EIS Pasay Harbor Reclamation

PROPOSED PASAY CITY HARBOR CENTER RECLAMATION PROJECT
Pasay City Government

In the Waters of Manila Bay in the Territorial Jurisdiction of Pasay City
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Title Page
ES EXECUTIVE SUMMARY ES-1
ES.1.1 Project Fact Sheet ES-1
ES.1.2 Brief Project Background ES-2
ES.1.2.1 Location and Political Boundaries ES-2
ES.1.3 Process Documentation of the Conduct of EIA ES-4
ES.1.3.1 Document Types for ECC Application and Generic Contents ES-5
ES.1.4 EIA Team (Proponent & Preparer Team members, module of involvement, ES-5
expertise)
ES.1.5 EIA Study Schedule ES-6
ES.1.6 EIA Methodologies ES-8
ES.1.7 Public Participation ES-9
Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Activity ES-9
Focus Group Discussion ES-10
Public Scoping ES-11
ES.1.8 EIA SUMMARY: Summary of Alternatives and Environmental Impacts ES-15
ES.1.8.1 Alternatives for Siting and Reclamation Methodology Options ES-15
ES.1.8.2 Alternatives in Process Technology Selection ES-17
ES.1.8.3 Options considered for the source of water, power, fuel, etc ES-18
ES.1.8.4 Summary of Main Impacts and Residual Effects After Applying Mitigation ES-19
ES.1.8.5 Risks and uncertainties relating to the findings and implications for decision ES-22
making
SECTION 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1-1

1.1 Project Area, Location and Accessibility 1-2
1.2 Project Rationale 1-25
1.3 Project Alternatives 1-26
1.4 Project Components 1-32
1.5 Process and Technology 1-48
1.6 Project Size 1-64
1.7 Development Plan 1-64
1.8 Implementation Schedule 1-65
1.9 Manpower 1-66
1.10 Project Cost, Indicative Project Investment Cost 1-67
2.1 THE LAND 2.1-1

2.1.1 Land Use and Classification 2.1-1
2.1.1.1 Impact in terms of compatibility with existing land use 2.1-1
2.1.1.2 Impact on compatibility with classification as an Environmentally Critical Areas 2.1-3
(ECA)
2.1.1.3 Possible tenurial / water issue Other conflicting tenurial/water issues (e.g. 2.1-8
ROW, informal settlers etc.)
2.1.1.4 Possible conflicts with the nearby cities involving use or access to rivers within 2.1-10
the site and vicinity.
2.1.1.5 Impact in existing land tenure issue/s. 2.1-10
2.1.1.6 Impairment of Visual Aesthetics. 2.1-35
2.1.1.7 Devaluation of Land Value as a Result of Improper Solid Waste Management 2.1-35
and Other Related Impacts
2.1.1.8 Compliance to SOLAS Requirements 2.1-36
2.1.1.9 Impact on Aviation 2.1-37
2.1.2 Geology/Geomorphology 2.1-37
2.1.2.1 Change in surface landform/topography/terrain/slope 2.1-38
2.1.2.2 Changes in Subsurface Geology 2.1-40
2.1.2.3 Changes in subsurface/underground geomorphology 2.1-42
Table of Contents 1
Title Page
2.1.2.3.1 Regional Setting 2.1-42
2.1.3 Inducement of Subsidence, Liquefaction, Landslides, Mud/Debris Flow, etc. 2.1-55
2.1.3.1 Seismic Hazard 2.1-56
2.1.3.1.1 Ground Shaking/Acceleration 2.1-68
2.1.3.1.2 Ground Rupture 2.1-73
2.1.3.1.3 Differential Settlement 2.1-74
2.1.3.1.4 Liquefaction 2.1-75
2.1.3.1.5 Tsunami 2.1-82
2.1.3.1.6 Seismic Resonance 2.1-87
2.1.3.1.7 Landslide 2.1-88
2.1.3.1.8 Settlement/Subsidence 2.1-90
2.1.3.1.9 Volcanic Hazards (Ash Fall) 2.1-92
2.1.3.1.10 Flooding 2.1-92
2.1.3.2 Storm Surges and Storm Waves 2.1-100
2.1.3.3 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise 2.1-107
2.1.4 Pedology 2.1-109
2.1.4.1 Soil Erosion / Loss of topsoil / overburden 2.1-109
2.1.4.2 Change in Soil Quality or Fertility. 2.1-128
2.1.5 Terrestrial Ecology 2.1-132
2.2 THE WATER 2.2-1

2.2.1 Hydrology/Hydrogeology 2.2-1
2.2.1.1 Change in drainage morphology/Inducement of flooding/Reduction in stream 2.2-1
volumetric flow
2.2.1.2 Change in Drainage Morphology 2.2-1
2.2.1.3 Change in stream, lake water 2.2-5
2.2.1.4 Depletion of water resources / competition in water use 2.2-7
2.2.1.5 Water Consumption During the Operations Phase 2.2-7
2.2.2 Oceanography 2.2-8
2.2.2.1 Change in Bathymetry 2.2-8
2.2.3 Water Quality 2.3-56
2.2.3.1 Degradation of Groundwater Quality 2.2-56
2.2.3.2 Degradation of Surface Water Quality 2.2-57
2.2.3.3 Degradation of coastal/marine water quality 2.2-57
2.2.3.4 Possible Increase in the Degree of Pollution Loadings Due to the Proposed 2.2-71
Project
2.2.3.4.1 Construction Phase 2.2-71
2.2.4 Freshwater Ecology 2.2-74
2.2.5 Marine Ecology 2.2-74
2.3 THE AIR 2.3-1

2.3.1 Meteorology 2.3-3
2.3.1.1 Change in the Local Climate, e.g. local temperature 2.3-3
2.3.1.2 Monthly average rainfall and temperature of the area; Climatological 2.3-5
normals/extremes; Wind rose diagrams; Frequency of Tropical cyclones
2.3.1.3 Contribution in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (or GHG mitigation 2.3-8
potential)
Effects of climate change using PAGASA medium to long term projections.
2.3.2 Air Quality 2.3-11
2.3.2.1 Degradation of air quality. 2.3-11
2.3.3 A Mathematical Area Dispersion Modeling for Particulate Matters 2.3-15
2.3.5 Impacts/Mitigating Measures And Monitoring Plan 2.3-20
2.4 THE PEOPLE 2.4-1

2.4.1 Displacement of People, Livelihood and Properties 2.4-21
Table of Contents 2
Title Page
2.4.1.1 Displacement of Settlers 2.4-21
2.4.2 In–Migration/ Proliferation of Informal Settlers 2.4-21
2.4.3 Lifestyle change 2.4-22
2.4.4 Impact on Physical Cultural Resources 2.4-22
2.4.5 Threat to delivery of basic services /resource competition. 2.4-30
2.4.6 Threat to public health and safety 2.4-32
2.4.7 Generation of Local Benefits from the Project 2.4-34
2.4.8 Traffic Congestion 2.4-36
2.4.9 Perception Survey 2.4-47
2.4.10 Impacts On Tourism 2.4-51
SECTION 3 IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 3-1
SECTION 4 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA) 4-1

4.1 Level of Coverage of the ERA 4-2
4.2 Safety Risks 4-5
4.2.1 Description of conditions, events and circumstances, which could be significant 4-5
in bringing about identified safety risks
4.2.2 Description & assessment of the possible accident scenarios posing risk to the 4-7
environment
4.2.2.1 Potential Accidents Involving Fishing Operations Along the Navigational Lane 4-7
of the TSHD
4.2.2.2 Potential Oil Spills from the TSHD Vessel 4-14
4.2.3 Description of the hazards, both immediate (acute effects) and delayed 4-14
(chronic effects) for man and the environment posed by the release of toxic
substance, as applicable
4.2.3.1 Chronic Risks. Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances (i.e. cyanide, 4-15
mercury, etc.) in Water
4.2.3.2 Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances (i.e., cyanide, mercury, etc.) in 4-15
Air and Land
Physical Risks- Failure of Structure which could endanger life, property and/or 4-16
4.3
the environment
4.3.1 Description of conditions, events and “trigger” which could be significant in 4-16
bringing about identified physical risks
4.3.2 Description & assessment of the possible accident scenarios posing risk to the 4-16
environment
4.3.3 Description of the hazards both immediate (acute effects) and delayed (chronic 4-16
effects) for man and the environment posed by the failure of structure, as
applicable
4.4 Emergency Response Policy and Generic Guidelines 4-17
4.4.1 General 4-17
4.4.2 Responsibilities and Duties 4-18
4.4.3 Onboard HSE Inductions 4-18
4.5 Site Basic Safety Rules 4-18
4.6 Standard safe work operations 4-20
4.6.1 Mooring and Unmooring 4-20
4.6.2 Engine and machinery room safety 4-20
4.6.3 Hatches and doors closed at sea 4-21
4.6.4 Shipboard food and hygiene 4-22
4.6.5 Navigation 4-24
4.6.6 Weather 4-25
4.7 Basic Safety Equipment 4-26
4.8 Oil Spills 4-30
4.9 Natural Risks and Hazards 4-30
4.10 Considerations of DRR and CCA 4-31
Table of Contents 3
Title Page
SECTION 5 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK (SDP) AND INFORMATION 5-1

EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION (IEC) FRAMEWORK
5.1 Social Development Plan (SDP). 5-1
5.2 The IEC Framework 5-5
SECTION 6 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING 6-1

6.1 Self-Monitoring Plan 6-1
6.2 The Multi-Partite Monitoring Team (MMT) 6-4
6.3 Proposed Amount of the EGF 6-5
SECTION 7 ABANDONMENT/DECOMISSIONING/REHABILITATION POLICY 7-1

7.1 Statement on Proponent‟s policies and generic procedures for Rehabilitation/ 7-1
Decommissioning/Abandonment will be submitted post-ECC, within a
timeframe specified in the ECC.
7.2 General Demobilization of Equipment Scenario 7-1
7.3 General Decommissioning Phase Scenario 7-1
SECTION 8 INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION 8-1

8.1 Discussion of the organizational scheme of the proponent including line of 8-1
command and reporting procedures as well as manpower complement and
relationships with other operating departments, contractors and management
of other linked projects.
ANNEXES
1 Technical Scoping Checklist
2 Public Scoping and IEC Related Activities
3 The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) between PRA and City of Pasay
3A City Ordinance defining the City Water Boundaries of Pasay City -- City Pasay Ordinance
5768 Series Of 2016
4 BFAR DATA
5 Area Clearance Requirements
6 Geotechnical Survey Report
7 Monthly Windrose Diagrams
8 Test Results
9 Letter to the National Museum
10A The Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan
10B Oil Pollution Prevention and Response Plan
10C Equipment, Devices and Materials for Containment of Oil Pollution
11 Draft MMT, EGF and EMF
12 Accountability Statements
13 PEMAPS
14 Photographs of the Proposed Project Site
15 Sample Perception Survey
16 Ordinances on Local Hires
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURES
ES-1 Barangay Boundaries Map Indicating the Proposed Project vis-à-vis the Impact ES-3
Barangay
ES-2 Chart Showing the Planning Tool Concept Based on DAO 03 30 ES-4
ES-3 Verbatim excerpts from an ECC granted by EMB Region IV-A. ES-4
ES-4 Illustration of the Framework for Siting and Reclamation Methodology Options ES-15
ES-5 An Illustration of the Reclamation “Process” ES-17
1-1 Project Site in NAMRIA Map 1-6
Table of Contents 4
Title Page
1-2 Location of Site in a Google Earth Map 1-7
1-3 Barangay Boundaries Map indicating the Proposed Project vis-à-vis the Impact 1-8
Barangay
1-4 NAMRIA Map Showing the Impact and Adjacent Barangays 1-9
1-5 Preliminary Conceptual Access Ways and Development Plan (NAMRIA Map) 1-10
1-6 Vicinity Map of the Proposed Project (Google Earth) 1-11
1-7 Map Showing other and adjacent Proposed Reclamation Projects (Google 1-12
Earth)
1-8 Map Showing other and adjacent Proposed Reclamation Projects (NAMRIA 1-13
Map)
1-9 Map Indicating the Geographical Coordinates of the Proposed Project (Google 1-16
Earth)
1-10 Map Indicating the Geographical Coordinates of the Proposed Project 1-17
(NAMRIA Map)
1-11 Pre-EIA Direct and Indirect Impact Areas (Google Earth) – excluding the social 1-21
impact areas
1-12 Map Showing the Overlap Between the Pasay Harbor and Manila Goldcoast 1-22
Reclamation Projects
1-13 Buffer Zone 1-23
1-14 Map Showing the Distance of the Project Site from the LPPCHEA in a 1-24
NAMRIA Map
1-15 Diagrammtic Representation of Framework for Site Options 1-27
1-16 Preliminary Master Development Plan 1-34
1-17 Preliminary Master development Plan (Per Island) 1-35
1-18 The Preliminary Drainage System Plan 1-39
1-19 Illustration of a Bilge System 1-45
1-20 Illustration of a Typical Bilge OWS 1-46
1-21 An Illustration of the Reclamation “Process” 1-48
1-22 Hydrographical Data of San Nicolas Shoal per NAMRIA Map 1-56
1-23 Relative Location of the SNS and the 265 Pasay Projects and Navigational 1-57
Route
2.1-1 Official Zoning Map of Pasay City 2.1-2

2.1-2 Location of the Project in the Pasay CLUP Map 2.1-2
2.1-3 Map of the Protected Areas in Luzon 2.1-6
2.1-4 Map of the Protected Areas in NCR (Left) and of the LPPCHEA (Right) 2.1-7
Relative to the Project Site
2.1-5 PPA‟s Navigational Lane (red broken lines) relative to the Pasay Harbor 2.1-9
Project
2.1-6 Map Showing the Channels and Rivers nearest the Project Site 2.1-13
2.1-7 Map Showing the Other Nearby Reclamation Projects 2.1-14
2.1-8 Plotting of Pasay City Municipal Waters 2.1-16
2.1-9 Location Map of Pasay-SMLI Project within the Pasay Municipal Waters 2.1-17
2.1-10 Location Map of Pasay-PHCC Project within the Pasay Municipal Waters 2.1-19
2.1-11 Pasay City‟s Reclamation Projects within its Municipal Waters 2.1-19
2.1-12 Encroachment of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation Project into Pasay City‟s 2.1-21
Municipal Waters
2.1-13 Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and SM Projects 2.1-22
2.1-14 Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and PHCC Project 2.1-23
2.1-15 Manila Goldcoast Reclamation‟s Overlap with Pasay City‟s Reclamation 2.1-23
Projects
2.1-16 Horizon Manila reclamation project in the municipal waters of Manila showing 2.1-25
its location in relation to other reclamation projects in the municipal waters of
Pasay
2.1-17 1988 Original MCCRRP Framework Plan 2.1-26
2.1-18 PRA Master Development Plan for the North and South Parcels of the 2.1-28
Table of Contents 5
Title Page
MCCRRP North Sector
2.1.19 Visible Landmarks within the PRA Master Development Plan for the North and 2.1-29
South Parcels of the MCCRRP North Sector
2.1-20 1988 Original MCCRRP Framework Plan 2.1-30
2.1-21 Location Maps of Philippine Navy Reservation and Manila Yacht Club 2.1-31
2.1-22 Location Map of Philippine Navy Reservation and Manila Yacht Club vis-à-vis 2.1-32
Pasay and Manila Municipal Waters
2.1-23 Location of the Sothern Parcel of the MRRCCP North Sector as awarded to 2.1-33
EDCC (MGDC‟s predecessor)
2.1-24 Location of the Manila Goldcoast Project as described in MGDC‟s ECC 2.1-34
2.1-25 Map Showing Terrain Feature within the Project Site and Vicinity 2.1-40
2.1-26 Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in Luzon and Northern Visayas 2.1-45
2.1-27 Regional Morphogeologic Map of Manila-Pasay Area 2.1-46
2.1-28 Geological Map of Manila Bay Area and vicinities 2.1-48
2.1.29 West to East Schematic Cross Section Profile based on the Borehole Data 2.1-49
from Geotechnics Philippines Inc. (2018)
2.1-30 Geomorphological Map of Metro Manila 2.1-53
2.1-31 General Morphology and Bathymetry of Manila Bay 2.1-54
2.1-32 Long shore currents associated with locally generated waves: a) south 2.1-55
westerlies; b) south easterlies; c) north easterlies
2.1-33 Epicenters of Earthquake from 1900-2017 with Magnitude of 5 to 7.9 2.1-57
2.1-34 Seismicity Map of Manila, Magnitude 5.0 and above (1965-2015) 2.1-58
2.1-35 Distribution of Historical Earthquakes from 1608 to 1895 2.1-66
2.1-36 Map of Acceleration in a) Rock, b) Medium Soil and c) Soft Soil 2.1-69
2.1-37 Distribution of Seismic Intensity in PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity Scale 2.1-71
2.1-38 Ground Shaking Hazard Map of GMMA, Scenario M: 7.2 along the WVF 2.1-72
2.1-39 Map Showing the Distance of the Project Site from the Trace of the West 2.1-74
Valley Fault
2.1-40 Preliminary Ground Rupture Hazard Map of Metro Manila 2.1-74
2.1-41 Liquefaction Hazard Map of Metro Manila 2.1-76
2.1-42 Preliminary Liquefaction Map of Metro Manila 2.1-76
2.1-43 Projected Tsunami Propagation in the Event of a Magnitude 7 Earthquake 2.1-84
Along the Manila Trench with the Epicenter at the Vicinity of the Manila Bay
Entrance
2.1-44 Map of Epicenters of Tsunami Earthquakes in the Philippines 2.1-86
2.1-45 Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map of Metro Manila 2.1-87
2.1-46 Map Showing a Hypothetical Distribution of Building Heights Prone to 2.1-88
Resonance Phenomenon Based from Ambient Vibration Test in Metro-Manila
2.1-47 Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Map of NCR and Region IV-A 2.1-89
2.1-48 Earthquake Induced Landslide Map 2.1-90
2.1-49 Preliminary Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map of Metro Manila 2.1-90
2.1-50 Satellite image of Metro Manila showing movement of the ground 2.1-91
2.1-51 Flood Hazard Map of Metro Manila 2.1-97
2.1-52 Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map 2.1-98
2.1-53 Preliminary Flood Hazard Map of Metro Manila 2.1-99
2.1-54 Map of the flood depth in Pasay – Makati Area for the 25- and 100-year flood 2.1-100
events (left and right figures respectively) based on flood data from T. Ondoy
2.1-55 Preliminary Storm Surge Hazard Map of Metro Manila 2.1-104
2.1-56 Maximum Storm Surge Height Map of Metro Manila and vicinities. 2.1-105
2.1-57 Storm Surge Hazard Map (SSA 2) of Pasay City and vicinities. 2.1-106
2.1-58 Borehole Location Map 2.1-115
2.1-59 Graph of SPT Values vs Depth 2.1-116
2.1-60 Soil Profile of the Sea Bed 2.1-117
2.1-61 Soil Profile of the Seabed Section B-B‟ 2.1-118
2.1-62 Soil Profile of the Seabed Section C-C‟ 2.1-119
2.1-63 Sampling Station Map for Soils (Adjacent to the Proposed Project) 2.1-128
Table of Contents 6
Title Page
2.1-64 Sampling Station Map for Soils (Proposed Project Site) 2.1-129
2.2-1 Map of the Project Site Relative to Existing Drainage Systems 2.2-4
2.2-2 Regional Hydrogeologic Map 2.2-6
2.2-3 General Bathymetry of Manila Bay 2.2-9
2.2-4 Hydrographical Data of the Proposed Reclamation Site 2.2-10
2.2-5 3-Dimensional Bathymetric Map in the vicinity of the Proposed Reclamation 2.2-11
Site
2.2-6 Bathymetry of Project Site 2.2-12
2.2-7 Reference locations of PAGASA Stations 2.2-14
2.2-8 Monthly Wind Rose based on the Manila South Harbor PAGASA Station 2.2-15
2.2-9 Annual Wind Rose Diagram at Sangley Pt. wind station (PAGASA) 2.2-16
2.2-10 Predicted tides for the month of May, 2018 in Corregidor (blue line) and 2.2-17
Manila Bay (red line) Tide Stations
2.2-11 Predicted currents in the project area during tidal flooding (habagat wind 2.2-20
condition), under the baseline scenario.
condition), under the post-development scenario.
2.2-13 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind condition), 2.2-21
for the pre-development condition.
2.2-14 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind condition) 2.2-21
for the post-development scenario.
2.2-15 Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the pre-development 2.2-22
under amihan wind condition.
2.2-16 Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the post-development 2.2-23
scenario under amihan wind condition.
2.2-17 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event for the pre-development 2.2-23
scenario under amihan wind condition
condition), under the post-development scenario
2.2-20 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind condition), 2.2-25
2.2-21 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind condition) 2.2-26
for the post-development scenario.
2.2-22 Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the pre-development 2.2-27
2.2-23 Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the post-development 2.2-27
2.2-24 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event for the pre-development 2.2-28
2.2-25 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event for the post-development 2.2-28
2.2-26 Predicted difference in flow magnitudes in the Bay due to the proposed project, 2.2-30
for high tide under habagat wind condition.
for low tide under habagat wind condition.
for high tide under amihan wind condition.
2.2-29 Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes after 1 day (upper left), 5 days (upper 2.2-34
right), 5 days (lower left), and 1 day (lower right) of continuous releases under
habagat wind condition.
2.2-30 Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes after 25.9 days of continuous releases 2.2-35
for the pre-development (left) and post-development (right) scenarios, under
habagat wind condition.
Table of Contents 7
Title Page
2.2-31 Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes for the 'with project' scenario after 1 day 2.2-36
(upper left), 5 days (upper right), 1 day (lower left), and 5 days (lower right) of
continuous releases under habagat wind condition.
2.2-32 Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes for the 'with project' scenario after 1 day 2.2-37
(upper left), 5 days (upper right), 1 day (lower left), and 5 days (lower right) of
continuous releases under habagat wind condition
2.2-33 Predicted maximum extent of low-level salinity plumes for the 265-hectares 2.2-38
reclamation (left), and combined 265-hectares and 360-hectares reclamation
(right) for both habagat and amihan wind conditions.
2.2-34 The other major reclamation projects located within the Bay superimposed in 2.2-40
one of the results maps for habagat wind condition.
2.2-35 Chart of Global Mean Sea Level Rise 2.2-44
2.2-36 Typhoon Tracks within 150km of Project Site (1907-2018) 2.2-45
2.2-37 Illustration of the Combined Effects of Astronomic Tide and Storm Surge 2.2-47
(NOAA)
2.2-38 Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Rita – Predevelopment 2.2-48
2.2-39 Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Rita – Post-development 2.2-49
2.2-40 Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Patsy – Pre-development 2.2-50
2.2-41 Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Patsy - Post-development 2.2-51
2.2-42 Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Rita – Pre-development 2.2-52
2.2-43 Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Rita – Post-development 2.2-53
2.2-44 Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Patsy – Predevelopment 2.2-54
2.2-45 Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Patsy – Post-development 2.2-55
2.2-46 Map Showing the Important Water Bodies Closest to Project Site 2.2-57
2.2-47 Location Map of Water Sampling Stations 2.2-59
2.2-48 The Proposed 265-hectare Harbor City Reclamation Area in Pasay City waters 2.2-76
2.2-49 Manta tow survey pathways observed for characterization of the seabed, 2.2-78
nature of the benthic environment, and validation of the absence of corals and
associated habitats inside the proposed Ulticon Harbor City reclamation
project; 01-02 December 2017
2.2-50 Location of sediment collection stations through spot dives during the marine 2.2-81
ecology baseline assessment in the proposed Ulticon Harbor City reclamation
project; 01-02 December 2017.
2.2-51 Location of actual fishing encounters and location of nearest sapra structures 2.2-83
inside the proposed Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project; 01-02 December
2017.
2.2-52 Plankton community sampling stations during the marine ecology baseline 2.2-85
assessment in the proposed Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project; 01-02
December 2017
2.2-53 Results from twenty (20) manta tow benthic observation surveys (above) and 2.2-89
four (4) spot dives with scuba (bottom) conclude that the bottom substrate in
the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project is comprised
of mud and silt.
2.2-54 Sediment collected from four spot dices in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon 2.2-90
Harbor City reclamation project consisted of soft mud and silt.
2.2-55 Percentage composition of major phytoplankton groups in four sampling 2.2-96
stations along the proposed reclamation site in Manila Bay, Pasay City, NCR;
02 December 2017
2.2-56 Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness in four sampling 2.2-97
02 December 2017.
2.2-57 Percentage composition of major zooplankton groups in four sampling stations 2.2-100
along the proposed reclamation site in Manila Bay, Pasay City, NCR; 02
December 2017.
2.2-58 Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness in four sampling 2.2-101
Table of Contents 8
Title Page
02 December 2017
2.2-59 Highlights of plankton community investigation during the marine ecology 2.2-102
baseline assessment in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon-Harbor City
reclamation project; 02 December 2017.
2.2-59A Location of the Nearest Mangroves Relative to the Project 2.2-103
2.2-60 Map of the Survey Stations for the Other Marine Survey works 2.2-108
2.3-1 Map Showing the Distances of the Project to ESRs 2.3-1

2.3-2 Sea Lane to the San Nicholas Shoal 2.3-3
2.3-3 The Windrose Diagram for the Project Site and Environs 2.3-7
2.3-4 Map Showing Frequency of tropical Typhoons in the Philippines 2.3-8
2.3-5 The Ambient Air Sampling Stations Map Change the Project Site 2.3-14
2.3-6 Predictive Assessment of Air Quality in Metro Manila 2.3-16
2.3-7 Study Area for an Air Dispersion Modeling 2.3-19
2.4-1 Barangay Boundaries Map of Pasay City 2.4-3

2.4-2 The Manila Bay Indicating the Proposed Project Site 2.4-4
2.4-3 Number of Employed and Unemployed, Pasay City, Various Years 2.4-16
2.4-4 Employment Rate in Pasay City, Various Years 2.4-17
2.4-5 Unemployment Rate in Pasay City, Various Years 2.4-17
2.4-6 Poverty Incidence in Pasay City, Various Years 2.4-19
2.4-7 Household Income Poverty Map of Pasay City, 2011 2.4-19
2.4-8 Food Poverty Map of Pasay City, 2011 2.4-20
2.4-9 Map of HHs who Experience Food Shortage in Pasay City, 2011 2.4-20
2.4-10 Boundaries of Presidential Proclamation 41 2.4-25
2.4-11 Map Showing the Del Pan Bridge and Proposed Project Site 2.4-26
2.4-12 Map of the Viewing Spot of the Manila Bay Sunset 2.4-29
2.4-12 Households without Access to Safe Water Supply, by Barangay, 2008-2009 2.4-31
3-1 Post ECC Implementation of the IMP 3-1
4-1 An Illustration of the Risk Assessment Process 4-1

4-2 Societal Risk Criteria 4-4
4-3 Location of the Fish Lifts and the straight-line alignment from the project site to 4-9
the SNS
4.4 Relative Location of the Fish Lifts, the project site, and the existing and 4-10
proposed navigational lanes
5-1 Diagrammatic Illustration of the Disaster Management Vision of the NDMC 5-7
8-1 Institutional Plan for Project Implementation 8-2
LIST OF TABLES
ES.1 Project Fact Sheet ES-1
ES.2 Team of EIA Preparers ES-5
ES.3 EIA Study Schedule and Public Participation Activities ES-6
ES.4 EIA Methodology ES-8
ES.5 List of Issues and Concerns Raised during the IEC Activity (30 January 2018) ES-9
ES.6 List of Issues and Concerns Raised During the FGD Activity (10 April 2018) ES-10
ES.7 Issues and Concerns Raised during the Public Scoping Activity (30 April 2018) ES-12
ES.8 Alternatives for Siting ES-15
ES.9 Criteria for the Design of Islands ES-16
ES.10 Key Environmental Impacts Of Technology Options Considered ES-18
ES.11 Summary of Main Impacts and Residual Effects after Applying Mitigation ES-19
Table of Contents 9
Title Page
1-1 Technical Description/Coordinates of the Boundaries of Pasay City Waters 1-2

(WGS *$ Datum)
1-2 Geographic Coordinates (Shape File Data) of Project Area 1-14
1-3 Impact Areas 1-19
1-4 Land Use Allocation 1-25
1-5 Summary Matrix of Alternatives to Site and Number of Islands 1-28
1-6 Summary of Comparison of Impacts of Various Stabilization Methods 1-32
1-7 Major Components in Relation to Various Project Activities 1-32
1-8 Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in the PRA GSQP 1-55
1-9 Summary of Dredge fill and Number of Dredgers Requirement 1-58
1-10 Project Size 1-64
1-11 Summary of Various Reclamation Activities 1-65
1-12 Preliminary Implementation Gantt Chart 1-65
1-13 Manpower Specialized Skills Requirement 1-66
1-14 Project Cost 1-67
2.1-1 Summary of ECA‟s Applicability 2.1-3

2.1-2 Summary of Compliances to and Consistencies with Various 2.1-8
Regulations/Laws/Treatises
2.1-3 Pasay Harbor Project vis-a-vis nearby reclamation projects. 2.1-12
2.1-4 Coordinates for Pasay LGU Waters 2.1-15
2.1-5 Coordinates for SM-1 (301.3-ha) 2.1-16
2.1-6 Coordinates for PHCC (265 ha) using WGS 84 Datum 2.1-17
2.1-7 Coordinates for Manila Goldcoast Project 2.1-20
2.1-8 Coordinates for the Conflict of the Pasay LGU Waters and Manila GoldCoast 2.1-21
2.1-9 Coordinates for the Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and SM Projects: 2.1-21
2.1-10 Coordinates for the Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and PCHC Projects: 2.1-22
2.1-11 Coordinates of the Horizon Manila Reclamation Project of the City of Manila 2.1-24
2.1-12 Summary of Subsurface Lithology within the Project Site 2.1-50
2.1-13 List of Recent Earthquakes of Magnitude 5 and above that Affected Metro 2.1-58
Manila (1965-2015)
2.1-14 Most Destructive Earthquakes that Affected Metro Manila from 1608-1895 2.1-66
2.1-15 Estimated PGA @ 9.1km Distance Between the Project Site and WVF 2.1-73
2.1-16 Storm Surges in the Manila Bay Area and Vicinities 2.1-101
2.1-17 Summary of Drilling Activities 2.1-109
2.1-18 Idealized Subsurface Conditions based on Boreholes Drilled 2.1-112
2.1-19 Test Results for Silts and Sub-Bed Soils 2.1-128
2.1-20 Soil Sampling Coordinates (Proposed Project Site) 2.1-130
2.1-21 Test Results for Soils 2.1-130
2.1-22 Summary of Test Results for Sediments 2.1-131
2.1-23 Impact Management And Monitoring – Land Resources 2.1-132
2.2-1 The Water Bodies In and Close to the City of Pasay 2.2-4
2.2-2 Tide Data at Different Tide Stations 2.2-15
2.2-3 Summary of Tidal Constituents for Manila Bay and Corregidor Island 2.2-17
2.2-4 Tidal types defined by Form Number 2.2-18
2.2-5 Top 10 Historical Typhoons passing w/in 200km radius of Project Site based 2.2-45
on Wind Speed
2.2-6 Simulated typhoons in the project site 2.2-46
2.2-7 Sampling Stations 2.2-57
2.2-8 EMB/NCR Sampling Stations 2.2-60
2.2-9 Results of Physico-Chemical Characterization of the Marine Water at/near site 2.2-61
2.2-10 Results of Manila Bay River Outfall per station for 2016 2.2-63
2.2-11 Results of Manila Bay Bathing Beaches per station for 2016 2.2-65
Table of Contents 10
Title Page
2.2-12 Coordinates of spot dive stations and sediment collection during the marine 2.2-77
ecology baseline assessment in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City
Reclamation project in Manila Bay; 02 December 2017
2.2-13 Coordinates of actual fishing encounter and nearest „sapra” fishing gears 2.2-78
observed in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City Reclamation project
in Manila Bay; 02 December 2017.
2.2-14 Coordinates plankton sampling stations during the marine ecology baseline 2.2-82
assessment in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon-Harbor City reclamation
project; 02 December 2017
2.2-15 Tabulated results of twenty (20) manta tow benthic observation pathways 2.2-84
across the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project
during the marine ecology baseline assessment on 01-02 December 2017
2.2-16 Phytoplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in four sampling stations 2.2-92
December 2017.
2.2-17 Zooplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in four sampling stations 2.2-97
December 2017
2.2-18 Miscellaneous Marine Survey Works Completed by the EIA Preparers for 2.2-104
Other Reclamation Projects in Manila Bay
2.2.19 Environmental Management Plan for Coastal and Fisheries Management 2.2-115
2.3-1 Reclamation Activities in Relation to Impacts on Air Resources and Climate 2.3-2
Change
2.3-2 Climatological Normals 2.3-5
2.3-3 Climatological Extremes 2.3-6
0
2.3-4 Seasonal temperature increase (in C) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range 2.3-10
emission in provinces in NCR
2.3-5 Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range emission 2.3-10
scenario in provinces in NCR
2.3-6 Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring 2.3-12
2.3-7 Results of Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring 2.3-16
2.3-8 Results Additional Noise Monitoring 2.3-16
2.3-9 DENR Air Quality Standards 2.3-17
2.3-10 Key Impacts, Mitigating Measures and Monitoring Plan 2.3-19
2.4-1 Area Distribution (in Hectares) 2.4-1

2.4-2 Population Data of Pasay, 2015 2.4-5
2.4-3 Population of Pasay City 1903-2000, with Annual Growth Rates Compared 2.4-7
with Metro Manila
2.4-4 Population by Gender (2015) 2.4-8
2.4-5 Population by Age Group (2015) 2.4-8
2.4-6 Population and Number of Households of Pasay City by Barangay, 2000 2.4-8
2.4-7 Public Elementary Schools, 2000 2.4-12
2.4-8 Private Elementary Schools, 2000 2.4-13
2.4-9 Public High Schools, 2000 2.4-14
2.4-10 Private Secondary Schools, 2000 2.4-14
2.4-11 Performance Indicators of Public Schools, 1997-2000 2.4-14
2.4-12 Employment Rates in Pasay City, Various Years 2.4-15
2.4-13 Poverty Incidence in Pasay City, Various Years (2005, 2008, 2011) 2.4-18
2.4-14 CBMS Core Indicators, Pasay City, 2008-2009 Access to Safe Water 2.4-30
2.4-15 Water Supply Coverage Targets in the Service Area West Zone (%) 2.4-30
2.4-16 Health Indicators, 1996-2000 (per 1,000 population) 2.4-33
2.4-17 Leading Causes of Morbidity, 5-Year Average, 1996-2000 2.4-33
2.4-18 Leading Causes of Mortality, 5 Year Average, 1996-2000 2.4-34
2.4-19 Inventory of Roads in the Bay City (in km), length and width, 2011 2.4-37
Title Page
2.4-20 Impact Barangay: Sex Distribution 2.4-47
2.4-21 Impact Barangay: Civil Status 2.4-47
2.4-22 Impact Barangay: Religious Affiliation 2.4-47
2.4-23 Impact Barangay: Ethnicity 2.4-48
2.4-24 Impact Barangay: Main Source of Livelihood of Respondents 2.4-48
2.4-25 Impact Barangay: Primary Earner in the Household 2.4-48
2.4-26 Impact Barangay: Monthly Income of the Respondents 2.4-49
2.4-27 Impact Barangay: Educational Attainment 2.4-49
2.4-28 Impact Barangay: Number of Family Member Who Got Sick for the Past 5 2.4-49
Years
2.4-29 Impact Barangay: Common Illness in the Community 2.4-50
2.4-30 Impact Barangay: Source of Treatment for Illness of Respondents 2.4-50
2.4-31 Impact Barangay: Household Knowledge about the Proposed Project 2.4-50
2.4-32 Impact Barangay: Household Source of Information about the Proposed 2.4-50
Project
2.4-33 Possible beneficial of the proposed Pasay City Harbor Center Reclamation 2.4-51
Project
2.4-34 Adverse of the proposed Pasay City Harbor Center Reclamation Project 2.4-51
3-1 Impact Management Plan (IMP) 3-2

3-2 List of Issues and Concerns Raised During The IEC Activity (30 January 2018) 3-7
3-3 List of Issues and Concerns Raised during the IEC Activity List of Issues and 3-11
Concerns Raised During the FGD Activity (10 April 2018)
3-4 Issues and Concerns Raised during the Public Scoping Activity (30 April 2018) 3-18
3-5 Miscellaneous Position Papers 3-30
4-1 Summary Matrix of Safety Risks (Reclamation and Dredging Works) 4-5
4-2 Summary Matrix of Safety Risks (Horizontal Development Phase) 4-6
4-3 The survey pathway 4-7
4-4 Inventory of Lift Nets between Reclamation Site and San Nicholas Shoal 4-7
4-5 Typical Classification of Hazardous Wastes and Relevance to Reclamation 4-14
Works
4-6 Initial Listing of Potential Toxic and Hazardous Substances Involved in the 4-15
Reclamation Activities
4-7 Summary of Project Components 4-16
4-8 Summary Matrix of Physical Risks 4-17
5-1 Social Development Program 5-1

5-2 Programs and Project That Benefits Pasayeños (0 to 2 Years Old) 5-3
5-5 Programs and Project That Benefits Pasayeños (18 Years Old and Above) 5-4
5-6 Generic IEC Plan/Framework 5-5
6-1 Summary of the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) with Environmental 6-1
Quality Performance Levels (EQPLs) For the Reclamation Phase
6-2 List of MMT Stakeholders/Basis of Selection /Proposed Roles 6-4
LIST OF PLATES
1-1 Architectural Sketch of Internal Bridge 1-3
1-2 Illustrative Sketch of Road Right of Way 1-41
1-3 Typical Silt Curtain Installation 1-52
1-4 Cross Sectional View of a Typical Silt Curtain 1-52
1-5 Typical Hydraulic Dredger 1-54
1-6 Typical Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger 1-55
1-7 Grab and Bucket Dredger 1-61
Title Page
1-8 Illustration of a Typical Wave Deflector 1-63
1-9 Illustration of the Principle of Wick Drains 1-66
2.1-1 Project Site Hazard Assessment Report and Verification of Location 2.1-67
2.1-2 Schematic representation of vibro compaction method. Left photo shows the 2.1-78
vibrating probe
2.1-3 Schematic representation of dynamic compression for soil densification. 2.1-79
2.1-4 Schematic diagram of wet top feed- method in installing stone column using 2.1-80
vibro compactor probe
2.1-5 Schematic diagram of installation of sand compaction piles 2.1-81
2.1-6 Schematic diagram for jet grouting procedure 2.1-81
2.1-7 Schematic diagram of preloading of soil with vertical drains 2.1-82
2.2-1 The Libertad Channel 2.2-1

2.2-2 The reclamation area seen from its outermost boundary (right) and innermost 2.2-77
boundary (left).
2.2-3 EIA team doing manta tow surveys during marine ecology baseline 2.2-79
assessment in the proposed Ulticon-Harbor City reclamation project in Manila
Bay; 01-02 December 2017.
2.2-4 Only two fishing boats, both from Cavite, were seen operating in the area of 2.2-80
the proposed reclamation project at the time of the survey. Both were using
illegal mini otter trawls.
2.2-5 Sapras‟ are outside of the proposed reclamation area (mostly in Parañaque 2.2-82
waters) but some units are close to the project site. At least three new units
were observed to be under construction and many are newly built.
2.2-6 Plankton net being hauled; marine ecology baseline assessment, Harbor City 2.2-84
reclamation project; 02 December 2017.
2.2-7 Spot dives with scuba and manta tow observations reveal muddy substrate 2.2-91
with webs of whitish material comprise the seabed in the proposed Harbor City
reclamation area in extremely turbid waters. Sediment collection further
confirms silt and mud dominate the entire seabed. (Photographs by
BFrancisco; 02 December 2017)
2.2-8 School of banak (left) and fisher hauling in a drag net for squid (right). 2.2-92
2.2-9 Macro-invertebrates are found only in the south breakwater more than 1 2.2-93
kilometer away from the northern boundary of the proposed Harbor City
reclamation project. The macro-invertebrates are dominated by dense
colonies of mussels (Tahong, upper right photo), manila clam (Halaan, upper
left), and few ark shells. The breakwater is also a favored spear fishing area
for Tilapia (bottom left).
2.2-10 A-F. Photomicrographs of phytoplankton identified and recorded in four 2.2-96
sampling stations along the proposed reclamation site in Manila Bay, Pasay
City, NCR; 02 December 2017. Top: (A) Skeletonema spp. (B) Chaetoceros
spp. (C) Pseudonitzschia spp.; Bottom: (D) Alexandrium spp. (E) Prorocentrum
spp. (F) Protoperidinium spp.
2.2.11 Photomicrographs of zooplankton identified and recorded in four sampling 2.2-100
02 December 2017. Top: (A) Calanoid copepod (B) Cyclopoid copepod (C)
Harpacticoid copepod; Bottom: (D) Nauplius copepod (E) Gastropod veliger (F)
Bivalve veliger
2.4-1 Current sunset viewing from the baywalk 2.4-29
4-1 Survey boat in Brgy. Siniguelasan, Bacoor City 4-11

4-2 Oyster stakes in Bacoor Bay 4-11
4-3 Lift nets (“Sapra”) and mussel stakes in outer Bacoor Bay 4-12
4-4 Brgy San Antonio in Cavite City 4-12
Title Page
4-5 The lift net line in the outer rim, deeper waters 4-13
SECTION ES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
ES. 1.1. Project Fact Sheet
Table ES–1. Project Fact Sheet

Name of Project PROPOSED PASAY CITY HARBOR CENTER RECLAMATION PROJECT
Project Location In the Waters of Manila Bay in the Territorial Jurisdiction of the City of Pasay, Metro
Manila
Project Area 265 Hectare More or Less
Project Category per EMB
Category A: Environmentally Critical Project (ECP)
Memorandum Circular 2014-
Major Reclamation Project ≥ 50 hectares
005
Project Classification per EMB
Memorandum Circular 2014- 3.3 Reclamation and other land restoration project
005
Component Size
Island 1 210 Hectares
Island 2 55 Hectares
Bridge Bet. 4 lanes 20 m W x 156 m L
Islands1 and
2
Internal Road 30 m wide Variable Lengths

Network
Drainage
System
Summary of Major
Components
Storm Surge By design

Protection
Access Way Viaduct System Under Design

(s)
Tourism Under Design
wharfs
Theme Parks Under Design
Environmental Impact Statement ES- 1

Table ES–1. Project Fact Sheet

Entertainment Under Design
Complex
Commercials Under Design
Others Under Design
Waste Water Construction Phase: OWS/Bilge System in Vessels
Treatment
Systems Operations Phase: Modular System
Project Cost Php 72 Billion
Project Timeline Within approximately five (5) years
Proponent Authorized The Honourable Mayor Antonino G. Calixto
Proponent Address and Address: F.B. Harrison St., Pasay City
Representative
Contact Details Office of the City Mayor: (02) 833-3729
EIA Preparer TECHNOTRIX CONSULTANCY SERVICES, INC.
Preparer Contact Person Edgardo G. Alabastro, Ph.D.
Preparer Address and Contact Unit 305 FMSG Building, Balete Dr. QC 1101
Telephone No.: (02) 416-4625
Details
Cellular No.: 09178255203
E-mail address: technotrixinc@gmail.com
ES 1.2. Brief Project Background
The City of Pasay has been granted an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) No. ECC-CO-
1601-003 dated 2017-October-24 for its Proposed 360 Hectare Reclamation Project. The city is
proposing to embark on an additional reclamation project with an area of 265 hectares.
The proposed reclamation project covers 265 hectares involving two (2) islands with areas of
210 hectares and 55 hectares, respectively. Consistent with the protocol of the Revised
Procedural Manual (RPM), the Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC) application being
applied for involves only the horizontal development phase. The operations phase will be subject
to the applicable requirements of the Philippine EIS System (PEISS).
The private sector project developers for the original (360 hectares) and the new (265 hectares)
projects will be different and separate corporate entities; hence separate ECCs are required.
ES 1.2.1. Location and Political Boundaries
The project, broken down into 2-islands, is located west of Metro Manila, within the municipal waters
of Pasay City and adjacent to the City of Manila. It is adjacent to the Proposed 360 Hectare Pasay
City Reclamation Project, which has recently been granted an ECC.
The impact barangay for the Proposed Project is Barangay 76 Zone 10, as indicated in Figure ES-1.

