ,'' "3'&*'%  0$# 2)(-3'(4-$) 
"#2 )$0(#')(0(+ ) )& #<(-)(  #&$#2, / '1'% 
"#$&) &$2# ,/)("
'% (),(/'% ("3#* %$)-%$1!%(%, ("  <B&%$)"#$#
3)$0©7A71
%,'(4-$'%$&3(&''("6 !*/()  %(&%1/()" )%$)"#(/'%  '' #6(/

#,$ 
©© Ê(#')$-'$(#& $&')- 3%$0#'%)(3$&'1#('3) % )()) /()" ) $&()3()' 
3%$0(&(3%*#,)#,(/"#2 " #'! ) $#$'$00*)$,$-0 ,*%$&("3 '$'()& 
%$)-%$&! *(#,'% #6&#,/$##$0$#&'$'-'$(#&'('% ) 0&(-) (/
/-#,&M'% ) '$0$#+ &'() %-&1%$&()3()' (9 '$+ &! ) &$"30 5 '' )("3#*
) &-0'&#, # /$'&/()%$&&%) %(0, )& %$)-%$
"#$$&) ,$' ,!$'%&%3$#2

#,$B& 4-$'*-0'-) 1'')'$#2"$00$(#&(/) '$0$#+ &'()&$#")6 ''$00'% #
,("$#' ,*/$##$0$#&'$'-'$(#& %$)-%$) +(0-'$(#$& ,3$'0")6 '& )("
#('%$#21% 2 # )' ,$00$(#&(/)-3 &$#! 0'%/()'%(& !%(3-''% $)')-&'$#%$&
("3#$ & $& //()'&% 03 ,) ' #B 4-$'*-0'B$#'% 
#,$#3$'0")6 ' $'%
$##(+'$+ $#&')-" #'&0$6 '% (#+ )'$0 ,  #'-) 1 0$# 4-$60* " 
/+()$' (/'% &'(6")6 '$#'% ©7A>& 
#©771 0$#  " '% /$)&'
#,$#
("3#*'()$& "(# *$#20(0")6 '&1$'&%$2%) ,$''6$#2$#$#' )#'$(#0
")6 '&0$"$' ,(#0**
#,$B&&(+ ) $2#)'$#2  0$# 0&( " '% /$)&'
#,$#
("3#*'(/ '-) $#() &>>0$&' %$)-%$
"#$!&#" ,'% 
#,$#
#') 3) # -)(/'% >'% #'-)**'%  , )'$(#(/
#,$#%" )&(/("" ) 
#,
#,-&')*

 
3(00(#,-' ,*% $" &(/
#,$$#>>>+(' ,%$"
C2) ' &') '()(/! 0'%$#'%  #'-)*C % !()0,1'% *&*1&' 3&&$, /()'% "#
!%(6#(!&!% ) % $&2($#2(""-#$'* + 0(3" #' 0$# )-#&$'&(!#&%((0&'
$'&"#-/'-)$#2&$' &1!%$%3)(+$, %$2%4-0$'* ,-'$(#'('% %$0,) #(/
"30(* &1#,0&('('% %$0,) #0$+$#2$## )*) & % & &%((0&) 00
4-$33 ,!$'%"(, )#" #$'$ &0$6 ! 00&'(6 ,0$))$ &1("3-' )&10()'()$ &1
&3()'&/$0$'$ &#,30*2)(-#,& )#&3()''$(#/$0$'*$&3)(+$, ,'(00&'-, #'&1'%-&
#0$#2'%(& 0$+$#2$## )*+$002 &'('' #,&%((0 + )*,*  (" (/'% 
$"3()'#'$#$'$'$+ &0-#% ,* 0$# $#0-, 5 0$# 1$#&&($'$(#!$'%'% 
-#$$30()3()'$(#(/) ' )-"$10-#% ,'%  (#,)* %((0&
("3-' )$&'$(#)(9 ''(/$0$'' ("3-' ) ,-'$(#/()©"-#$$30& (#,)*
&%((0&(/-"$ % 3)(9 '(+ )&(-'=A1>>>&'-, #'&&'-,*$#2/)("/$/'%'(
' #'%&'#,), ("3-' )0()'()$ &)  $#2) ' ,$# %(/'% & &%((0& %
("3-' )0!$00%+ ©"-0'$" ,$("3-' )&(## ' ,(## '!()6 % 0!$00
0&(  4-$33 ,!$'%3)$#' )1&## )1&(/'!) 330$'$(#&#, ,-'$(#0
"-0'$" ,$(#' #'/()+)$(-&&*00-&&-9 '&1$#0-,$#2'%&#, $ # 

 î 





Ñ

  Ñ Ñ


V
 



  

ÚÊ & #& (/I,($'*(-)& 0/.

