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Camile Fraga Delfino Kunz
15th November 2018
Exercises - Matlab
1) The Lotka–Volterra equations, also known as the predator–prey equations,
are frequently used to describe the dynamics of biological systems in which two
species interact, one as a predator and the other as prey. The following equation
models through difference equations the dynamics between fish (F) and sharks
(S) populations through the months n:
(
F (n + 1) − F (n) = aF (n) − (hS(n))F (n) − eF 2 (n)
S(n + 1) − S(n) = (dF (n))S(n) − cS(n) − f S 2 (n)
1
and compare the results with or without fishing. If was possible to find a steady
state, make an stability analysis using the Jacobian eigenvalues: is it stable or
unstable?
c) If we introduce some fishing factor on the system, the equations now would
be:
(
F (n + 1) − F (n) = aF (n) − (hS(n))F (n) − eF 2 (n) − rF (n)
S(n + 1) − S(n) = (dF (n))S(n) − cS(n) − f S 2 (n) − sS(n)
where r is the fishing rate for the fish population and s for the sharks. Plot the
solutions now with the same parameters as a) and r = 2 and s = 0.05. Which
population is more affected by the fishing?
2) The continuous predator-prey system for the fish and shark populations can
be written like:
dF
= aF − bF S − eF 2 − rF
dt
dS
= dF S − cS − f S 2 − sS
dt
where r = 0 and s = 0 represents the case without fishing.
a) Write an Euler’s Method algorithm to solve the IVP with initial conditions
F0 = 2 and S0 = 1 and the same parameters as the exercise 1). Compare the
fishing and no fishing cases.
b) Use the Newton method to find a steady state for this system. Is it stable
or unstable?
References
1 Edelstein-Keshet, L. Mathematical Models in Biology, SIAM, 2005.