Figure ES-1. Barangay Boundaries Map Indicating the Proposed Project vis-à-vis the Impact Barangay

ES 1.3. Process Documentation of the Conduct of EIA
The EIA Report for this Proposed Reclamation Project has been prepared in compliance with the
basic principle of the Philippine EIS System (PEISS), i.e. that an EIA/ECC is a planning tool and not
a permit, substantiated hereunder.
a. The Revised Procedural Manual (DAO 03-30) stipulates this basic paradigm (of a
planning tool), shown in Figure ES-2.
(Reference: Revised Procedural Manual for DENR Administrative Order No. 30 Series of 2003 (DAO 03-30)
Figure ES-2. Chart Showing the Planning Tool Concept Based on DAO 03 30
b. The Public Announcement in a major daily newspaper of Former DENR Secretary J.L
Atienza asserting the Planning Tool concept of an ECC, shown below. (Reference is also
made to https://litoatienza.wordpress.com/2009/11/26/due-process-is-a-requirement-of-
good-governance-secretary-lito-atienza/)
Figure ES-3. Verbatim excerpts from an ECC granted by EMB Region IV-A.
c. In an ECC granted by EMB Region IV-A, it was specifically stated that an ECC is a
Planning Tool, shown verbatim below:

d. Moreover, the details of a project are established post-ECC, as stipulated in page 10 of

the Revised Procedural Manual, quoted verbatim below:
iii) During the project’s Detailed Engineering Design (DED) stage, which is post-ECC, the
generic measures identified during the EIA study at the FS stage will now be detailed based on
the project facility design and operational specifications. Additional baseline monitoring may
also be required prior to construction or implementation of the project to provide a more
substantive basis for defining the environmental management and monitoring plans.
The application of the paradigm that an ECC is a planning tool is further discussed in Section 3
wherein prior to project implementation which can only commence upon securing of a Notice to
Proceed from the Philippine Reclamation Authority, several clearances have to be secured which
require an ECC as input for decision making by various agencies in granting these clearances.
The Public Participation Process as stipulated in DAO 2017-15 was observed and reported in Section
ES.7.
ES 1.3.1. Document Type for ECC Application and Generic Contents
An Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report is the most appropriate document for the
Construction/Reclamation Phase of the project. Other reclamation projects granted Environmental
Compliance Certificates (ECCs) also used the format of an EIS Document.
For the Operations Phase a Programmatic EIS (PEISS) is an option.
ES 1.4. EIA Team (Proponent & Preparer Team members, module of involvement, expertise)
The table showing the list of EIA Preparers is shown below.
Table ES-2. List of EIA Preparers

Team Member Module Company Registration No.
Edgardo G. Alabastro, Ph.D. Team Leader Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-257
Nadia P. Conde Project Coordinator Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-102
Dr. Felixberto Roquia Sociology Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-028
Marine and Fresh Water Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-038
Benjamin Francisco
Ecology (Team Leader)
Engr. Emerson B. Darroles Oceanography Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. --
Jose Rene Villegas Marine Team Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. --
Michael Chester Francisco Fisheries Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-040
Nazario Sabello Air Quality Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-240
Jean Ravelo Geology Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. --
Maria. Catherine Rontos Technical Assistant Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-037
Angelie Faye Nicolas Research Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-259
Kathlene Andrea Efe Research Technotrix Consultancy Services, Inc. IPCO-258
Team Member Module Company Registration No.

Proponent’s External Expertise/EIS Resource Persons
Carlo D. Dayanghirang DCCD Engineering Corporation -
EGGAR
MSc Quaternary Geology
Dr. Proscoro Ervin Mundo Initial Master Plan Independent Consultant -
Carlo D. Dayanghirang DCCD Engineering Corporation with -
Geotechnical Studies
MSc Quaternary Geology Geotechnics Philippines, Inc.
Eric Huang Reclamation Methodology China Harbour Engineering Corporation -
Bruce Hao Reclamation Methodology China Harbour Engineering Corporation
Atty. Miguel Barreto Legal Libra Law Office -
Atty. Alexis Medina Legal Libra Law Office
ES. 1.5. EIA Study Schedule
The following are the activities that were conducted for the EIA study:
Table ES-3. EIA Study Schedule and Public Participation Activities

ACTIVITY DATE AREAS COVERED
Master Planning October 2016-July 2017 Landform
Feasibility Study October 2016-July 2017 Project Site and Impact Areas
Hydrography and Bathymetry 10-13 February 2017 Project Site and Immediate Vicinity
Secondary Data Researches January to March 2018 City of Pasay
Primary Baseline Data for Air Barangay 76 Zone 10 and other immediate
2013
Air Dispersion Modeling for Metro vicinities
2014-2016
Manila
Barangay 76 Zone 10 and other immediate
Primary Baseline Data for Noise 2013
vicinities
Marine Study December 2017 Proposed Project site and immediate vicinity
Water Sampling and Laboratory Tests December 2017 Proposed Project site
Engineering Geological and Proposed Project site and immediate vicinity
Geohazard Assessment Report January 2018 to April 2018
(EGGAR)
Geotechnical Survey (Drilling) January 2018 to April 2018 Project Site
Geotechnical Studies January 2018 to April 2018 Project Site
PUBLIC PARTICIPATION ACTIVITIES UNDERTAKEN
Initial Perception Survey January 31 to March 6, 2018 Barangay 76 Zone 10
Attendees:
Information, Education and
30 January 2018 Barangay 76 Zone 10 officials and a number
Communication (IEC)
of residents
Attendees:
 Philippine Navy
 Metropolitan Manila Development
Authority
 Philippine Ports Authority
 DENR-MBCO
 National Commission for Culture and
the Arts
Focus Group Discussion 10 April 2018  Philippine Reclamation Authority
 National Economic Development
Authority
 Senate of the Philippines
 PHIVOLCS
 DPWH-NCR
 Philippine Coast Guard
 Cultural Center of the Philippines
 National Museum


 Manila Goldcoast Development
Corporation
 Maricaban Market Vendors
 Emma Homeowners
 Serra’s Center
 Family Touch
 Prime Movers
 Institute of Environmental Planners
Attendees:
Barangays
 Barangay 135
 Barangay 7-2
 Barangay 76-10
 Barangay 10 Z-4
 Barangay 01-01
 Barangay 05-02
 Barangay 135-13
Government Offices
 Councilor Advincula
 Philippine Ports Authority
 Office of Senator Villar
 Department of Tourism
 Pasay City Engineering Office
 Pasay City Planning and
Development Office
 City Council of Pasay
 City Environmental and Natural
Resources Office of Paranaque
 Office of Councilor Pee Wee
Aguilar of Las Piñas
Public Scoping 30 April 2018
 EMB Central Office
 Manila-LGU
 Philippine Navy
 DPWH-NCR
 MMDA
 Senate of the Philippines
 Cultural Center of the Philippines
 DENR-MBCO
 EMB-MBO
 Philippine Reclamation Authority
 EMB-NCR
 GSIS
 Brgy. Captain Rosemarie San
Miguel (Host brgy.)
Private Office
 Ulticon Builders Inc.
 Manila Goldcoast Development
Corporation
 Technotrix Consultancy Services
Inc.
 Libra Law
 PECABAR


 Harbour Square
 Anchor Land Holdings, Inc.,
NGOs/POs
 Save Freedom Island Movement
(SFIM)
 Serras Center
 Maricaban Market Vendors
Association Inc.,
 Emma Homeowners
 Family In Touch Malibay
 Earth Island Institute
 Society for the Conservation of the
Philippines Wetlands, Inc.,
Technical Scoping 15 May 2018 (See Annex 1) Not Applicable
Perception Survey 31 Jan to 06 March 2018 Barangay 76 Zone 10
ES 1.6. EIA Methodologies
Table ES – 4. EIA Methodology

Module / Section Baseline Methodology
LAND
Assessment of compatibility of the
proposed project in the land use
classification, Manila Bay Coastal
Secondary data: The Comprehensive Land
Land Use Classification Strategy, Consistency with the PRA
Use Plan (CLUP) of Pasay City.
Implementing Rules and Regulations,
Relation to the PRA Master Plan for
Manila Bay
Secondary data: Geologic, seismic, Identify and assess project impact in
liquefaction, slope hazard maps and terms of the changed in topography
evaluation based on government data and including existing hazard as maybe
Geology maps. aggravated
Primary data: Borehole drilling/geotechnical Project EGGAR used as primary

studies. Soil Investigation reference
Describe the physical properties and
erodibility potential of the soil, ongoing
Pedology Primary data: Geotechnical Studies
erosion processes and assess the
erosional impacts of the project.
WATER
Identify and assess project impact on
Secondary data: Existing drainage system. the change in drainage morphology,
Hydrology / Hydrogeology
Historical flooding occurrences local drainage and resulting effects of
flooding
Primary data: Standard Methods for Water Assess impacts on siltation of surface
Quality Sampling and Monitoring. and coastal marine waters
Water Body Classification: DENR Class SB

Marine Water Quality
Parameters Considered: pH, BOD5, COD,
DO, Oil and Grease, TSS, Heavy Metals,
Fecal / Total Coliform, Nitrates / Phosphates

Module / Section Baseline Methodology

Topographic map covering the Manila Bay To determine the topographic
from NAMRIA. configurations of the sea bed (referred
to as “bathymetry”), available
Depth surveys available in the project area. topographic map covering the Manila
Bay from NAMRIA were digitized and
Post-processing of the interpolated merged with the depth surveys
bathymetry of the areas covering Manila Bay available in the project area.
Oceanography
Coordinates of the following reclamation Post-processing of the interpolated
projects: bathymetry of the areas covering Manila
 The City Waterfront Project Bay were conducted using GIS.
 The North Harbour Reclamation Project
 The Kinming (Qinming) Reclamation Delft3D
Project, And The
 Navotas Reclamation Project
Primary data: Abundance / density / Transect, manta tow and spot dives
distribution of ecologically and economically surveys, marine resource
important species, mangroves, benthism characterization (e.g. city/municipal and
Marine plantons, coral reefs, algae, seaweeds, sea commercial fisheries data), Key
grasses informant interview.
Presence of pollution indicator

AIR
Primary data: Ambient air quality sampling Methodology: Standard Methods for
and testing. Ambient Air Quality Sampling and
Monitoring
DENR Classification Ambient Air and
Ambient Air Quality Noise Classification: Class B – Commercial
Area
Parameters Considered: TSP, PM10, Sox,

NOx
Ambient Noise Quality Primary data: Noise Meter
Estimate of projected greenhouse
Contribution in terms of GHG Data in Greenhouse gasses
gasses (GHG)
PEOPLE
Demographic Profile / Primary data: Conduct of Public Perception Survey, Public Scoping
Baseline Secondary data: Comprehensive Land Use Plan of Pasay City
ES 1.7. Public Participation Activities
DAO 2017-15 on Public Participation was strictly complied with.
ES 1.7.1 Summary Matrix of Issues and Concerns Raised During Public Participation Activities
1. First IEC with Stakeholders
Table ES-5. List of Issues and Concerns Raised during the IEC Activity (30 January 2018)
EIA Module NAME/AFFILIATION ISSUES/CONCERNS RESPONSE
Project Description We are still on the planning
When will the project start?
stage. No definite year or
Kagawad Danilo San Miguel We hope we are still here
date has been set for the start
when it materializes.
of the construction.

EIA Module NAME/AFFILIATION ISSUES/CONCERNS RESPONSE

What are the planned
The proposed reclamation is
developments after the
Kagawad Danilo San Miguel for mixed-used development.
reclamation? Malls, condos,
To date, no definite plan yet.
etc?
Where is the exact location?
Kagawad Danilo San Miguel Nearest site onshore is Sofitel
Near Sofitel?
Water Initial study shows that the
proposed area is suitable for
Isn’t the proposed area too
Kagawad Danilo San Miguel reclamation. The propose site
shallow?
is adjacent to the existing 360
hectare reclamation project.
Impacts Management As an EIA Consultant, we are
Plan trying to avoid any negative
impacts on all of our projects,
that is why, we are
What are the possible negative
conducting a thorough study
impacts of the project? You
Kagawad Jean Roxas in all aspects to avoid the
only discussed the positive
negative impacts. In cases
ones.
where impacts cannot be
avoided, we make sure that
the proponent will apply
proper mitigating measures.
2. Focus Group Discussion
Table ES-6. List of Issues and Concerns Raised During the FGD Activity (10 April 2018)
Issues/Suggestions Raised
EIA Module Issues and Concerns Response
by Stakeholder
LAND Ronald Ray. Taperla of Are issues on climate change Yes, climate change issues will be included in
National Economic included in the EIS? the study.
Development Authority
(NEDA)
Daniel Jose Buhay of Did you consider tsunami We have Section 2.1 Land and it includes
PHILVOCS effects? seismicity, tsunami sea level rise, etc., We
also have an Engineering, Geological And
Geohazard Assessment Report (EGGAR)
Mark Angelo V. Cagampan of When you will apply for the Area Atty. Madrona, City Legal of Pasay: Yes,
Manila Bay Coordinating Clearance? we are happy to say that the proposed project
Office (MBCO) is included in our CLUP. The HLURB
Is the proposed project included approved our CLUP last year.
in the existing Comprehensive
Land Use Plan (CLUP) of the With regards to Area Clearance, everything
City of Pasay? should be clear. We will apply for both Area
Clearance and ECC. The process is chicken
and egg. In our past experience, after we
were done with our ECC, we embarked on the
process of acquiring the Area Clearance.
Thus, rest assured that we will apply for both.
PEOPLE Giovanni G. Bautista of Virtual Underwater Heritage EIA Preparer: As a preparer, we commit to
National Museum of the concerns RA 1066, which conduct this survey.
Philippines requires archaeological
assessment. Mayor Calixto: Sunken vessels nationwide
are owned by the government. National Steel
Corp (NASCO) has the record. I did not see
any sunken vessel within this area but if there
is, PPA will ask to remove it. For the past 70

Issues/Suggestions Raised
EIA Module Issues and Concerns Response
by Stakeholder
years in Pasay, no ship wreck has been found
because Pasay waters is shallow. I was
personally involved in NASCO’s search for
sunken vessels, cargoes etc. We can ask
assistance from NASCO for data.
Giovanni G. Bautista of We would like to search for EIA Preparer: We will do it but will be limited
National Museum of the historical artifacts, etc., as this to impact areas
Philippines was a trading area in the past.
Fr. Soc Montaelto of Our Pasay is the Philippines’ Las Mayor Calixto: The new developed casinos
Lady of Sorrows Church Vegas. They are creating a sin are in Paranaque. No casinos were built here
city of so many casinos around. in Pasay since after the time of Mayor
With the proposed project, we Cuneta. I myself have not approved any
should not create more casinos. casino project in the past. I will remember
Dutuerte actually said no casino your concern that no new additional casinos
in Boracay. I hope you will not in Pasay should be developed.
create another casino in Pasay.
Developments are good but there
are problems with casino
addiction.
Project Ronald Ray Taperla of Target Date for NEDA Atty. Madrona, City Legal of Pasay: It may
Description National Economic endorsement? take 1 to 2 years depending on what we
Development Authority accomplish. We can’t say the exact timeframe
(NEDA) for the clearances from agencies pursuant to
NEDA requirements.
Alnie Hayudino of National Access route from existing We are still starting and we will have our
Commission of Culture and reclaimed areas studies. There will also be inter-island bridge
Arts (NCAA) and we will include both in the report.
3. Public Scoping
The EIAMD-driven Public Scoping was conducted on 30 April 2018 at the Cuneta Astrodome, Pasay
City; the complete report thereof submitted to the EIAMD on 02 May 2018. Among those invited were
LGU Officials, Government Offices, Non-Government Organizations (NGO) / People’s Organization
(PO), Private Offices and Barangays. Out of the 94 stakeholders invited, 41 of the invitees were able
to attend the said event while 53 invitees did not attend. Out of 41 attendees, 17% are from various
barangays of Pasay, 53% are from various government offices, 14.63% are from various private
offices and 17% are from NGOs / POs sector (See Table ES-3). Issues and Concerns raised are
provided in Table ES-7 while Annex 2.0 provides the complete report on Public Scoping.

Table ES-7. Issues and Concerns Raised during the Public Scoping Activity (30 April 2018)
Sector or Representative
EIA Module Who Raised the Issue/ Issues/Suggestions Raised by Stakeholder Proponent’s Response
Suggestion
LAND Representative from Philippine Issue on boundary of Manila and Pasay, the Atty. Madrona (City Legal of Pasay): We assure ourselves that we
Reclamation Authority (PRA) City Ordinance affected the boundary of the City have legal basis to assure our municipal waters. We also inform the
of Manila PRA about it and our municipal waters is included it in our
Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP).
Mr. Paul of Save Island Will the reclamation project help the Mayor Calixto (Pasay City Mayor): 25% will be set to the rehabilitation
Movement rehabilitation of Manila Bay? of Manila Bay. Our aim before there was no reclamation is to increase
our earnings from more than 1 billion pesos but when there was
reclamation our aim is 5 billion. Thus, this increase can help and can do
a lot for Manila Bay.
Representative from Manila Bay We stand on the issuance of ECC and Area Atty. Madrona: Actually we applied for Area Clearance and I that
Coordination Office (MBCO) Clearance. There are Executive Orders (EOs) believe we are complying.
and DAOs that needs to secure Area Clearance
before ECC.
Representative from Earth It was mentioned that there are environmental Mr. Santiago (DENR-EIA): We will still have our Public Hearing, there
Island Institute impacts identified, is the data be accessible will be posting in the newspaper under DAO 2017-15. The draft EIS
particularly impacts on your filling materials? wherein the identified impacts is included is accessible in the website
during that time. After Public Hearing the full documentation is also
posted in the DENR website and your issues and concerns raised
should be included in the report which you can access in the website.
Separate marine study of San Nicholas Shoal, Dr. Alabastro (EIA Preparer): San Nicholas Shoal is applying for an
there are livelihood for fishers in Cavite and ECC. Whatever project, the filling materials for a proposed reclamation
other adjacent city such as Las Piñas. will undergo to process.
Representative from Philippine Distance of island to the shoreline? Dr. Alabastro: Approximately 1.1 km.
Navy
The Navy, CCP and PICC areas before are Mayor Calixto: We will have our MOA and this MOA will be a great
property of the Philippine Navy. Now only the help to our project. With regards to the passage and duct of vessels, I
Manila Yacht Club. Our issue is on the notice believe this is not part of Pasay, The waters of Pasay is shallow. I will
for the navigational safety of our ships and coordinate with our City Administrator to get the necessary information
vessels. from you.
Sooner or later we will have our submarines and
you will need to extract and transport your filling
maters, maybe we can have our MOA?
Suggestion
Representative from Senate of What will be the effect of the Proposed Project Dr. Alabastro: Part of our EIS Report is to include the Environmental
the Philippines to Las Piñas-Paranaque wetlands which is Critical Areas (ECA). The LPPCHEA is distant to the proposed project
included in the RAMSAR. but this will be included and an important entry on our EIS report.
Representative from Philippine The proposed project will not extend to the City Mayor Calixto: Rest assured that we will get the necessary permits
Ports Authority (PPA) of Manila but will this obstruct vessels? from PPA. We will look into all aspects in order not to affect our
Port Zone delineation and Route of ships and adjacent city.
permits to be acquired.
WATER Representative from Society for There is a Mandamus to clean-up the Manila Mayor Calixto: The City of Pasay is also preparing for programs such a
the Conservation of Philippines Bay. I would to suggest to have a livelihood programs to further utilize the Manila Bay as a
Wetlands comprehensive baseline data because if the source of income and not to destroy, that is why we want
rehabilitation will be successful, the Manila Bay to comply.
will be productive.
Dr. Alabastro (EIA Preparer): As EIA Preparer we will have in-depth
study for Marine Ecology.
Representative from the Senate In the previous years we experienced flooding in Mayor Calixto: Sometimes drainage system is the cause of flooding
of the Philippines our area considering that our vicinity is not due to siltation. Maybe our City Engineer needs to inspect the drainage
surrounded by informal settlers. What will in your area to ensure the continuous flow of water so as not to cause
happen more if the 360 Pasay reclamation and flood.
Proposed 265 project will be erected, flooding is
a social problem.
Representative from The City Mayor has a very active congruence. Mayor Calixto: There is a big improvement in Pasay City Government.
Department of Tourism The City is one of the destination for tourism The city is considered as “Best Improved City” in the country and so this
PEOPLE and # 1 in MICE because the city has their own year we are planning to put a tourism police because of number of
convention facilities, CCP etc., We will abide to tourist destinations such as the Mall of Asa (MOA), hotels, MOA Arena,
the development market, inclusive growth and bus terminals and airport. After this reclamation project, Pasay City will
sustainability and we would like to develop a be #1. When I started my term in 2010 the budget of Pasay City grew
larger and stable income and with that thank over the years hence we give monthly financial assistance to number of
you Pasay City! beneficiaries and we can give more assistance because of the
reclamation project. This will be a great help and Pasay City becoming
as World Class area.

Suggestion
Representative from Society for For PRA or MBCO, what is the threshold of Mr. Santiago (DENR-EIA): For the threshold in Manila Bay, there are
the Conservation of Philippines reclamation in Manila Bay certain laws who can apply for the project and the Programmatic
OTHERS Wetlands Environmental Impact Statement (PEISS) was raised and this differs
because of the memorandum of PRA.
Who will be the developer for the Proposed Atty. Madrona: The reclamation project will be develop by the City of
Project? Is it the City of Pasay or Private Pasay together with our joint venture partner.
Developer?
Dr. Alabastro: The second phase which is the operations phase is not
covered by this ECC application.
Representative form DENR- How will you set-up your monitoring? For Atty. Madrona: It will be the jurisdiction of Pasay City because the
EMB NCR instance wastewater pollution, will it be directly proponent of the project is the LGU hence the LGU will hire third party
go to a STP? Will each locator have separate service provider and this third party will hire other service providers and
STP? we will assess this third party contractor.
Who will manage the island? Is it the City
Government? Engr. Lagmay (CPDO head of Pasay): The monitoring is part of our
framework in our 2014 CLUP, the timeframe is until 2022. We have a
proposed framework and we will have a detailed master plan for effluent
and STP.
Dr. Alabastro: What we do is to include this and implement through the

CLUP. We think that this is a sectionalized treatment and the project will
have own wastewater treatment.
Mayor Calixto: Actually this is included in the national laws hence we

will have no problem.

ES 1.8. EIA SUMMARY: Summary of Alternatives and Environmental Impacts

ES 1.8.1. Alternatives for Siting and Reclamation Methodology Options
Figure ES.4 illustrates the framework for decision-making relative to site and reclamation
methodology options.
Figure ES-4. Illustration of the Framework for Siting and Reclamation Methodology
Options
As may be gleaned from the above, after a site option has passed the criteria (within territorial
jurisdiction of the LGU-Proponent, absence of conflict with ECAs, absence of or manageable
significant marine resources, etc), the various reclamation methodologies are thence evaluated. The
methodology options must pass the financial viability criteria and must be compatible with the
Contractor’s capability and further, should be compliant with environmental standards.
Ultimately, the site and methodology must pass the requirements of the PRA for the granting of a
Notice to Proceed (NTP).
Tables ES-8 and ES-9 summarize the various siting and configuration (number of islands)
alternatives.
Table ES-8. Alternatives for Siting

Advantages Disadvantages Environmental Impacts
Alternative Siting 1
Land Consistent w ECA criteria Not relevant Same for all Alternatives
Flooding consideration- Not relevant Same for all alternatives
Territorial Jurisdiction Not relevant Same for all alternatives
Water  Insignificant Marine Not relevant Same for all alternatives
Resources incl.
mangroves
 Water depths
within 10 m.


Air Not a major factor for the activities through horizontal development
People Absence of Settlers Not relevant None (social impacts)
Other alternatives sites
Land Same as above Same as above Same for all alternatives
Water Same as above except for Same as above except Greater impacts on silt
water depths water depths unacceptable dispersal and seabed
consideration disturbance
People Same as for alternative 1
Inasmuch as the selected site option passes the criteria, the next step, which is the evaluation of the
number of islands, is thereby undertaken.
Table ES-9. Criteria for the Design of Islands

Alternative Siting 1
Land Consistent with ECA Not relevant Same for all Alternatives
criteria
Water  Insignificant Marine Not relevant Same for all alternatives
Resources incl.
mangroves
 Water depths within
10 m.
Water Same as above except for Same as above except Greater impacts on silt
water depths water depths unacceptable dispersal and seabed
consideration disturbance
With respect to configuration:
 Configuration and site must be in conformance with the CLUP

 Configuration must not conflict with existing and future reclamation plans of the City
 Consistent with Boulevard 2000 Framework
 Compliant with the restrictions of the Civil Aeronautics regulations on building heights
 Site and configuration must be acceptable to concerned other government entities, e.g. the
PPA as would be established during the securing of the Letters of No Objection (LONOs)
 The Master Plan and configuration should be harmonized
 In particular, the design of the viaduct will also be influenced by the site and configuration
selected.
Conclusions:
 The above considered, a two (2)-island configuration in the site within the territorial jurisdiction
of the City of Pasay are thus considered the most optimum alternative/options.
 The selected alternatives will be further evaluated by the PRA before it grants the NTP for the
Project.
 It may be noted that for a previous project with ECC granted for a two (2) island configuration,
the number of islands was increased to three (3) based on the detailed engineering design
study undertaken post ECC.

ES 1.8.2. Alternatives in Process Technology Selection
Figure ES-5 is an illustration of the process generally involved in reclamation works.
Figure ES-5. An Illustration of the Reclamation “Process”
(Note: This is the same as Figure in Section 1)

The option for the reclamation methodology, which will be decided during the bidding for the
reclamation work, will be undertaken post ECC and will be guided by several factors including:
 Compliances with environmental laws (e.g. availability of onboard waste treatment systems)
 Minimization of unwanted seabed materials to be disposed for which contractors may have
specific methodologies
 Methods for dumping of fill materials at the project site and implications of each method on silt
dispersal to the sea. (Examples of dumping methods are: rainbow blowing as illustrated
below, and bottom dumping)
 Methods for soil stabilization of the created land
An image of the “rainbow blowing” methodology
Details on the methodology are presented in Section 1.
On the other hand, key factors in the selection of the reclamation contractor are project cost and
timetable.
Key environmental impacts of technology options considered are as below:
Table ES-10. Key Environmental Impacts Of Technology Options Considered

Technology Options Environmental Considerations
Cutter Dredger Silt Dispersal greater than TSHD
TSHD Lesser Silt Dispersal
Proprietary Technology on Reuse of seabed Materials Lesser silt dispersals
ES 1.8.3 Options considered for the source of water, power, fuel, etc.
Power and Water Supply
 Power- During the dredging/reclamation works, electrical power that will be required by sea craft
and auxiliary equipment (e.g. pumps) will be sourced onboard these sea vessels.

During soil consolidation, which may take approximately 1 to 2 years, the minimal power
requirements of the maintenance crew and for lighting on the reclaimed land will be sourced
through MERALCO.
 Water- Water supply for the vessel/barge crews will also be onboard. No underground water
extraction will be done. Internal sourcing by individual contractors for water can be tapped from
the MWSS-designated concessionaire. The reclamation works are “dry” in nature.
ES 1.8.4 Summary of Main Impacts and Residual Effects after Applying Mitigation
Table ES-11. Summary of Main Impacts, Mitigation and Residual Effects after Applying
Mitigation
Activity/ Resources Potential Impact Options for Prevention or Mitigation* or Residual
Likely to be Enhancement Effects
Affected
I. PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE-Potential disturbance of corals and marine ecology during the geotechnical survey of the seabed;
mitigation is by avoidance through appropriate selection of test sites
Affected
Site Survey Baseline works on geotechnical, marine survey and water quality essentially finished
II. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Dredging and Impacts on ECA Not Relevant ECA distant from site Nil
Reclamation Phase Solid Waste Generation  Domestic garbage from construction crews Nil
segregated and collected onboard ship and
disposed onshore per RA 9003. No
garbage disposal to Manila Bay.
 Inventory of solid wastes, principally
garbage through records of amount of
garbage
Disturbance of Marine Species  Provision of silt curtains where sediment Nil
streams are likely to occur and escape.
Silt Dispersal  Installation of silt and sediment weirs
around reclamation equipment and barges;
 Monitoring of sediment fluxes and
application of more stringent control
measures when necessary; or temporary
cessation of activities.
 Sediment canals in reclaimed areas will be
installed to divert sludge into filters and
weirs that capture sediments and fugitive
reclamation filling materials at source.
 Collection and trans-location of macro-
invertebrates found within the reclamation
area.


Affected
Land Stabilization Inducement of natural hazards such as  Reclamation Platform itself with wave Nil to Minimal
floods, subsidence, liquefaction, deflector gives sheltering effect.
Affected tsunami, storm surge, land subsidence  Appropriate structure to be selected in
DED stage. Current best option is the use
of wave deflector for tsunamis/storm
waves; soil compaction/stabilization for
liquefaction & subsidence; sufficient
drainage system & retention/storage areas
for floodwaters, among others.
 Structural defense options are: seawalls at
breakwaters, wave deflectors, other similar
defenses such as revetment; angled
bypass walls.
 Monitoring of ground level will be done
during the period of soil stabilization
(before vertical development) to determine
quantitative surface movements with
respect to both spatial and temporal rates.
 Design of evacuation routes
 Public education, awareness and
preparedness campaign to include each of
the known hazards. This will include
evacuation drills, placing of signage, and
establishing alert systems. This will be
done in coordination with agencies like
NDRRMC, PHIVOLCS, PAGASA, Project
NOAH, etc. vis-a-vis the Disaster/Risk
Reduction and Management Plan of the
government.
Soil Erosion  To prevent erosion on the seaward portion Nil
of the project, the construction of the
seawalls shall be implemented in the initial
phase of the reclamation. Consideration
shall be given to forming a bund after the
construction of the sea wall and placement
of filter material, using selected granular
material where possible, along the line of
and immediately behind the sea wall. Such
a bund assists in stabilizing the sea wall
and its foundation if mud waves occur
during filling.
Dredging and Changes in Seabed properties  Reclamation technology to minimize Nil
Reclamation Phase seabed soil removal e.g. by maximum
Perceived Permanent loss of 265 reuse of existing through surcharges Permanent
Hectare Manila Bay Water, Change in derived from SNS; possible use of sand residual effect
Bathymetry bag technology, etc.
Change in water circulation  Final design and alignment of landform to Minimized
Disruption in water circulation pattern be based on the mathematical modeling for Minimize
and coastal erosion and deposition the landform layout. Will include in


Affected Overall impact on whole Manila Bay modeling other approved projects. Dependent on
circulation pattern and dispersion other
Affected behaviours of existing outfalls and reclamation
discharges projects in
Manila Bay
Inducement of Flooding  Project will not block or disturb existing Nil
drainage system
Degradation of marine water quality  Silt curtains and containment structures Nil
 Pre-screening of filling materials; most
possible source is from Manila Bay (San
Nicolas Shoal) itself
 Install liquid waste management system
ensuring modern waste retrieval and
treatment system. Treatment and disposal
of liquid waste at point source will involve
collecting liquids of point source origin;
directing waste into integrated multiple
waste streams facilities or collecting
vessels, and application of treatments.
Any fluid effluent to be discharged at sea
will be monitored and tested before
discharging.
 Installation of latrines and waste
receptacles; collection facilities;
 Collection of shipboard wastes.
 Adoption of clean practices by all project
operating units and personnel;
 Implementation of an efficient waste
retrieval system;
 Greening of reclamation area.
 Adoption of an oil and grease recovery and
treatment system;
 Implementation of rigid policies against
indiscriminate disposal of oily waste and
marine vessel bilge water.
Threat to existence and/or loss of  Support appropriate stock enhancement Nil

important local species and habitat measures e.g., re-seeding of appropriate
species;
 Support closed seasons to enhance
reproduction capacity of sardines and
recruitment of stocks.
 Provision of alternative livelihoods to
affected fishers
Potential Conflict with PPA  Relocation of anchorage Nil to Minimal

 Close coordination with PPA If any issue, to
be resolved with
PPA
Sea Level Rise  Elevated platform is a mitigating measure Nil


Affected Potential accidents and damages to  Sea worthy vessels Nil to Minimal
marine ecosystems during transport of  Navigational Devices
Affected dredging vessel  Proper training
 Avoid transport during inclement weather
 Compliance with PCG and International
regulations
Horizontal Fugitive Dust Generation  Construction Methodology Nil
Development from construction equipment and
vehicles
Increase of Ambient Air and Noise  Construction works distant from ESRs Nil
Quality  Short term only
 Sea is buffer zone itself to population
onshore
Emissions if power generating sets  Proper preventive maintenance of gensets; Nil
used and fossil fuel using equipment replace leaking valves, fittings, etc.
Land Stabilization Essentially none- no settlers to be displaced because the area is uninhabited
Livelihood and employment opportunity  Positive effects of the proposed project Long term
positive impacts
ES 1.8.5. Risks and uncertainties relating to the findings and implications for decision making
Risks and Uncertainties discussed in Section 4 “Environmental Risks Assessment”, and in other
Sections (e.g. Section 1 which includes discussions in floods, seismic risks, land subsidence, etc.)
relate significantly to safety risks and potentially by Climate Change induced-phenomenon, the latter
which could result in storm surges and floods. Sea level rise which is climate change induced is not
considered a risk/uncertainty to the Project.
Safety risks are readily addressed and discussed in Section 4 while the met-ocean risks induced by
climate change are present with or without the Project.
Decision making which is translated into whether to proceed with the project or not is only slightly
influenced by these risks/uncertainties because:
 The project proponent and its consortium members especially the private sector developer
and funding source will not risk investments and environmental disasters without due
engineering interventions
 Risks to the environment (marine resources, terrestrial resources, land resources and people)
are clearly identified and are addressed adequately with mitigating measure thus cushioning
effects on decision making.
 Noting that the EIS and the ECC application is only through the horizontal development
phase, risks and uncertainties that may be identified during the Operations Phase will be
clearly delineated during the EIS Process for the Operations Phase.
 Equally important, as stated by Pasay City Mayor A.G. Calixto during the Public Scoping, the
City takes lessons and encouragements from the success of the long-competed reclamation
project in Pasay City.
 Not to be minimized is the fact that the funding for this size of project will undergo close due
diligence by financial institutions which requirements among other is the analysis of uncertain
and risks. The project can only be implemented after passing the due diligence of these
institutions.

In the Waters of Manila Bay in the Territorial Jurisdiction of the City of Pasay
SECTION 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION

Introduction
Brief Background about the Proposed Project

Among the relevant Agreements / Instrumentalities covering the Project are as follows:
th
 The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) dated 13 December 2017 between the
Philippine Reclamation Authority and the City of Pasay, provided as Annex 3.
 Sangguniang Panlungsod Resolution No. 4182, S 2017 concurring in and ratifying the Joint
Venture Agreement between the City of Pasay and the Pasay Harbor City Corporation.
Institutional Arrangement and Mandates
The Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA)
Based on Presidential Decree (PD) No. 3-A, all reclamation of foreshore, submerged and offshore
areas shall be limited to the National Government or any person authorized by it under a proposed
contract.
By virtue of Presidential Decree No. 1084 dated February 4, 1977 the Public Estates Authority
(PEA) now called the Philippine Reclamation Authority was created
….” to provide for a coordinated, economical and efficient reclamation of lands, and the administration
and operation of lands belonging to, managed and/or operated by the Government, with the object of
maximizing their utilization and hastening their development consistent with the public interest…”
and to operationalize the following purposes, among others:
a. To reclaim land, including foreshore and submerge areas, by dredging, filling or other means,
to acquire reclaimed land;
b. To develop, improve, acquire, administer, deal in, sub-divide, dispose, lease and sell any and
all kinds of lands, buildings, estates, and other forms of real property, owned, managed,
controlled and/or operated by the Government; and
c. To provide for, operate or administer such services as may be necessary for the efficient,
economical and beneficial utilization of the above properties.
Among the powers and functions of the Authority is:
….To reclaim lands….
The City of Pasay as Project Proponent
The City of Pasay represented by its Chief Local Executive, Mayor Antonino G. Calixto entered into
a Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) cited above
and shown in Annex 3.
Thus, pursuant to the above the ECC applicant/Project Proponent is the City of Pasay.
Furthermore, the capacity of the City of Pasay to reclaim is pursuant to Republic Act (RA) No. 7160 or
the Local Government Code of 199. The Department of Interior and Local Government, under
Memorandum Circular No. 120, s.2016, confirmed the authority of local government units to enter into
Public-Private Partnerships and Joint Ventures for reclamation projects pursued consistent with the
mandate and charter of the PRA.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report 1-1

The Role and Mandate of NEDA
Approval of Reclamation Projects. It should be clarified that while Executive Order (EO) No.
146, the governing law pertaining to the approval of all reclamation activities, has delegated to the
NEDA Board the power of the President to approve all reclamation projects, PRA is still tasked to
process, evaluate and recommend the approval of all reclamation projects to the NEDA Board. In
this regard, inputs from PRA should be sought as well as it is in a better position to review the
merits of the project.
The NEDA Formulation of the Manila Bay Sustainable Development Master Plan (MBSDMP).
NEDA has initiated the engagement of consultants for the formulation of the MBSDMP with grant
assistance from the Government of the Netherlands. The MBSDMP aims to provide a
comprehensive and supporting institutional framework for the sustainable development of the
entire Manila Bay area. The MBSDMP will guide future decisions on programs/projects (e.g.
coastal protection works, solid waste and water resources management, transport, reclamation
activities) to be undertaken within the bay area. The formulation of the MBSDMP is expected to be
completed by June 2020. Based on the recent public consultation organized by the NEDA it is
apparent that this particular project will not be included in the prospective policies/regulations
arising from the MBSDMP.
Authority Over Project Site
Political Boundaries of the Site
A most basic requirement in an application for an ECC is to show technical and legal proof of
“Authority Over the Project Site”.
The political boundaries/territorial jurisdiction serves as the basis for “Authority Over Project Site” a
most basic requirement for ECC applications for all projects.
The authority for the Project is established with the delineation of the political boundaries of the City of
Pasay and the location of the site within these boundaries.
The boundaries of the Pasay City Waters are shown below:
Table 1-1. Technical Description/Coordinates of the Boundaries of Pasay City Waters

(WGS Datum)
POINTS LATITUDE LONGITUDE
Beginning at 1 14° 31’ 47.51” 120° 58’ 44.99”
thence 2 14° 31’ 54.07” 120° 50’ 24.53”
thence 3 14° 33’ 24.48” 120° 50’ 23.80”
thence 4 14° 33’ 19.50” 120° 58’ 42.99”
The City of Pasay Ordinance No. 5768 Series of 2016 is provided in Annex 3A.
1.1 Project Area, Location and Accessibility

1.1.1 Location and Political Boundaries
(territorial jurisdiction) of Pasay City and adjacent to the City of Manila. It will occupy a total reclaimed
land area of 265 hectares along the coast of Manila Bay adjacent to the Proposed 360 Hectare
Pasay City Reclamation Project, which has recently been granted an ECC.
Provided in Figure 1-1 is the NAMRIA map and in Figure 1-2 the aerial satellite map of the proposed
project site. The landmarks and cities adjacent to the site are indicated in Figure 1-1 and 1-2 while
the barangays adjacent to and fronting the project site (which are also the impact barangays) are
shown in Figure 1-3 and 1-4.

1.1.2 Accessibility
The nearest existing major road to the proposed project site is J.W. Diokno Boulevard approximately
located at a straight distance of 1.68 km from the nearest corner of the reclamation landform, shown
in Figure 1-6.
1.1.2.1 Connectivity and Associated Transport Systems
For the development of the Pasay Harbor City Project, the following components to support the
transport system are being planned to be built by third parties with the rationale of supporting the
government mass transport system plan:
1. A connection to the airport through the existing NAIA Expressway (already in place);
2. A connection to the southern gateway through the CAVITEX;
3. A connection to the northern gateway via C1 and C4 then to NLEX;
4. A connection to the seaport in Manila via Roxas Boulevard; and
5. A connection to the rest of Metro Manila through existing and planned mass transport
system.
1.1.2.2 Interisland Connectivity
A bridge connecting Islands 1 and 2 will be built (Figure 1-5). A preliminary architectural sketch is
shown in Plate 1-1 below.
Plate 1-1. Architectural Sketch of Internal Bridge

1.1.3. Vicinity Map and Adjacent landmarks
The vicinity map is shown in Figures 1-6 and 1-7 wherein may be seen the following adjacent
proposed reclamation projects. To date, none of these projects have been implemented since the
Notices to Proceed (NTPs) from the PRA have not been issued yet.
Important landmarks nearest the project site include:
 Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Complex;

 Coconut Palace;
 Philippine Sofitel Hotel;
 The Philippine Senate;
 J.W. Diokno Blvd.;
 Mall of Asia;
 Okada Resorts Club;
 Solaire Resorts Club;
 Diosdado Macapagal Blvd.;
 Manila Yacht Club;
 Baywalk;
 Asean Garden;
 Harbour Square;
 Liwasang Ulalim;
 Folk Arts Theater;
 Sky Garden, Star City;
 CCP Urban Forest;
 Philippine International Convention Center (PICC);
 Sofitel Philippines;
 Boom na Boom Complex;
 Seaside Village Manila;
 Manila Film Center;
 HK Sun Plaza;
 Senate Fire Station;
 Government Service Insurance System (GSIS);
 Hobbies of Asia, Hyundai Auto Manila Bay;
 World Trade Center;
 PNB Financial Center;
 Center for International Trade Explosion and Mission (CITEM);
 Southeast Integrated Provincial Terminal; and
 Philippine Trade Trading Center
1.1.3.1 Adjacent Proposed Reclamation Project
The adjacent other proposed reclamation project in the City of Pasay is:
 The 360-Hectare Pasay Reclamation Project
The adjacent other proposed reclamation projects in the neighboring City of Manila are:
 Proposed 419 Hectare Horizon Reclamation Project

 The 148-Hectare Manila Gold Coast Project.
1.1.3.2 Distance of the Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA)
The potential impacts of the Project on LPPCHEA is well considered. Figure 1-14 shows the
LPPCHEA being 6.4378 km away from the site a big distance to cause concern over potential
impacts of the project.
1.1.4. The matter of “Overlap” or “Encroachment”
With respect to the 148-hectare Manila Gold Coast Project, the matter of “overlap” or “encroachment”
was raised during the Public Scoping and the Technical Scoping Meeting, the latter on 14 May 2018.
Figure 1-12 shows the “overlap” or “encroachment”.
Following documents were presented by the Legal Adviser of the City of Pasay.
Area Clearance
Precedent Cases
The Proposed Pasay City 360-Hectare Reclamation Project was awarded an ECC-CO-1601-003
dated 24 October 2017 whereby the Area Clearance was a post ECC condition, to wit:
“…II. Restrictions
14. No activity shall be undertaken unless the following documents are submitted to this Office
(the EMB) within one hundred twenty (120) days prior (underline provided) to project
implementation…”
The other ECCs for Reclamation Projects were similarly issued prior to the securing of an Area
Clearance. Clearly Area Clearances are post-ECC requirements.
Legal Perspective
An Area Clearance (formerly called Reclamation Permit) from the DENR Secretary is
not a prior requirement for the issuance of an ECC for a reclamation project.
This is clear under Section 9.7 of DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-20 (Rules &
Regulations Governing the Issuance of Permit Over Reclamation Projects and Special
Patents Over Reclaimed Lands), which provides that the DENR reclamation permit shall be
issued only after the approval of the ECC.
In the subsequent DENR Administrative Order No. 2009-07, amending Section 4.1 and
Section 5 of DAO 2007-20, it was clarified that the “reclamation permit” shall be interpreted as
“area clearance.” “Area Clearance” has been defined as a document issued by the DENR
Secretary providing authorization or permit to an applicant to undertake reclamation project
over an applied area subject to certain conditions including environmental mitigation and
enhancement measures."
Thus, as it stands under Section 9.7 of DAO 2007-20 as amended by DAO 2009-07, the
reclamation permit, now called area clearance, shall be issued only after approval of the
ECC.
Similarly, under DENR Administrative Order No. 2003- 30 (Implementing Rules and
Regulations (IRR) for the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement [EIS] System), there is
no requirement of an Area Clearance from the DENR before the issuance of an ECC.
These rules are only reasonable and based on sound practice. Indeed, how can the
DENR Secretary issue the Area Clearance (formerly called Reclamation Permit), if he has not
yet even fully considered the environmental impact of the reclamation project?
Finally, an Area Clearance is a requirement only for prior approval by the Philippine
Reclamation Authority (PRA) of a reclamation project under Section 2 of Executive Order
No. 672, (Defining and Clarifying the Responsibilities of the DENR and the Philippine
Reclamation Authority in the Approval and Implementation of Reclamation Projects
Nationwide) and Section 3.1. of NEDA-PRA Joint Order No. 01-2015 (Implementing Rules &
Regulations of Executive Order 146).