ÚÊ  ,( &#('!$'/()$#/)&')-'-) '( ) ' ,'(&-33()'%$&(3 )'$(#&  2( &
(-'#,-$0,&$'%$"& 0/N $'3(! )30#'/()%$&3 ')(% "$0 #' )3)$& ()
#0'()$#2!' )/)("0)2 ,$&'# &/()%$&((0$#230#' 

V
 



 

ÚÊ % ) -& ,'( '$" !% #(-)2 #*-,)!&'% ')2 '(/&("  ?') " 0*
+$$(-&3)(32#,*(-)3 )&1
ÚÊ % 2 #'0*&6 ,KJ$/% *# , ,#*% 03$#("'$#2$'  
ÚÊ 6#(!0 ,2 '%'% 6# !#,) ,/()!%'%$&' "!&2($#2'%)(-2%1#,'%'
% !&'% ) /()% "$/# , ,%$"1!()6 ,!(#, )&/()(#/$, # 

K 2+ (-)2 !%$%! # + )# !! %,J

V
 

 

 

ÚÊ % #% % 03 ,&(" (# 1% # + ) + )) '% ,!(),(-'$''(#*(#  0&  

ÚÊ K?3 ''% -# ?3 ' ,N9-&'"$2%'%+  #($# ,/()%$" J

V
 

V

 

 

ÚÊ % # + )'&6& " ,'(($2'( ("30$&% ,1% !(-0,) 30*5K($&#(

#&! )JN('(#0*,$,% ,) "$21% '-2%'00(/-&'(,(&('((  
ÚÊ %$&/+()$' 3%)& K,) "!$'%*(-) * &(3 #J

V
 

!" 



# 

ÚÊ "#2 " #'' %#$4- &(/%$"$&,$// ) #'

ÚÊ '% &$"30 &'&')' 2$ &) (/' #'% %), &''(,(3' 
ÚÊ K0 '3)(/ &&$(#0&,('% !()6J
ÚÊ %$&' %#$4-  #/() ,) &3(#&$$0$'*"(#2%$&' "

V
 

$% 



# 

ÚÊ %$)-%$5K()$''% ()*J
ÚÊ %$&$&#("$)0 
ÚÊ !% #*(-%#2 ()$'&1*(-!$00) ' /)$'$(# % 2((,# !&$&'%'*(-)
# "$ &/)("*(-)3) +$(-&()$'!$00# + ) 0 '() %*(-$#*(-)# !(# 
*'% '$" ) & #'" #'-$0,&-3$#*(-)# !()$'1*(-&%(-0,"(+ '('% # ?'
0 + 0 
#,&((#  
 %#2$#2()$'&$&'% 6 *'((-)3)(2) &&&#'$(# 

V
 

& '
' '


ÚÊ
'!&%$)-%$+ )*(!#&$2#'-) &'*0 

ÚÊ
)")(-#,'% &%(-0, )$'%'%'(# &$"30 2 &'-) 1% "#2 ,'(%$ + 
"#*'%$#2& 
ÚÊ %$&' #, #*'%'% %,1'(,)!3 (30 '(!),&%$"1"#$/ &' ,$'& 0/$#
(-#'0 &&!*& 

O'%',$,"-%"() '%#!(),&$#0 ''$#2" 6#(!'%'
 0(#2 ,1'%'
%,%$&

')-&'1#,'%'
%,%$"(#"*&$, H 

V
 

(% %$)-%$'% ()*(/ -330*) '$#2 "#,

ÚÊ  !&#('#
()# (#("$&' -'* '% '((6'),$'$(#0")6 ''% ()*
#,&'((,$'(#$'&% , 
#,&- , , 
ÚÊ !% # + )*(# $#
#,$!(-0,-$0,3$'$ &(#0*/' )) /-0&'-,*(/")6 '1
% ! #'/-00&' "% ,#,) ' ,2$#'&(/"#-/'-)$#230#'&!$'%
-# 0$ +0 3$' & 

V
 

)(# *$&#('3)(,-'*$'& 0/1$'$&*3)(,-'1&(,(#.'%& $'

ÚÊ  ,$,#(') '% !(),(-'3)(/$'&1#()(-' ("$#2'% )$% &' 

ÚÊ
*3)(,-'$&&(" '%$#2'%'*(-,(#.'& '(-''(3)(,- 
'$&'% &3$#(//!% #
*(-) ' &(" '%$#20)2 )