Figure 1-1. Project Site in NAMRIA Map

Figure 1-2. Location of Site in a Google Earth Map

The impact barangay for the Proposed Project is Barangay 76 Zone 10
Figure 1-3. Barangay Boundaries Map indicating the Proposed Project vis-à-vis the Impact Barangay (Google Earth)

Figure 1-4. NAMRIA Map Showing the Impact and Adjacent Barangays

Viaduct
Figure 1-5. Preliminary Conceptual Access Ways and Development Plan (NAMRIA Map)

Figure 1-6. Vicinity Map of the Proposed Project (Google Earth)

Figure 1-7. Map Showing other and adjacent Proposed Reclamation Projects (Google Earth)

CITY OF
MANILA
CITY OF
PASAY
CITY OF
PARANAQUE
Figure 1-8. Map Showing other and adjacent Proposed Reclamation Projects (NAMRIA Map)

1.1.3 Geographic Coordinates (Shape File Data) of Project Area
The coordinates are vital for (a) identifying the Scope of the ECC that is being applied for, (b)
providing the footprints from which evaluations may be made, e.g. water circulation, bathymetry;
geotechnical investigation and marine surveys and for (c) ascertaining that the site is indeed within
the political boundaries of the City.
Table 1-2. Geographic Coordinates (Shape File Data) of Project Area

POINT EASTING NORTHING LONGITUDE LATITUDE
Island A: 210-hectare
1 277230.633 1610028.183 120.93248800 14.55418500
2 277248.098 1610068.985 120.93264600 14.55455500
3 277275.260 1610107.797 120.93289500 14.55490800
4 277308.334 1610135.022 120.93319900 14.55515700
5 277341.367 1610156.397 120.93350400 14.55535300
6 277386.059 1610171.894 120.93391700 14.55549600
7 278508.987 1610173.874 120.94433400 14.55560600
8 278561.422 1610166.065 120.94482100 14.55554000
9 278693.529 1610125.274 120.94605000 14.55518200
10 278852.822 1610063.136 120.94753300 14.55463300
11 279016.089 1609987.372 120.94905400 14.55396200
12 279181.163 1609898.000 120.95059300 14.55316800
13 279288.013 1609833.863 120.95159000 14.55259700
14 279435.663 1609725.115 120.95296800 14.55162600
15 279507.608 1609662.928 120.95364100 14.55107000
16 279526.977 1609637.633 120.95382300 14.55084300
17 279527.043 1609554.080 120.95383000 14.55008800
18 279511.426 1609530.825 120.95368700 14.54987700
19 279474.583 1609503.630 120.95334800 14.54962800
20 278102.953 1608819.739 120.94068100 14.54333700
21 278052.414 1608815.830 120.94021300 14.54329800
22 277990.273 1608815.880 120.93963600 14.54329300
23 277953.332 1608833.347 120.93929200 14.54344800
24 277910.610 1608868.340 120.93889300 14.54376100
25 277860.072 1608936.346 120.93841800 14.54437100
26 277762.944 1609056.771 120.93750700 14.54545100
27 277648.335 1609169.438 120.93643500 14.54646000
28 277535.655 1609264.609 120.93538100 14.54731100
29 277438.528 1609338.484 120.93447400 14.54797000
30 277339.371 1609410.389 120.93354800 14.54861200
31 277285.039 1609449.191 120.93304100 14.54895800
32 277253.895 1609486.134 120.93274900 14.54928900
33 277234.525 1609528.825 120.93256600 14.54967300
34 277228.687 1609558.039 120.93250900 14.54993700
Island B: 55-hectare
1 279339.755 1610175.014 120.95204100 14.55568400
2 281114.995 1610173.634 120.96851000 14.55581500
3 281132.319 1610163.016 120.96867200 14.55572000
4 281149.570 1610143.020 120.96883300 14.55554100
5 281150.897 1610120.425 120.96884700 14.55533700
6 281148.275 1610096.470 120.96882500 14.55512000
7 281142.915 1610088.451 120.96877600 14.55504700
8 281126.993 1610076.474 120.96862900 14.55493800
9 279788.263 1609706.529 120.95624100 14.55148700
10 279700.412 1609703.919 120.95542600 14.55145600
11 279660.527 1609723.885 120.95505400 14.55163400


12 279586.001 1609785.103 120.95435800 14.55218100
13 279504.788 1609852.959 120.95359900 14.55278700
14 279374.388 1609942.111 120.95238200 14.55358200
15 279309.205 1609987.342 120.95177300 14.55398600
16 279275.916 1610019.275 120.95146200 14.55427100
17 279263.951 1610045.910 120.95134900 14.55451100
18 279259.960 1610084.512 120.95130800 14.55486000
19 279266.574 1610115.106 120.95136700 14.55513700
20 279290.544 1610148.349 120.95158700 14.55543900
21 279314.540 1610165.685 120.95180800 14.55559700
Figures 1-9 and 1-10 show these coordinates in the project site map.

Figure 1-9. Map Indicating the Geographical Coordinates of the Proposed Project (Google Earth) Configuration

Figure 1-10. Map Indicating the Geographical Coordinates of the Proposed Project (NAMRIA Map) Configuration

1.1.4 Impact Areas
The delineation of the EIA Study Areas is based on the Direct Impact Area (DIA) and the Indirect
Impact Area (IIA). These study areas are identified in the discussions of the specific modules, i.e.
Land, Water, Air and People.
THE PRE-EIS IMPACT AREAS FOR THE CONSTRUCTION PHASE UP THROUGH THE
FORMATION OF LAND
The guidelines provided by the Revised Procedural Manual for the DENR Administrative Order
2003-30 relevant to this project are used for the delineation of the DIA and IIA, to wit:
a. Direct impact area (DIA) is … the area where ALL project facilities are proposed to be
constructed/situated and where all operations are proposed to be undertaken. For most
projects, the DIA is equivalent to the total area applied for an ECC.
For the proposed project, the DIA are:
o The reclamation area itself wherein the construction activities will be undertaken. This
area is currently the body of water covered by the planned landform. There are no
structures or fishing activities and settlers at the DIA.
o Barangay 76 Zone 10 fronting the site and hosting onshore establishments are
considered DIAs for socio-economic aspects and perhaps for environmental/risks aspects
as well, principally regarding flooding and storm surges.
o The other establishments and buildings that are much more distant than those identified
as within the DIA, e.g. the Philippine Sofitel, Coconut Palace, PICC, Harbor Square, etc.
o The PPA navigational lanes in the vicinity of the project site.
o Dredging – noise, sediment plumes, release of nutrients or contaminants from dredged

sediments, dissolved oxygen depletion, habitat destruction and ecological impacts.
o Marine burrow works–the same as those due to dredging works with the addition of the
possibility of reduction or removal of the natural supply of sand to existing beaches.
The dredging works at the SNS are subject to separate requirements under the PEISS;
the Proponent for the SNS is the Philippine Reclamation Authority.
o Land burrow works – noise, dust and smoke generation, and visual impact.
o Mud disposal–release of nutrients or contaminants from deposited sediments; other

impacts similar to those due to dredging works.
o Fill delivery– noise and dust generation.
o Fill placement– noise, dust and smoke generation, and water quality impact.
o Final land form–interference in tidal flow, wave and sediment transport patterns, siltation,
scour and reduced dispersion or dilution of discharges, water quality and ecological
impact, elevation of ground water levels uphill, and possibility of causing erosion of the
shoreline of existing beaches.
o Potential Pollution and Soil Erosion During Construction Phase
b. Indirect Impact Area (IIA) …an IIA can be the stretch of the river/s OUTSIDE the project area
but draining the project site which can potentially transport Total Suspended Solids and other
discharges from the project towards downstream communities.
For the proposed project, the IIA are:
o Navigation lane of dredging vessel.
o The other adjacent proposed reclamation projects are principally the Pasay 360 Hectare
and Manila Goldcoast Reclamation Project, which have both been granted an ECC and
for which currently, an NTP is being worked out with the PRA.
Table 1-3. Impact Areas

RATIONALE MAJOR IMPACTS SITES/IMPACT AREAS
DIRECT IMPACT AREA
Establishments fronting site namely
 CCP-Manila Yacht Club Baywalk,
 Asean Garden, Cultural Center of the
Philippines (CCP)- Complex, Harbour
Square,
 Liwasang Ulalim,
 Folk Arts Theater,
 Coconut Palace Complex,
 Gloria Maris,
 Sky Garden, Star City,
 CCP Urban Forest,
 Philippine International Convention
Center (PICC),
 Sofitel Philippine- Plaza Holdings,
 Boom na Boom Complex,
 Seaside Village Manila,
Perception of Floods
 Manila Film Center,
 HK Sun Plaza,
Land  Senate Fire Station,
 Seaside Restaurant,
 Government Service Insurance
System (GSIS),
 Hobbies of Asia, Hyundai Auto Manila
Bay,
 Jollibee Manila Bay,
 World Trade Center,
 PNB Financial Center,
 Center for International Trade
Explosion and Mission (CITEM),
Southeast Integrated Provincial
Terminal,
Extraction of Filling Materials Source of Fill Materials
Visual Impact (Construction Works
At and vicinity of site
at the bay)
Overlap with Manila Goldcoast
Island B of the Proposed Project
Reclamation Project
Marine Ecology At and vicinity of site
265 hectare reclaimed land and immediate
Change in water circulation vicinities including identified proposed other
Water reclamation projects with or nearing NTP
Within and immediate vicinity of the project
Potential for silt dispersal
site
Change in seabed topography Seabed of reclamation islands

RATIONALE MAJOR IMPACTS SITES/IMPACT AREAS

Accretion/erosion Seabed of reclamation islands
Potential conflict with PPA Navigational Lane Close to Site
Increased of Ambient Noise At and vicinity of site
Air
Impacts on Existing Air Quality At and vicinity of site
Positive impacts on employment
City of Pasay especially impact barangay
and livelihood
People
Positive impacts on economic uplift
City of Pasay
of the City of Pasay
INDIRECT IMPACT AREAS
Domain impacted by changes Body of water potentially affected by
Transport of particles
in circulation changes of circulation
Oil Spills Along the navigational lane to San Nicholas
Shoal
Navigation of Dredging Vessel
Potential Damage to fish cages Near the fish lifts in Cavite
The Direct and Indirect Impact Map is provided in Figure 1-11 (excluding the social impact area)
The Buffer Zones
These are shown on a Google Earth map Figure 1-13.

Figure 1-11. Pre-EIA Direct and Indirect Impact Areas (Google Earth)-excluding the social impact areas

Figure 1-12. Map Showing the Overlap Between the Pasay Harbor and Manila Goldcoast Reclamation Projects

Figure 1-13. Buffer Zone

Figure 1-14. Map Showing the Distance of the Project Site from the LPPCHEA in a NAMRIA Map

1.2 Project Rationale

The increasing demand for readily developable lands for urban expansion areas has pushed the real
estate market in Metro Manila to its highest since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Since the other
urban centers of Mega Manila has no other way to expand their existing inventory of land, the
increasing requirements for areas to accommodate and satisfy the demand for rapid commercial and
residential growth falls on the coastal LGUs. This therefore necessitates the creation of more lands for
economic activities through reclamation developments along the coastal areas of Manila Bay. Among
the Metro Manila LGUs, Pasay City is one of the smallest in terms of land area. However, it has the
potential to expand its land through sea reclamation activities.
The proposed Pasay City land reclamation project along the coast of Manila Bay, near the current SM
Mall of Asia complex, can produce some 2,650,000 square meters of additional buildable/developable
space. This could be translated into about 1,855,000 square meters of building gross floor area,
based on the existing 70% buildable vis-à-vis to 30% open space/public area ratio. The additional
1,855,000 square meters of building gross floor area can be allocated for tourism, office, residential,
commercial, and other non-industrial mixed uses in a master planned community including an
integrated port facility complex for cruise ships visiting Manila.
The proposed 2,650,000 square meters of reclaimed land is in line with Pasay City Ordinance No.
5768 (Series of 2016), which calls for the reclamation activities covering the identified areas located
offshore of the current SM Mall of Asia Complex in Pasay City. The project will provide expansion of
the City’s current land area for economic activities.
The allocation of the land created (the reclaimed land) by the Project is shown in Table 1-4.
Table 1-4. Land Use Allocation

A. Private Sector Area Allocated Percentage
1. Share of the private proponent 129.85 hectares 49%
B. Government (Public) Share
1. Pasay City Share (inclusive of the share of the
55.65 hectares 21%
National Government which the PRA may require)
2. Roads, Public Parks & Open Spaces (has.) 79.50 hectares 30%
Total (has.) 265 hectares 100%
The proponent believes that the proposed 265-hectare reclamation project will bring about meaningful
progress to Pasay City and its people, and shall kick-start the favorable transformation of that section
of the Manila Bay, instead of the area’s further degradation. The proponent cites the mega success of
its past reclamation projects – the CCP Complex and the Mall of Asia areas – as proof and blueprint
for success of similar undertaking. In 2015 alone, the City Government of Pasay was able to collect
about PhP3.2 billion in real property taxes, and business and work permits from the existing MOA
reclamation area. With the proposed project, the proponent could derive double, or even triple that
amount, which will definitely translate to more and better services for the people of Pasay.
The 265-hectare reclamation project is an expansion of the original 360-hectare project and is
intended to enhance further the visions embodied in the original project, i.e.:
 Further promote the well-being of the people of the City of Pasay especially in terms of
employment and livelihood;
 Stimulate city growth by providing a basic infrastructure – land to investors;
 Help solve congestion problems; and
 Actualize the vision of government through the PRA.
Thus, this proposed 265-hectare Pasay Harbor City will satisfy the current and future demands of
lands for tourism and commercial activities in accordance with Pasay City Ordinance No. 5768 (Series
of 2016) and in support of the “build-build-build” developmental concept in Pasay City and in Metro
Manila as envisioned by the current administration of President Rodrigo Duterte.

Additional socio-economic benefits:
Proceeds from the 265-hectare reclamation shall enable the City to expand and continually provide for
its existing and future projects as indicated in its Comprehensive Development Plan (CDP) such as (i)
school and healthcare facilities and services; (ii) medical, burial, educational assistance; (iii) financial
assistance to barangays and to victims of fire and other calamities; (iv) balik-probinsiya program; (v)
social pension and senior citizens’ welfare; (vi) cash gifts and financial and emergency relief
assistance; (vii) medical missions and emergency relief programs; (viii) livelihood programs and so
on.
To operationalize this commitment, Pasay City in its CDP intends to adopt an ordinance to devote at
least half of the business and property income from the reclaimed area for social services, livelihood,
and pro-poor programs once the project is finally approved for implementation. It shall likewise devote
at least 25 percent of the income generated from reclamation to environmental projects, including the
cleanup of Manila Bay pursuant to existing regulations and policy directions.
Support/Enhancement of the mass transport system
1. A connection to the airport through the existing NAIA Expressway;

2. A connection to the southern gateway through the CAVITEX;
3. A connection to the northern gateway via C1 and C4 then to NLEX;
4. A connection to the seaport in Manila via Roxas Boulevard;
5. A connection to the rest of Metro Manila through existing and planned mass transport
system; and
6. Each island development methodologies will be anchored on green building concepts and
technologies, pedestrian centered transport system and a climate change resilient and
adaptive measures.
On a regional and national context, the City of Pasay hosts the domestic and international airports,
which provides vital infrastructure (air transportation) for regional and national interconnectivity and
development.
1.3 Project Alternatives

 Siting: Alternative project locations including factors significant selection such as severity of
impacts, perception of affected communities with regards to project, ancestral domain issues,
;and classification, etc.
 Discussion of other options on siting of major components of the project with the project area.
1.3.1 Siting Alternative Criteria
The selection factors are illustrated diagrammatically in Figure 1-15. As seen in this diagram, a most
basic criterion is that the site must be within the political jurisdiction of the project Proponent. The
severity of impacts is essentially the same for the feasible sites because the sites are essentially
dictated by marine resources and bathymetry. Water depths have to be compatible with the dredging
requirements and cost considerations thus limiting the options to sites with depths of essentially
approximately 10 meters.
The perception of affected communities is considered neutral with respect to the site because the
community concerns i.e. livelihood, employment, floods, storm surge and threats of earthquakes are
essentially independent of the feasible site options.
The siting of the major components is largely determined by the master plan which for the project
involves mixed-used developmental structures/facilities and the allocations for the government and
private sector.

The drainage system, a major component, is seen in Figure 1-18 to be a “loop” of canals around the
vertical structures to be constructed (during the Operations Phase)
The siting of the government offices will be determined by the government entities, i.e. the City of
Pasay and the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA).
The siting of the viaduct/access way from the shore to the island is determined from the most feasible
connecting points to the existing government-owned road(s) and the shortest feasible lengths.
Figure 1-15. Diagrammatic Representation of Framework for Site Options
Applying the above criteria, the determination of the site, landform configuration/number of islands are
guided by the following considerations and summarized in Table 1-5.
With respect to siting:
 Project site must be in the territorial jurisdiction of the Proponent City of Pasay;
 Must not be in or conflict with ECAs principally the LPPCHE
 Must not be in or cause disturbance of significant marine resources including mangroves
 Must not conflict with existing settlers, if any.
 Must not be in very deep waters otherwise dredging and reclamation costs would be
prohibitive
 Must be in reasonable distance from the source of filling materials i.e. the San Nicholas Shoal
 Environmental impacts associated with the site must be minimal and/or readily manageable

 Configuration must not conflict with existing and future reclamation plans of the City

 Compliant with the restrictions of the Civil Aeronautics regulations on building heights
 Site and configuration must be acceptable to concerned other government entities, e.g. the
PPA as would be established during the securing of the Letters of No Objection (LONOs)
 The Master Plan and the configuration should be in harmony
 In particular, the design of the viaduct will be influenced by the configuration and site
inasmuch as the viaduct must connect to the shore and must be feasible in terms of length.
With respect to number of islands:
 Must allow for water circulation

 Must not result in prohibitive costs
In general terms, all of the above parameters (site, configuration and number of islands) must not
result in serious environmental impacts
Table 1-5. Summary Matrix of Alternatives to Site and Number of Islands

Environmental
Advantages Disadvantages
Consideration
Siting Option 1
Consistent w ECA criteria Not relevant Same for all Alternatives
Land
Water Insignificant Marine Resources incl. mangroves
Not relevant Same for all alternatives
Water depths within 10 m.
Same as above
Same as above except for Greater impacts on silt
except
Water dispersal and seabed
water depths disturbance
water depths consideration
unacceptable
# of Island Option 1: One Island
Land Not Relevant Not Relevant Same for other options
Lesser water
Water Lesser water circulation
circulation
Air Not relevant Not relevant Same for other options

People Not relevant Not relevant Same for other options
# of Island Option 2: Two Islands
Land Not relevant Not relevant Same for other options
Water Better water circulation - Better circulation
Air Not relevant Not relevant Same for other options
People Not relevant Not relevant Same for other options
# of Island Option 3 – More than two (islands)
Land Not relevant Not relevant Not feasible because of

Environmental
Advantages Disadvantages
Consideration
Water Better water circulation cost considerations
Air Not relevant Not relevant
People Not relevant Not relevant
Others
Project Cost Much Higher
Upon the determination of the feasible site and number of islands with considerations of
environmental impacts, the configuration is decided based on:
 The master plans and components of the project (e.g. the drainage system,
accessibility factors, road networks and environmental/nature features such as water
parks, promenades and open spaces.
 The CLUP is also a key factor in the choice of the site and configuration. As explained
in Section 2.1 the CLUP required that the site and configuration should allow for
planning for future reclamation projects and that there should be a 200-meter channel
between the islands for good water circulation.
1.3.1.1 Site options with respect to risk factors i.e.

• Ground Rupture, Earthquake induced Landslides Volcanic eruptions, tsunami (PHIVOLCS )
• Rain-induced landslide and flooding (MGB)
• Storm surge, and flooding as well as extreme climatologic conditions (PAGASA)
The geological and met-ocean risks are the same for the relatively small size of the Pasay City waters
(4,060 hectares) and therefore are not germane to site selection. Moreover, engineering/design and
construction methodology interventions will be adapted and applied to the landforms in whichever site
is selected.
1.3.2 Technology Options Considered on Methods of Reclamation That Will Be Considered in

The Project
The various reclamation methods refer to the types of equipment to be used.
The determining factors in the choice of the methodology are:
The most environmentally sound filling method, which is by

direct discharge from the TSHD without the need for using
temporary storage (rehandling pit) of fill materials before
discharging by high pressure pumps. Another method, which is
“rainbowing” illustrated at the right plate could result in
significant silt dispersal.
The optimum method and choice of equipment by the

Reclamation Contractor considering that each contractor has
its own particular vessels and dredging equipment.
The required timetable to complete the project noting also that each contractor will have different
timelines based on the equipment available.
The geotechnical aspects which will dictate the type and amount of containment structure, i.e.
whether made of rocks or steel piles or a combination.
A major factor is the technology/methodology choice that will minimize the need for the
disposal of unwanted seabed materials at the reclamation site-- This is currently being discussed
with the prospective reclamation/dredging contractor and the application of their proprietary
technology that will meet this important criterion.
Moreover, the technology/methodology for soil stabilization must ensure integrity of the
finished reclaimed area and the time duration by which to attain the desired stabilization.
Overall, the final option for the choice of the dredging/reclamation methodology will be reflected in the
Terms of Reference (TOR) in the bidding for the Contractor with considerations of the above aspects
and focus on:
 Timetable: Contractors will possess individual dredging and reclamation vessels and
equipment but must comply with the required timeline for the Project.
 Minimal disposal of unwanted seabed materials
 Pollution abatement facilities onboard vessels
 Experience
 Cost consideration
 External financial resources for the Project which would also depend on the qualifications of
the Contractor when it undergoes due diligence process by the financing entity
1.3.3 Resources: Alternative sources of power, water, raw materials and other resources
needed including factors significant to the selection such as supply sustainability and
climate change projections
The “raw materials” needed for reclamation are the fill materials and rocks. There will be no wastes or
recycle streams when using these raw materials.
Fill materials
General Specifications for the Fill Materials (Preliminary)
 All materials used for fill shall be free of rock boulders, wood, scrap materials, and refuse.
 These should not have high organic content.
 Not more than 10 percent (10%) by weight shall pass the No. 200 sieve (75 microns).
Maximum particle size shall not exceed to100 mm diameter.
 Maximum particle size shall not exceed 75 mm.
 Shall be capable of being compacted in the manner and to the density of not less than 95
%.
 Shall have a plasticity index of not more than 6 as determined by AASHTO T 90.
 Shall have a soaked CBR value of not less than 25 % as determined by AASHTO T 193.
Estimated Requirements
These will be estimated after full completion of the geotechnical investigation and in consultation with
the prospective Reclamation/Dredging Contractor.
With respect to the potential sources following are the options identified at this time:
 San Nicholas Shoal (SNS)
o Since materials also coming from Manila Bay characteristics relatively similar to the
seabed at project site, minimizing introduction of foreign materials.
o Closest to project site
o Cost considerations
o Dredging at SNS already covered by an EIS by PRA, ECC under processing. Other sites
to be yet studied and apply for ECC.
Additional alternatives to be considered are:
 “Lahar” from Mt. Pinatubo
o Suitability with respect to quality still to be evaluated

o Transport considerations.
o Cost considerations.
o Permitting/Clearances consideration still to be established.
 Others
o e.g. Dredging of river in Pampanga.

o To be evaluated
Supply sustainability will not be an issue since this will be contracted out prior to the start of the
reclamation works.
General Specifications for Rocks (Preliminary)
 Rocks should be angular, hard, durable and not likely to disintegrate in seawater,
 Minimum unit weight is 2,650 kg/cu.m. on dry basis
 Rocks of the primary cover layer should be sound durable and hard and should be fee
from laminations, weak cleavages and undesirable weathering.
 Following test designations should be complied with
Apparent Specific Gravity ASTM C-127
Abrasion ASTM C-131
The various options are to be evaluated and the appropriate selection will also depend partly on:
(a) The requirements based on the final engineering works;

(b) Cost;
(c) Transport consideration; and
(d) Permitting/clearances requirements.
Power and Water Supply
 Power- During the dredging/reclamation works, electrical power that will be required by sea craft
and auxiliary equipment (e.g. pumps) will be sourced on-board these sea vessels.
During soil consolidation, which may take approximately 1 to 2 years, the minimal power requirements
of the maintenance crew and for lighting on the reclaimed land will be sourced through MERALCO.
 Water- Water supply by the vessel/barge crews will also be onboard. No underground water
extraction. Internal sourcing by individual contractors or water can be tapped from the MWSS-
designated concessionaire. The reclamation works are “dry” in nature.
Other resources needed including factors significant to the selection such as supply sustainability and
climate change projections
The direct impacts of Climate Change are not germane noting that such will not be experienced
during the “life” of the construction phase which is approximately through Year 2023.
With respect to the sustainability of the fill materials, a key resource, the adequacy of supply from the
San Nicholas Shoal (SNS) by the time the reclamation works are implemented will be ascertained
during an agreement with the PRA.

1.3.4 Summary comparison of environmental impacts of each alternative for facility siting,
development design, process/technology selection and resource utilization
Upon the determination of the reclamation/dredging contractor, details of the design and engineering
will be discussed with them.
A comparison of environmental impacts is shown below in the case of soil stabilization.
Table 1-6. Summary of Comparison of Impacts of Various Stabilization Methods

Methodology Key Feature(s) Environmental Aspect(s)
Embankment or Surcharge About 5 years to complete No significant problems
Sand Drain Piles Plus Surcharge Susceptible to Shear Failure No significant problems
Sand Composer Piles + Surcharge Same as in above; clogging No significant problems
with fine material within soil
Well Point System Plus Sand Drain Presence of soil-laden water with high No significant problems
Piles salinity
Dynamic Compaction Huge and heavy equipment Noise problem
Vertical Drains Plus Surcharge High breaking strength of vertical Minimum noise problem
drains, reinforced soil in tension, light Acceptable stabilization time
equipment
1.3.5 Discussion of the consequences of not proceeding with the project on a “ No project
option”
Under this scenario:
 The vision of the City for development will be impaired because of the absence of land.
Lands onshore are not easy to consolidate into a single area for development.
 The City will lose the opportunity to have developed land at no cost. It will therefore have
to find land onshore and pay from its financial resources.
 Taxes to be paid during the reclamation works will be denied the City.
 The economic benefits during the operations phase including employment and livelihood
opportunities will be lost.
 The ever-increasing problem of congestion in the City will not be adequately addressed.
1.4 Project Components

The components herein listed are those associated with the various activities during the
dredging/reclamation and horizontal development works only.
Similar to the “original”, i.e. the ongoing reclamation project of the City, which is planned for mixed use
development, the components of the Harbor Center Reclamation project depicted in the Master Plan
given in Figures 1-16 and 1-17 are:
Table 1-7. Major Components in Relation to Various Project Activities

Major
Project Activity Pollution Control Device Description
Components
Dredging Silt Curtains No structure to be built in this stage – for cleaning of seabed
only
Dredging and Sewage This is a pollution control OWS/Bilge System in Dredging/Reclamation Vessels
Reclamation Treatment device in itself - for the Treated effluents must comply with DAO 2016-08
Works Facilities crew staying/working
onboard the vessel
Reclamation Island A Silt curtains & containment 210 Hectares
Works walls
Reclamation Island B Silt curtains & containment 55 Hectares
Works walls

Major
Project Activity Pollution Control Device Description
Components
Reclamation Storm Surge Silt curtains & containment By design
Works Protective walls
Devices
Land Stabilization “Islands A & B” Portable sanitary toilets, During this stage, only a small crew will work on site, to be
good housekeeping, waste housed in temporary bunk house with sanitary facilities.
segregation and 3rd party
waste collection
Horizontal Works Access way / Same as above Under design
viaduct
Horizontal Works Internal Bridge Same as above 4 lanes 20 m W x 156 m L

Between Island
A and Island B
Horizontal Works Internal Road Same as above 30 m wide Variable Length

Networks
Horizontal Works Drainage Same as above .

System
Horizontal Works Viaduct System Same as above Under Design

Horizontal Works Tourism Wharfs Same as above Under Design/To be coordinated with the DOT
Horizontal Works Theme Parks Same as above Under Design/To be coordinated with DOT
Horizontal Works Sewerage Same as above Under Design
system

Preliminary Land Use of Reclamation Activity

Area %
Hotel and Office 383,874 sqm 18%
Entertainment Complex 333,498 sqm 15%
Mixed Use Commercial 105,193 sqm 5%
Mixed Use Residential (PUD) 624,681 sqm 29%
Institutional (Commercial Spaces 8,465 sqm 3%
intended for Consolidated &
Integrated Government Offices
including Museums and Civic
Centers)
Rotunda & Linear Parks 104,612 sqm 5%
Roads and Other Open Spaces 539,674 sqm 25%
Figure 1-16. Preliminary Master Development Plan

(Hotels, Offices, Residentials, Entertainment Complex are components of the “Operations Phase”)

Figure 1-17. Preliminary Master Development Plan (Per Island)

1.4.1 Drainage system

1.4.1.1 Storm Drainage System
The system involves the draining of natural surface run-off, surface drainage water for paved/
artificially impervious surfaces, excess rainwater, storm water, kitchen water, bath/ shower/ tub water,
and similar types of water.
All storm drainage system designs shall conform to the applicable provisions of the latest edition of
the Sanitation Code of the Philippines and the National Plumbing Code of the Philippines. Two (2)
sewage treatment plant (STP) is proposed to be constructed at Island A and another one will be
constructed at Island B. In addition, a “cistern” will be constructed at the middle of Island A,
underground of the proposed “urban forest – roundabout” to serve as rainwater collection for
subsequent “brown water distribution”.
Storm drainage system consist of Gullies, U-channels, manholes, pipes, box culverts, oil separators
and outfalls. The storm water will be collected by Gullies or U-channels with grating cover and
transported by pipes or box culverts.
The rainfall return period of storm drainage pipelines is 1 in 10 years. In accordance with BS EN 752
Part 4 Table 2, the run-off coefficient is between 0 to 1 depending on nature of pavement. In this
project, for the roads and buildings areas, the coefficient of 0.9 shall be adopted because of
impermeable condition, for green land, the coefficient of 0.2 shall be adopted because of permeable
condition.
A rainwater tank will be set before each outfall, the overflow storm water will be discharged into sea
directly.
The storm drainage pipes shall be RCC pipes, Class120 as per BS 5911-1. The material of storm
drainage manholes shall be reinforced concrete and the diameter of manhole covers shall be 800mm.
Sewage mainly comes from the residential, commercial, offices, hotels and so on. Two sewage
treatment plants (STP) will be built in island A and one STP will be built in Island B. The STP will be
built below ground. The effluent of water quality of STP shall meet the local environment standards.
Sewage lift stations will be built if they are necessary.
The oily water of yachts will be collected and transported to STP by tank vehicles.
The sewage pipes shall be HDPE drainage pipes, SN8 as per BS EN 13476 or RCC pipes, Class120
as per BS 5911-1. The material of sewage manholes shall be reinforced concrete and the diameter of
manhole covers shall be 800mm.
The design shall provide drainage/storm water collection all along the whole stretch of the road
system, for both Island A and Island B that shall be connected to the centralized rain water collection
system.
In consideration of environmental issues related to the disposal of storm runoff directly to Manila Bay,
the proponent shall implement a storm runoff collection/recycling system which may be used for
irrigation of landscape features within the lot boundaries. Such systems may include imposition of
swales in lieu of concrete/PVC drainage pipes, thereby allowing infiltration, construction of cisterns for
storage purposes, and similar initiatives. Conceptual design of the proposed road network within the
development is presented below.

Appropriate engineering intervention such as installation of cast iron grill along gutter and curves to
ensure that siltation, debris, scouring and similar conditions which may hamper the free flow of storm
water to designated drainage lines and cause flooding within the development shall be minimized if
not totally avoided.
Trees planted along the road shall likewise be installed with cast iron grill to allow the rainwater
infiltration into the ground and minimize overcapacity of storm drainage system during heavy rain.

Use of porous materials such as grass/turf pavers, paving blocks or similar materials will be used
along the areas fronting the sea and along the proposed linear forest to encourage infiltration and
reduce surface runoff.
1.4.1.2 Pavement Drainage
Pavement drainage is necessary to maintain highway traffic safety. Water on the pavement can
interrupt traffic and cause accidents due to skidding and hydroplaning. Hydroplaning can reduce
driver’s visibility and cause difficulty in driving due to splash and spray as vehicle wheels encounters
puddles.
The design of the drainage system will be based on hydrological studies with consideration on tide
levels and climate change and sea-level rise; if applicable. Road traffic safety is also an important
factor.
The conceptual plan for the drainage system may be seen in Figure 1-18.

THE DRAINAGE PLAN
Figure 1-18. The Preliminary Drainage System Plan

1.4.2 The Access Ways
The access way from the shore, i.e. the viaduct (shown as “B” in Figure 1-5) is still subject to ongoing
studies with the following aspects duly considered:
a. The location of the entrance to the viaduct

b. Clearance from the concerned LGU if this location is from a public road
c. Clearance/approval from the DPWH if it will have jurisdiction over the construction of the
viaduct; also from other government entities as may be applicable.
d. Engineering design
e. A separate and distinct ECC as may be applicable under the Philippine EIS System
The viaduct is estimated to be a 6-lane bridge approximately 27 m wide and 594 m long.
1.4.3 The Internal Bridge
The internal bridge is planned to connect Islands A and B.
The architectural sketch is shown in Plate 1-1 above.
1.4.4 The Internal Road Network
An architectural sketch is shown in Plate 1-2 for illustration purposes.
Plate 1-2. Illustrative Sketch of Road Right of Way
1.4.5 Sewerage
Separate sewerage system for the handling of treated wastewater effluents will be constructed and
will involve underground concrete pipes.
The Detailed Engineering Design (DED) to be submitted to the PRA for the purpose of securing an
NTP shall include consideration of the storm run-off and wastewater/sewage along the following
basis:
 Location must allow for flow by gravity to the discharge channels/canals

 The population of the various land use locators
 The City’s own land use planning for the share of land it will get at no cost to the
government
 Use of rainfall intensities in the Rational Formula based on Climate Change Projections

Types of Collection System
These are separate sewers, combined sewers, pressurized sewers and vacuum sewers.
a. Separate Sewers
These sewers receive domestic sewage and such industrial wastes pre-treated to the discharge
standards as per the DENR regulations and given the consent to discharge into sewers by the local
pollution control administration.
b. Combined Sewers
These sewers receive storm water in addition and have some advantages in locations of intermittent
rainfall almost throughout the year and with a terrain permitting gravitated collection and obviously
being confined to a very small region as a whole. As otherwise, in regions of seasonal rainfall like in
monsoons, the combined system will have serious problems in achieving self-cleansing velocities
during dry seasons and necessitating complicated egg-shaped sewers etc. to sustain velocities at
such times plus the treatment plant to be designed to manage strong sewage in dry season and dilute
sewage in monsoon season as also the hydraulics there for. These sewers are also ideally suited for
resorts and private development.
c. Pressurized Sewers
Pressure sewers are for collecting sewage from multiple sources to deliver to an existing collection
sewer, and/or to the STP and are not dependent on gravity and thus topography is not a challenge.
Typically, sewage from establishments in the vicinity is collected in a basin fitted with submersible
pump to lift and inject the sewage to a sewer on the shoulder of the roadway thus sparing the riding
surface from the infamous digging for initial repairs and often for repairs.
The principle advantages are the ability to sewer areas with undulating terrain, rocky soil conditions
and high groundwater tables as pressurized sewers can be laid close to the ground and anchored well
besides there cannot be infiltration and exfiltration is quickly detected and set right and essentially
smaller diameter pipes and above all obviating the cumbersome deep manholes as also road
crossings by CI or DI pipes with trenchless technology laid inside a casing pipe and installation
without disrupting traffic, opening trenches across paved roadways, or moving existing utilities etc. An
important issue is for each plot to have a grinder pump set and each commercial plot to have its own
grease interceptors to remove excessive fats, oils & grease before the grinder pump. Obviously, this
system is not suitable for continuous building area. A disadvantage is the need to ensure unfailing
power supply to the grinder pump and hence this is perhaps limited to high profile condominiums and
not the public sewer system.
1.4.6 Support Facilities
1.4.6.1 Power Generating Facility or Energy Source
 The sea vessels will have their individual onboard power generating facility’
 For the works at the reclaimed land, i.e. during soil stabilization and in the horizontal
development works electricity for lighting and general purposes will be sourced from the
Manila Electric Company
 Use of temporary generating sets will be made as practicable.
For the reclaimed island, the electrical supply system shall be as follows:
Overall System Configuration
Control of the design, engineering, procurement, and construction activities on the project shall be
completed in accordance with various predetermined standard practices and project specific

programs/practices. An orderly sequence of events for the implementation of the project is planned
consisting of the following major activities:
 Conceptual design;
 Licensing and permitting;
 Detailed design;
 Procurement;
 Construction and construction management;
 Start-up, testing, and checkout; and
 Project completion.
The general electrical design criteria defined herein form the basis of the design for the electrical
components and systems of the project. More specific design information is developed during
detailed design to support equipment and erection specifications. It is not the intent of this
appendix to present the detailed design information for each component and system, but rather
to summarize the codes, standards, and general criteria that will be used.
However, for the purpose of demonstration, a simple electrical single line diagram will be presented to
understand on how the power will be distributed. The Overall One Line Diagram for the Pasay City
Harbor Center Reclamation Project will be created upon acquisition of all parameters of the projects
during the design stage.
As per Meralco’s statement during some short meeting with their power sales, the voltage level to be
supplied service substation will be 34.5 kv if the demand power is lesser than 10MVA. However, in case
the project power demand is more than 10MVA, a higher voltage will be use at 115kv.
All work shall conform to the applicable provisions of the following Codes and Standards:
 American National Standards Institute (ANSI)

 Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
 National Electrical Manufacturers Association (NEMA)
 American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM)
 Underwriters Laboratories (UL)
 Factory Mutual (FM)
 Insulated Cable Engineers Association (ICEA)
 Association of Edison Illuminating Companies (AEIC)
 National Fire Protection Association (NFPA)
 National Electrical Safety Code (NESC) up to 115 kV only
 National Electrical Code (NEC) Occupational Safety and Health Act (OSHA)
 Illuminating Engineering Society of North America (IESNA)
1.4.6.2 Utility Lines
Overhead electric and telephone lines and their supporting poles are unattractive elements and
disturb views in any environment. Although very high voltage electric lines are difficult to place
underground (particularly at graded areas that still need to settle over time), the lower voltage
distribution lines can still be economically located underground. Placing utility lines underground is
initially more expensive but because of lower maintenance costs, may be no costlier over the long
term than overhead lines. In areas prone to occasional high winds that can topple utility poles and
lines (or trees over the lines), underground lines offer additional safety and maintenance advantages.
1.4.6.3 Telecommunications
Telecommunications will be among and between crew at sea and contacts at land and will be through
mobile phones and/or radio.

1.4.7 Pollution Control Devices and Waste Management Systems. Identification and description
of pollution control devices and waste management system for the waste materials,
wastewater, air emissions, domestic wastes, toxic and hazardous wastes, nontoxic and non-
hazardous wastes
Water Pollution Control Arising From Sea-based Works (Dredging and Reclamation)
The following pollution control devices will be used during the construction phase of the project:
1. Domestic Wastewater Treatment Facility
Bilge Water Treatment Facility
2. Additional Wastewater Management under MARPOL 73/78

 Oil filtering systems for connection to treated wastewater discharges
 Continuous monitoring and recording of all discharges
 Maintenance of valves and ensuring these are “NC” (Normally Closed”)
 Installation of Slop Tanks and Continuous Maintenance and Cleaning
 Categorization and Specific Regulations for “Noxious” Substances
 As maybe applicable installation of sewage treatment plant onboard
 Special procedures for handling of food wastes and garbage
The Requirements and Standards of the Philippine Coast Guard
 MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 01-2005 REVISED RULES ON PREVENTION,

CONTAINMENT, ABATEMENT AND CONTROL OF OIL MARINE POLLUTION
Requirements:
(1) Vessels:
(a) All vessels shall have onboard wooden scupper plugs equivalent to the number of scupper
lips and various sizes of wooden plugs for use on possible holes that may develop in the
hull.
(b) There shall be a minimum of three (3) kilos of rags or other appropriate sorbent materials
and appropriate number of open-ended drums with cover for clean-up of oil spills on decks
and pump rooms.
(c) Vessels of 400 gross tons and above but less than 10,000 GT shall be fitted with an oil-
water separating equipment or filtering system duly approved PCG to ensure that any oil
mixture discharged into the open sea after passing through the separator or filtering system
shall have an oil content of not more than 15 parts per million. Effluent discharges in ports
and harbors to include other navigable lakes and rivers shall not exceed the water quality
standards.
(d) Vessels of 10,000 gross tons and above shall be fitted, in addition to oily-water separating
equipment, with an oil discharge monitoring and control system.
(e) Every vessel of 400 gross tons and above shall be provided with tank or tanks of adequate
capacity, having regard to the type of machinery and length of voyage to receive the oil
residues.
(f) All shipping companies shall provide for a system of collection and disposal of all types of
wastes accumulated aboard ship notwithstanding public port reception facilities duly
approved by the PCG. A Plan for Collection and Disposal of Waste shall likewise be
submitted by these shipping companies to the PCG for approval. Cooperative efforts among
shipping companies in connection with the acquisition and utilization of such system of
collection and disposal is highly encouraged.
(e) Chemical dispersant to be utilized by the ship owner, master of the vessel, oil companies,
terminals/depots, power plants/barges, oil drillers, oil tankers, shipyards and salvors during
oil spill shall be duly accredited by the PCG.
 MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 07-2005 PREVENTION OF POLLUTION BY

SEWAGE FROM SHIPS
DISCHARGE OF SEWAGE:
a. The discharge of sewage into Philippine waters is prohibited except when:
1) The ship is discharging contaminated and disinfected/treated sewage at a distance of

more than five (5) nautical miles from the nearest shoreline;
2) The ship is discharging sewage which is not contaminated or disinfected/treated at a

distance of more than twelve (12) nautical miles from the nearest shoreline;
3) The ship has in operation an approved sewage treatment plant and that the effluent shall
neither produce visible and floating solids nor cause the discoloration of surrounding
waters; or
4) The discharge is necessary for purposes of securing the safety of the ship and/or saving
life at sea in case of a real, grave and imminent danger, provided that all reasonable
precautions have been taken to prevent or minimize the discharge. Provided further, that in
the first two exceptions, the sewage that has been stored in holding tanks shall not be
discharged instantaneously but at a moderate rate when the ship is enroute and proceeding
at no less than four (4) knots.
 MEMORANDUM CIRCULAR NO. 01-2006 RULE PROHIBITING THE DUMPING AND

DISCHARGING OF WASTES AND OTHER HARMFUL MATTERS
Concerned parties shall initiate measures to protect the marine environment against pollution caused
by:
(1) Hydrocarbons, including oil and their wastes;

(2) Other noxious or hazardous matter transported by vessels for purposes other than
dumping;
(3) Wastes generated in the course of operations of vessels, aircraft, platform and other man-
made structures at sea
 Sewage Treatment Facilities
Wastewaters will essentially be generated by personnel onboard the sea crafts (dredging and
transport vessels and rock haulage barges) which are self-contained having their individual
toilet and waste collection facilities. After treatment, the wastewater effluents will be
discharged through third-party waste treaters.
 Bilge Water Management- Water from various sources such as from rough seas, rains or
from drains in the vessel itself are collected in a compartment of the sea craft called bilge;
located at the lowest space in the ship in order to allow for gravity flow of the waters. The
collected water must be pumped out to prevent the bilge from becoming too full that could
threaten the sinking of the ship.
The specific type of vessel(s) to be used for this project will determine the details of the bilge system.
However, for illustrative purposes following information are provided on preliminary basis.
Figure 1-19 illustrates the bilge system in a typical large vessel.

SOURCE: Bright Hub Engineering. What is Bilge Water?. Retrieved from

http://www.join.co.kr/Environmental%20Facilities/img/bilge%20water.gif. Retrieved on August 2017
Figure 1-19. Illustration of a Bilge System
The key features in the above illustration are the bilge water treatment and the disposal of the clean
water overboard.
The sea-based vessels and equipment are of foreign built and used internationally, thus the
convention/standard followed in building these facilities were that from the international
convention. However strict compliance with the local regulations of the Philippine Coast
Guard is obligatory.
Bilge Water Treatment Bilge water can be managed by either retaining it onboard the vessel in the
holding tank and later discharging it to an accredited third-party waste treater onshore. Onboard
treatment may also be undertaken as an option.
Oil which represents a significant portion of the bilge water falling in the category of “hazardous”
wastes may be treated in Oily Water Separators (OWS). Current regulations of oily bilge water
discharge from vessels is based on Annex I of the International Convention for the Prevention of
Pollution from Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978 (MARPOL 73/78). Under MARPOL to
wit…
….all ships over 400 gross tons (GT) are required to have equipment installed onboard that
limits the discharge of oil into the oceans to 15 ppm when a ship is en route. All vessels over
400 GT are also required to have an oil content monitor (OCM), including a bilge alarm,
integrated into the piping system to detect whether the treated bilge water that is being
discharged from the bilge…
The bilge separators are treatment systems that combine a gravity oil-water separator (OWS) or
centrifuge with one or more additional unit operations that “polish” the bilge water effluent to reduce
concentrations of emulsified oil.
A typical OWS is illustrated in Figure 1-20.

SOURCE: Indianamart. Oil Water Separator Retrieved from https://dir.indiamart.com/impcat/oil-water-separator.html. Retrieved on August 2017
Figure 1-20. Illustration of a Typical Bilge OWS
General Principle of Operations
Stage 1 Separation Unit
This unit consists of catch plates inside a coarse separating compartment and an oil collecting
chamber. The oil having a density lower than that of the water, rises into the oil collecting
compartment. The rest of the non-flowing oil mixture settles down into fine settling compartment after
passing between the catch plates.
Stage 2 Filtration Unit
The discharge from the first stage is passed through a 3-stage filtration system (a) the filter stage (b)
coalescer stage and finally (c) collecting chamber. The impurities and particles are separated by the
filter and settle at the bottom for removal. Oil coalescing substances may be added to enhance the
growth of oil molecules thereby facilitating their removal. The oil molecules rise above the mixture in
the collecting chamber and are removed when required.
To ensure the continued efficiency of the OWS an Oil Content Monitor and Control System is
installed.
Air Pollution Control
Air Pollution Source Equipment (APSE) and Air Pollution Control Device (APCD)- The Air
Pollution Source Equipment (APSE) will be onboard the moving sea crafts and thus the
Environmentally Sensitive Receptors (ESRs) will be distant from the source of air discharges. The sea
crafts will be using internationally-accepted fossil-fuel driven equipment and will have their individual
smoke stacks.
The APCDs will be in accordance with the international maritime protocol such as the MARPOL 73/78
and applicable Sections of the Philippine Clear Air Act, R.A. 8749.
 Increased engine technologies and efficiencies
 Reduction of NOx includes introducing water into the combustion process, use of NO x
absorbers, and selective catalytic reduction.
 PM control technologies include particulate traps and exhaust scrubbers

 SOx reduction is mainly achieved by the use of low Sulfur in the fuel
Unlike other environmental resources such as marine, the air environment is not significantly
impacted on by the reclamation works because:
 As shown the Figure 2.3-1 the Environmentally Sensitive Receptors are distant from the
sources of pollution (APSE) which are at the vessels on sea.
 The APSE are mobile thus the discharges are dispersed more widely.
 The APSE will operate for only a short time period and also will be interment in operation. The
estimated duration of operation is 2,273 days in a total reclamation time of at least six (6)
years.
Other Wastes
Other Wastes- The other relevant wastes for the proposed project are silts. Silts are the solid wastes
from the dredging of undesired seabed materials. Silt curtains will be used as the waste management
mitigation facility to contain the dispersal of these materials.
Silt Curtains are discussed in the section on Reclamation Methodology
Pollution Control During Land-based Works (Horizontal Construction)
After completion of the dredging and filling works, i.e. after the creation of the land, soil stabilization
will follow. Personnel stationed at the reclaimed land will be provided with on-site portable toilets and
wash rooms. The domestic wastes will be discharged onshore.
In addition to garbage from the construction workers, solid wastes are from construction scraps all of
which are disposed onshore.
Judging from the nature of works (road construction, laying out of electrical wirings and water piping,
construction of drainage system), the small number of work force and that the work stations are not
fixed but changing over the work area, it is seen that no special wastewater treatment plants are
needed.
The workers utilize portable toilets which are standard in this type of construction works. The wastes
are collected and disposed onshore by accredited third party TSD facilities.
Solid Waste Management
 For Sea-based Operations
These are generally garbage from the crew and are segregated onboard, placed in bins and disposed
onshore.
 For Land-based Horizontal Development Works
In addition to garbage from the construction workers, solid wastes are from construction scraps all of
which are disposed onshore.
During the operations phase it will be the Association of Reclamation Locators which will include the
City which will administer, fund and manage the collection and disposal of solid wastes from the
locators.

1.5 Process and Technology

1.5.1 The Reclamation Methodology/Technology
The specific methodology to be applied will depend on major factors such as:
 The Contractor to be selected noting that each Contractor may possess different
 equipment.
 The result of the geotechnical and soil investigations which will be undertaken as part
 of the Design and Engineering Details (DED) post ECC.
 The source and properties of the filling materials
For illustrative purposes, the “process” involved in reclamation works is shown in Figure 1-21.
Figure 1-21. An Illustration of the Reclamation “Process”
Mandatory Requirements
The implementation of Reclamation Projects, i.e. the start of the Construction Phase can only be
undertaken upon the securing of a Notice to Proceed (NTP) from the PRA. Some of the major

prerequisites for an NTP are: an Environmental Compliance Certificate (ECC); (b) Letters of No
Objections (LONO) from concerned government entities; and (c) approved final Design and
Engineering Details (DED), which are undertaken post ECC.
The entities that will grant the LONO will necessarily impose their own requirements that will ultimately
influence the reclamation methodology and the final master planning. The DPWH, for example, will
closely evaluate the Project in respect of the Department’s master flood control plan for Metro Manila.
As experienced in the case of another Manila Bay Reclamation Project, the DPWH - in consultation
with the JICA - may potentially require changes in the configuration of the reclaimed area without
changes in the project area. These changes will influence the reclamation methodology and master
planning.
The PRA may also likely impose its own and updated requirements, which will also influence the
master planning and methodology such as:
 The final platform elevation (4.0 m above MWLL)

 The buffer zone from the edge of the reclamation to the shore line (presently assumed at
200 meter minimum and the distances between islands currently assumed at 60 m.)
Reclamation Methodology
The technology/methodology will be specific to the selected Contractor. To illustrate, certain

Reclamation Contractors may possess special technologies for the reuse of unwanted seabed
materials instead of disposal outside of the project site. The mixing of these materials with the SNS
sand followed by compaction and the use of rock mounds could bring about desired quality of the land
that will be created. The reuse will also minimize the requirements from the SNS. The use of sand
bags is employed effectively by other Contractors, which effectively mitigate siltation problems.
Upon the determination of the reclamation/dredging contractor, details of the design and engineering
will be discussed with them.
More specifically, the reclamation works/methodologies will most likely involve the following:
Survey works at seabed; disposal of scraps and wastes
To prepare the seabed for subsequent activities, this is first cleared of scraps and wastes, which
are disposed by third party TSD facility onshore.
Placement of containment boom and silt curtains.
By its term, these are literally curtains that serve as physical barriers for the migration of silt to the
water body by containing them within the contained or curtained area. These are made of geotextile
materials placed around portions of the reclamation work area wherein fugitive dredged
materials/silts may be generated. Silt curtains are a common and well-established method for
containing and minimizing sediment plume spread, and when properly deployed, are an effective
measure for mitigating adverse impacts due to release and transport of suspended solids.
The two layered (inner and outer layer separated at 30 meters) containment boom and silt curtain will
utilize fine mesh sized material to filter fine and very fine sands to prevent transport across the block
boundary. The containment boom and silt curtain will control suspended solids and turbidity in the
water column generated by dredging and unloading of the dredged materials. Type II silt and turbidity
curtain and containment boom will be installed at the unloading site where the water swell is up to 36
inches. The Type III silt and turbidity curtains will be used at the dredging site to keep turbidity and silt
contained. This type of material is built specifically for moving water in conditions where there are
rough waves, fast moving waters or harsh tidal conditions (cited in the EIS for SNS Project -
www.erosionpollution.com. Erosion Control and Water Pollution Prevention Products)

The curtain extends to the bottom of the seawater so as to trap the heavier particles, which may tend
to settle down the water column.
Plate 1-3 illustrates a typical installation of silt curtains.

Plate 1-4 illustrates a typical cross section of a silt curtain.
Locations of the Silt Curtains
Inasmuch as the function of the silt curtains is to prevent dispersal of silts from dredging and filling
activities these are to be located to enclose the active work areas and thus the locations are variable.
Plate 1-3. Typical Silt Curtain Installation
SOURCE: Terrafix Geosynthetics Inc. Silt Curtains. Retrieved from http://terrafixgeo.com/products/silt-curtains/
Plate 1-4. Cross Sectional View of a Typical Silt Curtain
1.5.2 Removal of Unwanted Seabed Materials at the Reclamation Site employing dredging
Dredging Method: General description of dredging methods
 The methods are defined by the equipment used. A dredger is a piece of equipment, which
can dig, transport and dump a certain amount of underwater laying soil in a certain time.
 Dredgers can dig hydraulically or mechanically. Hydraulic digging make use of the erosive
working of a water flow. The water flow pressure generated by a dredge pump is lead via

suction mouth over a sand bed. The flow will erode the sand bed and forms a sand-water
mixture before it enters the suction pipe.
 Mechanical digging uses knives, teeth or cutting edges of dredging equipment which is
applied to cohesive soils to break these down to sizes that can be collected mechanically.
 It is expected that the Contractor to be selected for the reclamation works will use mechanical
dredgers of which there are several types.
 The Grab and Bucket Dredgers This is illustrated in Plate 1-7.
 The Trailer Suction Header Dredger. This is illustrated in Plate 1-6.
 A method similar to the dredging at SNS in respect to the removal of loose clay at the
seabed. Rather than transporting, however, the bulk of the dredged materials will be stored in
the vessel temporarily on-site, while the seabed is replaced first by armor rocks before it is
refilled back by the clay in combination with sands from SNS. One option is to use sand
bags, hence, it may be assumed that all the dredged materials will essentially be reused and
no spoils will be generated, except for dumped trash/garbage.
 The unwanted materials including wastes, debris, or scrap at the site will be disposed by a
third party disposal entity accredited with the DENR/EMB at a site onshore to be pre-
approved by the EMB. Seabed soils may also be disposed at portions of the Manila Bay with
depths of 20 meters or more based on experiences by an international dredging/reclamation
Contractor, which has undertaken projects in Manila Bay. Such disposal will be subject to
prior approval by the LGU, the Philippine Coast Guard and the DENR/EMB and/or other
concerned agencies.
SCOPE or RESTRICTIONS
 Environmental measures to be adopted in the disposal of unwanted dredged

materials
The most environmentally sound and cost-effective method is to minimize the volume of the dredged
materials to be disposed. One method adopted by several reclamation contractor is to reuse the
dredged materials in combination with sands/fills from external sources.
If materials need to be disposed, laboratory tests shall be done on these materials for further checking
of trace elements/metal content. If found to have contents beyond the Dutch standards and disposal
site is offshore, treatment/intervention shall be done before final disposal.
If disposal is to be made at sea, the Authority to grant clearances/permits is the Philippine Coast
Guard. It is known that in past experiences, disposal at sea was allowed but only at specific sites to
be approved. Such sites must be in deep waters. Moreover, during the dumping operations, the area
of the sea on which materials are to be dumped must first be enclosed by silt curtains.
1.5.3 Placement of Containment Structures
The containment structure is basically a wall around the perimeter of the reclamation area to prevent
the dredge fill from being eroded back to the sea and to protect the reclamation area from strong
waves and storm surges.
There are several types of containment walls. It can be vertical, rubble-type, or earth mounds
depending on the availability and cost of materials. The method of construction and installation of the
containment system will also depend on the chosen type. Rubble-type containment are usually placed
first before filling in of the dredge fill; vertical type such as sheet piles are installed when the
reclamation area is already above water.

The phasing of reclamation works will have to be decided prior to the placement of the structures.
The major activities or aspects of the reclamation works involved requiring specific
technologies are:
1. Dredging at the Reclamation Site to remove unwanted seabed materials and prepare the
seabed for filling, i.e. reclamation
The proposed project involves land reclamation of 265 hectares. The reclamation of the project
will be accomplished through a combination of hydraulic dredging from burrow pit areas
offshore of the project site is filling with burrow materials.
The said dredging can be undertaken either hydraulically or mechanically but as mentioned, the
proposed project will use hydraulically type of dredging. Hydraulic dredging is a floating dredge or
pump by which water and soil, sediment, or seabed are pumped, either onboard for sifting, as for
clams or oysters before they are discharged overboard, or through a series of floating pipes for
discharge onshore.
Plate 1-5. Typical Hydraulic Dredger
Hydraulic digging makes use of the erosive working of
a water flow. For instance, a water flow generated by a
dredge pump is lead via suction mouth over a sand
bed. The flow will erode the sand bed and forms a
sand-water mixture before it enters the suction pipe.
Hydraulic digging is mostly done in cohesionless soils
such as silt, sand and gravel.
The transport of the dredged soil can be done by

hydraulically or mechanically too, ether continuously or
discontinuously. Continuous transport can be
undertaken through a pipeline or conveyor belts while
discontinuous transport can be done via grab, ship or
vehicles.
Deposition of soil can be done in simple ways by

opening the grab, turning the bucket or opening the
bottom doors in a ship. Hydraulic deposition happens
when the mixture is flowing over the reclamation area.
The sand will settle while the water flows back to sea or
river.
Dredging equipment can have these functions

integrated or separated.
The choice of the dredger for executing a dredging operation depends not only on the above-
mentioned functions but also from other conditions such as the accessibility to the site, weather
and wave conditions, anchoring conditions, required accuracy and other consideration such as
economics.
2. Operation of the Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger - Main Reclamation Equipment

Filling with suitable materials to the finished platform elevation.
The reclamation methodology will be specific to the selected contractor and perceived to involve
the following activities during the on-site dredging and reclamation works.
 Placement of silt curtains.

 Placement of Containment Structures
 Securing/Sourcing of the Burrows/Fill Materials

Plate 1-6. Typical Trailer Suction Hopper Dredger
It is considered that a Trailing Suction Hopper Dredger (TSHD) will be one the major equipment
that will be used in the project. The TSHD has the capacity to extract the sand at the source,
transport said sand to the reclamation area and place it directly to the reclamation area or a re-
handling pit. If a re-handling pit is used, a cutter-suction dredger (CSD) will be necessary to pump
the sand from the re-handling pit to the reclamation area through a much shorter pipeline.
The dredging vessel(s) will be making trips to the source (e.g. SNS). On return from the source to
the reclamation area, all of the filling materials will be placed at the reclamation site.
The filling of the reclamation site may be done in two (2) ways.
 The dredging vessel to directly upload to the site

 The filling materials will instead be uploaded in a re-handler area immediately adjacent to
the site wherein a cutter dredging vessel will take these materials and upload to the site.
3. Transport of the Dredging Vessel to/from Source of Fill Materials.
Dredge-fill materials abound in the PRA offshore burrow area at the San Nicolas Shoal (SNS),
which reportedly has a vast deposit and which replenishes on its own through time. Shown in
Figure 1-23 is the location of the SNS relative to the project. As may be needed, alternate
sources to the SNS will be studied; these include the lahar deposits in Pampanga and Zambales,
which can be transported to the proposed site by barges. Other sources for evaluation may be
dredged materials from the Pampanga River within Manila Bay.
The SNS is only approximately one hour of sea travel time to the project site while the Pampanga
and Zambales areas may take some 3 hours to haul the lahar materials to the project site.
4. Disposal of Dredged Materials and of Seabed wastes
The perceived relevant wastes for the proposed project are silts, which are the solid wastes from
the dredging of undesired seabed materials. Silt curtains will be used as the waste management
mitigation facility to contain the dispersal of these materials.
The options for the disposal or management of the unwanted seabed materials or silts are:
o In-situ compaction and mixing with fill materials, thus, avoiding disposal
outside the site
o Disposal at a designated and approved site onshore subject to approval and
clearances from authorities including the Environmental Management Bureau.
The various options will be decided post ECC engineering studies; and the choice will depend on:

o Amount of dredged materials, which will be determinable after soil and

geotechnical investigation
o Analysis of the silts/seabed materials particularly in respect of metals and
hazardous wastes
o The dredging technology, which will be dependent on the
dredging/reclamation contractor to be selected.
Other types of wastes (principally domestic garbage) are deemed not applicable for this type of
project since no appreciable amount of garbage or solid wastes will be generated from the
reclamation activities. Garbage are generated by construction crew personnel who are mostly
located at the dredging vessels or sea crafts.
During the dredging of the site to remove the unwanted materials, solid wastes currently present
at the reclamation site, which may include debris, plastics, scraps or even ordinances will be
disposed of by a third-party disposal entity accredited with the DENR/EMB at a site to be
approved by the EMB.
1.5.4 Securing/Sourcing of the Burrows/Fill Materials
The initially identified burrow area for this project is the SNS, which is more than 30 km from the
project site. The quarrying in SNS for the fill materials needed for the Project is covered by an EIS
Report and an ECC application by the PRA. The environmental concerns and mitigation and legal
responsibilities therefore fall on the PRA. When the reclamation contractor undertakes dredging at the
SNS, it will have to observe the rules of PRA in respect of environmental concerns. The Project
recognizes the environmental concerns at the SNS and commits to faithfully comply with the
requirements of the PRA. As one requirement to secure permit from the PRA, the Contractor will
need to submit an Environmental Protection and Enhancement Plan (EPEP) approved by the MGB.
The ensuing discussions are derived from the EIS Report for the SNS Quarry Project, for which the
securing of said information was cleared with the PRA.
Basic Information on the SNS:
The following basic information relates to the Reclamation Project.
Project Name: PRA Seabed Quarry Project
Location: San Nicolas Shoal (SNS) along coastal towns and the
offshore areas of the barangays of Ternate, Naic, Tanza
and Rosario of Cavite
Type of Project: Offshore Quarrying Project

Project Size: 20,000 hectares
The expressed intention by PRA for the SNS Quarry Project is to provide the various reclamation
projects in Manila Bay with most suitable fill materials.
The location map of the project quarry area is shown in Figure 1-23. This shows the location of the
SNS quarry site relative to the Reclamation Project. The relevance of the location of the SNS relative
to the Project lies in the potential damage(s) to the fish lifts close to the navigational lane of the
Dredging/Reclamation Vessel. A readily practical preventive measure is to prohibit the sailing of the
dredging vessel during periods of inclement weather.
The water environment is the most important component of the resources. The EIS Report for the
SNS stated the abssence of major marine species and that there are essentially no coral covers
except for approximately 2-4% coral cover for the Municipality of Ternate while the rest of the quarry
area has no coral community.

Volume of SNS Reserves and Volume of Fill Materials Required for the Project
3
Based on the PRA EIS Report, the volume of reserve at the SNS totals to 2,009,336,597 m . It may
therefore be concluded that the Project can well be provided by SNS with the required fill materials (of
3
approximately 90 M m .)
Heavy Metal Content of the SNS Sands
Any and all materials that will be introduced to the reclamation area will be subject to pre-screening to
ensure that the reclamation site will not be contaminated with undesirable elements or substances. It
is notable that based on the information for SNS fills shown hereunder the metallic elements are
present in minimal concentrations.
Table 1-8. Concentrations of Selected Heavy Metals in the PRA GSQP

Sample Cr, mg/Kg Cd, mg/Kg As, mg/Kg Pb, mg/Kg Hg, mg/Kg
1 4.50 4.65 36.84 9.10 <.004
2 12 6.08 75.28 10.09 <0.004
3 2 6.88 54.84 3.75 <0.004
4 1.5 5 17.92 22.28 <0.004
5 3.75 4.55 15.38 18.9 <0.004
6 4 6.53 47.76 7.73 <0.004
Dutch Intervention Values 380 12 55 530 10
Dutch Target Values 100 0.8 29 85 0.3

Soil remediation intervention values (Ref: email communications with LLDA)
From the table it can be deduced that
 The SNS fills will not contaminate the reclamation project area
 There is no need for any intervention related to the quality of the fill materials.
The materials encountered in two borings conducted south of San Nicholas Shoals (between Timalan
and Maragondon Pt.) in connection with other Manila Bay Land Reclamation Projects are of a rather
similar character. Materials with the actual grain size distribution are prone to liquefaction if not
densified by means of relevant techniques.

Figure 1-22. Hydrographical Data of San Nicolas Shoal per NAMRIA Map

Note: The TSHD which will travel to and from San Nicholas Shoal will not pass at any distance near LPPCHEA
Figure 1-23. Relative Location of the SNS and the Pasay 265 Project and Navigational Route

Requirement for Dredge-fill and Number of Dredgers (For San Nicholas Shoal Dredging)
Assumptions:

3
Grab Dredger Productivity: 1975.05 m /hour (computed using Tcycle [cycle time] formula,
3
50 m dredger bucket at 90% fill factor)
 Cycle time, T cycle = 2 (swing angle x swing speed) + grab time + empty time + fall
velocity (depth + height of barge) + lift velocity (depth + height of barge)
 Operating Hours: Two eight-hour shifts per day, 365 days per year
 Target completion of dredging is 2 years
Table 1-9. Summary of Dredge fill and Number of Dredgers Requirement

Volume to be Dredged (m3) 90,000,000
Grab Dredger Productivity/hr (m3) 1,975.05
Work Hours/day 16.00
Productivity/dredger/day (m3) 31,600.80
Productivity/dredger/Year (m3) 11,534,292
Needed Volume/Year (m3) 45,000,000
Number of Dredgers Required/Year 4
The above computation shows that 4 grab dredgers will be needed to complete the quarrying of 90M
3
m of dredge fill materials required for the reclamation in 2 years.
Planned Quarry/dredging Methodology
Since the seabed is made of loose material, quarrying is the most suitable method to extract material
from the seabed. Quarrying will be conducted in parcels within the quarry area. The grab dredgers
operate within these parcels while the bottom dump barge transport ferries the sand fill materials to
the reclamation projects. The navigation routes are illustrated as green broken lines.
a. At the material source site, one Grab Dredger will extract material with two clamshell buckets,
up to a depth of 50m. The clamshell buckets will load the material directly onto one Bottom
Dump Barge which when full, will transport it directly to the reclamation site. This entire area
will be enclosed by silt curtains made of geotextiles, covering the length from water level
down to the sea floor and supported by poles driven 4m into the seabed. This is meant to
prevent dispersal of material outward. There will also be an oil spill boom trap around the
whole area, to contain small leaks and discharges that naturally occur in the operation of
heavy equipment.
b. In the event of large amounts of unusable material (overburden) lying on top of dredge fill, the
unusable material will be removed first and deposited in the pit left by previously dredged
sections.
c. This procedure of quarrying shall continue until the required filling elevation has been
achieved.
Equipment Requirements
Grab dredgers will be the prescribed primary quarrying equipment since it can operate with higher
efficiency at deeper portions of the marine burrow area up to 50m depth with a grab capacity of up to
200 cubic meters using 2 clam shell buckets. Note that the seabed at the burrow area is -30 meters
and below. The buckets will load the material onto the dredger’s hold, which is connected to one
Bottom Dump Barge via a floating pipeline. When full, the Bottom Dump Barge will transport the
material directly to the reclamation site while the Grab Dredger continually extracts and loads onto its
hold.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report 1- 58

The Grab Dredger will be equipped with anti-turbidity mechanisms for sediment control, the bucket
must be water tight to minimize sediment release. There will also be an oil spill boom trap around the
whole area, to contain small leaks and discharges that naturally occur in the operation of heavy
equipment.
The main causes of sediment release from grab dredgers are:
 Impact of the Grab on the Bed;

 Disturbance of the Bed During Closing and Initial Removal from the Bed;
 Spillage from the Grab and Erosion of Exposed Soil During Hoisting (especially with
Open, Non-Watertight Grabs);
 Material Washed from the Outer Surface of the Grab During Hoisting;
 Leakage During Slewing to the Barge; and
 Washing of Residual Adhering Material During Lowering.
Plate 1-7. Grab and Bucket Dredger
Excavated material will be dropped onto the hold of the grab dredger, which will be connected via a
floating pipeline to a bottom dump barge. A tugboat pulls the barge off the quarry site and tows it
offshore to the reclamation site. While one barge is being filled, another is being towed to the
reclamation site. Numerous barges will be used so work can proceed continuously. Navigational route
should be free from obstruction. As such, coordination with coast guard and other concerned
agencies concerning the navigational route will be regularly communicated.
In the quarrying activities and loading of the dredge materials, spillage will be reduced through
minimizing the height from which the bucket releases its load. Dredge operators will place the bucket
as close as possible to the cargo compartment before releasing the load from the bucket. To ensure
this, certified and licensed operators who have undergone sufficient training shall conduct these
activities, which shall be communicated through the contractor.
Barges will be loaded with quarry material evenly to avoid tilting or overturning during transport to the
reclamation site. It is important not to overfill the barge to avoid risk of spillage during transport
especially when moving through rough waters. Spillage while in motion can also be prevented by
placing removable cover over the barge. Barge hulls will be inspected to ensure that they are
completely sealed before transporting the dredged materials to the reclamation site. Barges shall
have silt curtain and spill boom in case of oil spill, equipped with horns and warning lights to be visible
at night.

During unloading of the dredged materials, the barge will stop alongside the stationary suction
dredger at the reclamation site. It will unload the material directly onto the seafloor, which will be
suctioned and pumped onto the reclamation area by the suction dredger.
Transport of Fill Materials to Reclamation Site
Self-propelled bottom dump barge shall be used to transport the excavated materials from the seabed
quarry to the disposal area. The shortest navigational route will be predetermined so as to minimize
potential impacts within the route. These vessels will travel approximately 40 km, from the GSQP area
to their respective sand winning areas within the GSQP coverage. The entire area will be enclosed by
silt curtains made of geotextiles, as well as an oil spill boom.
The navigational route from SNS to Project Site is shown in Figure 1-23, as white dashed line.
Operation of all sea vessels shall strictly comply with sea transport safety rules. Weather conditions
will be monitored at all times and there will be no operations for storm levels that the Coast Guard
deems unsafe for sea travel.
1.5.5 Discharging/Filling Operation
The filling operations will be synchronized with the dredging of the materials from SNS. Suction
dredgers will be stationary near the reclamation site, approximately 4-7 kilometers off the quarrying
site. Discharge of the soil is sucked by the pipeline from the barge directly sprayed to the reclamation
area.
Equipment consideration on the reclamation area is the use of suction dredger that would suck the
material dumped by the bottom barges and blown out to the reclamation site.
Surcharging may be done in stages of 3 to 4 meters until the final height is attained. This way, the
immediate settlements for the sand layers and consolidation of the layers are allowed to take place,
thus, improving the strength of the soils in the upper portion of the seabed. Rapid construction may
trigger base failure or induce cracks or zones of weakness within the fill.
In Manila Bay, the settlement of the reclaimed platform is mainly depending on the subsoil and on the
fill materials. There are available process-engineered solutions such as vertical drains and surcharge
to speed up the settlement and stabilization. The time needed for consolidation depends on the
technique used, but it is safe to say that 90% of primary consolidation will be reached after 1-2 years.
For greater stability of tall and heavy structures, current plans are to place these on piles.
1.5.6 Placement of armour rocks
These are specialty hard rocks, which render structural/foundation integrity to the reclaimed land.
1.5.7 Pile driving
This will be undertaken at points in the reclaimed land at which heavy structures will be constructed,
and thus, stronger foundation needed.
1.5.8 Installation of wave deflectors
The main functions of the wave deflectors are: (a) to redirect the flow of storm surge so that the
onshore land will not be flooded; and (b) to dissipate the energy of storm surges.
The materials specification for the wave deflector will be of steel with reinforcing bars and stone/rock
construction.

Plate 1-8. Illustration of a Typical Wave Deflector
1.5.9 Soil Stabilization
The newly reclaimed area needs to be compacted and consolidated to certain strength so that it can
support the roads, infrastructure, utilities, and buildings.
Several stabilization methods are available but the most common is the paper wick drain with
surcharge method. This method can accomplish the compaction process within a year or less.
Following are the acceptable methods, with comparative evaluation discussed per method:
1. Embankment or Surcharge Methods
A volume of soil is placed over the reclaimed land to be improved. The weight of the
surcharge will force out the escape of the entrapped water within the voids of the saturated
underground soft soil thereby inducing settlement at an accelerated rate.
Preliminary estimations on approximately 5-meter high embankment indicated approximately

5 years to attain full consolidation. This is too long a period of time to wait for the utilization
and disposal of buildable areas not taking into account yet the length of construction time
required for the development of the site in terms of provision of roads, utilities, etc.
2. Sand Drain Piles Plus Surcharge
This method involves the construction of vertical sand piles at certain spacing down to the
bottom of the soft soil layer in question to allow the drainage of pore waters when the weight
of the surcharge is imposed over the subject area. With the accelerated escape of the water
from the voids within the soils, settlement is induced at a very much faster rate that if
surcharge is used only without providing vertical drainage pathways. The subject area can
therefore be made usable at a very much earlier date.
Under this method, the sand drain piles may not be continuous if improperly installed in
addition to the fact that they are very much susceptible to shear failure during the planning of
the surcharges. Further, the equipment required is usually heavy and require good
construction surface which is not available yet on a newly reclaimed land. This was
demonstrated by the experience of PNCC during the ground improvement of the Financial
Center Area in MCCRRP.

3. Sand Composer Piles Plus Surcharge
This method functions very much similar to the sand drains except that the composer piles
can also serve later as vertical columns that will allow the stabilized land to support bigger
loads. In the construction process, the sand composer piles are compacted vertically and
laterally. Because of the later compaction that will be induced on the adjacent soft soils, pore
water pressures will be increased accordingly. When the surcharge is finally placed over the
subject area, the pore waters will be forced out to escape through the voids of the sand
composer piles thus accelerating the settlement very much faster than the natural
consolidation process.
The system is vulnerable to the same problems as the sand drain piles. In addition, during the
process of compacting the piles vertically and laterally, they can easily be clogged with fine
within the soil. Should this happen, resistance to flow of pore waters can become high thus
requiring higher surcharge or embankment.
4. Well Point Plus Sand Drain Piles
This is the use of well point equipment to dewater the soil down to the desired depths. The
series of riser pipes are installed down to the reach of the pipes around the perimeter of the
area to be stabilized. These risers are then connected to the horizontal head piles attached to
a powerful pump that will drain out all the water within the soil. Continuous pumping is
required to maintain the drawdown of the underground water level. For very impervious soils,
the provision of sand drain piles is also necessary to shorten the time of area is no longer
necessary since the dried soil serves as the surcharge for the underlying soft soil layers.
In addition to having the same problems as the sand drain piles, the presence of soil-laden
water with high salinity is a potential source of problem for maintenance of the equipment.
5. Dynamic Compaction
This method involves the use of huge weights to be dropped by a crane over the area to be
improved. The impact transmitted to the underlying soft soils builds up the pore water
pressures within them and thus forces out the escape of the pore water to the surface.
The equipment required is huge and heavy that the newly reclaimed unconsolidated ground
may not be able to support. Provision of matting and grillages is costly and very inconvenient
every time equipment position transfer is executed. The methods are not very effective as
proven by the test conducted by the PNCC for stabilization of the First Neighborhood Unit.
6. Vertical Drains Plus Surcharge
This method functions exactly the same as the Sand Drains Plus Surcharge Method. The only
difference is that with this system, the sand drain piles are replaced with the vertical drains
which are manufactured for the purpose in the form of wicks or strips and made of non-
degradable materials. The core consists of ducts where water can flow upwards and wrapped
around with very porous sheeting through which water can enter the core. The wick comes in
various trademarks and designs but more or less uniform in the overall dimensions. For ease
in handling and installation, the wick comes in coils.
All the above-described methods are to be first evaluated on the basis of technical considerations
such as applicability to the project area with the type of soils as to be determined during the final
geotechnical investigation, available equipment required, particularly the type and capacity and the
characteristics of the newly reclaimed land as to load carrying capacity prior to stabilization. Cost
evaluation will necessarily be considered also.

Under this method, the vertical drains have high breaking strength and reinforce the soil in tension.
Various types of drains are commercially available that a specific type of drain can be chosen to be
exactly consistent with the actual permeability of the soil. Equipment required to install the drain is
very light and can easily be supported by the newly reclaimed land. The rate of flow within the drain
is higher, thus less height of surcharge is required. From the economic viewpoint, the surcharge can
be eliminated if good dredge fill materials are available. Upon completion of the reclamation, the
dredge fill itself will function as the surcharge
1.5.9.1 Removal of water in the Interstices of the Fills
Trapped water could weaken the integrity of the reclaimed land and therefore should be removed. An
acceptable method for removal of water is by the use of wick drains.
Wick Drains
In order to accelerate the consolidation of the underlying strata at the platform, and hence the use of
the reclaimed areas for final structures in a short period of time, it is foreseen to install vertical wick
drains over the total area.
Wick Drains are artificial drainage paths consisting of central core which functions as a free-draining
water channel, surround by geosynthetics filter jacket. With the drainage of water consolidation of
soils is expedited and long-term settlement is limited.
Plate 1-9 is an illustration of the concept of wick drains.
Plate 1-9. llustration of the Principle of Wick Drains
SOURCE: US Wick Drain. Wick Drain. Retrieved from http://www.uswickdrain.com/faqs.htm. Retrieved on July 2017
1.5.9.2 Continuous Monitoring of Soil Stabilization/Settlement
The Contractor who will undertake the installation of the wick drains as well as surcharging is also
expected to provide for continuous monitoring. Instruments such as inclinometers, piezometers, strain
gauges, settlement plates and surcharge slope indicators have to be installed by them. An extensive
soil investigation will also have to be undertaken by them. This will be a combination of some actual
soil boring and the Dutch cone penetrometer test. Laboratory tests to determine vertical and
horizontal consolidation properties of the soil as well as permeability will also have to be undertaken
by them for final evaluation by the consultants.

1.5.10 Installation or construction of supporting components of the reclaimed land
These include among others the following:

 Connecting Bridges
 Drainage System
 Internal Road Network
 Access link to the shore
1.6 Project Size

(With reference also to MC 2014-005)
(territorial jurisdiction) of Pasay City and adjacent to the City of Manila. It will occupy a total reclaimed
land area of 265 hectares in the waters of Manila Bay. Hence, the proposed project is covered under
Category A of EMB MC No. 2014-005, which covers projects undertakings that are classified as
Environmentally Critical Projects (ECPs) and are required to secure an Environmental Compliance
Certificate (ECC). The tabulated project size is provided in the table below.
Table 1-10. Project Size

Island Size Dimensions
A 210-hectare Irregular shape
B 55-hectare Irregular shape
Total 265-hectare
1.7 Development Plan

1.7.1 Pre-construction (e.g. planning, acquisition of clearances, permits etc.)
There are no activities during this phase that will result in significant environmental impacts. As maybe
seen in Table 1-12 on Project Implementation Schedule, the activities are: design and engineering,
technical plans and documentations, securing of permits and clearances
Following are the clearances, permits and documentations needed:
Item Authorities Involved

ECC: DENR
Area Clearance: RED/DENR
Letters of No Objection (LONO): DPWH
DOTr
DOT
BFAR
DOH
PPA
Others (MMDA)
Notice to Proceed (NTP): Philippine Reclamation Authority

Construction Permits LGU
DPWH
Philippine Coast Guard
1.7.2 Construction (e.g. dredging and reclamation phase)
The various activities during this phase involve dredging and reclamation, which are described in
Section 1.5. Soil stabilization and consolidation is the last activity prior to the commencement of the
Horizontal Development works. The various dredging and reclamation activities described are
discussed in the foregoing and summarized in Table 1-11 with focus on potential environmental
impacts.
Table 1-11. Summary of Various Reclamation Activities

Major Activities Environmental Impact
Dredging Noise, sediment plumes, release of nutrients or
contaminants from dredged sediments, dissolved oxygen
depletion, habitat destruction and ecological impacts.
Marine burrow works The same as those due to dredging works with the addition
of the possibility of reduction or removal of the natural
supply of sand to existing beaches.
Land burrow works Noise, dust and smoke generation, and visual impact.
Mud disposal Release of nutrients or contaminants from deposited
sediments; other impacts similar to those due to dredging
works.
Fill delivery Noise and dust generation.
Fill placement Noise, dust and smoke generation, and water quality
impact.
Final land form Interference in tidal flow, wave and sediment transport
patterns, siltation, scour and reduced dispersion or dilution
of discharges, water quality and ecological impact, elevation
of ground water levels uphill, and possibility of causing
erosion of the shoreline of existing beaches.
1.7.3 Operations (e.g. cconstruction of horizontal structures)
The operations phase involves only the horizontal development works, which are the construction of
roads, drainage systems, connecting bridge, viaduct, STP, electrical and water distribution system
and landscaping works.
1.7.4 Decommissioning Phase
 This refers to the permanent cessation of all activities involved through the formation of stable
land forms.
 Remediation of the site will not be relevant.
1.8 Implementation Schedule

The preliminary implementation schedule is presented in the Gantt Chart below.
Table 1-12. Preliminary Implementation Gantt Chart

Year 5
COMPONENT/MILESTONE Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
onwards
A. Preparatory Works
Detailed Engineering Design
and Technical Plans
Permitting
Documentations
B. Site Development
1. Site Clearing
2. Reclamation Works
3. Utilities Construction
3.1 Roads
3.2 Drainage

Year 5
COMPONENT/MILESTONE Year 1 Year 2 Year 3 Year 4
onwards
3.3 STP
3.4 Power Supply
3.5 Telecommunications
4.0 Landscaping/Pocket
Forest
1.9 Manpower
 Manpower and Hiring Policy of the LGU
It is noted that most of the manpower requirements up to the completion of the horizontal
development are specialized skills which in fact needs international training. It is unlikely that local
residents are qualified however blue collar jobs is considered as an opportunities for local hires.
These jobs are identify as housekeeping personnel, cook, laundry services. For works at the created
land opportunities for local hires are security guards, non-skilled workers to operate machineries.
Moreover it is also important to note that to comply with the existing Pasay City Ordinance,
60% of the labor force is intended for qualified residents of Pasay. See Annex 16.
1.9.1 Construction (Reclamation) Phase

1.9.1.1 Dredging/Reclamation Works
The payment of statutory benefits of workers will be in accordance with the Contractor’s policy but
shall observe Philippine labor laws, particularly of the DOLE.
The proposed project will employ a limited number of personnel (estimated @ 50-100 personnel)
who will work during the peak construction stage. Priorities are given to qualified residents of the City
in filling up the manpower requirements of its consultants and contractors during the construction
stage of the project and of its locators. However, it must be noted that the technical expertise of the
vessel and dredging/reclamation crew and personnel are rigid and in accordance with the local and
international maritime standards, e.g. the MARPOL.
The Reclamation/Dredging Contractor will directly hire these personnel because of the technical
requirements prescribed by the Contractor. Policies on the hiring of men and women and on PWG
and age will be dictated by the safety requirements of working in sea vessels and operating heavy
equipment as well as the technical training required for the personnel.
There are no known indigenous peoples in the City. The nature of the project construction and the
needs for specialized works at the sea vessels may not encourage certain sectors of the society.
Expertise/skills needed for the dredging/filling vessel are indicated in Table 1-13.
Table 1-13. Manpower Specialized Skills Requirement (Dredging Vessel)

POSITION Expertise/skills needed for the dredging/reclamation vessels
Captain Navigation, Emergency treatment, Management, Dredging and
reclamation quality control skill. Environment protection,
Communication, Construction layout understanding, legal knowledge,
training.
Chief mate Navigation, Emergency treatment, Management, Dredging and
reclamation quality control skill. Environment protection,
Communication, Construction layout understanding, legal knowledge,
training.
Second mate Navigation, Emergency treatment, Dredging and reclamation quality
control skills. Environment protection, Communication.
Third mate Navigation, Dredging and reclamation quality control skills.
POSITION Expertise/skills needed for the dredging/reclamation vessels

Environment protection.
Sailor Navigation, Dredging and reclamation quality control skills.
Environment protection.
Chief mechanical engineer Equipment maintains, Emergency treatment, Management, Equipment
near miss identification, Material and spares procurement, Environment
protection, Communication, training.
Second mechanical engineer Equipment maintains, Emergency treatment, equipment near miss
identification, Material and spares procurement, Environment
protection.
Third mechanical engineer Equipment maintains, equipment near miss identification, Environment
protection.
Mechanic Equipment maintains.
1.9.1.2 Soil Stabilization/Horizontal Works Phase
During the horizontal works, skills needed will be more of the usual on-land construction works, and
could serve as temporary employment opportunities for skilled construction workers of Pasay City as
priority will be given to locals, if the skills are available.
1.9.2 Vertical construction works
After the creation of soil stabilized reclaimed land complete with horizontal components, vertical
construction works will take place. These will provide substantial job opportunities. The job hiring will
be undertaken by the individual contractors; they will be persuaded to give preferences to qualified
locals. Payment of wages and provision for all benefits prescribed by the DOLE will be ensured by the
Province since it will be part of the Consortium that will implement the Project.
It must be emphasized, however, that this phase is outside the scope of this ECC application.
1.10 Project Cost. Indicative Project Investment Cost

The estimated total investment costs for the reclamation project including attendant expenses is
estimated at Php 72 Billion, based on an assumption that the cost of filling materials, whether
sourced from San Nicolas Shoal or from other sources is estimated to be at Php 2,000 per cubic
meter. It is expected however, that the total project cost will have slight adjustment upon
determination of the final costs of filling materials and the result of the geo-technical survey. This
project cost estimates covers only the cost of reclamation and site development works.
Table 1-14. Project Cost

Component Indicative Cost (Philippine Peso)
A Reclamation works 58,300,000,000.00
B Horizontal Development 5,528,000,000.00
C Miscellaneous Cost 5,247,000,000.00
Total 72,000,000,000.00

SECTION 2. KEY ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACTS

2.1 LAND
2.1.1 Land Use and Classification
2.1.1.1 Impact in terms of compatibility with existing land use
The proposed project is to be situated within the municipal waters of Pasay City in Manila
Bay. The City is in full support to the proposed reclamation project noting that the project
proponent is the Local Government Unit (LGU) itself.
With regards to the land use classification, the proposed project site may not be directly
indicated in the existing Land Use Classification and Zoning Classification as it covers
existing onshore developments only. However, the overall plan of the City includes additional
reclamation projects.
Historically, Pasay hosts the Old Reclamation Area, which was largely settled between 1900-
1950. Thereafter there emerged the New Coastal Reclamation Area that was developed
possibly from 1950-present. (Pasay City CLUP, 2014-2022)
The 2014-2022 Pasay City Land Use Plan is provided in Figure 2.1-1. Despite the existing
reclamation areas, it can be seen from this map that the City is already congested and there
are no large parcels of land for significant commercial and business developments that will
rd
support the City‟s bid to become a scenic premier city. Pasay City is the 3 smallest city in
2
the Metro Manila area with a total land area of 18.50 km . Nevertheless, 51.35% of land is
devoted to utilities occupied by the Civil Aeronautics Administration (CAA) complex, which
include the Ninoy Aquino International Airport (NAIA) and the Villamor Air Base and the rest
2
of the reclamation area with 4.00 km (http://www.pasay.gov.ph/City_Profile.html). It is
dubbed as the country‟s transport hub or the “Travel City”.
The development plan of the 265-hectare reclamation project will address the needs for
additional urban lands in the city. The master development plan of the project will be
incorporated into the existing planning regulation and Pasay City Comprehensive Land Use
Plan (CLUP) within the urban development zones.
The proposed mixed-use development in the reclaimed area will be geared toward the “live,
work and play” community. It will also incorporate facilities to accommodate the burgeoning
needs for global and regional tourism related facilities such as a hotel and convention centers.
Furthermore, it will incorporate the country‟s first ever seafront commercial development that
will integrate the port facilities into the business and hotel complex. In addition, a fisherman‟s
wharf, yacht basin and a port facility complex dedicated for cruise ships will be integrated in
the development of the reclaimed property, aimed at facilitating seaborne trade and
commerce.  
In respect of an Area Clearance, the steps/process for securing therefore have been initiated.
On May 04, 2017 a Focus Group Discussion (FGD) was undertaken by the City with
concerned government entities relative to Area Clearance; which is among the requirements
of the NEDA and PRA prior to issuance of the Notice to Proceed. Annex 2 illustrates the
requirements for an Area Clearance. The application shall be based on DAO 2007-20 dated
31 July 2007. Highlights of the May 04 FGD are also provided in Annex 2.
Some of the major requirements are those contained in the EIS Report for the Project, e.g.
project details (including project description, site development plan, possible source of fill
materials, reclamation methodology, preliminary geohazard assessment, etc.). The EIS
Report is still subject to evaluation by the EIAMD/EMB/DENR/Review Committee.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report 2.1- 1

SOURCE: Pasay City Comprehensive Land Use Plan (2014-2022): Volume I Profile and Land Use Plan. Pasay City Approved Land Use Plan
https://drive.google.com/drive/mobile/folders/16igK8RFOGKLZV151hvu71LBIAyHK5EYa
Figure 2.1-1. Official Zoning Map of Pasay City
Island B
Island A
PROPOSED PROJECT SITE
Figure 2.1-2. ``Location of the Project in the Pasay CLUP Map

The 55-hectare Island B of the 265-hectare PCHC reclamation is within the block designated
as the 57.0-hectare offshore area for reclamation. The 210-hectare Island A is within the area
designated as 600-hectare offshore additional area open for land reclamation. However,
during the 17 June 2017 presentation of the unsolicited proposal to the Pasay City Council
during its regular session, the proponents were directed to modify the shape of the
reclamation in order to allow greater water circulation between islands.
2.1.1.2 Impact on compatibility with classification as an Environmentally Critical Area

(ECA)
“ECAs” are delineated with regards to the perspective of Presidential Proclamation 2146 and
of that of RA 7586 on the National Integrated Protected Area Systems.
Environmentally Critical Areas (ECAs)
The intent of declaration of ECAs is that projects within ECAs must secure an ECC, as
stipulated in PD 1586 below.
PD 1586 ESTABLISHING AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT STATEMENT SYSTEM

INCLUDING OTHER ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT RELATED MEASURES
AND FOR OTHER PURPOSES, stipulates
Section 4. Presidential Proclamation of Environmentally Critical Areas and Projects. -

The President of the Philippines may, on his own initiative or upon recommendation
of the National Environmental Protection Council, by proclamation declare certain
projects, undertakings or areas in the country as environmentally critical. No person,
partnership or corporation shall undertake or operate any such declared
environmentally critical project or area without first securing an Environmental
Compliance Certificate issued by the President or his duly authorized representative.
For the proper management of said critical project or area, the President may by his
proclamation reorganized such government offices, agencies, institutions,
corporations or instrumentalities including the realignment of government personnel,
and their specific functions and responsibilities.
Relative to the above Presidential Proclamation No. 2146 of December 14, 1981 below are
the listed twelve (12) categories of ECA. Each category is noted the relevance of the site. The
designation of ECAs was meant to set the guidelines for the EIA system and
protocols/procedures for projects in these areas and not necessarily for restriction or
prohibition of activities/projects therein.
Below is a tabulation of the applicability of ECA vis-à-vis the proposed reclamation project.
Table 2.1- 1. Summary of ECA’s Applicability

CATEGORIES OF ECA RELEVANCE ON THE PROPOSED PROJECT SITE
1. All areas declared by law as national parks, watershed The project site does not fall into this category.
reserves, wildlife preserves and sanctuaries;
2. Areas set aside as aesthetic potential tourist spots; Technically, Manila Bay’s sunset serves as a recreation
for Metro Manila and the city. Its vibrant and majestic
view is a popular destination for walks and viewing the
sunset particularly for tourists.
With due recognition of the “issue” following mitigating

measures are presented:
In the master plan for the Pasay Harbor Project,

provisions will be made for a viewing deck. This view
point will not only be accessible to the public but will


even be a safer place than if viewing will be made along
certain portions in the bay walk where viewers may be
vulnerable to some petty crimes.
3. Areas which constitute the habitat for any The migratory and important avian species are located
endangered or threatened species of indigenous at the Las Piñas-Parañaque Critical Habitat and
Philippine Wildlife (flora and fauna); Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) distant from the project
site.
4. Areas of unique historic, archaeological, or scientific According to National Museum there are no known
interests; resources at the project site.
5. Areas which are traditionally occupied by cultural The project site being in water is not occupied by
communities or tribes; cultural communities or tribes
6. Areas frequently visited and/or hard-hit by natural Landslide hazard in the vicinity is nil as it has a flat to
calamities geologic hazards, floods, typhoons, gently rolling topography.
volcanic activity, etc.
Reclaimed lands in general, are considered prone to
liquefaction unless engineering and reclamation
interventions are applied.
Ground Rupture- This hazard is seemingly absent in

the project area since the nearest active fault, the West
Valley Fault, is about 10.9-kilometers to the east.
Tsunami- The project site, being located along the

coast of Manila Bay, is susceptible to this hazard due to
the presence of an active subduction zone – Manila
Trench located west of the area and other active faults
and or earthquake generators.
Settlement/Subsidence- The reclamation project site

would be underlain by fill materials that are highly
compressible which makes it prone to this hazard.
Flooding- The project area falls within the delineated

low to moderate flood prone areas as shown in the flood
hazard map (Figures 2.1-34 to 2.1-37) by MGB (2001)
indicating that the project could experience flooding if
sea level rises by <5 meters. Considering its flat terrain
and average elevation of about two (2) masl, the project
site could experience localized flooding especially if the
drainage systems are inadequate.
Storm Surge- The location of the reclaimed land will be

such that it will be the nearest to the waterfront relative
to pre-existing sites. This makes it most vulnerable to
storm surge and flooding.
7. Areas with critical slopes; Pasay City has a generally flat to rolling terrain with
slopes ranging from 1-4. No critical slopes in the area.
8. Areas classified as prime agricultural lands; The project site does not fall into this category.
9. Recharged areas of aquifers; Aquifer is not relevant to the proposed project because
the project is located at sea.
10. Water bodies characterized by one or any  There are no significant marine fishes, macro-
combination of the following conditions; invertebrates or crustaceans encountered in the
a. tapped for domestic purposes; survey, particularly those which are demersal.
b. within the controlled and/or protected areas
declared by appropriate authorities;  Care in the navigation to the San Nicholas Shoal
c. which support wildlife and fishery activities. should be exercised diligently to avoid disturbance


through accidents of the fish lifts in the Paranaque
area.
11. Mangrove areas characterized by one or any Mangroves are absent in the proposed project site and
combination or the following conditions in contiguous coastlines.
a. with primary pristine and dense young
growth;
b. adjoining mouth of major river systems;
c. near or adjacent to traditional productive fry
or fishing grounds;
d. which act as natural buffers against shore
erosion, strong winds and storm floods;
e. on which people are dependent for their
livelihood.
12. Coral reef characterized by one or any combination Key informants also declared that no coral reefs exist in
of the following conditions: the area and fisheries resources are insignificant.
a. with 50% and above live coralline cover;
b. Spawning and nursery grounds for fish;
c. Which act as natural breakwater of coastlines
The NIPAS
On the other hand, protected areas are designated under the National Integrated Protected
Areas Systems (NIPAS). Restrictions or prohibitions of activities in Protected Areas fall under
the NIPAS. There are no protected or proclaimed areas/sites within the Project Location; this
may be gleaned from Figures 2.1-3 to 2.1-4.
As of 2012, there are 240 protected areas in the Philippines covering a total area of 35,700
square kilometers equivalent to 11.9% of the Philippines' total land area. However, the project
site is not included as among the ECAs in any of the following categories:
Sites under the Scope of the Ramsar Convention
 Impact of the Proposed Project on LPPCHEA
The project proponent and its private sector consortium members are well aware and
respectful of the LPPCHEA, However, the distance from LPPCHEA is far to cause concern on
potential impacts of the project; seen in Figure 2.1-4.
The activities and potential impacts/lack of impacts on LPPCHEA are summarized

below:
Activities Remarks
Dredging at Site No impacts; dredging confined to site

Reclamation/Filling No impacts; filling confined to site
Containment structures to be constructed
Transport of TSHD No impacts; navigational lane outside of
LPPCHEA
Soil Stabilization Confined to the reclaimed land
Horizontal Development Confined to the reclaimed land
All other activities Will not disturb/damage the mangroves, key
sanctuaries to the LPPCHEA wild birds
Moreover, the TSHD, which will travel to and from San Nicholas Shoal, will not pass near
LPPCHEA See Figure 1-23 page 1-59.

The Convention on Wetlands or Ramsar Convention is an intergovernmental treaty officially

named the Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl
Habitat. Its original emphasis was on the conservation and wise use of wetlands primarily to
provide habitat for water birds.
The wetland nearest the site, which is classified as a Protected Area is the Las Piñas-
Parañaque Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) is 6.4738 km away to the
southeast. This is a 175-hectare coastal urban wetland and bird sanctuary situated within the
metropolis of Metro Manila, comprising two interconnected, mangrove-covered islands,
shallow lagoons and coastline. A Presidential Proclamation in 2007 designated the site as a
„Critical Habitat‟ for the survival of threatened, restricted-range and congregatory species. At
least 5,000 individuals of migratory and resident birds have been recorded at the site,
including the vulnerable resident bird species Philippine Duck (Anas luzonica), which breeds
at the site.
The LPPCHEA boundary is also a bird sanctuary although exotic and rare bird species were
sighted hovering over the site and immediate vicinity. The project will not cause disturbance
to the birds nor destroy its environment. The reclamation area is not detrimental to birds. In
fact, it will also have open parks and spaces where birds can go.
PROJECT
SITE
SOURCE: La Viña , Antonio G.M. et al., (14 March 2010). Legal Framework for Protected Areas: Philippines . Retrieved from
http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/philippines.pdf. August 11, 2014
Figure 2.1-3. Map of the Protected Areas in Luzon

PROJECT
SITE
SOURCE: DENR Protected Areas and Wildlife Bureau (2010). Map of the Protected Areas in the Philippines. Retrieved from http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/philippines.pdf
Figure 2.1-4. Map of the Protected Areas in NCR (Left) and of the LPPCHEA (Right) Relative to the Project Site

On Proclamation 41 dated July 5, 1954
The spirit behind the proclamation is seen to be preservation of parks and wildlife by the
Commission on Parks and Wildlife.
The project is compatible with the Proclamation and is in fact not relevant to it for the following
reasons:
 There are no parks and wildlife in the project site.

 The authority over the project site, which is portion of the sea body is on the city.
 The CLUP of the city does not see issues vis-à-vis Proclamation 41.
 There have been reclamation works in the boundaries of the proclaimed parks
and wildlife
A general summary of compatibility for the project with various rules/issuances and policies is
shown in the table below.
Table 2.1- 2. Summary of Compliances to and Consistencies with Various

Regulations/Laws/Treatises
Regulations/Laws/Issuances Consistency With and Compliance To
 Environmental Critical Area of the NIPAS  Project not in conflict
 Ramsar Convention  Site is NOT within project included in the Convention
2.1.1.3 Possible tenurial / water issue

Other conflicting tenurial/water issues (e.g. ROW, informal settlers etc.)
The project site is not being used at present in any of the following water-based activities or
projects:
 As areas for significant or commercial fishing.

 As port.
 As a water-based settlement (e.g. Fishermen).
 As a source of bulk water supply.
 As a source of commercial/economic supply of fish and other marine species.
With respect to navigational lane.
A Letter of No Objection (LONO) will be secured from the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA),
whose mandate includes the management of navigational lanes.
The project configuration vis-à-vis the navigational lane: Figure 2.1-5 shows that the existing
lane (red dashed lines) though adjacent, does not cross the project site.

Source of base map: PPA
Figure 2.1-5. PPA’s Navigational Lane (red broken lines) relative to the Pasay Harbor Project

2.1.1.4 Possible conflicts with the nearby cities involving use or access to rivers within
the site and vicinity.
The project does not conflict with the use or access to waterways and rivers within the site
and its immediate vicinity (See Figure 2.1-6). Based on the figure, the site is not located in
the alignments of and is distant from these waterways and water bodies, hence the said
impact is not perceived. The nearest river channels are: the Pasig River located 5 km to the
northwest, Libertad Channel found 2 km to the southeast, and Paranaque River located 6 km
to the southeast.
2.1.1.5 Impact in existing land tenure issue/s.
The capacity of the LGU of Pasay City to reclaim is pursuant to Republic Act No. 7160 or the
Local Government Code of 199, the Department of Interior and Local Government, under
Memorandum Circular No. 120, s.2016, confirmed the authority of local government units to
enter into Public-Private Partnerships and Joint Ventures for reclamation projects pursued
consistent with the mandate and charter of the PRA.
The proposed project will reclaim about 265 hectares of land in the Manila Bay. The said area
translates to displace of 2.65 sq. km. of the bay area, which is 1,800 sq.km or 0.147 % of the
Manila Bay. There are no existing informal settlers in these waters. It is very important to note
that the proposed project is within the jurisdiction and territorial waters of Pasay City, thus
there is no existing tenure issues present in the proposed project.
Pasay City, represented by its Local Chief Executive, Mayor Antonio G. Calixto, entered into a
Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) with the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA)
provided in Annex 3.
Based on Presidential Decree No. 3-A, all reclamation of foreshore, submerged and offshore
areas shall be limited to the National Government or any person authorized by it under a
proposed contract.
On the other hand, Executive Order No. 52 dated February 12, 1979 designates then Public
Estates Authority (PEA) presently called as the PRA as the agency primarily responsible for
all reclamation projects for and in behalf of the National Government and mandated that all
reclamation projects be submitted to the President for his approval, upon the recommendation
by the PEA and the same to be undertaken by the PEA or through a proposed contract
executed by it with any person or entity.
Based on Executive Order No. 146, Former President Benigno S. Aquino III issued an order
transferring the power to approve reclamation projects from PRA Board to the National
Economic and Development Authority (NEDA) Board on 13-November-2013.
The ownership of the reclaimed land will be stipulated in the JVA to be executed among PRA,
the Pasay City Local Government, and the Private Sector Project Developer.
The sharing/allocation of the land among the PRA, Pasay City and Private Developer is
shown in Section 1.
To recapitulate, the land use allocation plan shows:
 The saleable areas are those under “Private Sector” for 129.85 ha or 49% while non-
saleable areas are those under “Government (Public Share)” to be utilized for
common facilities such as: Utility and Transportation; Parks and Open Spaces; and
RROWS for a total of 79.50ha or 30%.

 The government shares total to 55.65 ha or 21%. This includes roads, open-
spaces/parks, utility and transportation, which will be turned over to the government
upon completion.
 More importantly, both the LGU and PRA shall have sole discretion whether to use
their share for themselves or to sell.
The allocation of the net shares of the LGU and the PRA shall be at their discretion and will
not be influenced by the private partner in any way.
DISCUSSION ON AREA CLEARANCE

The Area Clearance will be formally secured post ECC based from the following:
 Based on precedent cases, e.g. the ECC (ECC-CO-1601-0003 dated 24 October

2017(for the Pasay City 360 – hectare reclamation project which stipulates, to wit:
“B RESTRICTIONS…
14. No activity shall be undertaken unless the following documents are submitted to this
Office within one hundred twenty (12) days prior to project implementation;
a. Clearance/notice to proceed (NTP) duly issued by the Philippine Reclamation Authority

(PRA);
b. Area Clearance issued by the DENR; and
c. Approval from the National Economic and Development Authority in accordance with
Executive Order No. 146 and the Implementing Rules and Regulation thereof.
From a legal perspective.
An Area Clearance (formerly called Reclamation Permit) from the DENR

Secretary is not a prior requirement for the issuance of an ECC for a reclamation
project.
This is clear under Section 9.7 of DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-20
(Rules & Regulations Governing the Issuance of Permit Over Reclamation
Projects and Special Patents Over Reclaimed Lands), which provides that the
DENR reclamation permit shall be issued only after the approval of the ECC.
In the subsequent DENR Administrative Order No. 2009-07, amending

Section 4.1 and Section 5 of DAO 2007-20, it was clarified that the “reclamation
permit” shall be interpreted as “area clearance.” “Area Clearance” has been
defined as a document issued by the DENR Secretary providing authorization or
permit to an applicant to undertake reclamation project over an applied area
subject to certain conditions including environmental mitigation and enhancement
measures."
Thus, as it stands under Section 9.7 of DAO 2007-20 as amended by

DAO 2009-07, the reclamation permit, now called area clearance, shall be issued
only after approval of the ECC.
Similarly, under DENR Administrative Order No. 2003- 30 (Implementing

Rules and Regulations (IRR) for the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement
[EIS] System), there is no requirement of an Area Clearance from the DENR
before the issuance of an ECC.

These rules are only reasonable and based on sound practice. Indeed,
how can the DENR Secretary issue the Area Clearance (formerly called
Reclamation Permit), if he has not yet even fully considered the environmental
impact of the reclamation project?
Finally, an Area Clearance is a requirement only for prior approval by

the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) of a reclamation project under
Section 2 of Executive Order No. 672, (Defining and Clarifying the Responsibilities
of the DENR and the Philippine Reclamation Authority in the Approval and
Implementation of Reclamation Projects Nationwide) and Section 3.1. of NEDA-
PRA Joint Order No. 01-2015 (Implementing Rules & Regulations of Executive
Order 146).
Nearby Reclamation Projects
Table 2.1- 3. Pasay Harbor Project vis-a-vis nearby reclamation projects.

Project Hectare Status of ECC
Pasay City 360 Ha Reclamation Project 360 With valid ECC
Horizon Manila Reclamation Project 419 With Draft ECC
The Manila Goldcoast Reclamation Project Subject to Clearance from the
148
(MGRP) Office of the President
The above-cited other reclamation projects are being pursued by private sector project
developers which are independent of each other.
The Manila Goldcoast Reclamation Project is also listed above.
The map of these projects is shown in Figure 2.1-7.

Figure 2.1-6. Map Showing the Channels and Rivers nearest the Project Site

Figure 2.1-7. Map Showing the Other Nearby Reclamation Projects

ON THE ENCROACHMENT OF THE RECLAMATION PROJECT

OF MANILA GOLDCOAST DEVELOPMENT CORPORATION (MGDC)
INTO PASAY CITY’S MUNICIPAL WATERS
Reference: Internal Memorandum from the City of Pasay
Background Facts: The Extent and Legal Basis of the Municipal Waters of Pasay City
The territorial jurisdiction of Pasay City, including its municipal waters, is identified in the
City‟s Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP), which was favorably and unanimously
1
endorsed by the Metro Manila Council , and duly approved by the Housing and Land
2
Use Regulatory Board . (Attached as Annex A is Pasay City’s CLUP as approved by the
HLURB)
On the other hand, the delineation of the Pasay City‟s municipal waters as incorporated in the
Pasay City CLUP is based on City Ordinance No. 5768 (Series of 2016), which demarcates
Pasay City‟s municipal waters based on Section 131 (r) of Republic Act 7160 (Local
Government Code). (Attached as Annex B is a copy of City Ordinance No. 5768).
City Ordinance No. 5768 (Series of 2016), in turn, is based on the technical description and
coordinates provided by the National Mapping and Resource Information Authority
(NAMRIA), which plotted the municipal waters of Pasay City based on Section 131 (r) of
Republic Act 7160 (Local Government Code). (Attached as Annex C is the NAMRIA Letter to
Pasay City)
The technical description of the municipal waters of Pasay City based on Section 131 (r) of
Republic Act 7160 (LGC) and as plotted by NAMRIA is as follows:
Table 2.1- 4. Coordinates for Pasay LGU Waters

WGS 84 Datum
Points
Latitude Longitude
Beginning 1 14°31′47.51″N 120°58′44.99″E
Thence 2 14°31′54.07″N 120°50′24.53”E
Thence 3 14°33′24.48″N 120°50′23.80″E
Thence 4 14°33′19.50″N 120°58′42.99″E
The above coordinates as plotted in the waters of Manila Bay is graphically shown in the
figure below.
1
Metro Manila Development Authority Resolution No. 16-05, Series of 2016
2
HLURB Resolution No. 952, Series of 2017

Figure 2.1-8. Plotting of Pasay City Municipal Waters
Location of Pasay City’s Reclamation Projects Within its Municipal Waters
Pasay City‟s reclamation projects are within its municipal waters, as described in its approved
CLUP and City Ordinance No. 5768 (Series of 2016) and plotted by NAMRIA.
Pasay-SMLI Project. The 600-hectare and 60-hectare reclamation projects of Pasay City
with SM Land Inc. (SMLI) as private partner are within the municipal waters of Pasay City.
Based on their coordinates, the location of the 300-hectare project (identified as SM-1) and
60-hectare project (SM-2) project, is graphically illustrated below:
Table 2.1- 5. Coordinates for SM-1 (301.3-ha)

WGS 84 Datum
Points
Latitude Longitude
Beginning 1 14°31′47.72633″N 120°58′38.01372″E
Thence 2 14°31′46.16931″N 120°57′59.37069”E
Thence 3 14°32′25.10246″N 120°57′57.88073″E
Thence 4 14°33′05.89682″N 120°57′46.26549″E
Thence 5 14°33′15.70192″N 120°58′22.56439″E
Thence 6 14°32′26.65958″N 120°58′36.52564″E
Please note that an ECC was already issued for the above-described projects. (Reference
No. ECC-CO-1601-0003)

Figure 2.1-9. Location Map of Pasay-SMLI Project within the Pasay Municipal
Waters
Pasay-PHCC Project. On the other hand, based on their coordinates, the location of the
Pasay-Pasay Harbor City Consortium (PHCC) reclamation project, which is the subject of the
pending ECC application, is graphically illustrated below:
Table 2.1- 6. Coordinates for PHCC (265 ha) using WGS 84 Datum
Island A: 210-hectare
1 277230.633 1610028.183 120.93248800 14.55418500
2 277248.098 1610068.985 120.93264600 14.55455500
3 277275.260 1610107.797 120.93289500 14.55490800
4 277308.334 1610135.022 120.93319900 14.55515700
5 277341.367 1610156.397 120.93350400 14.55535300
6 277386.059 1610171.894 120.93391700 14.55549600
7 278508.987 1610173.874 120.94433400 14.55560600
8 278561.422 1610166.065 120.94482100 14.55554000
9 278693.529 1610125.274 120.94605000 14.55518200
10 278852.822 1610063.136 120.94753300 14.55463300
11 279016.089 1609987.372 120.94905400 14.55396200
12 279181.163 1609898.000 120.95059300 14.55316800
13 279288.013 1609833.863 120.95159000 14.55259700
14 279435.663 1609725.115 120.95296800 14.55162600
15 279507.608 1609662.928 120.95364100 14.55107000


16 279526.977 1609637.633 120.95382300 14.55084300
17 279527.043 1609554.080 120.95383000 14.55008800
18 279511.426 1609530.825 120.95368700 14.54987700
19 279474.583 1609503.630 120.95334800 14.54962800
20 278102.953 1608819.739 120.94068100 14.54333700
21 278052.414 1608815.830 120.94021300 14.54329800
22 277990.273 1608815.880 120.93963600 14.54329300
23 277953.332 1608833.347 120.93929200 14.54344800
24 277910.610 1608868.340 120.93889300 14.54376100
25 277860.072 1608936.346 120.93841800 14.54437100
26 277762.944 1609056.771 120.93750700 14.54545100
27 277648.335 1609169.438 120.93643500 14.54646000
28 277535.655 1609264.609 120.93538100 14.54731100
29 277438.528 1609338.484 120.93447400 14.54797000
30 277339.371 1609410.389 120.93354800 14.54861200
31 277285.039 1609449.191 120.93304100 14.54895800
32 277253.895 1609486.134 120.93274900 14.54928900
33 277234.525 1609528.825 120.93256600 14.54967300
34 277228.687 1609558.039 120.93250900 14.54993700
Island B: 55-hectare
1 279339.755 1610175.014 120.95204100 14.55568400
2 281114.995 1610173.634 120.96851000 14.55581500
3 281132.319 1610163.016 120.96867200 14.55572000
4 281149.570 1610143.020 120.96883300 14.55554100
5 281150.897 1610120.425 120.96884700 14.55533700
6 281148.275 1610096.470 120.96882500 14.55512000
7 281142.915 1610088.451 120.96877600 14.55504700
8 281126.993 1610076.474 120.96862900 14.55493800
9 279788.263 1609706.529 120.95624100 14.55148700
10 279700.412 1609703.919 120.95542600 14.55145600
11 279660.527 1609723.885 120.95505400 14.55163400
12 279586.001 1609785.103 120.95435800 14.55218100
13 279504.788 1609852.959 120.95359900 14.55278700
14 279374.388 1609942.111 120.95238200 14.55358200
15 279309.205 1609987.342 120.95177300 14.55398600
16 279275.916 1610019.275 120.95146200 14.55427100
17 279263.951 1610045.910 120.95134900 14.55451100
18 279259.960 1610084.512 120.95130800 14.55486000
19 279266.574 1610115.106 120.95136700 14.55513700
20 279290.544 1610148.349 120.95158700 14.55543900
21 279314.540 1610165.685 120.95180800 14.55559700

Figure 2.1-10. Location Map of Pasay-PHCC Project within the Pasay Municipal
Waters
Below is a graphic illustration of the location of all of Pasay City‟s proposed reclamation
projects (with SMLI and PHCC) within its municipal waters.
Figure 2.1-11. Pasay City’s Reclamation Projects within its Municipal Waters

Unfortunately, the Office of the City Mayor received information that the proposed location of
the reclamation project in Manila Bay of the Manila Goldcoast Development Corporation
(MGDC) (“Manila Goldcoast Reclamation”) encroaches into the municipal waters of Pasay
City and conflicts with the location of reclamation projects approved by the City, specifically
the 660-hectare projects in partnership with the SMLI and the 265-hectare project in
partnership with the PHCC.
Based on the coordinates and technical description submitted by MGDC to the Environmental
Management Bureau (EMB), the location of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation can be plotted
as follows:
Table 2.1- 7. Coordinates for Manila Goldcoast Project

PRS 92 Datum GPS Setting
Points
Latitude Longitude
Island 1
Beginning 1 14°33′47.52″N 120°58′45.50″E
Thence 2 14°33′29.47″N 120°58′55.92”E
Thence 3 14°33′22.16″N 120°58′42.14″E
Thence 4 14°33′42.00″N 120°58′32.94″E
Island 2
Beginning 1 14°33′40.45″N 120°58′29.44″E
Thence 2 14°33′34.23″N 120°58′34.34”E
Thence 3 14°33′21.22″N 120°58′40.37″E
Thence 4 14°33′12.59″N 120°58′24.10″E
Thence 5 14°33′30.80″N 120°58′15.64″E
Thence 6 14°33′35.11″N 120°58′17.31″E
Island 3
Beginning 1 14°33′37.98″N 120°58′08.36″E
Thence 2 14°33′32.23″N 120°58′12.84”E
Thence 3 14°33′11.69″N 120°58′22.39″E
Thence 4 14°32′59.56″N 120°57′59.54″E
Thence 5 14°33′23.78″N 120°57′41.02″E
Thence 6 14°33′28.68″N 120°57′46.67″E

Figure 2.1-12. Encroachment of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation Project into

Pasay City’s Municipal Waters
It appears that the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation intersects or overlaps with Pasay City‟s
municipal waters over an area of 57.20-hectares and is in conflict with the reclamation
projects within Pasay City over an estimated area of 53.39-hectares. The intersection or
overlap (estimate) is shown below:
Table 2.1- 8. Coordinates for the Conflict of the Pasay LGU Waters and
Manila GoldCoast
Points In Conflict PRS 92 Datum GPS Setting
Latitude Longitude
Beginning 1 14°33'20.88"N 120°57'43.81"E
Thence 2 14°33'20.27"N 120°58'39.37"E
Thence 3 14°32′59.56″N 120°57′59.54″E
The Manila Goldcoast Reclamation overlaps with Pasay City-SMLI reclamation project for
which an ECC was already issued in November 2017 (Reference No. ECC-CO-1601-0003).
The coordinates and location of the overlap between the Manila Goldcoast and Pasay-SMLI
projects are shown below:
Table 2.1- 9. Coordinates for the Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and SM

Projects:
Points In Conflict PRS 92 Datum GPS Setting
With 300-hectare SM-1 Latitude Longitude
Beginning 1 14°32′59.56″N 120°57′59.54″E
Thence 2 14°33'7.35"N 120°57'53.85"E

Thence 3 14°33'13.89"N 120°58'18.49"E

Thence 4 14°33'10.40"N 120°58'19.79"E
Points in Conflict PRS 92 Datum GPS Setting

With 60-hectare SM-2 Latitude Longitude
Beginning 1 14°33'15.79"N 120°58'25.39"E
Thence 2 14°33'20.27"N 120°58'39.37"E
Thence 3 14°33'13.44"N 120°58'25.87"E
Figure 2.1-13. Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and SM Projects
The Manila Goldcoast Reclamation also overlaps with the Pasay-PHCC project. The
coordinates and location of the overlap are shown in Table 2.1-10 and Figure 2.1-14 below:
Table 2.1- 10. Coordinates for the Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and PCHC
Projects:
Points in Conflict PRS 92 Datum GPS Setting
With 55-hectare PCHC Island B Latitude Longitude
Beginning 1 14°33'20.88"N 120°57'43.81"E
Thence 2 14°33'20.47"N 120°58'9.59"E
Thence 3 14°33'12.92"N 120°57'49.62"E
Figure 2.1-15 illustrates the conflict of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation with Pasay City‟s
Reclamation Projects (with SMDC and PHCC).

Figure 2.1-14. Conflict of Manila Goldcoast and PHCC Project
Figure 2.1-15. Manila Goldcoast Reclamation’s Overlap with Pasay City’s

Reclamation Projects

In view of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation‟s overlap with Pasay City‟s municipal waters in
Manila Bay, Pasay City was constrained to express its grave concern regarding the potential
encroachment in a letter to the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) dated 26 January
2017. (A copy of said letter is hereto attached as Annex “D”) The City of Manila was
furnished a copy of the same letter.
In its letter-response dated February 13. 2017, the City of Manila, through Hon. Mayor Joseph
Ejercito Estrada, informed Pasay City that it has forwarded to MGDC for appropriate action
the issue of overlap of Manila Goldcoast Reclamation with Pasay City‟s municipal waters. It
must be noted that in the same letter, the City of Manila did not object to the Pasay City‟s
demarcation of its municipal waters. (A copy of said letter is hereto attached as Annex “E”)
In fact, the City of Manila‟s more recent reclamation project, the 419-hectare Horizon Manila
Reclamation, follows the alignment or demarcation of Pasay City‟s municipal waters as
expressed in the cited Ordinance. The coordinates of the 419-hectare Horizon Manila is
shown below:
Table 2.1- 11. Coordinates of the Horizon Manila Reclamation Project of the
City of Manila
PRS 92 Datum GPS Setting
Points
Latitude Longitude
Island 1 (140 ha)
Beginning 1 14°33'46.56"N 120°57'18.32"E
Thence 2 14°33'26.1"N 120°57'25.74"E
Thence 3 14°33'23.09"N 120°57'23.39"E
Thence 4 14°33'23.02"N 120°56'38.53"E
Thence 5 14°33'26.4"N 120°56'33.87"E
Thence 6 14°33'57.42"N 120°56'33.85"E
Thence 7 14°33'58.83"N 120°56'36.19"E
Thence 8 14°33'50.02"N 120°57'14.06"E
Island 2 (140 ha)
Beginning 1 14°33'26.4"N 120°56'31.93"E
Thence 2 14°33'23.11"N 120°56'27.21"E
Thence 3 14°33'23.14"N 120°56'5.35"E
Thence 4 14°33'35"N 120°55'54.32"E
Thence 5 14°34'5.75"N 120°55'54.32"E
Thence 6 14°34'7.78"N 120°55'57.44"E
Thence 7 14°34'0.44"N 120°56'29.44"E
Thence 8 14°33'57.66"N 120°56'31.93"E
Island 2 (139 ha)
Beginning 1 14°33'35"N 120°55'52.38"E
Thence 2 14°33'32.66"N 120°55'51.42"E
Thence 3 14°33'24.21"N 120°55'42.87"E
Thence 4 14°33'24.74"N 120°55'12.88"E
Thence 5 14°33'28.77"N 120°55'8.37"E
Thence 6 14°33'32.49"N 120°55'8.28"E
Thence 7 14°34'2.76"N 120°55'26.92"E
Thence 8 14°34'7.95"N 120°55'35.64"E
Thence 9 14°34'7.69"N 120°55'51.31"E
Thence 10 14°34'7.04"N 120°55'52.05"E
Below is the Goggle Earth overlay of the three (3) island concept of the Horizon Manila
reclamation project in the municipal waters of Manila showing its location in relation to other
reclamation projects in the municipal waters of Pasay.

Figure 2.1-16. Horizon Manila reclamation project in the municipal waters of

Manila showing its location in relation to other reclamation projects in the
municipal waters of Pasay
The original location of the reclamation project awarded by PRA to MGDC’s

predecessor is different and deviates from the current planned location of the Manila
Goldcoast Reclamation as reflected in its ECC application
Upon further verification, Pasay City obtained records showing that, based on MGDC‟s
application for an ECC with the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB), the location plan
of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation is different and deviates from the original location of
the reclamation project awarded by PRA in March 1991 to Elco Development & Construction
Corporation (EDCC), which purportedly assigned the same project to MGDC.
Historical background of the original Manila Goldcoast Reclamation project. In 1974, to

ease the traffic congestion in the Manila, Pasay, Paranaque, and the Province of Cavite, the
Government decided to build the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road. The implementation concept
was for a Private proponent to build the road and get paid for the effort by reclaiming
additional land which the proponent could sell. The Department of Public Works,
Transportation, and Communication (DPWTC) administered the project for government, and it
was called the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road and Reclamation Project (MCCRRP). (see
copies of relevant pages of PRA’s Boulevard 2000, Final Report, attached as Annex F)
In 1977, the administration of the MCCRRP was transferred to the PRA. By 1988 a
Framework plan was adopted for the MCCRRP, as shown in the map below. The framework
envisioned two major roads -- the Central Boulevard (now Macapagal Blvd.) and Bay
Boulevard (now J.W. Diokno Blvd.) -- which would connect the entire reclaimed area, while
also intersecting with Circumferential roads (EDSA, Sen. Gil Puyat Ave., and C5) to link to the
rest of the Metro Manila. (see copies of relevant pages of PRA’s Boulevard 2000, Final
Report, attached as Annex F)

Source: PRA’s Boulevard 2000, Final Report

Figure 2.1-17. 1988 Original MCCRRP Framework Plan
The MCCRP Framework, also indicated the potential expansion of the MCCRRP to connect
with Circumferential Road 2 (President Quirino Avenue) to maximize interconnectivity. This
would be done either any of the following options: a) the construction of a viaduct structure
over the bay waters in the Manila Yacht Club area; or b) the reclamation of additional land
on which the road connection would be built. In any case, the linkage would form the
northern end of the proposed Central Boulevard, a major artery of MCCRP/Boulevard 2000.
(see copies of relevant pages of PRA’s Boulevard 2000, Final Report, attached as Annex F)
Thus, the Boulevard 2000 Final Report states:
Sometime in 1990, PRA published an invitation to submit Proposals for reclamations projects
anywhere in the Philippines. Several private corporations submitted proposals for the area
between CCP and the American Embassy. Eventually, 2 corporations were qualified and the

project was divided into two parts, the MCCRRP North Sector Reclamation Project –
Northern and Southern Parcel. The Southern Parcel awarded to Elco Development and
Construction Corporation (Manila Gold Coast‟s predecessor) involved 148 hectares, inclusive
of the 14 hectares fronting the Manila Yacht Club Area involving 14 hectares and Philippine
Navy area.
This is reflected in the following provisions of the Memorandum of Agreement (MOA) dated
June 7, 2012 between PRA and the Consortium of LGU Manila City and MGDC, (Attached as
Annex G is the PRA and Manila City/Manila Goldcoast MOA)
In sum, based on the MOA dated June 7, 2012 and the records of PRA, the Southern Parcel
of the MCCRRP North Sector was the project originally awarded to EDCC, which the
latter later assigned to MGDC.
It must be pointed out that the 148-hectare EDDC and 140-hectare ASERRCO reclamation
projects in Manila Bay, together with the various reclamation projects in the municipal waters
of Pasay and Paranaque such as the 107-hectare Aseana City and other areas within the
204-hectare Central Business Park Island B&C -- all form part of the MCCRP, which was
undertaken by PRA in partnership with various private proponents.
The MCCRRP was then upgraded as priority undertaking under the Manila Bay “Boulevard
2000 Project” which was later renamed in 2013 into “Bay City Reclamation Projects”. Several

completed components of the “Boulevard2000 Project” can be viewed at

http://pea.gov.ph/programs-and-projects/reclamation.
Original location of the Southern Parcel of the MCCRRP North Sector project as
awarded in 1991. Based on Paragraphs 3.1. of the MOA dated June 7, 2012, the Southern
Parcel of the MCCRP North Sector, which was awarded to EDDC (MGDC‟s predecessor)
covered 148 hectares and included the “14 hectares fronting the Manila Yacht Club and the
Philippine Navy Area.” Paragraph 7 in the “Antecedents” of the same MOA dated June 7,
2012, also provides that the 148-hectare EDDC (now MGDC) and 140-hectare ASERRCO
reclamation projects shall follow only a single master development plan, thus:
Based on documents obtained by the City, the proposed PRA master development plan for
the North and South Parcels of the MCCRRP North Sector mentioned in the said MOA is
shown in Figure 2.1-18.
Analysis of the said master development plan based on visible landmarks that are still in
place is presented in Figure 2.1-19.

Figure 2.1-18. PRA Master Development Plan for the North and South Parcels
of the MCCRRP North Sector


Figure 2.1-19. Visible Landmarks within the PRA Master Development Plan for
the North and South Parcels of the MCCRRP North Sector
The location of the Southern and Northern Parcels of the MCCRRP North Sector is consistent
with the original MCCRRP framework that envisioned the expansion of the MCCRRP to
connect with Circumferential Road 2 (President Quirino Avenue) by reclamation of additional
land on which the road connection would be built. (see attached copies of relevant pages of
PRA’s Boulevard 2000, Final Report, attached as Annex F)

Figure 2.1-20. 1988 Original MCCRRP Framework Plan
As previously pointed out, the project originally awarded to EDCC (MGDC’s predecessor)
is the Southern Parcel of the MCCRRP North Sector, which area included under the
Philippine Navy reservation covered by Presidential Proclamation 27 (series 1947) and the
Manila Yacht Club area under PP 508 (series 1958). (Attached as Annex H is a copy of PP 27
(s.1947) and Annex I is a copy of PP 508 [s.1958]) The location maps below show the area
reserved to the Philippine Navy and the area occupied by the Manila Yacht Club, both of
which were included in the Southern Parcel of the MCCRRP Northern Sector as originally
awarded:
The graphical representation of the areas covered under PP 27 (s, 1947) and PP 508 (s,
1958) as overlaid into the goggle earth maps are as follows:

Source: PP 27 (s, 1947) and PP 508 (s, 1958)

Figure 2.1-21. Location Maps of Philippine Navy Reservation and Manila Yacht
Club
Thus, based on official records, the original location of the of the Southern Parcel of the
MCCRRP North Sector as awarded in 1991 to EDCC can be plotted as follows:

Figure 2.1-22. Location Map of Philippine Navy Reservation and Manila Yacht
Club vis-à-vis Pasay and Manila Municipal Waters
Thus, the original location of the Southern Parcel of the MCCRRP North Sector awarded
by PRA in 1991 did not encroach into or extend to the municipal waters of Pasay City.
The difference between the original location as awarded and the new planned location
of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation. However, when MGDCC applied for its ECC
(Compliance Certificate Number ECC-CO-1312-0041 dated 11 November 2014), the
technical description for the reclamation project that it submitted to EMB did not cover the
areas reserved to the Philippine Navy and that occupied by the Manila Yacht Club. Moreover,
the location as described in MGDCC‟s ECC-CO-1312-0041 also moved southwards,
apparently to avoid the Philippine Navy and Manila Yacht Club areas, consequently
encroaching into the municipal waters of Pasay City.
The map below indicates the clear difference between the original location of the Southern
Parcel of the MCCRRP North Sector Reclamation Project as awarded by PRA in 1991 and
the current location of the Manila Goldcoast Reclamation based on its ECC:
ORIGINAL LOCATION: Location of the Sothern Parcel of the MRRCCP North Sector as
awarded to EDCC (MGDC‟s predecessor)

FIGURE 2.1-23. Location of the Sothern Parcel of the MRRCCP North Sector as
awarded to EDCC (MGDC’s predecessor)
NEW LOCATION: Location of the Manila Goldcoast Project as described in MGDC‟s ECC

Figure 2.1-24. Location of the Manila Goldcoast Project as described in

MGDC’s ECC
CONCLUSIONS:
The reclamation project originally awarded by PRA to EDCC (MGDC‟s predecessor) under
the Notice of Award and PRA Board Resolution dated 21 March 1991 -- is the Southern
Parcel of the Manila-Cavite Coastal Road and Reclamation Project (MCCRRP) North
Sector. This project has an area of 148-hectares, covering the Philippine Navy reserve and
Manila Yacht Club area. As originally located, it does not encroach into the municipal waters
of Pasay City.
The location of the present reclamation project of MGDC as described in its ECC (ECC-CO-
1312-0041 dated 11 November 2014) -- is not in accordance with and deviates from the
original location of the Southern Parcel of the MCCRRP North Sector as awarded by PRA. It
now excludes the Philippine Navy and Manila Yacht Club areas, and has moved southwards,
encroaching into the municipal waters of Pasay City, as defined in accordance with law.
Overlapping government mandates particularly MBCO, MBO, PPA, PCG, BFAR and
DENR
The government entities i.e. the PRA and Pasay City who have signed an MOU for the
proposed project have separate and distinct mandates, which do not overlap but instead
complement with the other agencies.
In granting the NTP for the Project, the PRA will require the project proponent to secure
clearances from the concerned agencies through Letters of No Objection (LONO). The
LONOs are to be subject to individual consultations with these agencies. In particular, the
PPA and the BFAR will separately evaluate the project in respect of their mandate prior to

granting their LONOs. Furthermore, the PRA is undertaking a comprehensive scientific impact
study covering 25,000 hectares of potential reclamation projects in Manila Bay.
The vision and plan of the Manila Bay Coordinating Council (MBCO) and the MBO, which are
attached to the DENR are integrated in the Master Plan for the project. The mandate of the
DENR is also exercised in the granting of ECCs for reclamation projects.
The LONOs from various government agencies shall be secured in the course of the EIS
process and thereafter. Consultations shall be conducted to tackle potential issues.
Relative to the matter of the overlap and as a requirement for EIA Preparers in their
“Accountability Statement”, Dr. Edgardo G. Alabastro, Team Leader of the EIA Preparers for
the Manila GoldCoast Project was constrained to inform the EMB through a letter of the
above recently discovered fact.
Being a letter, this does not require notarization.
2.1.1.6 Impairment of visual aesthetics
Identification and assessment of impacts of the project on visually significant

landforms/landscapes and a discussion on the Manila Bay Sunset View
At this time, there are no identified project impacts on significant aesthetically important
landforms and landscapes. The Public Participation Activities did not register any comments
or opposition regarding this matter.
A further discussion of the Manila Bay Sunset View is made on Section 2.4.
The proposed development highlight within the Pasay Harbor City will have height restriction
limit around the waterfront area to allow those located deep into the reclaimed area to have a
visual corridor to the world famous Manila Bay sunset.  
2.1.1.7 Devaluation of land value as a result of improper solid waste management and
other related impacts.
Inasmuch as the scope of the EIA report and the application for an ECC are focused only on
activities through the horizontal development works, and there are minimal population for the
activities involved involving only vessel crew and construction workers the matter of improper
solid waste management is not germane. Instead this will be a significant concern during the
Operations Phase of the Project.
 Existing solid waste management and related scheme in the area

 Impacts of the estimated generation of solid wastes in terms of amount and
characteristics (hazardous of domestic) and other related issues on the
existing management scenarios
Devaluation of land value as a result of improper solid waste management and other related
impacts is not perceived. Solid wastes are generated by the population near the project site
and solid wastes to be generated by the proposed project are specific to the type and site of
activities such as:
 The use of construction equipment will necessarily involve fossil fuels and products
such as lubricating oil and generate spent oil wastes. These wastes will not be
disposed to the bay waters and instead be disposed to DENR-accredited third party
TSD entities.

 On the other hand, maintenance works on the machinery and equipment, which
would generate wastes e.g. oil filters will be confined to the maintenance shop(s)
onshore.
 Seabed silts are the solid wastes from the dredging of undesired seabed materials.
Silt curtains will be used as waste management facility to contain the dispersal of
these materials. The unwanted solid wastes will be disposed outside the project site
by a third party accredited disposal firm. Alternatively, these silts may still be usable
as fill materials and compressed on site thus avoiding disposal outside the
reclamation site.
 Domestic wastes from workers during the construction stage will be monitored weekly
through visual count weekly; the garbage will either be picked up by the garbage
disposal unit of the City or transported to its garbage dumpsite.
Moreover, the contractor for the proposed project will be required to comply with the
applicable environmental laws and provide the appropriate mitigating measures at their
expense.
Estimation of the amount of solid waste generation, characterization and management

scheme during the Construction Phase.
Solid wastes/garbage will be generated by the vessel crew. These are non-toxic and non-
hazardous wastes being of domestic origin. Management/ disposal will be by disposal at land
through a third-party solid waste disposal entity.
During the horizontal works at the reclaimed land, the construction workers will also generate
domestic garbage and construction scraps. Assuming a peak number of construction workers
of 250 persons, domestic wastes may be projected to be at 75 kg/day which is relatively
minimal. Management will be by observance of RA 9003 which includes among others the 3
Rs: Reduce, Reuse and Recycling
2.1.1.8 Compliance to SOLAS Requirements:
The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) in its successive forms is
generally regarded as the most important of all international treaties concerning the safety of
merchant ships. The first version was adopted in 1914, in response to the Titanic disaster, the
second in 1929, the third in 1948, and the fourth in 1960. The 1974 version includes the tacit
acceptance procedure - which provides that an amendment shall enter into force on a
specified date unless, before that date, objections to the amendment are received from an
agreed number of Parties. As a result, the 1974 Convention has been updated and amended
on numerous occasions. The Convention in force today is referred to as SOLAS, 1974, as
amended.
The Philippines being a signatory of SOLAS, is strengthening its port facility and ships
security and safety through a series of linked initiatives that was implemented progressively
as embodied under several Philippine laws and domestic policy issuances. Under existing
Philippine Law and the SOLAS Convention, all ships of 300 gross tonnage and upwards and
passenger ships irrespective of size shall be compliant to SOLAS regulation. Since the
proponent will employ barges, dredgers and suction cutters of more than 300 gross tonnage,
they are required by law to comply with SOLAS.
Primarily, SOLAS are being implemented by the Philippine Coast Guard under RA 9993
(PCG Law of 2009). Likewise, the Philippine Ports Authority (PPA) is also mandated by law to
establish, maintain and operate port infrastructure design to enhance the safety of ships
entering and leaving port environs and adjacent sea lanes such as the Vessel Traffic
Management Systems (VTMS) at the Port District of Manila and Port of Batangas as part of
the Philippine commitment to enforce SOLAS. However, under a Memorandum of Agreement
signed between PCG and PPA in 07 January 2014, enforcement of SOLAS within Manila Bay

and approaches is now under PCG control. Therefore, prior the start of the reclamation
activities, the proponent committed to enforce all existing SOLAS requirements by requiring
all contractors that will employ ships and barges to submit SOLAS compliance certification
issued by the Philippine Coast Guard as part of the mandatory documents of the contract of
engagement.
2.1.9 Impact on Aviation
The restrictions on the aviation flight dome will impact on the project because the vertical
structures in the reclaimed land will have to comply with the building height limit requirements.
Building Height Limit (BHL):
Since the 265-hectare reclamation project is located within the five (5) mile radius of NAIA. All
development within Island B, which is located on the far end of runway 13 (see NAIA airport
map) is subject to the Civil Aviation Authority of the Philippines (CAAP) issued 150 feet height
limit on buildings. On Island A, which is not within the designated flight path, the maximum
allowable height shall conform to the requirements of the CAAP. On both Island A and Island
B, the proponent will direct all developers as part of its “Development Guidelines Standard
(DGS)” to comply with CAAP regulation thru submission of area/project specific “Request for
Height Limitation” in accordance to CAAP regulations (see attached format for reference) in
addition to the various provisions of the National Building Code of the Philippines and its IRR
as amended.
2.1.2 Geology/Geomorphology
Methodology
The geological assessment consists of collation and interpretation of existing geologic reports
and literature of the project area, including topographic, geologic, and other thematic maps.
These data and reports are predominantly from concerned government agencies and
academic institutions such as: Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Mines and
Geosciences Bureau (DENR-MGB), Department of Science and Technology-Philippine
Institute of Volcanology and Seismology (DOST-PHIVOLCS), and the University of the
Philippines Nationwide Operational Assessment of Hazards (UP-NOAH), previously DOST-
Project NOAH. Regional geological framework was based on current available information
from the Mines and Geo-Sciences Bureau (MGB), previous site investigation report of the
author and other researchers listed in the references. The seismological data used were
based on current and available information from the Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (PHIVOLCS) and the National Earthquake Information Center (NEIC-USGS).
Other Information presented in this report was gathered from the site and its immediate
vicinity together with the data provided by Pasay Harbor City Consortium relevant to the
project development and inception.
Subsurface investigations through 15 boreholes drilled within the footprint of the reclamation
area were conducted by Geotechnics Philippines, Inc. under the supervision of DCCD
Engineering Corporation, as shown in the “Geotechnical Factual Report” (April 2018).
Standard penetration tests, rock core drilling, and thin-walled tube sampling were performed,
and the samples recovered were brought to the laboratory for analysis and testing. Some of
the laboratory tests conducted on selected soil samples include:
 Soil Classification using the USCS (ASTM D2487)  

 Determination of Atterberg Limits (ASTM D4318)  
 Particle Size Distribution: Mechanical Sieve Analysis (ASTM D422)  
 Determination of Natural Moisture Content (ASTM D2216)  
 Determination of Specific Gravity (ASTM D854)  

 Determination of Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rocks (ASTM D7012)  

 Determination of One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils (ASTM D2435)  
A more definitive geotechnical studies shall be undertaken post-ECC as part the Detailed
Engineering Design work.
Nature/Source of Information
Study of previous works include among others, available geological, seismological and
hydrological reports and maps covering the project area that were conducted by the
Department of Environment and Natural Resources-Mines and Geosciences Bureau (DENR-
MGB), Department of Science and Technology-Philippine Institute of Volcanology and
Seismology (DOST-PHIVOLCS), the University of the Philippines Nationwide Operational
Assessment of Hazards (UP-NOAH), previously DOST-Project NOAH, the University of the
Philippines-National Institute of Geological Sciences (UP-NIGS), and the University of the
Philippines-Marine Science Institute (UP-MSI). Inputs of consultants for the project proponent
were also used in the preparation of this report.
To a great extent, the Engineering Geological and Geotechnical Assessment Report

(EGGAR) prepared for this project by Mr. Carlo Dayanghirang (April 2018) was used in this
section.
2.1.2.1 Change in Surface Landform/Topography/Terrain/Slope
 The effect of dredging/reclamation on ground subsidence, tsunami and storm

surge and/or seiche
Effect on ground subsidence:
A reclamation project may cause adverse impacts on drainage and flooding by altering the
existing drainage paths and regime, or by increasing the burden on the existing drainage
system. However, since the 265-hectare reclamation project follows the two (2) island
concept, the issue on adverse effect to existing drainage paths is not applicable. Ideally the
first phase of reclamation is drainage to reduce the periods of waterlogging and hence
improve the soil bearing strength and minimize ground subsidence. This is necessary to
improve accessibility, particularly if heavy equipment is to be used in the subsequent
provision of access roads, land clearance, installation of major drainage canals and land
preparation.
While reclamation works is ongoing, natural drainage outfalls will be un-intentionally created
and this needs to be extended and temporarily diverted away from the line of the extension
while reclamation is carried out. A drainage impact assessment is also necessary at an early
stage of the planning and design in order to assess potential drainage and flooding problems.
It must determine the necessary temporary drainage diversion and permanent drainage
measures to ensure acceptable drainage performance in areas upstream, adjacent to and
inside the reclamation during and after the construction of the reclamation.
During reclamation, care should be taken to check for existing outfalls, intakes and drains
along the lines of the existing shoreline, particularly at low tide. Any outfalls, intakes or drains
which do not appear on the drawings should be recorded immediately and investigated with
the appropriate authority. Temporary channels should be provided as necessary across the
reclamation as a short term measure to avoid any delay. This aspect should be indicated in
the contract.
The reclamation landform will not disturb any existing landform; there are no mangrove
islands in the Direct and Indirect Impact Areas.

On tsunami and storm surge and/or seiche
By virtue of the elevated platform of the MWLL for Mean Water Low Level this meant ocean
episodes are in fact decrease or prevented. Moreover, the containment structure will also
dissipate the wave energies from effect of constructions on tsunami and storm surge and/or
seiche. It maybe therefore stated that the reclamation landform may be deemed as mitigating
or defense measures rather than causative actions.
Baseline Conditions:
The footprint area of the reclamation project is about 1.7 kilometers west of the current
Philippine Navy Headquarters along Roxas Boulevard. With roughly a triangular outline, the
site will have a maximum length of 4.12 km to the west and 1.31 km at its widest to the south.
The site is west of the cultural Center of the Philippines Complex, which also occupies a
reclaimed land. (C. Dayanghirang 2018)
Towards land east of the site is an old beach ridge that stretches from Malabon in the north to
Paranaque in the south which marked the former eastern coastline of Manila Bay. On top of
this beach ridge is where Roxas Boulevard was constructed. Adjacent to the beach ridge on
the landward side is the tidal flat that stretches from Parañaque in the south to Malabon-
Navotas in the north. As such, the area is frequently subjected to inundation with the flooding
and ebbing of the tides. When Parañaque, Pasay, and Manila started to develop, the area
was backfilled to elevation of about 2 meters above the present sea level. The terrain in
general is featureless, with the pre-existing terrain features muddled by the road ways and
manmade structures (Figure 2.1-25). (C. Dayanghirang 2018)
Nearly obliterated terrain features in the area is the lagoon adjacent to the former Fort San
Antonio Abad that once occupy the area on what is now Central Bank Building Complex
fronting the Philippine Navy Headquarters. This lagoon was eventually filled up and
transformed into a tidal creek called Estero de Maytubig with the rest of the area occupied by
the Harrison Park base on the 1920 map published by US Coast and Geodetic Survey
(USCGS), City of Manila. The Estero de Maytubig is now call Estero San Antonio Abad. The
old Harrison Park is now occupied by the Harrison Plaza Mall in front of the Rizal Memorial
Coliseum. (C. Dayanghirang 2018)
The Tripa de Galina, a tidal creek located approximately a kilometer east-southeast of the
Navy Headquarters is the only natural drainage line at close proximity to the coastline fronting
the project area. The 1920 USCGS topo map shows the northern distributaries of this creek
directly connect the Pasig River with Manila Bay passing through the areas of Pandacan,
Paco, Santa Ana in the north. The eastern tributaries of the creek drain the area of Makati
from the barangays of Palanan, Bel Air, Urdaneta Forbes and San Antonio in the northern
end and Bonifacio Global City, Magallanes and Bangkal in the southern end. Up to the late
1960‟s and early 1970‟s Makati as a whole was an open area used as paddy fields. Fort
Bonifacio was then Fort McKinley, then a tree lined military camp and American Cemetery. At
present, the Tripa de Galina flows southwesterly and outfalls in Manila Bay through the
Libertad Floodwater Pumping Station. (C. Dayanghirang 2018)
Interestingly, the 1762 map prepared by the British during their invasion of Manila shows a
river, which may be the Tripa de Galina, to empty into Manila Bay adjacent to Fort San
Andres, which is near the navy headquarters. It can be surmised that the Manila Bay
coastline regress seaward due to continues deposition of sediments. In the process,
elongated lagoons where formed at the inland side of the beach ridges in the areas of Malate,
Manila, Maricaban-Malibay in Pasay and the wide lagoonal swamps in Parañaque and Las
Piñas. As shown in the old American maps, sections of the lagoonal swamps where later
transformed into the salt beds which made Las Piñas famous. The last trace of the salt beds
where still present in late 1980 before they were filled up and transformed into malls,
subdivisions and condominium. (C. Dayanghirang 2018)

Source: NAMRIA Map 3130-II-20, 1st Ed. 1987)
Figure 2.1-25. Map Showing Terrain Feature within the Project Site and Vicinity
Creation of landform
The creation of landform of the two islands is a key direct impact of the proposed project.
These islands will arise with the configuration of the master layout and with a minimum
finished platform elevation of 4 m Above Mean Water Low Level (AMWLL), the shape of
which is laid out in Figure 2.1.25. The platform surface will be flat.
2.1.2.2 Changes in Subsurface Geology.
By the nature of the project, which is the reclamation of land, following changes will take
place:
Creation of landform (not previously existing at sea)
A landform of two (2) adjacent islands will arise with the configuration of the master layout
and with a finished platform elevation of 4m AMWLL (Above Mean Water Low Level). The
final master plan is still to be developed; vertical development is not integral to this Phase of
the EIS.
To ensure the stability of the new landform and other superstructures, the following measures
will be undertaken.
 Geotechnical investigations already conducted establishing the properties of the fill

materials/borrow and rocks needed to provide stability to the created land.

 In Manila Bay, the settlement of the reclaimed platform is mainly depending on the
subsoil and on the fill materials. There are available process engineered solutions
such as vertical drains and surcharge to speed up the settlement and stabilization.
The time needed for consolidation depends on the technique used, but it is safe to
say that 90% of primary consolidation will be reached after 1-2 years.
 The soil investigation will necessarily be updated prior to the execution of the
engineering design.
Preparatory Work
Before the start of development, i.e., dredging work, the Project Master Plan shall be
strengthened. This will give direction to the dredging contractor to develop their construction
work plan that will include:
 Phasing - most probably, the dredging work will be confined to one (1) island at a
time.
 Location of the infrastructures and buildings (to be built later during the operation
phase) that will require higher degree of soil stabilization.
Furthermore, a survey of the seabed in the reclamation area will be undertaken to acquire
more detailed archaeological and morphological data that may provide additional inputs in the
Final Detailed Engineering Design. Undesired garbage or materials that should be excluded
in the filling of the dredged area shall also be removed during the initial stage of the project
implementation.
Prior to start up, the proponent shall coordinate the assessment of the presence of artifacts
following the rules and protocols of the concerned agencies, i.e. National Museum – CPD,
National Historical Commission of the Philippines (NHCP) – HPD and for artifacts.
Geophysical surveys such as magnetic survey will be done to detect large metallic obstacles.
During this survey, any accidental discovery of historical artifacts or buried treasures as well
as bombs and/or ordnances from World War 2 will be reported to the proper authorities for
proper action such as the National Museum for historical artifacts/treasures and the Philippine
Navy for finds of bombs.
Main development activities include:
 Placement of silt curtains

 Removal of unwanted materials at the reclamation site
 Placement of containment structures
 Dredging of the reclamation area
 Dumping of undesired dredged seabed materials at approved location within the Bay
adjacent to project site.
 Securing/sourcing of the burrows/fill materials
 Rock or concrete revetment
 Dumping of the fill
 Soil stabilization
 Creation of the 2 islands
 Installation or construction of supporting components of the reclaimed land such as
wave deflectors and overall drainage system
The methodology and exact sequencing for dredging at the dredging area depends on the
Contractor to be chosen. Certain Contractors have the technology to re-use the dredged soft
clay from the seabed, mix with the SNS sands and fortified with armor rocks.
Based on experiences of an international dredging company, which has previously done work

in Manila Bay, they were allowed to dump the unwanted clays from the seabed at the deep
portion of Manila Bay with depths of at least 20m. Silt curtains are first laid out prior to the
dumping operations.
The dredging at the source of fill materials shall be done by a separate contractor, subject to
separate governmental requirements, e.g. an ECC to be secured separately by the owner or
authorities responsible for the extraction of these materials.
More details on the reclamation technology options are discussed in Section 1.
Relative to the geotechnical integrity of the islands, observation stations shall be established
in strategic locations within the reclaimed land. These will be used to monitor the degree of
compaction and stability of the reclaimed land; these will record settlement / compaction
rates.
2.1.2.3 Changes in subsurface/underground geomorphology

Regional/General Geological Map
Discussion on Impacts / Effects of Natural Hazard on the Project
The subsurface morphological characteristics in the reclamation area will permanently change
as a result of the dredging and filling operations but in the nature of enhancement because of
the replacement of portion of the seabed with fill materials and rocks to lend geotechnical
integrity to the reclaimed land when vertical structures and roads are built during the
Operations Phase. The extent of the changes will depend on the post ECC Design and
Engineering Details (DED), the detailed geotechnical investigations and the master plan
which (the latter) will show the specific locations of load bearing structures and thus the
engineering/geotechnical interventions necessary.
A new landform will be created which is the reclaimed land. The elevation of the platform will
be higher than the MLWW by an estimated minimum height of 4 meters. The final design shall
be determined during Detailed Engineering Design (DED) Phase.
2.1.2.3.1 REGIONAL SETTING
Baseline Conditions:
Tectonic Setting
The Philippine Islands is generally interpreted as a collage of insular arcs, ophiolitic suites
and continental rocks of Eurasian affinity. The formation of this belt is controlled by
subductions, collisions and major strike-slip faults. (Aurelio and Peña, 1992). It has evolved
from the collision between the Eurasian Plate, South China Sea Plate, the Philippine Sea
Plate, and the Pacific Plate. The collision resulted to several subduction zones marked by
oceanic trenches. The development of the archipelago was caused by the active squeezing
and magma rise producing a chain of volcanoes from the remelting of the subducting
lithosphere.
The Philippine Mobile Belt (PMB) is surrounded by subduction zones moving in opposing
directions simultaneously On the western side, the Eurasian Plate (or South China Plate)
subducts eastward beneath Luzon Island along the Manila Trench. On the eastern side, the
Philippine Sea Plate subducts westward along the East Luzon Trench. This results to an
actively deforming zone in between 2 active subduction systems as manifested by high
seismic activity. (Aurelio and Peña, 2002).
The Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ), a major strike-slip fault extending from Lingayen to Davao,
lies parallel to the subduction trenches. The PFZ is assumed to release the shear stress
caused by the oblique subduction of the ocean plates. On the southwest, the seafloor of the
Sulu Plate subducts near the west side of Negros Island along the Negros Trench and along
Sulu Trench near the northwest side of Zamboanga. The Celebes Sea Plate subducts near

the west side of Central Mindanao along the Cotabato Trench and in Davao Gulf along the
Davao Trench. (Figure 2.1-26).
Metro Manila lies on the western central part of the island of Luzon within the so-called
“Philippine Mobile Belt” (PMB). About one-third of the destructive earthquakes that have
affected Metro Manila and vicinity were generated from the PFZ. Its movement produced the
majority of the most devastating earthquakes in the Philippine history including the 16 July
1990 earthquake event. The 1990 earthquake generated from the PFZ‟s northern segment,
the Digdig Fault, was recorded at Ms 7.8. A seismic gap along this fault located about 80-
kilometers east of Manila can produce a future earthquake in the order of at least magnitude 7
is highly possible (upon the release of large stresses stored along the locked portion). Its
nearest segment is about 70-kilometers east of the project site.
The project site is found about 9.1 kilometers west of the western extension of the Valley
Fault System, a geomorphologically active fault that extends southward along the Marikina
Valley to Western Laguna and gradually curves towards the west as it approaches the
Batangas-Cavite boundary at Tagaytay Ridge. Recent investigation by PHIVOLCS along the
Sucat-Muntinlupa-Alabang stretch have confirmed the existence of creep (active fault
movement) along what is believed to be a step-over segment of the fault there (Rimando et
al, 1995).
Shown in Figure 2.1-26 are geotectonic features known to be earthquake generators that can
affect the region surrounding the project site. These features include: (1) the Manila Trench
and its related structures, (2) Seismic and volcanic activity from Taal Volcano, (3) the
Philippine Fault and its branches, (4) the East Luzon Trough and (5) the Valley Fault System.
(C. Dayanghirang 2018)
1. Manila Trench - a subduction related feature that parallels the western shore of
Luzon. Convergence of the oceanic crust of South China Sea and the Luzon
landmass causes the subduction of the oceanic crust under Luzon.  
2. Lubang Fault – considered by some geologist to be an extension of the Manila

Trench and traces the western shores of Mindoro where a branch of the structure is
suggested by the branch of the trench that verges into the northern shores of
Mindoro, along the Verde Island Passage. The structure is represented in most maps
as the Lubang Fault, and some maps show this to extend farther east near Verde
Island, being termed Verde Island Fault.  
3. Taal Volcano - an active volcanic system characterized by numerous historic violent

eruptions which contributed extensive volcanic deposits in the surrounding area and
generated perceptible quakes in and around Metro Manila. Some of the seismic
activity during volcanic eruptions caused fissures and liquefaction in the coastal area
of Balayan Bay.  
4. Philippine Fault System - a northwest-trending fault zone whose branches have

been mapped for 1,200 km from the eastern part of Mindanao to northern Luzon. Its
trace passes through Ragay Gulf and Alabat Island. Seismic activity along this fault
zone is also among most destructive in the country. Several historic earthquakes
have been associated with this fault, the most recent of which are the 1973 Ragay
Gulf earthquake and the 1990 Luzon earthquake.
5. Sibuyan Sea Fault - a branch of the Philippine Fault identified through its alignment
on geomagnetic anomaly maps. The fault branch from the main Philippine Fault Zone
near Masbate and traverse westward across the Sibuyan Sea and then merges with
other structures north of Marinduque Island. Data shows it to veer westerly from
Tayabas Bay, and merge with the Verde Island and Lubang Faults, forming a
continuous transfer zone between the Philippine Fault-Philippine Trench and the
Manila Trench-Lubang Fault system. (E. Ramos 2000)  

6. East Luzon Trough - a deep oceanic trench that borders the eastern shores of
Luzon, serving as a tectonic boundary between the Luzon arc and the Philippine Sea
Plate. At this trench, the Philippine Sea Plate subducts under the Luzon arc along the
East Luzon Trough. This subduction process is marked by the depression of the
ocean floor along the East Luzon Trough, and by the intense and westward-
deepening region of earthquakes.  
7. Valley Fault System - runs from the foothills of Montalban Mountains in Rizal,
southerly along the western coast of Laguna de Bay, and through the eastern edges
of Tagaytay Ridge. The fault system is composed of two north-trending parallel
structures dipping towards each other, where the block in between had shifted down
causing the formation of the Marikina Valley. The eastern segment of the fault
borders the edge of the Marikina Valley from the Antipolo and Montalban mountains.
This fault abruptly terminates at the contact of the Guadalupe Formation and
Quaternary Alluvium. The western segment known as West Valley Fault (WVF)
borders the Marikina Valley from Diliman and follows the eastern margin of
Guadalupe Plateau. The fault is considered active by PHIVOLCS. Trenching made
along the trace of the fault revealed at least four earthquake events had occurred
along the western segment in the past 1400 years (Punongbayan et al., 1997;
Rimando et al., 2005).  

PROJECT
SITE
Source: PHIVOLCS, February 2000
Figure 2.1-26. Distribution of Active Faults and Trenches in Luzon and Northern Visayas

Regional Geology
The seabed of Manila bay is blanketed by loose marine sand. The coastline is lined by a well-
developed beach ridge with elongated lagoons in the inland side. Runnel section of the beach
ridge sequence were previously occupied by tidal flat / back swamp environment (Figure 2.1-
27). Going inland to the east, the area is underlain by unconsolidated sediments deposited
during the Quaternary Period. The lithology belongs to Manila Formation named by Purser &
Diomampo (1996) based on the result of subsurface investigation using borehole logs along
the LRT-2 route corridor. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Source: C. Dayanghirang, 2014
Figure 2.1-27. Regional Morphogeologic Map of Manila-Pasay Area
The Manila Formation is composed of unconsolidated sequence of recent fluvial, deltaic and
marine deposits. To the west, the Manila Formation is overlain by beach sand which blankets
the coastline of Manila Bay prior to the reclamation and urbanization. Further to the east, the
Manila Formation overlay the Proto-Pasig Delta deposit that includes transitional, marine
transgression sediments and the Modern Coastal Deposits mainly recent marine sand/silts,
recent stream deposits and fill materials. The absolute geologic age of these units are still to
be established and not within the scope of this report. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Previous geotechnical studies in nearby reclamation areas, show that soft to very stiff, low to
high plasticity clay with seams of sand underlies the seabed close to the Manila-Pasay
coastal areas. The clay layers, in turn, are underlain by tuff, presumably belonging to
Guadalupe Formation, which was encountered at depth of about 26 meters below sea level.
The Guadalupe Plateau, east of Manila is underlain by the Guadalupe Formation (Pleistocene
Age), composed of interlayered pyroclastic flows, lahar deposit, airfall tephra (ash), fluvio-
deltaic sediments and paleosols deposited under terrestrial to partly sub-aqueous conditions.
(C. Dayanghirang, 2018) See also Figure 2.1-28.

The volcanics range from agglomerates to fine ash, while the sandstone unit grades from very
fine to conglomeratic. The volcanic and sedimentary units have varying degree of
consolidation and weathering. Lenticularity is common due to erosion along river channels.
The pyroclastic flow units are massive to moderately consolidated while the tephra deposits
range from massive to thinly laminated and are well consolidated to porous. The presence of
paleosols indicates time gaps in depositional events for each formational unit.

SOURCE: Geological Map of Manila and Quezon City Quadrangle, MGB, 1984
Figure 2.1-28. Geological Map of Manila Bay Area and vicinities

Site Geology
The understanding of the subsurface lithology in the project site was based on data gathered by
drilling done by Geotechnics Philippines, Inc. from February to April 2018 (Annex 6). The 15
boreholes were drilled within the site with depths of 25 meters (12 holes) to 35 meters (3 holes).
The borehole profiles (Figure 2.1-29) show a sequence of tidal sediments (named for simplicity)
overlaying the tuff of the Guadalupe Formation.
Source: C. Dayanghirang, April 2018

Figure 2.1-29. West to East Schematic Cross Section Profile based on the
Borehole Data from Geotechnics Philippines Inc. (2018)
Thickness of the tidal sediments as shown by the boreholes ranges from 5 meters (in BH-5) to 29
meters (in BH-13). The layer is dominated by dark grey clay. Consistency is very soft to soft at
the top becoming stiff to firm at depth. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Present within the clay are layers of silt and sand. Thickness of the silt layers range from 1 to 1.5
meters to 12 (in BH-5 and BH-15) to 14 meters in BH-14. The silt can either be clayey or sandy
dark grey to light brown. Layers at the surface of the seabed are very soft to soft becoming stiff to
very stiff to hard at depth. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
The sand layer varies in thickness from 2 meters to as much as 9 meters in BH 1 and 11 meters
in BH-11. The sand is dark grey to greyish brown, fine to coarse grained, silty or clayey.
Consistency varies from very loose at the surface to very dense to dense at depth. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
Tuff belonging to the Guadalupe Formation are found below the tidal sediments. The boreholes
intercepted the tuff, the shallowest at depth of 9 meters (BH-5), 13 and 16 meters at BH-6 and
BH-7 respectively. The tuff was described to have varying degree of weathering, greyish brown
becoming brown with different hues at depth. Consistency range from very dense to very hard
requiring the use of coring to recover samples at depth. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)

The Guadalupe Tuff is the underlying bedrock formation found throughout Metro Manila and
consists of Plio-Pleistocene sandstone, siltstone, and shale having a generally weak to moderate
amount of cementation and high to very high degree of weathering. The average unconfined
2
compressive strength (UCS) of the intact core samples from the GTF usually range from 5-kg/cm
2 2
to 40-kg/cm with individual UCS values rarely exceeding 100-kg/cm . When compared with more
cemented and less weathered rock formations, the GTF is classified as soft to very soft rock. In
spite of this poor classification, the GTF has sufficient strength and stiffness to support the loads
of a high-rise building (B. Tan, from a Geotechnical Assessment Report 2017). This data is
referred to in this instance due to persistent demand of the proponent of this project for the
immediate submission of this report despite the absence of a complete result from the
geotechnical evaluation and assessment of the site. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Table 2.1-12 is the summary of subsurface condition based on the data from the bore logs of
Geotechnics (April, 2018).
Table 2.1- 12. Summary of Subsurface Lithology within the Project Site
SPT
Depth (m) USCS Classification Consistency/ Relative Condition
N-value
BH-01
0.00 - 5.00 CH/MH 0[1] - 2 Very Soft
5.00 - 6.00 SC 3 Very Loose
6.00 - 7.50 ML 4 Soft
7.50 - 9.00 SW-SM 78 Very Dense
9.00 - 21.00 Sandy to Silty Tuff [coring] CRR=7-95%
21.00 - 25.00 CH 77-88 Hard
BH-02
0.00 - 7.27 CH 01 Very Soft
7.27 - 8.77 CH 25 Very Stiff
8.77 - 19.27 CH/MH 12-24 Stiff to Very Stiff
19.27 - 25.27 CH/MH 32-38 Hard
BH-03
0.00 - 9.91 CH/MH 01 Very Soft
9.91 - 11.41 CH 8 Firm
11.41 - 15.91 CH/ML 20 - 27 Very Stiff
15.91 - 25.00 SM/SW-SM/SC- SM 40 - 75 Dense to Very Dense
BH-04
0.00 - 7.67 MH 01 Very Soft
7.67 - 12.62 MH/ML/CH 12-25 Stiff to Very Stiff
12.62 - 14.07 SM 50/5* Very Dense
14.07- 24.57 Silty to Sandy Tuff [coring] CRR = 37 - 89%
24.57 - 25.00 Conglomerate [coring] CRR = 67%
BH-05
0.00 - 8.14 CH 0[1] - 3 Very Soft to Soft
8.14 - 9.86 CH 30 - 50/3* Very Stiff to Hard
9.86 - 14.00 Silty Tuff [coring] CRR = 39 - 100%
14.00 - 17.45 CH 14- 18 Stiff to Very Stiff
17.45 - 18.60 CH 50/5* Hard
18.60 - 25.00 Silty to Sandy Tuff [coring] CRR = 39 - 83%
BH-06
0.00 - 7.55 CH 01 Very Soft
7.55 - 8.00 MH 12 Stiff

SPT
N-value
8.00 - 9.30 CH 50/5* Hard
9.30 - 10.30 Silty Tuff [coring] CRR = 85%
10.30 - 12.25 CH 13 Stiff
12.25 - 13.70 CH 50/5* Hard
13.70 - 25.00 Sandy to Silty Tuff [coring] CRR = 10 - 73%
BH-07
0.00 - 7.94 SM 01 Very Loose
7.94 - 12.44 CH 10-13 Stiff
12.44 - 13.94 ML 30 Very Stiff
13.94 - 15.30 SC 50/10* Very Dense
15.30 - 19.00 Sandy Tuff [coring] CRR = 14 - 84%
19.00 - 20.85 MH/CH 43 - 50/5* Hard
BH-08
0.00 - 11.56 CH 01 Very Soft
11.56 - 13.06 CH 12 Stiff
13.06 - 14.56 CH 31 Hard
14.56 - 15.86 SM 50/5* Very Dense
18.86 - 28.31 MH/CH 10-28 Stiff to Very Stiff
28.31 - 29.81 MH [pressed] Very Soft
29.81 - 31.40 CH 39 - 50/6* Hard
BH-09
22.86 - 25.00 CH 20 - 31 Very Stiff to Hard
BH-10
20.00 - 23.00 CH 13 - 22 Stiff to Very Stiff
23.00 - 25.00 CH 8 - 14 Firm to Stiff
BH-11
20.00 - 23.00 CH/ MH 15 - 17 Stiff to Very Stiff
23.00 - 25.00 SC 17 - 18 Medium Dense
BH-12
0.00 - 15.32 CH/MH 01 Very Soft
18.32 - 22.82 CH/MH 22 - 38 Very Stiff to Hard
25.82 - 26.15 CH 50/10* Hard
26.15 - 27.50 Sandy Tuff [coring] CRR = 74%
27.50 - 29.43 CH 50/13* Hard
BH-13
0.00 - 11.25 CH 0[1] - 2 Very Soft
11.25 - 12.85 CH 9 Stiff
12.85 - 13.50 CH [pressed] Very Soft

SPT
N-value
13.50 - 19.50 SM/SW-SM 59 - 78 Very Dense
24.00 - 25.50 MH 50/15* Hard
25.50 - 28.50 Conglomerate [coring] CRR = 29 - 58%
BH-14
0.00 - 9.34 CH 0[1] - 1 Very Soft
9.34 - 10.84 ML 22 Very Stiff
10.84 - 13.84 SM/SC 38 - 53 Dense to Very Dense
13.84 - 16.84 CH/MH Nov-29 Stiff to Very Stiff
16.84 - 21.34 SC-SM/SP-SM 18 - 50 Medium Dense to Dense
21.34 - 22.84 CH 23 Very Stiff
22.84 - 24.34 SM 30 Medium Dense
24.34 - 25.00 MH 35 Hard
BH-15
0.00 - 12.57 CH 0[1] - 5 Very Soft to Firm
12.57 - 14.07 SC 6 Loose
14.07 - 17.07 CH/ ML 14 - 19 Stiff to Very Stiff
17.07 - 18.92 CH 42 - 50/3* Hard
18.92 - 23.00 Tuff [coring] CRR = 55 - 70%
1
The zero N-value corresponds to rod weight
2
The zero N-value corresponds to rod weight and hammer weight
* Number of blows/depth of penetration (cm)
Geomorphology
Pasay City and vicinities belong to the coastal lowlands (Figure 2.1-30). It is characterized by a
generally flat terrain along the coastal areas in the western portions to gently sloping topography
towards the eastern parts. This land is dissected by drainage systems emptying into the Manila
Bay. The nearest natural drainage to the project site include Pasig River located 4.2 km to the
north, Libertad Channel found 2.69 km to the southeast, and Paranaque River located 6.97 km to
the southeast. The project site is to be located on reclaimed land along the Manila Bay.
The Coastal Lowland is a flat and low plain facing Manila Bay. Pasay City as well as its suburban
areas is located here. Ground elevation ranges from zero on Manila Bay to five (5) meters at the
west side of the Cities of Mandaluyong and Makati. This morphological unit can be subdivided
into sand bar, backmarsh including tidal flat, Pasig River delta and reclaimed land.

PROJECT
SITE
Source: PHIVOLCS, 2001
Figure 2.1-30. Geomorphological Map of Metro Manila
General Profile of Manila Bay
Manila Bay is a semi-enclosed bay located on the southwestern part of Luzon Island between
latitude 14° 15‟ - 14° 16‟ and longitude 120° 35‟- 121° 00‟. It has a surface area of about 1,800
square kilometers with coastal length of about 190 kilometers (EMB, 1992). The bay width varies
from 19 kilometers at its mouth to a maximum of about 60 kilometers. Corregidor and Caballo
islands lie at the entrance of the bay. The bay‟s length is about 52 kilometers with the average
depth of 20 meters. Manila Bay‟s coastal margin is a low-lying flat strip of land with elevations of
<5 meters. Manila Bay is considered an important water body of Philippines and is extensively
used for various purposes. The bay receives discharged water from numerous sources including
2
26 river catchments (account for about 17,000 km ), highly polluted domestic and industrial
refused water drained from Metro Manila and Laguna Bay. See Figure 2.1-31.
Different environments characterize the coastal areas. Near the mouth, Cavite and Bataan
coastlines are rocky and deeply embayed. Going north towards Bulacan, the coastline is more
linear. The 10km-long Cavite Spit is a very prominent feature. The coastal plain of the Manila-
Navotas area is marked by a series of beach ridges. In Bulacan, the ridges are sandy but the
surrounding fishpond areas are muddy. (Siringan and Ringor, 1977).
Source: adapted from Siringan and Ringor 1997
Figure 2.1-31. General Morphology and Bathymetry of Manila Bay
De Las Alas and Sodusta (1985) simulated the response of Manila Bay to the quasi-steady
forcing by prevailing winds. They concluded that the individual average wind blows at specific
period of the year controlled the bay‟s circulated gyres (a circular or spiral motion or form,
especially a giant circular oceanic surface current) differently. There are Northeasterly winds, with
speeds averaging about 5m/s from October to January.
Southeasterly winds, with speeds ranging from 3 to 6m/s from February to May (Figure 2.1-32b);
and southwesterly winds, with speeds of 5 to 7 m/s from June to September (Figure 2.1-32c).
Villanoy and Martin (1997) modeled the bay‟s current from the combined effects of ocean tide and
uniformed wind. They suggested a relative importance between tide and wind induced current to
the overall bay circulation. Their tidal-driven 2-dimensional hydrodynamic indicated that the
residual tidal velocities are strongest at the mouth where it enters the bay north of Corregidor and
exits to the South.
Tidal currents play a dominant role controlling the back and forth movement of water parcel in
coastal bays in which they show strong relation with the moving up and down of sea level. Sea

level oscillation pattern produces similar tidal current pattern with magnitude and phase
difference. The analysis shows that the strongest current does not occur during the highest sea
level oscillation (spring tide) but neap tide. In addition, seasonal wind system (i.e. monsoons) and
diurnal breezes affect the current pattern of Manila Bay especially those in shallow water.
Siringan and Ringor (1997) in their report entitled “Predominant Nearshore Sediment Dispersal
Pattern in Manila Bay”, stated that the wind direction plays an important in the characteristics of
sediment dispersal in Manila Bay. Wind-driven currents may amplify the longshore currents and
determine the movement of sediments. The southwest and southeast winds with velocities of 5-7
m/s and 3-6 m/s, respectively determine that the sediment movement is to the northeast along
the coast of Cavite; to the northwest along the Manila-Pampanga coast; and to the north along
the Bataan coast. During rainy days with winds predominantly coming from the southwest,
greater input of sediments from rivers flows into the bay. The greater amount of the fine sediment
gets transported in the northeastern Manila Bay (Figure 2.1-32).
The Cavite Spit and the wave-dominated deltas in the area point to a northeastward net sediment
drift, consistent with the predicted longshore current in this vicinity. Behind this from Zapote to
Bacoor, the drift is in an opposite direction, i.e., southwesterly. This may be due to wave
defraction at the tip of the spit. The area from Pasig rivermouth to Meycauayan R. is
predominated by northwest sediment drift.
Source: Siringan and Ringor, 1997
Figure 2.1-32. Long shore currents associated with locally generated waves: a)
south westerlies; b) south easterlies; c) north easterlies
2.1.3 Inducement of subsidence, liquefaction, landslides, mud/debris flow, etc.

Geological maps as needed, hazard maps, (NAMRIA, NDRRMC, MGB, PHIVOLCS,
PAG-ASA) Discussions on impacts/effects of natural hazard on the project.
The proposed reclamation project will be vulnerable to a number of geological hazards such as
ground shaking, subsidence, tsunami, liquefaction, and storm surge. These hazards pose risks to
the project, and not the other way around. These factors must be carefully studied and
considered in the Detailed Engineering Design phase (post-ECC) of the project to ensure safety
and protection of property, lives and the environment. Such natural hazards are discussed in the
following sections below.
Probable impacts of the identified hazards on the project as well as impacts of the project to the
area in relation to these hazards are discussed individually under the corresponding sections for
each hazard.
Flooding, typhoon, erosion, earthquakes, liquefaction, and subsidence are all natural processes
that can occur with or without the project. The proposed project will not exacerbate or induce
these geologic hazards. Nevertheless, these hazards will have impact on the project, the
mitigating measure for which, are presented in the succeeding discussions. The project may even
serve as shield or barrier against damaging action of strong waves during storm surge or
tsunamis, and that includes erosion.
2.1.3.1 Seismic Hazard
Earthquake is the perceptible trembling to violent shaking of ground caused by either tectonic
movements or volcanic activity. Areas that are most susceptible to this hazard are those
underlain by unconsolidated soils and sediments deposited on the low-lying areas and reclaimed
areas (Figures 2.1-33 and 2.1-34).
Earthquakes in the region around the project site are influenced by the seismogenic structures
shown in Figure 2.1-33 including the active Valley Fault System, Lubang Fault, the Philippine
Fault and Manila Trench. The seismicity map of the region around Metro-Manila is shown in
Figure 2.1-33 from the National Earthquake Information Center of the United States Geological
Survey (NEIC-USGS) based on the indicated search parameters. The figure shows four clusters
of earthquake epicenters. One is at the eastern shores of Luzon, around Polilio Island, one on the
eastern coast of Luzon, another cluster on the western coast of Luzon around Mount Pinatubo
and the south of Taal Volcano, along the northern shore of Mindoro. Seismicity in these four
clusters is influenced mostly by the subduction processes in these sites, as modified by the local
volcanic and tectonic structures. The other earthquakes plotted in the map that are not related to
the four clusters are generated by the major faults that cut the Philippine archipelago. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
Seismicity along the East Luzon Trench is characterized by a sequence of high magnitude
earthquakes (larger than 5.5) and their time sequence. Spatial distribution links them to the
apparent stress partitioning from the Philippine Trench to the faults in northern Luzon. The
earthquakes in this area are interpreted to be caused mainly by the convergence between the
Benham Plateau and Luzon. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Seismicity along the Manila Trench and other sources of earthquakes is not uniformly distributed.
More earthquakes are being recorded in some areas of the trench, particularly on the northwest
corner of Luzon, on the region east of Baguio whose activity commenced after the 1990
earthquake, on the region around Mount Pinatubo, and on the southern end of the trench near
Lubang Island. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
The source of earthquakes near Lubang Island, south of Metro-Manila, is the most active tectonic
feature in the Philippines. At least one event of magnitude greater than 4.5 is recorded in this site
every month, some events exceeding magnitude 6 are recorded occasionally, and a few events
reaching magnitude greater than 7 are also observed. The nature of the events in the area is
complicated, some being attributable to a steeply dipping Benioff Zone that extends to a depth of
around 150 km. This Benioff Zone seismicity seems to extend from the Pinatubo area as the
events with depths reaching around 150 km near the southern shores of Cavite. Also included in
this type of seismicity are the shallow earthquakes on the northwestern corner of Mindoro Island,
where small and large magnitude events are constantly recorded at shallow depths. These
include some of the events along the Verde Island Passage, and the events along the Philippine
Fault system.
The source of earthquakes near Lubang Island, south of Metro-Manila, is the most active tectonic
feature in the Philippines. At least one event of magnitude greater than 4.0 is recorded in this site
every month, some events exceeding magnitude 6 are recorded occasionally, and a few events
reaching magnitude greater than 7 are also observed. The nature of the events in the area is
complicated, some being attributable to a steeply dipping Benioff Zone that extends to a depth of
around 150 km. This Benioff Zone seismicity seems to extend from the Pinatubo area as the
events with depths reaching around 150 km near the southern shores of Cavite. Also included in
this type of seismicity are the shallow earthquakes on the northwestern corner of Mindoro Island,
where small and large magnitude events are constantly recorded at shallow depths. These

include some of the events along the Verde Island Passage, and the events along the Philippine
Fault system. The earthquake in Mindoro north of Calapan in 1994 had a magnitude of 7.4 and
caused severe damage in the northern coast of Mindoro. The earthquake was felt at intensities
reaching VII in northern Mindoro and intensity VI in Batangas City. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
A record of the recent earthquakes affecting Metro Manila area is shown in Table 2.1-13.
Source: National Earthquake Information Center of the USGS (2017)
Figure 2.1-33. Epicenters of Earthquake from 1900-2017 with Magnitude of 5 to 7.9
Search Parameters:
0 0 0 0
Latitude Range:13 .11 N to 16 .00N; Longitude Range:118 .56E to 123 .79E; Magnitude Range: 5.0 to 7.9;
Depth Range: 0 to 500 miles; Number of Earthquakes: 116.

PROJECT
SITE
Source: PHIVOLCS, May 2017
Figure 2.1-34. Seismicity Map of Manila, Magnitude 5.0 and above (1965-2015)
Table 2.1- 13. List of Recent Earthquakes of Magnitude 5 and above that Affected
Metro Manila (1965-2015)
Intensity Reports
North East Depth RF - Rossi-Forel Intensity Scale
Date Ml Mb Ms
Latitude Longitude (km) PEIS - PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity
Scale
August 10, 1968 15.410 121.590 086 5.1 5.2
August 28, 1968 15.550 122.020 042 4.7 6.1
November 21, 1970 15.010 120.130 053 5.5 5.2
May 1, 1970 15.640 121.780 033 5.3 5.4
April 15, 1970 15.110 122.710 050 5.6 6.0
April 8, 1970 15.400 121.750 007 5.7 6.2
April 12, 1970 15.080 122.010 025 5.8 7.0
April 7, 1970 15.780 121.710 040 6.5 7.3 BALER & METRO MANILA VII DAGUPAN
CABANATUAN INFANTA TUGUEGARAO VI
CASIGURAN ALABAT LEGASPI V IBA
TARLAC DAET CALAPAN IV
July 4, 1971 15.600 121.870 030 5.5 5.1 MANILA Intensity V
March 17, 1973 13.370 122.790 033 5.6 7.0 Intensity VIII - CALAUAG HONDAGUA
LOPEZ GUINAYANGAN QUEZON
PROVINCE; I Intensity VII - ALABAT
QUEZON; Intensity VI - SAN FRANCISCO
QUEZON; MANILA; Intensity V - QUEZON
CITY; ROMBLON ROMBLON; DAET

Intensity Reports
Date Ml Mb Ms
Scale
CAMARINES NORTE;
May 17, 1990 13.370 121.230 011 5.1
October 22, 1990 13.740 121.030 033 5.1
July 16, 1990 15.660 121.180 033 5.2
November 20, 1990 14.440 121.890 016 5.2
December 25, 1990 13.590 120.080 010 5.3
October 7, 1990 13.300 120.170 007 5.5
December 5, 1990 14.480 121.970 013 5.9
July 16, 1990 15.680 121.170 025 6.5 7.8 Int VIII - CABANATUAN CITY DAGUPAN
CITY AGOO LA UNION BAGUIO CITY; Int
VII - MANILA; Int VI - SANTA; Int V - CUBI
POINT; Int IV - CALLAO CAVES
June 16, 1991 15.150 120.460 009 5.0
February 23, 1991 15.910 120.840 003 5.1
June 16, 1991 15.050 120.320 024 5.1
June 18, 1991 15.220 120.350 011 5.1
February 7, 1991 13.660 120.670 011 5.2
June 17, 1991 15.040 120.240 027 5.2
September 4, 1991 15.150 120.340 048 5.3
January 19, 1991 15.440 121.210 009 5.4
October 25, 1991 13.270 120.150 006 5.5
April 19, 1991 13.800 121.040 186 5.6
April 19, 1991 13.800 121.040 186 5.6
June 16, 1991 15.150 120.270 012 5.8
July 3, 1991 15.210 120.440 008 5.8
May 25, 1992 13.770 119.960 016 5.3 Int IV - MANILA; Int III - QUEZON CITY
October 30, 1993 15.440 121.730 008 5.1 MANILA RF4; QUEZON CITY RF3;
PALAYAN CITY RF3; CLARK RF3;
GUINAYANGAN RF2; BAGUIO RF 1
March 29, 1993 13.410 120.620 022 5.3
April 9, 1993 14.950 120.250 014 5.3 Int V - CLARK OLONGAPO SAN ANTONIO
ZAMBALES MANILA; Int IV - QC; Int III -
TAGAYTAY
September 6, 1993 13.730 120.530 120 5.3
March 29, 1993 13.400 120.580 017 5.4 Int IV- PTO GALERA; Int III - TAGAYTAY;
INT II - QUEZON CITY
November 15, 1994 13.170 121.190 034 5.1
February 20, 1994 13.730 120.750 185 5.2
November 15, 1994 13.410 120.630 033 5.3
April 27, 1994 13.130 119.350 048 5.7
November 15, 1994 13.700 120.920 070 6.0
November 14, 1994 13.500 121.090 007 6.1 7.1 Int VIII - BACO ORIENTAL MINDORO; I Int
VII - VERDE ISLAND; Int III -
GUINAYANGAN LUCBAN QUEZON,
BATANGAS TAGAYTAY MANILA; Int II -
MASBATE LEGASPI
February 18, 1996 14.130 120.500 260 5.0 PTO GALERA RF2; TAGAYTAY RF2;
MANILA
September 25, 1996 13.700 120.330 138 5.0 PTO GALERA RF2
July 20, 1996 13.850 120.340 082 5.3 BALAYAN BATANGAS RF5; SUBIC
TAGAYTAY; TALISAY BATANGAS RF4

Intensity Reports
Date Ml Mb Ms
Scale
MARIVELES PTOGALERA MANILA;
PULILAN BULACAN RF3; QUEZON CITY
RF2 CLARK RF2; LUCBAN RF2;
GUINAYANAGN RF1
July 30, 1996 14.700 119.500 007 5.8 OLONGAPO RF6; ANGELES CITY RF5;
MANILA MAKATI PASIG RF5; BAGUIO
BULACAN RF4; TAGAYTAY LUCBAN RF2
July 22, 1997 15.200 122.580 011 5.2 Intensity III - QUEZON CITY; Intensity II -
GUINAYANGAN QUEZON
May 5, 1997 15.150 119.920 014 5.5 Int II - CLARK AIR BASE; Int I - QUEZON
CITY
March 12, 1997 13.610 121.010 012 5.9 Int IV - PUERTO GALERA MINDORO
ORIENTAL; Int III - CALAPAN MINDORO
ORIENTAL; TAAL BATANGAS; TAGAYTAY
CITY; Int II - QUEZON CITY; Int I - LUCBAN
QUEZON
March 23, 1998 13.120 121.180 003 5.1
January 4, 1998 14.800 121.940 003 5.4
August 23, 1998 14.730 119.900 035 6.1
May 27, 1999 15.360 119.680 057 5.1 Int IV - IBA ZAMBALES SUBIC ZAMBALES
MANILA. Int III - QUEZON CITY
MABALACAT PAMAPANGA DAGUPAN
CLARK ANGELES PAMPANGA Int II -
PALAYAN MAKATI MARIKINA BAGUIO
PASAY. Int I - TAGAYTAY BUCO TALISAY
BATANGAS GAPAN NE CABANATUAN
December 11, 1999 15.850 119.670 065 6.8 Int VII - INFANTA & DASOL PANGASINAN
MASINLOC & CANDELARIA ZAMBALES: Int
VI - MANILA MABINI PANGASINAN STA
CRUZ ZAMBALES OLOGAPO CLARK SAN
FERNANDO LA UNION; Int V - DAGUPAN
PASIG TAGUIG; Int IV - BAGUIO
TAGAYTAY PALAYAN LUCBAN MALOLOS
STA CRUZ ZAMBALES: Int VII OLONGAPO
MASINLOC ZAMBALES - Int VI; CLARK: Int
VI; SAN FERNANDO LA UNION
February 3, 2000 13.640 121.480 002 4.7 5.7 5.0 Int III - BATANGAS PAGBILAO QUEZON
LUCENA LUCBAN MANILA Int II - PUERTO
GALERA MAKATI MARINDUQUE; Int I -
QUEZON CITY TAGAYTAY
October 21, 2000 13.714 120.617 130 4.9 5.9 5.3 Int II - PUERTO GALERA TAGAYTAY; Int I -
LUCBAN GUINYANGAN QUEZON CITY
CLARK
June 19, 2000 14.087 120.330 108 5.1 6.0 5.6 Int IV - TAGAYTAY CORREGIDOR CAVITE
MANILA Int III - QUEZON CITY PTO
GALERA STA. ROSA LAGUNA Int II -
ANGELES CITY & PASAY
August 1, 2000 15.099 122.305 081 5.2 6.1 5.7 Int IV - BALER MANILA ORTIGAS; Int III -
MAKATI BINANGONAN RIZAL LUCBAN; Int
II - MALOLOS ANGELES CITY PALAYAN;
Int I - BAGUIO TAYGAYTAY

Intensity Reports
Date Ml Mb Ms
Scale
July 8, 2001 13.594 120.835 008 5.0 Int V - PUERTO GALERA; Int IV -
TAGAYTAY TANAUAN BATANGAS Int III-
MANILA; Int II- TAGUIG; GUINAYANGAN
QUEZON
September 3, 2002 13.522 120.649 001 5.1 6.0 5.7 Int V - WHITE BEACH PUERTO GALERA
BATANGAS CITY INTENSITY IV - MUELLE
PTO GALERA INTENSITY III- MANILA
TAGAYTAY TAGUIG PATEROS; Int II -
QUEZON CITY MAKATI MALOLOS
March 2, 2003 15.420 121.670 005 4.7 5.7 5.0 Int IV - TARLAC TARLAC BALER AURORA
CLARK ANGELES CITY MANILA PASIG &
PASAY CITY; Int III - TAGAYTAY LINGAYEN
PANGASINAN; Int I - LUCBAN &
GUINAYANGAN QUEZON
October 9, 2003 13.676 119.580 039 5.0 5.8 5.0 LUBANG ISLAND OCC MINDORO V
MANILA IV BATANGAS PASIG MALOLOS III
GUINAYNGAN CLARK LUCBAN TAGAYTAY
II PTO GALERA I
June 12, 2003 13.067 120.244 003 4.8 5.8 5.2 PTO GALERA III TAGAYTAY III MANILA II
QUEZON CITY I
April 12, 2003 13.715 120.467 107 4.9 5.8 5.3 CLARK MANILA TAGUIG PUERTO
GALERA INTENSITY II QUEZON CITY Int I
September 15, 2004 14.284 120.166 091 5.5 6.4 6.2 Int IV - BALANGA; MARIVELES BATAAN;
SUBIC ZAMBALES; MANILA TAGAYTAY; Int
III - BATANGAS CITY PUERTO GALERA
October 8, 2004 13.815 120.413 094 5.5 6.4 6.2 Int V - PUERTO GALERA; TAGAYTAY; SAN
FERNANDO PAMPANGA; MALOLOS
BULACAN; LOS BANOS LAGUNA Int IV -
BUCO TALISAY BATANGAS
December 11, 2005 14.024 120.654 205 4.7 5.7 5.1
April 3, 2005 13.558 120.584 095 4.9 5.9 5.3 Int III - PTO GALERA; Int II - MANILA
PASAY; INDANG CAVITE; ALABANG; Int I -
TAGAYTAY
February 9, 2005 13.699 120.535 089 4.8 5.7 5.4 Int IV - NASUGBU BATANGAS; Int III - PTO
GALERA PASAY CITY; Int II - QUEZON
CITY MAKATI TAGAYTAY CLARK
PAMPANGA
October 20, 2006 13.442 121.552 011 4.7 5.7 5.1
October 20, 2006 13.452 121.544 010 4.8 5.8 5.2 Int V - MARINDUQUE BATANGAS CITY
BAUAN BATANGAS Int IV - MANILA LIPA.
Int II - PTO GALERA MAKATI; Int II -
TAGAYTAY
October 20, 2006 13.453 121.536 009 4.8 5.7 5.2 INT V - BATANGAS CITY BAUAN
BATANGAS. Int IV - MANILA LIPA. Int III -
PTO GALERA MAKATI
July 17, 2007 13.522 120.698 104 4.6 5.6 5.0 Int III - MAMBURAO OCCIDENTAL
MINDORO
June 3, 2007 13.658 122.686 005 4.8 5.8 5.3 Int V - RAGAY CAMARINES SUR LABO
CAMARINES NORTE
January 9, 2008 15.443 122.735 015 4.6 5.6 5.0
February 27, 2008 13.134 120.358 032 4.7 5.7 5.2 Int V - MAMURAO OCC. MINDORO; Int IV -
LOOC LUBANG ISLAND; ABRA DE ILOG;
Int III - ILIJAN BATANGAS;

Intensity Reports
Date Ml Mb Ms
Scale
June 7, 2008 13.661 120.517 079 4.8 5.7 5.2 Int IV - LUBANG OCCIDENTAL MINDORO;
Int II - PTO GALERA
July 6, 2008 15.405 122.386 015 4.8 5.7 5.2 Int III - CAMARINES NORTE; GABALDON
NUEVA ECIJA; Int II - DINGALAN AURORA;
Int I - QUEZON CITY
August 1, 2008 13.601 120.645 117 4.7 5.7 5.3 Int III - MANILA CITY; SAN FERNANDO
PAMPANGA; Int II - PUERTO GALERA
September 27, 2008 13.333 120.317 073 5.3 Int V - CALAPAN CITY; NAUJAN; Int IV -
APALIT; MANILA; LAS PINAS; Int III -
QUEZON CITY; BATANGAS CITY; Int II -
MAKATI
October 1, 2008 13.299 120.208 054 5.3 Int IV - PALUAN OCC. MINDORO Int III -
PUERTO GALERA Int II - TAGAYTAY
MAKATI QUEZON CITY
July 6, 2008 15.404 122.381 001 4.9 5.8 5.4 Int IV - BALER AURORA; DAET
CAMARINES; LABO CAMARINES NORTE;
GABALDON NUEVA ECIJA; PLARIDEL
BULACAN; POLILIO ISLAND; MANILA; Int III
- QUEZON CITY; MAKATI CITY; TAGUIG
CITY; PARANAQUE; PASIG CITY; INFANTA
QUEZON; TARLAC CITY; DINGALAN
AURORA;
July 8, 2008 15.425 122.407 003 4.9 5.8 5.4 Int IV - BALER AURORA; QUEZON CITY;
MANILA CITY; GABALDON
September 27, 2008 13.315 120.080 086 5.5 6.4 6.5 Int V - CALAPAN CITY; NAUJAN; LOOC;
SABLAYAN
October 31, 2009 15.320 119.934 008 4.6 5.6 5.0 Int II - PASIG CITY HALL 8TH FLOOR
July 4, 2009 13.790 120.518 094 4.7 5.7 5.1 Int II - BATANGAS CITY; PUERTO GALERA
May 24, 2009 15.127 119.770 001 4.8 5.7 5.2 Int III - IBA ZAMBALES; SUBIC
OLONGAPO; Int II - QUEZON CITY;
ORTIGAS
April 20, 2009 15.266 119.726 014 4.8 5.8 5.3 Int IV - IBA ZAMBALES; Int III - STA CRUZ
ZAMBALES; BAGUIO; CLARKFIELD
PAMPANGA; LINGAYEN PANGASINAN;
October 18, 2009 13.768 120.493 135 5.2 6.1 5.8 Int IV - LOOC LUBANG; I Int III - BATANGAS
CITY; IBA ZAMBALES; CLARK PAMPANGA;
Int II - CALAMBA LAGUNA; MANILA;
TALISAY BATANGAS
January 16, 2010 13.573 120.523 060 4.6 5.6 5.0 Int II - PTO GALERA MINDORO ORIENTAL;
ALABANG MUNTINLUPA
February 1, 2010 13.785 120.511 111 4.7 5.7 5.1 Int III - PALUAN OCCIDENTAL MINDORO;
Int II - LUBANG SABLAYAN AND
MAMBURAO OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
ILIJAN BATANGAS; CALAPAN ORIENTAL
MINDORO; Int I - PUERTO GALERA
ORIENTAL MINDORO
November 10, 2010 15.115 119.726 016 4.8 5.7 5.2 Int V - SAN ANTONIO ZAMBALES; Int IV -
IBA ZAMBALES; Int III - PASIG CITY
TARLAC CITY; Int II - MANILA MAKATI
QUEZON CITY MUNTINLUPA; Int I - CLARK
PAMPANGA
March 25, 2010 13.738 119.727 011 5.4 6.3 6.0 Int V - LOOC LUBANG ISLAND; MANILA; Int
IV - QUEZON CITY; MANDALUYONG;

Intensity Reports
Date Ml Mb Ms
Scale
MAKATI; PASAY; TALISAY BATANGAS;
TAGUIG; PASIG
August 12, 2011 13.434 120.886 142 4.6 5.6 5.0 Int II – PASIG, PASAY, MANILA; ALABANG
MUNTINLUPA; BATANGAS CITY;
MAMBURAO OCCIDENTAL MINDORO;
CALAPAN CITY; Int I - NAUJAN ORIENTAL
MINDORO
November 29, 2011 14.070 119.214 062 4.6 5.6 5.0
March 10, 2011 13.650 120.360 078 4.5 5.5 5.1 Int II - BATANGAS CITY
December 23, 2011 13.074 120.313 022 4.8 5.8 5.3 Int IV - MAMBURAO ABRA DE ILOG
PALUAN OCC MINDORO; PTO GALERA
OR MINDORO; BATANGAS CITY; Int III -
MOGPOG MARINDUQUE; MANILA PASIG
CITY; Int II - LUCBAN QUEZON; QUEZON
CITY; MUNTINLUPA; MAKATI; PASAY;
MARIKINA
April 8, 2011 13.840 119.790 033 4.9 5.9 5.4 Int IV - LOOC & LUBANG OCCIDENTAL
MINDORO; Int III - PUERTO GALERA SAN
TEODORO & BACO ORIENTAL MINDORO;
MANILA & GUIGINTO BULACAN; MAKATI;
MUNTINLUPA; MARIKINA
March 21, 2011 13.855 120.230 075 5.1 6.0 5.7 Int V - BATANGAS CITY; Int IV - MANILA;
MARIKINA; BACOOR CAVITE; TALISAY
BATANGAS; TAGAYTAY; LUBANG
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO; MALOLOS &
UBANDO BULACAN; Int II - PATEROS
May 22, 2011 13.653 120.712 103 5.1 6.0 5.7 Int IV - ILIJAN BATANGAS; Int III -
TAGAYTAY; MALATE MANILA; PTO
GALERA ORIENTAL MINDORO;
TAGAYTAY; ALABANG MUNTINLUPA;
CLARK PAMPANGA; Int II - MALOLOS
BULACAN; Int I - NICHOLS PASAY
July 25, 2011 15.070 119.860 037 5.3 6.2 5.9 Int V - IBA SAN FELIPE AND STA CRUZ
ZAMBALES; Int IV - CLARK PAMPANGA;
OBANDO BULACAN; QUEZON CITY;
MANILA; ALABANG MUNTINLUPA;
BACOOR CAVITE; Int III - MAKATI; PASIG;
TAGUIG; MANDALUYONG; TAGAYTAY;
CABANATUAN NUEVA ECIJA; GUIGUINTO
BULACAN; MARIKINA; PATEROS;
DAGUPAN; Int II - BAGUIO
November 30, 2011 15.465 119.019 016 5.3 6.2 6.0 Int IV - STA CRUZ ZAMBALES; Int III - IBA
ZAMBALES; MARIKINA CITY; Intensity II -
MANILA MANDALUYONG; ORTIGAS
PASIG; MAKATI; OBANDO BULACAN;
URDANETA PANGASINAN; BAGUIO CITY;
Int I - SAN MANUEL PANGASINAN
August 7, 2012 13.808 119.755 032 4.7 5.7 5.0 Int III - LUBANG OCCIDENTAL MINDORO;
Int II - PASAY; SAMPALOC MANILA; CLARK
PAMPANGA; OLOGAPO CITY; Int I -
QUEZON CITY
November 23, 2012 14.149 120.570 196 4.7 5.7 5.0 Int II - NASUGBU BATANGAS

Intensity Reports
Date Ml Mb Ms
Scale
March 8, 2012 13.547 120.320 004 4.8 5.7 5.1 Int IV - LOOC OCCIDENTAL MINDORO; Int
III - PTO GALERA ORIENTAL MINDORO;
QUEZON CITY; MANILA; MUNTINLUPA;
MANDALUYONG; Int II - NAUJAN
ORIENTAL MINDORO; Int I - LUCBAN
July 14, 2012 14.931 119.464 001 4.7 5.7 5.1
September 29, 2012 13.846 120.538 126 4.8 5.8 5.2 Intensity II - PUERTO GALERA; CALAPAN
CITY MINDORO; ABRA DE ILOG
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
March 8, 2012 13.507 120.203 005 4.9 5.9 5.3 Int IV - LOOC AND LUBANG OCCIDENTAL
MINDORO; Int III - PTO GALERA ORIENTAL
MINDORO; QUEZON CITY; MANILA;
MUNTINLUPA; Int II - CALAPAN AN
NAUJAN ORIENTAL MINDORO; Int I -
LUCBAN
October 4, 2012 13.085 120.327 028 4.9 5.8 5.3 Int IV - BATANGAS CITY; PINAMALAYAN
ORIENTAL MINDORO; SAN JOSE
OCCIDENTAL MINDORO; Int III - PASAY; Int
II - QUEZON CITY; MALABON; Int I -
TAGAYTAY
June 16, 2012 15.618 119.323 023 5.3 6.3 6.0 Int IV - CANDELARIA SANTA CRUZ
MASINLOC SUBIC AND IBA ZAMBALES;
DAGUPAN CITY BUGALLON VILLASIS &
BOLINAO PANGASINAN; MAKATI CITY; I
Int III - CLARK & LUBAO PAMPANGA
January 14, 2013 14.988 119.570 014 4.7 5.7 5.0 Int II - PASAY CITY
April 4, 2013 15.859 121.695 025 5.4 Int V - BALER AURORA;
Int IV - DINGALAN AURORA; GABALDON
PALAYAN CITY CABIAO BONGABON &
SAN JOSE NUEVA ECIJA; SANTIAGO CITY
& PALANAN ISABELA; BAYOMBONG &
DUPAX DEL SUR NUEVA VIZCAYA; Int III -
TARLAC CITY; CABANATUAN CITY NUEVA
ECIJA; DAGUPAN PANGASINAN;
CAUAYAN CITY ISABELA; INFANTA
QUEZON; MANDALUYONG CITY; QUEZON
CITY; TAGUIG; PASAY; ANTIPOLO;
BACOOR CAVITE; MUNOZ NUEVA ECIJA;
STA FE NUEVA VIZCAYA; Intensity II- SAN
CLEMENTE TARLAC; AGLIPAY &
MADDELA QUIRINO; BAGUIO CITY;
MANILA CITY; MALOLOS BULACAN;
MUNTINLUPA; VILLA BERDE NUEVA
VIZCAYA;
Int I - CLARK PAMPANGA; MAKATI
June 8, 2014 13.154 120.131 001 4.8 5.7 5.1 Int IV- PALUAN OCCIDENTAL MINDORO;
Int III- LUBANG OCCIDENTAL MINDORO
December 31, 2014 13.724 120.506 107 5.4 Intensity III - QUEZON CITY; CALATAGAN
September 3, 2014 15.156 122.428 012 5.5 Int IV - JOMALIG ISLAND; PATNANUNGAN
PANUKULAN & POLILIO QUEZON; Int III -
QUEZON CITY; MANDALUYONG;
GUINAYANGAN QUEZON; GAPAN NUEVA
ECIJA; MALOLOS AND OBANDO
BULACAN; CAINTA AND MONTALBAN
Intensity Reports
Date Ml Mb Ms
Scale
RIZAL; ANTIPOLO; MARIKINA; SAN MATEO
RIZAL; DAET CAMARINES NORTE; Int II-
SANTA ROSA & SANTA CRUZ LAGUNA;
TANZA CAVITE; MAKATI CITY;
MUNTINLUPA; TAGUIG; MALABON;
PASAY; LUCENA CITY; REAL LUCBAN &
SAMPALOC QUEZON; BALER & MARIA
AURORA AURORA; Int I - BAGUIO
June 25, 2014 13.547 120.510 040 5.8 Int V - CALATAGAN BATANGAS; LOOC
LUBANG; MAMBURAO SABLAYAN ABRA
DE ILOGAND PALUAN OCCIDENTAL
MINDORO; PUERTO GALERA ORIENTAL
MINDORO; BATANGAS CITY;
Int IV - MALOLOS BULACAN; NAUJAN SAN
TEODORO POLA AND SOCORRO
ORIENTAL MINDORO; TAGAYTAY;
INDANG AND ROSARIO CAVITE;
Int III - QUEZON CITY; PASIG; TAGUIG;
MANILA; PARANAQUE; MUNTINLUPA;
VALENZUELA CITY; MARIKINA; PASAY;
OBANDO BULACAN; BACOOR CAVITE;
BACOOR. MINDORO; TALISAY &TAAL
VOLCANO ISLAND; Int II - BINANGONAN
RIZAL; LUCBAN & LUCENA; STA ROSA &
SAN PEDRO LAGUNA; CORON &
BUSUANGA; MAKATI, LAS PINAS;
OLONGAPO GAPAN CITY; SAN ISIDRO
NUEVA ECIJA; BUENAVISTA & BOAC
MARINDUQUE; Int I - CALOOCAN CITY;
SAN MATEO RIZAL
January 18, 2015 13.912 120.492 117 5.0 Intensity II - PUERTO GALERA
February 10, 2015 14.004 120.360 101 4.6 5.6 5.0 Intensity III - NASUGBU
June 13, 2015 13.816 120.489 118 5.0
January 17, 2015 13.885 120.450 128 5.1 Intensity III - PALUAN
August 9, 2015 13.434 120.193 017 4.8 5.7 5.1 Intensity IV- PALUAN
January 10, 2015 14.740 119.910 048 5.9 Intensity V - SAN ANTONIO
Source: PHIVOLCS, May 26. 2017
There were at least 124 recently-recorded earthquakes of magnitudes 5 and above with the
highest recorded at 7.8 on June 16, 1990, consistent with the seismicity map in Figure 2.1-33
above.
The MMEIRS provided a list of the most destructive earthquakes that affected Metro Manila from
1608 to 1895. Figure 2.1-35 shows the distribution of historical earthquakes while Table 2.1-14
lists the five most destructive episodes including the generator and computed PGA. At the top of
the list are the 1658 and 1771 earthquakes attributed to the West Valley Fault and East Valley
Fault with magnitude 5.7 and 5 respectively, and computed PGA of 202.6 gal and 113.2 gal,
respectively.

Table 2.1- 14. Most Destructive Earthquakes that Affected Metro Manila from
1608-1895
Distance
Date Generator Ms PGA (gal)
(km)
August 19, 1658 West Valley Fault 5.7 12.5 202.6
February 1, 1771 East Valley Fault 5 14.1 113.2
June 3, 1863 6.5 13.1 298.3
July 18, 1880 PFZ: Infanta Segment 7.6 67.8 139.8
August 20, 1937 Laguna-Banahaw Fault 7.5 52.2 174.7
Source: MMEIRS Executive Summary Vol 2
Tables 2.1-13 and 2.1-14 provide reference information, it does not necessarily follow that the
occurrence or not of an earthquake and the magnitude thereof will be necessarily related to
recent episodes.
PROJECT
SITE
Source: MMEIRS Executive Summary Vol 2, March 2004
Figure 2.1-35. Distribution of Historical Earthquakes from 1608 to 1895

Plate 2.1- 1. Project Site Hazard Assessment Report and Verification of Location

Earthquake-induced Hazards
The attendant hazards attributable to earthquake events include ground rupture, ground shaking,
liquefaction, landslide, tsunami and seiche. The effect to the island by the movement of the West
Valley Fault or other worst earthquake scenarios are discussed below.
Provided in Plate 2.1-1 is a photocopy of the report dated January 4, 2017 based on currently
available hazard maps and the project location provided. It states that the project site is safe in
terms of ground rupture hazard and earthquake-induced landslide but may be affected by strong
ground shaking and liquefaction. It is prone to tsunami due to offshore faults or submarine
landslides.
It further states that ground shaking and liquefaction hazards may be mitigated by following the
National Building Code and the Structural Code of the Philippines. Tsunami hazard can be
mitigated through information campaign, and disaster preparedness of the communities.
2.1.3.1.1 Ground Shaking/Acceleration
Most of the known damages incurred during earthquakes are caused by strong ground vibration.
This results from the passage of seismic waves from the earthquake source to the ground
surface. Ground shaking refers to the actual trembling or jerking motion produced by an
earthquake. Seismic magnitude, epicenter distance to earthquake generators and the modifying
effects of subsoil conditions mainly influence the intensity of ground vibration in an earthquake.
Soil that is thicker, more unconsolidated and water saturated is more prone to ground shaking. It
is usually stronger on areas that are filled or underlain by alluvium and colluvium, which may also
be considered as soft soil. The proposed project site is underlain by water-saturated alluvium and
the future reclamation area shall also be considered as soft soil. In fact, PHIVOLCS stated in its
assessment report dated January 4, 2017 (Plate 2.1-1) that the project site may be affected by
strong ground shaking.
PHIVOLCS and USGS did a study of the expected seismic acceleration for the whole country by
quantitatively estimating the hazard of earthquake ground shaking through the analysis of time,
space, and size distribution of earthquakes at distance-dependent attenuation model for seismic
energy. The calculations used applicable location, magnitude of historical earthquakes, soil
conditions and the rate of seismic attenuation. The development of the ground motion hazard
maps shown in Figure 2.1-36 involved: (1) delineation of the seismic source zones or faults; (2)
analysis of the magnitude frequency distribution of historical earthquakes in each source zone;
and (3) calculation and mapping of the extreme probability F max,t(a) of ground motion
acceleration, a, for some time, t. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
The result of the calculations shows the project site to have a ground acceleration of 0.6g for soft
soil and 0.39g for medium soil. These values were considered given the type of under laying
materials at the site and represent the acceleration expected with 10% probability of exceedance
in 50 years. However, this model did not include the East and West Valley Fault System as
potential earthquake generator. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
For Metro-Manila, B.C. Bautista (2002) has studied the expected seismic motion distribution by
probabilistic approach which considered the Valley Fault System aside from the Philippine Fault,
Manila Trench, East Luzon and Philippine Trenches as potential earthquake generators. The
peak ground acceleration with 10% probability of exceedence in 50 years, 100 years and 250-
year exposure time are as follows: (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Minimum Maximum
50 year 0.17 to 0.18 g 0.21 g
100 year 0.27 to 0.28 g 0.35 g
250 year 0.50 to 0.55 g 0.64 g

a)
b)
c)
Figure 2.1-36. Map of Acceleration in a) Rock, b) Medium Soil and c) Soft Soil

The nearest active fault to the project site is the West Valley Fault found about 10.9 km to the
southeast. The paleoseismological studies on this structure by Nelson et al (2000) concluded
that the chance of an earthquake larger than M7 on the two faults of the Valley Fault System is
seemingly small. However, in the MMEIRS, a M7.2 earthquake is the estimated largest
credible earthquake that can be generated by a movement of the Valley Fault System,
based on available geological and seismological data. Earthquakes cannot be predicted. What
may be estimated is the return period of this earthquake which is at about 200 -400 years and
that no large earthquake has happened in the West Valley Fault since the 1700s. The last
significant event was in 1658, almost 360 years ago. This, plus its proximity to the most densely-
populated urban center of the country, makes it the greatest threat in terms of earthquake-related
risks. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Figure 2.1-37 shows that in Model 08 (magnitude 7.2 from WVF), the PEIS is HIGH VIII (brown)
or destructive for most of Metro Manila, including the vicinities of the project site. In a PHIVOLCS
presentation entitled “An Update on the Earthquake Hazards and Risk Assessment of Greater
Metropolitan Manila Area” (Solidum, 2013), a Ground Shaking Hazard Map (Figure 2.1-38)
shows that the project site is within PEIS High VIII for M7.2, depth 5km earthquake from the WVF
and Low VIII for M6.5, depth of 5km earthquake.

PROJECT PROJECT
SITE SITE
Model 08 Model 13
PROJECT
SITE
Model 18
Source: MMEIRS 2003, PHIVOLCS 2003
Figure 2.1-37. Distribution of Seismic Intensity in PHIVOLCS Earthquake Intensity

Scale

PROJECT
SITE
Source: PHIVOLCS, et al. Risk Analysis Project 2013
Figure 2.1-38. Ground Shaking Hazard Map of GMMA, Scenario M: 7.2 along the WVF

For probabilistic ground acceleration estimates, values derived in a study by Thenhaus, et al.
(1994) suffice for preliminary estimates. However, site-specific probabilistic determinations may
be performed for projects of major importance such as large dams and bridges, elevated
highways, seaports, reclamation and the like.
Using the deterministic approach with the 11.6 km distance between the project site and the trace
of the West Valley Fault (PHIVOLCS certification, Plate 2.1-1), the estimated PGA at the site is
shown in Table 2.1-15. The PGA estimate used the M 7.4 as the maximum possible credible
earthquake as estimated by Bautista instead of the M 7.0 estimate of Nelson et al. (2000) for the
West Valley Fault. In addition, the possible maximum earthquake magnitude of M 7.7 based on
horizontal and vertical displacement measurements along the fault line done by R.E. Rimando
and P.L.K. Inepter (Feb. 2004) was also used. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Table 2.1- 15. Estimated PGA @ 9.1km Distance Between the Project Site and
WVF
Assumed Fault Length Possible Magnitude PGA for Medium. Soil PGA for Soft Soil
Length = 30 km 6.8 0.42 g 0.59 g
Length = 67 km 7.2 0.47 g 0.66 g
4Length = 96 km 7.4 0.49g 0.69 g
(based on Rimando et al (2004) 7.7 0.52 g 0.73 g
(Revised Fukushima–Tanaka Equation was used in the computation)
The estimated PGA for soft soil falls within the range of values derived by the JICA study team
from movement of the West Valley Fault (Oyo Corporation et al., 2003). Different models in this
study based on the West Valley Fault showed the areas along the coastline of Manila Bay will
experience more than 0.60g as shown in Figure 2.1-36. The model was based on possible
maximum earthquakes that could be generated by known earthquake generators in the
immediate vicinity of Metro-Manila. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
With respect to potential impact of the project to the surrounding environs, the project will
not add to the ground shaking hazard present in the area.
2.1.3.1.2 Ground Rupture
Ground rupture occurs when a new rupture is created or when renewed movement of old
fractures takes place (Punongbayan, 1994). PHIVOLCS is recommending a buffer zone at least
5m on both sides of a fault trace or from the edge of deformation zone. This hazard is seemingly
absent in the project area since the nearest active fault, the West Valley Fault, is about 11.6
kilometers to the east (PHIVOLCS, 2017) as shown in Figure 2.1-39. Please refer to Figure 2.1-
40 for the Ground Rupture Hazard Map.
The project will not have effects on the ground rupture potential of the surrounding areas.

9.1km
Figure 2.1-39. Map Showing the Distance of the Project Site from the Trace of the
West Valley Fault
PROJECT
SITE
Source: READY for GMMA Project, October 2013
Figure 2.1-40. Preliminary Ground Rupture Hazard Map of Metro Manila
2.1.3.1.3 Differential Settlement
In broad terms, settlement refers to the distortion or disruption of parts of a structure or building
due to either; unequal compression of its foundations, shrinkage or by undue loads being applied
to the structures/buildings.
Differential settlement is the unequal settling of materials; gradual uneven downward movement
of foundation due to compression of soil during loading or ground shaking due to earthquake
event.

It has been established that the coastal lowlands of Pasay, underlain by unconsolidated
settlements, is highly susceptible to settlement and subsidence due to both natural (geology and
tectonic setting) and anthropogenic (groundwater extraction) causes.
The proposed reclamation project will undergo backfilling and is considered to be highly
susceptible to this hazard. As the site is naturally prone to this hazard, the cumulative effects can
be very damaging to the project if not properly addressed in the engineering design.
The project will not have effects on the differential settlement potential of the surrounding
areas.
2.1.3.1.4 Liquefaction
Liquefaction is the phenomenon wherein soil loses much of its strength when subjected to large,
cyclic loads such as those generated during strong earthquakes. In many cases, the loss in
strength is so significant that the soil behaves like a liquid and becomes incapable of supporting
applied loads. Damage associated with liquefaction includes sudden large uniform and differential
settlement of structures on shallow foundations, tilting of structures on mat foundations, lateral
spreading, sand boils, and buoying of underground structures. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Saturated sandy soil may suddenly change into a liquid-like muddy water when subjected to
earthquake shaking. Liquefaction is a phenomenon in which a granular material changes to a
liquid state, whether the material is saturated with water or not. When sandy soil deforms due to
shear stress caused by vibration during an earthquake, contact between the particles is lost, so
that the shear resistance of the soil is lost. Then, the force originally supported in a vertical
direction through the contact points is then transmitted through the pore water. The soil will
stabilize again when the pore water flows out, but settling (volume decrease) will have occurred.
(K. Zen., et al., 2007. Handbook on Liquefaction Remediation on Reclaimed Land. Edited by: Port
& Harbor Research Inst.)
The materials found in the project site have the potential to liquefy as per the following criteria:
Presence of loose soil, fine, uniformly graded sand and silt. Sands are susceptible to liquefaction
due to their lack of cohesion and tendency to densify during intense shaking. Silts, even though
they have high fines content, can also liquefy due to a very low cohesion and do not exhibit
interparticle forces. Clays do not liquefy since the cohesion and high interparticle forces tend to
prevent liquefaction. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
 Presence of shallow water table since the main cause of liquefaction is the buildup of
high excess pore pressures during cyclic loading.  
 Strong, relatively long earthquake from nearby active faults.  
Possible damages due to liquefaction include: loss/reduction of soil resistance, reduced bearing
capacity of foundation soil causing settlement; ground displacement.
The proposed project being a reclamation area located along the shoreline of the Manila Bay is
generally susceptible to liquefaction. It falls on the delineated areas of high hazard for liquefaction
(yellow) by PHIVOLCS (Figure 2.1-41). PHIVOLCS has since updated this map in the MMEIRS
(changes are very visible between the two maps), wherein the project site falls within the High
Susceptibility (red) area (Figure 2.1-42). The project will not have effects on the liquefaction
potential of the surrounding areas.

PROJECT
SITE
Figure 2.1-41. Liquefaction Hazard Map of Metro Manila
PROJECT
SITE
Figure 2.1-42. Preliminary Liquefaction Map of Metro Manila

Mitigation Measures:
The reclaimed land will be prone to liquefaction and subsidence. C.D. Dayanghirang (2018)
recommends two general approach in mitigating the tilting and collapse of structure due to loss of
support of underlying materials, and these are; 1) providing support to critical and/or strategic
structure and 2) ground improvement.
Providing Support to Critical and/or Strategic Structure
The use of deep foundation system is the internationally accepted procedure for supporting multi-
storey buildings constructed in liquefiable and highly compressible soils. This system makes use
of precast concrete piles or cast-in-place (bored) piles to support the proposed structure. Precast
concrete piles are generally more cost effective than cast-in-place piles. However, the lateral load
capacity of precast concrete piles is limited and may be insufficient to support a mid to high-rise
building.
Precast Concrete Piles
A precast concrete pile may be installed using either a hydraulic impact hammer or the relatively
new static pile driver. The hydraulic impact hammer is generally faster to use and more cost-
effective than the static pile driver. However, the hydraulic impact hammer cannot be used in
densely developed areas since the hammer impact generates a significant amount of noise and
vibration. In situations where the hydraulic impact hammer cannot be employed, the alternative
will be static pile driver. The drawback to the static pile driver is that piles that derive majority of
their capacity from end-bearing as a result of driving refusal will have their capacities limited by
the available counterweight of the static pile driver. This means that the allowable pile capacity of
a driven pile installed using the static pile driver is generally less than the capacity of a pile
installed using the hydraulic impact hammer.
Cast-In-Place (Bored) Piles
Bored piles may be employed if the precast piles are unable to provide the required lateral load
resistance due to their limited lateral load capacity. The precast pile foundation has a limited
sucketing penetration into the hard layer aside from driving difficulty in the upper granular layer.
Bore piles have the flextural advantage and can be constructed without joints. Bored piles can
also be cast in place socketed / anchored on the very dense sand or tuff layer. However, it will be
best if the foundation recommendation is supported by the result of the Soil Liquefaction
Evaluation.
Pile Testing
Dynamic test must be conducted if ever piles are used in the project. The result of the test can be
used to calculate the pile load capacities based on empirical method. Pile integrity testing is also
a requisite if ever piles are used.
Ground Improvement involves the modification of the engineering properties of the soil at a site
where the soil in its natural state does not possess the properties to achieve a required
performance for a given civil engineering works. Ground improvement is undertaken for the
following reasons:
 To mitigate liquefaction  
 To increase the bearing capacity, shear or frictional strength of the soil
 To accelerate settlement  
 To increase density and accelerate consolidation  
 To increase or decrease permeability  
 To reduce compressibility and provide lateral stability  
 To stabilize soft ground  

Ground Improvement
There are a number of techniques in ground improvement foremost of which is the Deep Dynamic
Compaction either by vibro compaction and dropping of heavy weight.
Vibro compaction densifies clean, cohesionless granular soils with a down hole vibrator. A loose
soil or non-homogeneous granular fill can be compacted to depth by the penetration of vibrating
probes or vibroflots. The main purpose of Vibro compaction is to increase the density of the insitu
soils by vibration (Vibro Menanrd website).  
The maintained vibrations and the addition of water via jets along the probe lead to localized
liquefaction of the soil, allowing the grains to rearrange in to a denser arrangement.  The grid and
depth of compaction points will depend on the initial characteristics and the design criteria to be
reached.
In non-cohesive granular soils (e.g. sand and gravels), the passage of the vibrating probe causes
a localized liquefaction and an almost immediate densification and settlement. In cohesive soils,
the vibrating probe after withdrawal leaves a hole, which is then filled with granular aggregates.
As shown in Plate 2.1-2, the methodology for the vibro-compaction are as follows:
1. Using the rigs pull down force, water jetting and sustained vibration allows the probe to
penetrate to the design depth.
2. Water jetting is then decreased, and the resulting soil cone facilitates the re-arrangement
of the soil particles. Granular fill can then be incorporated at the surface (top feed) into
the created void. The water flow down the vibrating probe assists in the transportation of
the backfill down to the compaction zone at the vibrating probes base
3. The vibrating probe is gradually lifted to produce a cylinder of compacted ground of 2-4m
diameter, depending on the soil and vibroflot used. This densification creates a conical
crater, that is then filled with the granular backfill, as the probe is removed
Plate 2.1- 2. Schematic representation of vibro compaction method. Left photo shows
the vibrating probe
Source: Vibro Menanrd website

Dropping of heavy load is used in compacting cohesionless and cohesive soil. This is a ground
improvement technique that densifies soils and fill materials by using a drop weight (Plate 2.1-3).
The drop weight, typically steel, is lifted by a crane and repeatedly dropped onto the ground
surface. Vibrations transmitted below the surface improve soils at depth. The drop locations are
typically located on a grid pattern, the spacing of which is determined by the subsurface
conditions and foundation loading and geometry.
The impact of the free fall creates stress waves that help in the densification of the soil. These
stress waves can penetrate up to 10m. In cohesionless soils, these waves create liquefaction that
is followed by the compaction of the soil, and in cohesive soils, they create an increased amount
of pore water pressure that is followed by the compaction of the soil. Pore water pressure is the
pressure of water that is trapped within the particles of rocks and soils.
The degree of compaction depends on the weight of the hammer, the height from which the
hammer is dropped, and the spacing of the locations at which the hammer is dropped. The initial
weight dropping has the most impact, and penetrates up to a greater depth. The following drops,
if spaced closer to one another, compact the shallower layers and the process is completed by
compacting the soil at the surface.
Treated granular soils and fills have increased density, friction angle, and stiffness. However, this
technique is not suitable for small sites or sites where vibration or impact can affect adjacent
buildings
Plate 2.1- 3. Schematic representation of dynamic compression for soil densification.
Modified from Zetas Zemin Teknolojisi website)
Stone Columns can improve the bearing capacity of weak soil. The columns will act as stiff
elements, hence, can carry high shear stress and will increase the stability of the structure it will
support. The column, acting as a vertical drain will facilitate radial drainage and dissipate rapidly
the pore water pressure leading to the acceleration of consolidation process and reduce post
construction settlements. It will also prevent buildup of high pore water pressure by providing a
drainage path and stiffness of the ground. Stone columns also transfer less load to the
surrounding weak soil thus reducing soil settlement.

Plate 2.1- 4. Schematic diagram of wet top feed- method in installing stone column
using vibro compactor probe
Source: Hayward Baker website
The column location is initially pre-drilled for soils where the hole will remain open. In soils that
cave or collapse, a bottom feed vibrator are used. The down-hole vibrator is lowered vertically to
the planned tip of the column by a standard crane or rig built for this technique. Aggregate (new
crushed stone or recycled concrete) is then added to the hole or through the bottom-feed system
and is compacted in lifts by repeated penetrations with the vibrator. The vibratory energy
densifies the aggregate and any surrounding granular soil.
Sand Compaction Piles (SCP) is a method of improving soft ground by means of installing well-
compacted sand piles in the ground. It combines such fundamental principles of ground
improvement as densification and drainage. It can be applied to all soil types, from sandy to
clayey soils, and it has therefore been widely used in Japan for improvement of soft ground. In
sandy ground, the SCP method is often used as a countermeasure against liquefaction and the
effectiveness of compaction to prevent liquefaction has been confirmed in past intense
earthquakes, showing this to be one of the most reliable improvement methods (H. Kinoshita et
al., 2012).
This method creates a strong compacted sand piles in cohesive soil. This increases the shear
resistant strength and induce early settlement to reduce the consolidation settlement rate. For
sandy ground, it increases the relative density, thus enhances the shear strength.
This method is installed using a vibro-hammer which is repeatedly driven and withdrawn to insert
the casing pipe that injects the sand into the ground to form a compacted sand piles as shown in
Plate 2.1-5.

Plate 2.1- 5. Schematic diagram of installation of sand compaction piles
Source: Nippon Kaiko website
Grouting involves injecting concrete into the ground, under pressure, to form a series of
underground pillars of concrete bulbs which compacts the ground between the compact pillars.
Grouting improves the strength and stiffness of the soil by high- pressure injection of a cement
grout mix through a small-diameter casing at a pre-determined depth. Displacement and
compaction occurs as the casing is gradually removed and the expanded grout column is built
from the bottom up in lifts. The grout can be applied by injecting at inclined angles to reach
beneath existing foundations drilling and even directly through existing floor slabs. Though this
technology is typically used to improve the engineering properties of loose fills and native soils, it
can be used to improve many different soil types both above and below the water table.
High pressure jet grouting can hydraulically cut, erode, replace, and mix with the existing soil to
form very uniform, high-strength, soil- cement columns (Plate 2.1-6). These too can be installed
at inclined angles to underpin existing structures or overlapped to create seepage barriers, cutoff
walls, or excavation support.
Plate 2.1- 6. Schematic diagram for jet grouting procedure
Source: Construction Canada website
Preloading of Soil is an effective and economical methods to reduce settlement and improve the
bearing capacity of the soft soil. The application of preloading help in applying stress to the
existing soil, thus increasing the pore water pressure. Consolidation occurs when the water in soil
is squeezed out from the soil matrix. With the elimination of water from the soil, the soil strength is
increased. However, this method does not have the advantages of speeding up the process of
pore water pressure dissipation hence settlement might take years to complete (N. Gofar and R
Mohamed, 2008).
The preloading method is usually combined with vertical drain. The use of prefabricated vertical
drain in a soft soil layer can shorten the treatment time of ground by increasing the rate of
consolidation. The consolidation time depends on the travelling distance of the water to flow out
from the soil matrix. The installation of vertical drain shortens the drainage path by allowing the
water to flow horizontally towards the drain, and drain out to the soil surface through the vertical
drain. Generally, the installation of vertical drain is carried out in an extensive area.
The types of preload used are:
 Earth fills (the most common)  

 Tanks filled with water  
 Vacuum application under a membrane  
 Groundwater lowering and  
 Special anchor and jack system  
Plate 2.1- 7. Schematic diagram of preloading of soil with vertical drains
Source: Wikachicu Construction Company website
Foundation Excavation
Given the presence of groundwater, appropriate dewatering techniques should be used to ensure
that foundation construction is done under dry condition. The stability of excavation cuts must be
insured using adequate shoring and bracing such as but not limited to diaphragm walls or secant
piles. The design of the earth retaining structure should take into account lateral earth pressure,
surcharge loads and dynamic thrust in the occurrence of earthquake.
For safety consideration and taking into account the existing physical condition around the site,
the planning and supervision of the foundation excavation work will have to be undertaken by a
competent person who is capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards and can take
prompt corrective measures to eliminate or control the hazardous conditions.
2.1.3.1.5 Tsunami
Tsunami, sometimes incorrectly referred to as tidal wave, is a series of huge sea waves brought
about by massive underwater disturbances that may be caused by under-the-sea earthquakes,
submarine eruptions and undersea landslides (Punongbayan, 1994). These are high-energy
waves commonly associated with earthquakes thus they are called seismic sea waves, or the
Japanese term, “tsunamis”. Tsunami is considered the most dangerous coastal hazard. Tsunami
wave can exceed 25 meters in height. It can occur when the earthquake is shallow-seated and
strong enough to displace parts of the seabed and disturb the mass of water over it (PHIVOLCS).
The magnitude of earthquake that can cause tsunami usually exceeds 7.0 and earthquakes that
had caused tsunami occurred in the shallow parts of the crust and were usually offshore in the
deep parts of the ocean (Punongbayan, 1994).
A tsunami is a wave train, or series of waves, generated in a body of water by an impulsive

disturbance that vertically displaces the water column. Its occurrence and magnitude to this date
remains unpredictable since it is a consequential effect of an earthquake, underwater landslide,
volcanic eruptions, and even the impact of large meteorites, all of which could not be forecasted.
(C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
If an earthquake with a magnitude of say 7.0 is premised, it will have a devastating effect in
Metro-Manila, which could result to unimaginable environmental distress. Since subduction
earthquakes are particularly effective in generating tsunamis, the epicenter will most likely be
along the Manila Trench section directly opposite the Manila Bay entrance at the vicinity of the
1863 earthquake epicenter. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
At the quake‟s point source, the displaced water mass which acts under the influence of gravity
will form waves as it attempts to regain its equilibrium that travels outward in all directions. While
at the open sea it may only have a height of about a few centimeters and may look less
insignificant than the gentle rise and fall of the sea surface. The wavelength (distance between
wave crests) could be greater than 500 kilometers and a period (the time between two successive
waves) of about an hour. Because of their long wavelengths, tsunamis behave as shallow-water
waves, meaning, the ratio between water depth and wavelength is very small. These shallow-
water waves move at a speed equal to the square root of the product of the acceleration of
gravity (9.8m/s/s) and the water depth. The deeper the water, the faster and shorter the wave is
thus at an oceanic depth of 6000 meters: a tsunami travels at 400 km:/hour. Because a wave
loses energy at a rate inversely related to its wavelength, tsunamis can travel at high speeds for a
long period of time and lose very little energy in the process. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
As a tsunami leaves the deep water of the open ocean and travels into the shallower water near
the coast, it loses speed as depth decreases. The tsunami's energy flux, which is dependent on
both its wave speed and wave height, remains nearly constant. Consequently, as the tsunami's
speed diminishes as it travels into shallower water, its height grows. Because of this shoaling
effect, a tsunami, imperceptible at sea, may grow to be several meters or more in height near the
coast. When it finally reaches the coast, a tsunami may appear as a rapidly rising or falling tide, a
series of breaking waves, or even a bore. The wave front could possibly have a run-up of 2.0 to
8.5 meters depending on the topography of the sea floor, as experienced in the 1994 Mindoro
earthquake. The wave will impact the coastline of Bataan and Cavite and with the irregular shape
and varying depth, cause the wave to refract as the wave crests bend. As the tsunami travels,
segments of the wave moving at different speeds as the water depth along the crest will vary
dissipating much its energy in the process. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
The wave front at the mouth of Manila Bay will “wrap around” Corregidor Island and Caballo
Island. As the waves approach these islands, it will refract or bend around the two islands and
diffract through the North Channel, Caballo Bay and South Channel that separate the islands
from Bataan and Cavite further loosing its energy (See Figure 2.1-43). Tsunami frequently
increases its height and speed if it enters a narrowing  channel. In as much as the channels
varies in width to wit, the North Channel is 5.6 km, the Caballo Bay is 2.73 km and South Channel
12.50 km in width respectively, the propagation of the wave front will be disrupted with the
segment passing through the Caballo Bay running faster than those passing through the North
and South Channel. With the variation in speed, height and refraction imposed by the bathymetric
configuration of the two islands, the remaining energy of the wave front will dissipate, assuming
the form of a standing wave or seiche as it spread through the expanse of Manila Bay. Wave will
further be refracted as it hugs the coastline of Cavite and Bataan with the Cavite City sand spit
forming a deflective coastal feature. With the bay completely enclosed, the standing wave may
slosh back and forth acting like a swell during extreme weather condition. The remaining energy
from the wave could possibly be absorbed by the breakwaters that line the Manila Yacht Club, the

North and South Harbors. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Based on the foregoing discussion, it is therefore possible that a tsunami can be generated at the
southern sections of the Manila Trench and may lead to tsunami waves reaching Manila Bay
(Figure 2.1-26). However, due to the configuration of the bay, it appears that tsunami entering
the bay through Corregidor will lose energy as the wave front is refracted northward into the wide
expanse of the coast, leading the energy to be dispersed into a long stretch of the Manila Bay
coastline from Bataan, Cavite, Pampanga, Bulacan to Metro Manila. The Cavite City sand spit
and the breakwater will also contribute to the dissipation of the energy of the tsunami. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
The project site, being located along the coast of Manila Bay, is susceptible to this hazard due to
the presence of an active subduction zone – Manila Trench located west of the area and other
active faults and or earthquake generators. Another earthquake generator in the region that can
generate tsunami that could affect Manila Bay‟s shoreline is the Lubang Fault. Flooding from
tsunami can reach inland as far as 300 meters or more (PHIVOLCS). See Figures 2.1-43.
Source: C. D. Dayanghirang, 2010
Figure 2.1-43. Projected Tsunami Propagation in the Event of a Magnitude 7

Earthquake Along the Manila Trench with the Epicenter at the Vicinity of the
Manila Bay Entrance
PHIVOLCS‟ map of tsunami prone areas of Metro Manila shows that the project site, which is
located near the shoreline of Manila Bay is located within the tsunami inundation area (red in
Figure 2.1-44). It also shows the maximum tsunami wave heights near the shore to be at 5.5m.
In the 2004 MMEIRS, a 7.9 earthquake along Manila Trench or Scenario 13 will produce a
maximum of 4-meter high wave and an average of 2-meter high wave alongside Manila Bay.
Based on the Project Site Earthquake Hazard Assessment report by PHIVOLCS (Jan 2017), the
area is susceptible to tsunami.

According to Renato Solidum, director of PHIVOLCS “Metro Manila and its vicinity will be isolated
should the Manila Trench move and cause a tsunami as high as 5.5 m”, consistent with the
PHIVOLCS map in Figure 2.1-44. If a tsunami is generated, it would likely hit Pasay within a
short time (possibly as little as 10 minutes and likely under 1 hour) of the quake hitting. Pasay is
at lower risk compared to Pacific coastal areas in the Philippines, but due to population density, a
tsunami would be devastating. In a presentation on Tsunami Disaster Management in the
Philippines held in Tokyo, Japan in 2016, Solidum stated that ~90 destructive earthquakes
occurred for the past 400 years with ~ 40 tsunamis for the past 400 years – an average of 1 in 10
years. Coastal areas at eastern and western margins fronting major seas and inland seas have
been affected by tsunamis.
Historically in 1828 and in 1863, tsunamis up to 2 m in height were recorded in Manila Bay. (A.
Whymark, 2015. Natural and Anthropogenic Hazards in Metro Manila)
A tsunami can create run-up waves and cause inundation to the site. The force of waves and
horizontal currents such as drawdown can damage structures. It can create a wall of turbulent
water with rocks and debris. Wave-related damages may also induce erosion and deposition.
Furthermore, the water pressure and debris impact can cause overturning of roofs, sliding of
walls, and scouring of the base.
The tsunami hazard may somehow be mitigated by the project because of the final elevation of
the finished platform at least in the immediate vicinity of the project site. At worst case, the project
will not increase the effects on land-based structures and facilities as well as on population.
The detailed engineering design of the enclosure (revetment or piles) will make a consideration of
wave forces derived from the final/detailed wave models and seismic hazard studies. It is not only
the height that should be considered but the impact of waves on the enclosure. Design document
submitted for securing the NTP will include this consideration.
Structures are to be designed to resist tsunami forces, i.e.: lowest horizontal structure above
wave crest; rigid connection of roof; lateral bracing; deep protective piles; and with many
openings on the ground floor. In addition, the layout of the land use and structures in the entire
reclaimed land will provisions for easy “evacuation routes” in case of early and swift evacuation to
elevated areas.
Non-structural measures will be provided as well, including helping out in the efforts to protect
existing coastal forests and mangroves in Manila Bay. In addition, a disaster preparedness will be
instituted for all the occupants of the project site. This will include, education, awareness and
preparedness campaigns; drills; installation of tsunami signages; and assigning of elevated open-
spaces (or accessible upper floors of buildings) for evacuation centers. This will be done in
coordination with concerned government agencies such as PHIVOLCS, NDRRMC, and the like.
During the final design stage of the project, consultation will be made with PHIVOLCS and other
concerned agencies on this matter as well as on other design aspects such as liquefaction and
ground shaking.

PROJECT
SITE
Source: PHIVOLCS (Bautista, B.), 2001
Figure 2.1-44. Map of Epicenters of Tsunami Earthquakes in the Philippines

5.5m
5.5m
5.5m
PROJECT
SITE
Figure 2.1-45. Preliminary Tsunami Hazard Map of Metro Manila
2.1.3.1.6 Seismic Resonance
Certain local conditions tend to amplify the level of ground shaking during earthquake.
Microtremor studies done by I.C. Narag et al (1999) using horizontal & vertical (H/V) spectral ratio
showed a good correlation between surficial geology and predominant period of recorded
microtremor. The spatial distributions of predominant periods from H/V spectral ratio show that
long-period waves tend to predominate on areas underlain by coastal and fluvial materials such
as those found in the vicinity of the project site. The study also showed that high amplification
factors are found within the coastal low land of Metro-Manila. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Correlation of the result of the study done by Narag et al with the results of the ambient vibration
test done by A.G. Lanuza et al. (2000) shows that structures constructed on areas underlain by
unconsolidated sediments such as the Marikina Valley, the Pasig River Delta and the Coastal
Low Land (where the project site is located) are prone to resonance as compared to those
constructed at the Guadalupe Plateau as shown in Figure 2.1-46. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)

Source: G. Lanuza et al., 2000
Figure 2.1-46. Map Showing a Hypothetical Distribution of Building Heights Prone

to Resonance Phenomenon Based from Ambient Vibration Test in Metro-Manila
2.1.3.1.7 Landslide
The project site is not susceptible to earthquake-triggered landslides. Due to the generally flat
topography in Metro Manila, the earthquake-induced landslide risk is relatively low for the most
part. Landslides can also be induced by heavy rains, which add weight and lubricate the soils.
They can also be induced by ground shaking from an earthquake. Risk may be increased if an
earthquake occurred in the wet season. See Figures 2.1-47 and 2.1-48 for earthquake-induced
landslide susceptibility maps and Figure 2.1-49 for rain-induced landslide. That said, there is still
a remote possibility of collapse of the fill materials in the reclamation area due to
engineering/structural failures.

PROJECT
SITE
Source: PHIVOLCS, October 2008
Figure 2.1-47. Earthquake-Induced Landslide Susceptibility Map of NCR and

Region IV-A

PROJECT
SITE
Figure 2.1-48. Earthquake Induced Landslide Map
PROJECT
SITE
Figure 2.1-49. Preliminary Rain-Induced Landslide Hazard Map of Metro Manila
2.1.3.1.8 Settlement/Subsidence
Metro Manila‟s coastal areas are sinking as fast as 9 cm/y (Rodolfo et al. 2003, Siringan and
Rodolfo 2003, Rodolfo and Siringan 2006). Accelerating subsidence of the coastal lands
bordering the bay is worsening both floods and high-tide invasions.
The reclamation project site would be underlain by fill materials that are highly compressible and
hence, prone to this hazard. Construction of buildings or other structures will put additional load
on the fill materials that could result to settlement. It is recommended that deep foundation
systems for planned structures should be undertaken to address or mitigate this hazard.
Aggravating factors likewise exist in the area. Siringan and Rodolfo (2003) and Rodolfo and

Siringan (2006) have established that accelerated sediment compaction and ground subsidence
occur in areas north of Manila Bay due to excessive groundwater withdrawal. Before 1991, the
area subsides at a rate of 0.16-0.56 cm/yr, 0.36 cm/yr on the average. This natural compaction
accounts for 2 to 8 percent of the estimated 2 to 8 cm/yr typical subsidence rates from 1991 –
2001 (Rodolfo and Siringan, 2006). This implies that enhanced dewatering of the upper 30 m of
the sediment column can potentially account for almost 98 % of the subsidence rates during the
past decade. (Soria, et al., 2005)
This has deleterious effects on the environment including: enhanced flooding and tidal incursion;
trigger minor seismicity; and ground cracking and damage to buildings. Furthermore, in coastal
areas, excessive groundwater extraction draws salty groundwater inland, permanently poisoning
the aquifers.
Sea level has been recorded at Manila‟s South Harbor since 1902. It rose around 1.3 mm/yr (the
global rate) until the early 1960s, when it increased to about 2.6 cm/yr (Siringan and Ringor,
1998; Siringan and Rodolfo, 2003).
“The Volcano-Tectonics Laboratory at U.P Diliman‟s National Institute of Geological Sciences

(Lagmay 2011, Eco et al. 2013) has analyzed Persistent Scatterer Interferometric Synthetic
Aperture Radar data from satellites to verify subsidence over wide areas of Metro Manila, with the
proposed reclamation areas experiencing up to 6 cm/y.” (Rodolfo. K.S., 2014)
The satellite image of Metro Manila shows movement of the ground (Figure 2.1-50). Blue areas
correspond to sinking ground with the highest rates of subsidence at 5.5 cm/yr. The image was
processed by Narod Eco of the DOST project team. Subsidence will aggravate flooding from heavy
rainfall and constitute a coastal-dike breach hazard in areas near Manila Bay. (Lagmay, 2011).
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Source: http://opinion.inquirer.net/12757/large-areas-of-metro-manila-sinking (Lagmay, 2011)
Figure 2.1-50. Satellite image of Metro Manila showing movement of the ground

The reclaimed land will not induce nor aggravate subsidence, but the project will be vulnerable to
this hazard. Mitigating measures for liquefaction as discussed above (Section 2.1.3.1.4) are
likewise applicable to attenuating the effects of subsidence and settlement hazards.
2.1.3.1.9 Volcanic Hazards (Ash Fall)
The dangers posed by volcanoes are associated with eruption. Hazard from volcanic eruption
depends on the magnitude of its explosion. Hazards associated with volcanic eruptions include
pyroclastic flows and base surges, lava flows, lahars and the ash or tephra fall.
There are numerous volcanoes within the general area of Metro Manila. Probably the greatest
threat to Pasay City is Taal Volcano in Tagaytay. It is unlikely to cause major problems in Metro
Manila. The ash fall may be a nuisance and reduce air quality. Taal Volcano is closely monitored
and one would likely receive a few weeks warning of a possible eruption. However, considering
the distance of the project site to Taal Volcano, even the far-reaching ash fall/tephra fall hazard
has little effect the proposed project.
2.1.3.1.10 Flooding
The Philippines lies in the Western Pacific basin, the world‟s most active typhoon belt. It is visited
by an average of 20 typhoons a year. Typhoons and monsoons often bring disasters such as
flooding, landslides, and storm surge.
Flood usually occurs during or after heavy rainfall wherein the river channels are saturated with
water resulting to river swelling and overflowing of floodplains. The low-lying areas and those
areas with poor drainage system are susceptible to flood hazard.
Sea-level rise will increase the risk of flooding and incidence of storm surge. The projected
impacts of 1m sea level rise in Cavite, Metro Manila, and Bulacan show vast areas being
inundated, thereby affecting coastal settlements (Perez et al. 1999 in Villarin et al 2008). Another
study led by PAGASA estimates that a 1-meter rise by 2025 will flood over 5,000 hectares and
displace more than 2 million people around Manila Bay (Villarin et al 2008).
The vulnerability analysis done by Capili E.B., A.C.S. Ibay and J.R.T. Villarin (2005) showed that
the Manila Bay area is vulnerable to sea level rise. The flooding potentials of Manila Bay using
projected sea-level rise scenarios shows a 1.0m rise will entail inundation of more than 5000
hectares of land in 19 municipalities of Manila, Bulacan and Cavite. Areas that are mostly
affected by flooding during high tides and heavy rains will be submerged in water in this condition.
Areas that could be inundated by 0.3 m sea level rise already experience flooding during high
tides such as Navotas, Malabon, and Dagat-Dagatan areas. A worst case scenario of 2.0m rise
will inundate areas within the reclaimed land along the bay and extend inland beyond Roxas
Boulevard. This scenario also shows aggravated riverine flooding in most of the bay‟s tributaries.
The project area falls within the delineated low to moderate flood prone areas as shown in the
flood hazard map (Figures 2.1-51 and 2.1-52) by MGB (2001) indicating that the project could
experience flooding if sea level rises by <5 meters. Considering its flat terrain and average
elevation of about two (2) masl, the project site could experience localized flooding especially if
the drainage systems are inadequate. It is therefore imperative that an appropriate drainage
system should be constructed by the project proponent taking into consideration the mean
amount of rainfall in the project area.
The Preliminary Flood Hazard Map of Metro Manila (Figure 2.1-53) indicates that the project site
is within low susceptibility to flood hazard.
A large stretch of Roxas Boulevard was flooded during the passage of Typhoon Ondoy due to
surface runoff induced by the intense rainfall and run-up of waves impacting the seawall (See
Figure 2.1-51). The same also occurred during Typhoon Pedring when the coastline along Roxas

Boulevard experienced storm surge. Sea water can enter the site as high / storm waves impact
the seawall during storm condition. Aside from inflow of sea water due to waves, the flood may
have been initiated by a combination of reasons such as:
a. backflow of the discharge of adjacent cause way due to high wave / high tide condition
b. garbage clogged drainage lines,
c. under designed drainage lines to handle the volume of water from high precipitation and
inflow of sea water by shoreward momentum flux of waves impacting the seawall that
line the project site during typhoon condition and
d. backflow of sea water through drainage outfall submerged during high tide and storm
waves
Pasay City in general is flood prone and commonly in the form of flash flood with depth of a few
tens centimeters with duration of a few hours. Extreme flood conditions with 0.5 meters high flood
water and inundation period of more than 6 hours were also experienced. These extreme flood
episodes follow periods of intense and prolonged precipitation such as in Typhoon Ondoy
(Katsina) in September 2009 and Typhoon Pedring (Nasat) in September 2011. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
There are specific areas of Pasay that are prone to flooding (Figure 2.1-54). Factors that affect
the flooding are as follows:
A. Topography
A large section of Pasay City is inherently flood prone due to its topography. The city is located
on a coastal plain with elevation of 2 meters above mean sea level. Geomorphological features
present are mudflats (mud dominated tidal sediments). These are coastal wetlands that form
when mud is deposited by tides and river within the intertidal zone, and thus the flat is submerged
and exposed approximately twice daily. A large section of this feature was the former salt beds in
Las Piñas. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Along the coastline is the beach ridge and runnel system that extend from Maycauayan, Bulacan
to Bacoor, Cavite. The term “ridge” is a morphologic term for a narrow, linear or curvilinear
topographic high, composed of loose sand accumulated by waves. The ridge runs parallel to a
shoreline with the sand material moved parallel to the shoreline by long shore transport. The
height of a beach ridge varies dictated by wave size and energy. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
A “runnel” in the other hand is depression or “through” found between two ridges. These
depressions allow water from estuarine / tidal channels to flow and accommodated overflows thus
are easily flooded or water logged. The original Dewy now Roxas Boulevard was constructed on
top of the beach ridge and runnel system. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Spanish and American maps also show a number of lagoons along the coastline which were
eventually filled up. Prominent among the lost lagoons are on the area now occupied the Central
Bank Building and Harrison Plaza in Malate, Manila. The other is where Tripe de Gallina flows
near the LRT Depot in Maricaban. The largest stretches from La Huerta in Parañaque to Zapote-
Don Galo in Las Piñas. This lagoon originally has extensive mangrove and wet land before they
were filled up leaving behind pockets of the original morphologic features. (C. Dayanghirang,
2018)
The Estero de Tripa de Gallina, the natural drainage system that flows through Pasay City is also
prone. A branch of the estero drains from the Pasig River near Sta. Ana, passing through Paco
and San Andres, Manila. The other branch drains the western section of area of Makati and
Bonifacio Global City, including Bangkal and Don Bosco and flows through Gil Puyat Avenue in
Makati and Pasay. The channel joins the Parañaque River near west end of the NAIA runway and
exits into Manila Bay. The number of channels that branch out from the main channel of Tripa de
Gallina in the area of Maricaban makes it a distributary of a natural water dispersion system. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)

B. Subsidence
There are two known types of subsidence in Metro-Manila, one due to uncontrolled groundwater
extraction, the other by gradual consolidation of sediments through time.
Between 1979 and 2009, leveling data from the National Mapping and Resource Information
Authority (Namria) areas Metro Manila sank by as much as 0.68 meter to 1.34 meters in 30 years
due to over pumping of ground water. This phenomenon can be expected to continue as
uncontrolled groundwater extraction remains unabated (Rodolfo and Siringan in 2006). (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
Analysis of satellite radar images coverage of 2003 to 2009 showed round shaped ground
subsidence areas in Caloocan, Malabon, Navotas and Valenzuela and Meycauayan. The images
also showed subsidence in Muntinlupa and Las Pines. Ground subsidence rates are up to 5.5 to
6 centimeters per year and are highest in Marilao, Meycauayan and Caloocan (Lagmay 2011). As
basin shaped depression flood events in this areas will be deeper with longer inundation period
relative to the adjacent areas. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Aside from groundwater extraction, ground subsidence due to sediment consolidation was
recorded in the area surrounding South Harbor. The site is situated atop the deltaic deposits of
Pasig River. Compaction of the deltaic sediments, under its own accumulating weight, may
explain the relative sea level rise in the area during the period 1901 to 1950. (Siringan and
Ringor, 1998; Siringan and Rodolfo, 2003).
Localized ponding of water within depressions formed by ground subsidence may create
relatively deeper flooding in a longer period of time as compared to the adjacent areas. Also,
subsidence can block or alter drainage patterns leading to deeper or unexpected flooding. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
C. Change in Land Use

Pasay became a suburbs of Manila in the onset of the American colonization. Makati the
catchment area of Tripa de Gallina east of Pasay City was once an open rice field before the
Second World War, a hacienda called „San Pedro de Makati owned by the Zóbel de Ayala family.
The terminal building of Nielson Airport, the Philippines‟ primary airport in the 1930‟s now stands
in the corner of Ayala Ave. and Makati Avenue. Both streets were once the runway of the airport.
Engineered drainage lines were added on all the streets of the city to absorb surface flow. This
abruptly increased the flood flow and runoff in the drainage channels. The peak discharge,
volume, and frequency of floods also increases downstream, in this case Pasay City. Once water
enters a drainage network, it flows faster than either overland or subsurface flow. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
In addition to change in land use, other contributory factors that increase stream flow, are
intensity and duration of storms, the topography, geology, size of the stream basin, the storm
patterns and the hydrologic conditions preceding the storm. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
D. Lost and Clogged Drainage and Waterways

Metro Manila as a whole lost 20 kilometers of its waterways and canals in the last 50 years (GMA
News 21 June 2013). Over all Metro-Manila has 273 esteros, creeks, and tributaries, a large
section of which are under roads or buildings (MMDA Chairman F. Tolentino 2012). Portions of
some of the esteros are titled by law or presidential decree and distributed to the settlers living
beside the esteros. This resulted to narrower and shallower channels, and its capacity to hold
water decreased. Revoking the titles of establishments built upon waterways won't be an easy
task. Portions of the estero was covered by box culvert and are made part of the road drainage
network. In so doing the natural function of the channel are lost. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Another is Amorsolo Creek, a contributory of Tripa de Gallinas, where a section between Makati
Medical Center and Don Bosco in Makati is built over by a ramp of the Manila Skyway. Clogging
of the main channel had become a normal occurrence. Street sweepers and communities made it
a habit of disposing their litters into the engineered drainage lines which are flashed downstream
by drainage flow. Large scale dumping of garbage into the creek is also a common practice. The
creek channel are totally filled up with garbage to the point that informal settlers can build their
shanties. The volume of dumped solid wastes in the esteros of Metro-Manila is estimated at
920,000 m3 and the informal settlers is estimated: 6,000 families in the open channels. (C.
Dayanghirang, 2018)
From March 1 to 6 May 2017 alone, the MMDA cleanup effort collected a total of 5,250 cubic
meters of garbage and silt from several waterways in Metro Manila. The cleanup and de-clogged
activities includes Tripa de Gallina and Libertad retarding pond in Pasay. The cleanup effort is
practically a yearly activity for the MMDA for garbage immediately accumulate once the cleanup
crew starts to leave their work area. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
E. Poorly Maintained and Inadequate Flood Control Infrastructure

The Libertad pumping station is the largest pumping station in Metro-Manila. It pumps out water
from Tripa de Gallina, the longest estero in Metro-Mania with a length of 7,600 meters. The
pumping station covers the drainage block of the flood - prone areas of Zobel Roxas, PNR canal
and Calatagan Creek-1, and San Isidro, San Antonio and Pio del Pilar located at the east side of
PNR. The major trunk road of Osmenia Highway is yearly affected by floods. It has been in
operation for more than 30 years and needs rehabilitation. At its current condition, the efficiency
and the quickness of how the flood rises are affected by the volume of garbage recovered by the
facility. The efficiency of the pumping station is just 40% of its rated capacity when constructed.
During Typhoon Ondoy in 2009, the Libertad pumping station was one of the four drainage
pumping stations that were inundated and stopped operation. The core area of Metro Manila is
low-lying and about 70% (52 km2) of the area depends on the pump drainage system. The
operation and maintenance of the drainage facilities in Metro-Manila is the responsibility of the
MMDA (Republic Act 7924). This includes dredging of esteros/creeks, cleaning of wastes,
relocation of informal settlers and rehabilitation of pumping stations. The construction of new
drainage facilities, major drainage channels and drainage pumping stations is the responsibility of
the DPWH. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Aside from the pumping stations, the major components of the flood control infrastructure of the
metropolis are the drainage laterals. The discharge and flow capacity of the drainage laterals are
now inadequate for 2 year and 10 year floods (T.U. Ganiron 2015). The lost in drainage capacity
of the most drainage laterals, drainage mains and open channels is due to combination of several
factors namely: undersized drainage channels, unevenly laid slope of the conduit, irregular
channel profile inconsistent drain size, clogged manholes, clogged drainage channels,
overflowing of the estuary, flood water spilling to neighboring areas and submerged crown
elevation at the outlet. This is separate from direct dumping of garbage and encroachment of
waterways. The discharge capacity of the drainage system was estimated to be reduced to less
than 60% of the original capacity and assessed at the level of 2 to 3 year return period (DPWH-
JICA 2015). (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Overall, the pumping station will need an upgrade with improvements in the appurtenant
infrastructure, associated waterways and draining channels. Modern, efficient, and high capacity
pumping units will be needed. Flood gates and trash racks will need rehabilitation including an
extensive dredging of accumulated sediments and solid waste on waterways and drainage
channels. In addition, specialized, modern maintenance equipment for waterways (e.g. floating
dozers, couple pontoons, and safety personal equipment) will have to be acquired. This will
enhance DPWH and MMDA capability to carry out emergency cleaning and regular maintenance
operations. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)

Impact of Project to Existing Land
Where land reclamation is known to cause loss of wetlands, floodwater storage is likewise lost or
decreased and thus may lead to flooding. For this project, the area is devoid of wetlands or
marshes, and therefore, it will not aggravate flooding in the area. Further, the project will be set
back from the shoreline so as not to affect nearshore sediment transport or the local sediment
budget. Hence, it will not cause narrowing of rivermouth of Metro Manila‟s major drainage, which
is the Pasig River. In effect, the project will not impede discharge of excess rainwater from the
river that is >4 km away and hence, will not cause riverine flooding.
The reclamation project will neither aggravate nor contribute to the existing flooding problems in
the City of Pasay and in the immediate environs of the project site. It is a general public
knowledge that flooding in the city and in Metropolitan Manila during strong rains are essentially
due to clogged and/or inadequate drainage systems, largely attributable to household garbage.
The City‟s drainage system, which includes the Estero Tripa de Gallina pumping systems and the
adjacent channel in Maricaban has been largely compromised with the unabated garbage
disposal into the system mostly by informal dwellers upstream and along the banks of the
tributaries. The Metro Manila Development Authority (MMDA) estimates about 3,000 cubic meters
(equivalent to 600 trucks) of garbage and other solid materials are dumped into the rivers, drains
and waterways of the City on a daily basis.
A reclamation project may cause adverse impacts on drainage and flooding by altering the
existing drainage paths and regime, or by increasing the burden on the existing drainage system.
Existing drainage outfalls will need to be extended and temporarily diverted away from the line of
the extension while reclamation is carried out. A drainage impact assessment is also necessary
at an early stage of the planning and design in order to assess potential drainage and flooding
problems. It must determine the necessary temporary drainage diversion and permanent
drainage measures to ensure acceptable drainage performance in areas upstream, adjacent to
and inside the reclamation during and after the construction of the reclamation.
Mitigation Measures
Flood mitigation measures should be holistic in approach with all citifies fully cooperation. It must
also be accepted that Metro-Manila in general and Pasay City in particular will never be flood-
free. What can readily be accepted is the flood should be in shallow depth with a limited time
duration.
To ensure the impact of flooding to the main structures of the project site is minimized, the
footprint area could be raised higher than the worst flood experienced in the site. This can either
be by backfilling or raised podium. This elevation difference will also help raise the discharge
elevation of drainage from the project towards the Manila Bay, thus negate the possibility of
backflow of flood water. However, this is only a short term measures and will not address the
flooding to the whole of the reclamation site induced by sea level rise. The use of floodgates on
the drainage outlets may also be considered as an option. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)

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Source: MGB-DENR, http://www.preventionweb.net/files/24897_metromanilafloodhazardmap40kvls1.jpg on May 2017

Note: Yellow areas are the most flood prone, purple less prone.
Figure 2.1-51. Flood Hazard Map of Metro Manila

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Source: DENR-MGB, 2010
Figure 2.1-52. Landslide and Flood Susceptibility Map

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Figure 2.1-53. Preliminary Flood Hazard Map of Metro Manila

Source: DOST Project NOAH
Figure 2.1-54. Map of the flood depth in Pasay – Makati Area for the 25- and
100-year flood events (left and right figures respectively) based on flood
data from T. Ondoy
2.1.3.2 Storm Surges and Storm Waves
Storm surge refers to the temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea
due to extreme meteorological conditions: low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds
(typhoons). It is caused primarily by high winds pushing on the ocean‟s surface, causing the
water to pile up higher than the ordinary sea level (Wikipedia). The rise in water level due to
the combined force of storm surge and normal tides could cause severe flooding in coastal
regions. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Rivera and de las Alas made the study on the storm surge in Manila Bay as early as 1991 by
a storm surge prediction model based on depth-integration hydrodynamic equations. The
model made use of 6 generalized typhoon tracks and shows potential for surge for cyclones
that crosses the Manila Bay basin. The model shows surges of up to 2.8 meters generated by
cyclone that moved at normal incidence to the coast and made landfall at the center of the
coastline of Manila Bay. The effect of the cyclone speed (taken at 7 m/s) does not matter very
much in the peak surge generated. The model speculated that increase of cyclone speed will
cause higher surges most especially when this speed matches the phase speeds of the
surges generated. However, cyclone size influences the height of the surge where large
cyclones generate higher surge. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
Recent scientific studies suggest that increases in the frequency and intensity of tropical
cyclones in the last 35 years can be attributed in part to global climate change. The
International Workshop on Tropical Cyclones (IWTC) noted that “if the projected rise in sea
level due to global warming occurs, then the vulnerability to tropical cyclone storm surge
flooding would increase” and “it is likely that some increase in tropical cyclone peak wind-
speed and rainfall will occur if the climate continues to warm. Model studies and theory
project a 3-5% increase in wind speed per degree Celsius increase of tropical sea surface
temperatures (Dasgupta et al 2009).”
The Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC 2007) cites a trend since the mid-
1970‟s toward longer duration and greater intensity of storms and a strong correlation with the
upward trend in tropical sea surface temperature. Data shows a probability greater than 66%
that continued sea-surface warming will lead to tropical cyclones that are more intense, with
higher peak wind speeds and heavier precipitation (Dasgupta et al 2009).”
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report 2.1-100

Some 20 typhoons pass the Philippine Area of Responsibility (PAR) every year. These are
most frequent during the months of May to December with peak occurrences in the month of
November. Of the total 325 typhoons recorded to have crossed the PAR from 1948 to 1978,
about 20 passed through Metro Manila. One of these, Typhoon Yoling, was the most severe,
registering a maximum wind speed of 200 kph and bringing 24- hour rainfall on the Metropolis
(PAGASA Website).
According to PAGASA, storm surges occurred seven times from 1960–72. Table 2.1-16 is a
list of storm surge events that affected the Manila Bay area. This is taken from the
Compilation of Storm Surge Occurrences in the Philippines (Project NOAH, 2014). Therefore,
it can be safely stated that waves/surges can occur with or without the project.
Table 2.1- 16. Storm Surges in the Manila Bay Area and Vicinities
Surge
Date of Associated
Height Affected Areas Casualties Damage
Occurrence Tropical Cyclone
(m)
Jun 29, 1589 Unnamed typhoon Manila Bay
Destroyed Bagumbayan
Aug 29, 1863 Unnamed typhoon Manila drive due to inundation;
several houses were
Sept 20 – 26, unroofed
17 ships were tossed onto
Unnamed typhoon Manila Bay
1867 Santa Lucia and Tondo
Oct 25,1873 Unnamed typhoon 0.6 Cavite shores
Destroyed $40M property;
Typhoon Yoling Manila Bay, southeast coast of
Nov 19, 1970 4 sank 21 fishing boats near
(Patsy) Luzon
the North Harbor
Jun 23 – 25, Typhoon Konsing Several ships washed
Manila Bay and Bicol region 1
1972 (Ora) ashore
Typhoon Bebeng Bataan and at least 10 villages
Jul 2, 1983 4 182 49,000 houses
(Vera) on Manila Bay’s western banks
Coastal areas of Manila Bay,
Brgys San Rafael 3 and 4, Damaged the breakwater
Sept 26 – 28, Typhoon Pedring
6 Cavite, Brgy. Pasungol, Santa, 12 and seawall along Roxas
2011 (Nesat)
Ilocos Sur, and Sta Rita Aplaya, Boulevard
Batangas City
Typhoon Santi
Oct 11, 2013 Manila Bay
(Nari)
Source: Project NOAH http://blog.noah.dost.gov.ph/2014/02/04/compilation-of-storm-surge-occurrences-in-the-philippines/
Signs of sea level rise are already manifested at the shore of Manila Bay. Manila Bay already
recorded a 1.93-metre spring tide. The Malabon and Navotas areas are already at or below
mean sea level and frequently submerged in floodwater (Siringan and Ringor, 1998 and
Rodolfo and Siringan 2003).
Due to the combination of coastal configuration and seasonal wind regime, waves generated
during the rainy southwest monsoon also raise tide levels by as much as 80% at the northern
end of the bay (Siringan and Ringor, 1998). Waves three meters high can be generated even
along the limited western fetch. Southerly wind speeds at Manila can exceed 220 kilometers
per hour (34 meters per second), and waves 3.7 meters high have been recorded at Manila‟s
port. PAGASA unpublished records shows storm surges occurred seven times between 1960
and 1972 (Rodolfo and Siringan 2003).
Recent storms demonstrated wind induced waves breaking at the seawall of the reclamation
area and Roxas Boulevard covering the strip with garbage. Portion of the sea wall along
Roxas Boulevard suffered damage due to the consistent pounding of the waves.
As shown during Typhoon Pedring, Manila Bay coastline is considered highly vulnerable to

storm surges and coastal floods. Man-made defenses will be necessary especially at the
reclaimed land taking to account the following:
Sea level rise would increase coastal flood risks in a significant manner. For instance, 30 cm
of sea level rise is already flooding portions of Navotas and Malabon. (C. Dayanghirang,
2018)
For now, the current man-made defenses are able to face current rate of sea level rise, but
upgrades will be needed. Experiences in other cities show that these upgrades need to be
anticipated, within a comprehensive climate-change adaptation plan. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
 Sea level rise will increase flood exposure making it even more necessary to carefully
maintain the defenses and to create effective disaster emergency and recovery plans.
 The reclamation area in Las Pinas, Paranaque, Pasay and Manila will be highly
vulnerable to coastal floods due to sea level rise. In these locations, high losses can
be anticipated in the absence of a strong change in risk management practices and in
flood defense standards.  
 Adaptation and upgrades in flood defenses are the most efficient tools to reduce sea
level rise losses over the short and medium terms. Over the long term, however, only
mitigation can limit sea level rise to levels that are manageable with dikes and sea
walls.  
Storm surges can cause severe destruction and damage in its surrounding areas. High winds
push the ocean‟s surface that causes water pile up higher than the ordinary sea level. Storm
surges have known to damage nearby coastal structures, resulting from the wave impacts
and debris carried by the surge. Other effects include flooding of low-lying coastal areas and
intense wave erosion of beaches, dunes and other structures.
The location of the reclaimed land will be such that it will be the nearest to the waterfront
relative to pre-existing sites. This makes it most vulnerable to storm surge and flooding.
Engineering intervention must be implemented to mitigate impacts. For example, the planned
height of the platform (minimum 4m) can potentially protect both the project site and the pre-
existing coastal areas from the onslaught of sea waves. This means the proposed
reclamation project has the potential of sheltering onshore population and
structures/properties from storm surges or storm waves depending on incoming wave
direction.
The Preliminary Storm Surge Hazard Map of Metro Manila prepared by READY for GMMA
Project is presented in Figure 2.1-55. This was published in October 2013, before Typhoon
Yolanda devastated Leyte, Samar and a lot more other areas in the Philippines. While this
storm did not hit Metro Manila, this scenario was taken into consideration in the storm surge
hazard identification conducted by Project NOAH (DOST). The Maximum storm surge height
map of Metro Manila and vicinities (Figure 2.1-56) was presented in their report,
“Identification of storm surge vulnerable areas in the Philippines through the simulation of
Typhoon Haiyan-induced storm surge levels over historical storm tracks” (Lapidez, JP, et al.,
2014). It “calculates the maximum probable storm surge height for every coastal locality by
running simulations of Haiyan-type conditions but with tracks of tropical cyclones that entered
PAR from 1948–2013” (Lapidez, JP, et al., 2014).
Hypothetical typhoons were created using the tracks of the selected typhoons and the central
pressure, maximum sustained wind speed values, and radii to the 50 and 30 knot winds of
Haiyan. A total of 861 hypothetical typhoons were generated for this study. Storm surge
simulations for these typhoons were generated using the JMA Storm Surge Model. (Lapidez,
JP, et al., 2014). This model is a numerical code that is used to simulate and predict storm
surges generated by tropical cyclones (Higaki, 2006). The numerical scheme of the model is
based on 2D shallow water equations. Other governing equations include the equation of

motion and the continuity equation with air pressure and wind fields used as external forcings.
As can be seen in Figure 2.1-56, the proposed project site is within the zone of red dots (2-
3m max height). This indicates that the conservative storm surge advisory level to be adapted
in the area is Advisory 2 (SSA 2) corresponding to maximum storm surge height of 3m.
Figure 2.1-57 (from Project NOAH) shows the storm surge hazard based on this 3m height
waves.

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Figure 2.1-55. Preliminary Storm Surge Hazard Map of Metro Manila

Source: Lapidez, JP, et al., DOST Project NOAH, June 2014
Figure 2.1-56. Maximum Storm Surge Height Map of Metro Manila and vicinities.

Source: UP Project NOAH, screen grab on October 2017
Figure 2.1-57. Storm Surge Hazard Map (SSA 2) of Pasay City and vicinities.

2.1.3.3 Climate Change and Sea Level Rise

th
The Philippines ranks 12 among 200 countries most at risk from tropical cyclones, floods,
earthquakes and landslides (Mendez, C The Philippine Star 29 Oct. 2009). Velasquez citing
the UNISDR Mortality Risk Index (MRI), a study funded by Canada and Sweden reported that
of the ten ASEAN countries, the Philippines is a “hot spot” for cyclones, landslides, floods and
droughts. In the multiple climate hazard index, the Philippines received a rank of 0.6 to 1.0,
the highest among all the ASEAN countries. It was also mentioned that the National Capital
Region (NCR) ranked seventh among all cities in the ASEAN, as most vulnerable districts in
Southeast Asia. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018)
One of the results of Climate Change is the shift in the climate patterns and there are
projections for fewer typhoons in January to March while frequency will increase in July to
November. This is due to sea-surface temperatures (SSTs) remaining warm enough. In
theory, warmer SSTs mean more frequent and stronger storms. The number of tropical
cyclones is observed to be increasing in the Western Pacific. In the Philippines, the rise in
typhoon crossings is most pronounced over the Visayas area. It is reasonable to assume that
this recent trend will continue throughout the present century (Villarin et al 2008).
While a single event cannot be attributed to climate change, extreme weather conditions like
tropical storm “Ondoy” and typhoon “Pepeng” are consistent with the trend on climate change
that the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change identified in its 4th Assessment Report.
Indications show that climate change is already affecting the country. Historical data of the
Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)
shows the mean annual temperature in the country from 1951 to 2006 increased by 0.6
degrees centigrade with the minimum annual rising by 0.89 degrees centigrade over the
same period (J. Velasquez as quoted by Mendez, C. The Philippine Star 29 Oct. 2009).
One of the most discernible effects of global climate change on the Philippines will be the
accelerated rise in sea level. Sea level rise is a worldwide phenomenon where in the
estimated mean global eustatic sea level rise during the last century range from 0.12 cm/y
(Gomitz and Lebedeff, 1987) to 0.18 cm/y (Douglas, 1991). In the Philippines, studies on five
tidal stations located in Manila Bay, Legazpi, Cebu, Jolo, and Davao show a slight upward
trend (Yanagi and Akaki 1994). The Manila area has exhibited a particularly strong increase
in mean sea levels, probably due to a combination of local subsidence as well as a global rise
in sea levels (Perez 1999, Hulme and Sheard 1999).
The overall relative sea level rise in Manila Bay is approximately 0.40 cm/y from 1901 to
1950, as indicated by the Manila South Harbor tidal gauge record. A drastic increase in the
rate of rise to approximately 2.35 cm/y occurred from 1963 to 1980. The higher rate of sea
level rise in Manila Bay, relative to the estimates for global eustatic rise can be due to
subsidence. The South Harbor is situated atop the deltaic deposits of Pasig River.
Compaction of the deltaic sediments, under its own accumulating weight, may explain the
relative sea level rise during the period 1901 to 1950. The drastic increase in the rate of
relative sea level rise during the period 1963 to 1980 could be attributed to groundwater
withdrawal. The trend of groundwater withdrawal in Metro Manila shows an abrupt increase in
the late 40's and acceleration in the early 70's. These trends correlate well with the trends of
relative sea level change indicated by the South Harbor tidal gauge record (Siringan and
Ringor, 1998; Siringan and Rodolfo, 2003)
Summary of Mitigating Measures for Geological Hazards
The project site located directly at the coast of Manila Bay can be easily impacted by sea
level rise, storm surge and flooding either due to increase frequency of high intensity storms
or as a consequence of climate change. Short terms measure such as raising the foot print
area of the main structure above the highest flood level experienced or projected either by
back fill, or raised podium, or rising of the sea wall to minimize the effect of storm surge can
be used. However, for a long term measure, a comprehensive plan will be needed to protect
not only the reclamation area but the whole of the coastal areas of Manila, Pasay and

Paranaque to address the adverse effect of flooding, storm surge and sea level rise.
Adaptation and upgrades in flood defenses are the most efficient tools to reduce sea level rise
losses over the short and medium terms. Over the long term, however, the only mitigation that
can limit sea level rise to levels that are manageable are upgrading of the existing sea walls.
Given to the increase in frequency of passage and occurrence of typhoons with super storm
category, the consideration of mangroves along the impact coastlines be considered given
the following benefits:
• Breaks Wave Buildup  

• Dissipates wave energy  
• Negate wave pile up (Reduce Flood Height)  
• Reduce wave run up  
• Reduce wave velocity  
• Prevent coastal erosion  
• Low cost compared to engineered measure  
• Will regenerate when damaged  
• Can be developed on areas where refuge area can be located  
With respect to storm surge and flooding hazards, the project once operational should
prepare a relevant “Emergency Action Plan, Emergency Response Plan and Emergency
Management Plan” for the safety of the guests and personnel. The plan will need to be in the
worst case scenario which will include but not limited to:
a. Extreme weather (typhoon) condition 
b. City wide flood condition and flood height 
c. Power outage either city wide or deliberately shut off within the project area
because flood water had already reached electrical sockets. 
d. No power, therefore no water, working elevator, cell-phone signal and internet
communication systems condition. 
Other factors that will need consideration in the emergency plan are;
1. The time of day the crisis will occur  
2. The location of marshalling areas for the guest and personnel  
3. The evacuation site for the guest and alternative options  
4. Mode of transport from the project site to the evacuation site  
5. Asset and property protection and preservation both of the guests and the project
It will be essential for the project once operational to monitor the weather updates and comply
with the warnings and bulletins issued by concerned government agencies pertinent to
weather/storm surge.
Severe seismic activity can cause excessive oscillations of the building which may lead to
structural failure. To enhance the building's seismic performance, appropriate earthquake
engineering measures can be adopted using applicable seismic vibration control
technologies.
The effect of seismic waves entering a structure can be controlled to negate the damaging
effect and improve the building's seismic performance through the application of the following
concepts:
 The dissipation of the wave energy inside a superstructure using properly engineered
dampers;  
 The dispersal of the wave energy between a wider range of frequencies by
adequately configuring a building elevation  
 To reflect, diffract, and dissipate seismic waves in a process of their vertical
propagation using an elevated building foundation (EBF);  
 To absorb the resonant portions of the whole wave frequencies band using mass

dampers.  
Mass dumpers commonly referred to as TMD for the tuned (passive), as AMD for the active,
and as HMD for the hybrid mass dampers, have been studied and installed in high-rise
buildings, predominantly in Japan, for a quarter of a century. To increase the shielded range
of forcing frequencies, the concept of Multi-Frequency Quieting Building System (MFQBS)
was developed in U.S.  
2.1.4 Pedology
2.1.4.1 Soil Erosion / Loss of topsoil / overburden
Riverbank stability. Riverbank Stability is not germane to the project.
Water and wind erodibility potential. Sediment sources. Erodibility is likewise

deemed not germane to the project as discussed
IN THE SECTION ON USLE. Topsoil and overburdens are not normally associated
with reclamation projects.
GEOTECHNICAL STUDIES
The geotechnical investigation consists of fifteen (15) boreholes drilled at off-shore locations
within the proposed reclamation site. Twelve (12) boreholes were drilled to a depth of 25.0
meters below the seabed, and three (3) boreholes were drilled to a depth of 35.0 meters
below the seabed. Standard penetration tests, rock core drilling, and thin-walled tube
sampling were performed, and the samples recovered were brought to the laboratory for
analysis and testing. Some of the laboratory tests conducted on selected soil samples
include:
 Soil Classification using the USCS (ASTM D2487)  
 Determination of Atterberg Limits (ASTM D4318)  
 Particle Size Distribution: Mechanical Sieve Analysis (ASTM D422)  
 Determination of Natural Moisture Content (ASTM D2216)  
 Determination of Specific Gravity (ASTM D854)  
 Determination of Unconfined Compressive Strength of Rocks (ASTM D7012)  
 Determination of One-Dimensional Consolidation Properties of Soils (ASTM D2435)
This report also presents the field and laboratory procedures adopted in the investigation as
well as the subsurface conditions which are presented in the form of idealized soil profiles.
GPI undertook the geotechnical investigation at the site, as well as the laboratory testing on
the soil samples, from February to April 2018.  
Standard penetration tests were performed, and when very soft cohesive soils were
encountered, thin-walled tube sampling was employed. When rocks were encountered during
drilling, rock core drilling was performed. The summary of field investigations is presented in
Table 2.1-17. The location of boreholes is presented in the table below and Figure 2.1-58.
Table 2.1- 17. Summary of Drilling Activities

Depth of
Borehole
Latitude Longitude Borehole Date of Drilling
No.
(m)
BH-01 14°33'19.20" 120°58'7.85" 25 February 26 - March 2, 2018
BH-02 14°33'20.86" 120°57'56.98" 25.27 February 26 - March 2, 2018
BH-03 14°33'20.64" 120°57'27.76" 25 March 5 - 7, 2018
BH-04 14°33'17.51" 120°57'4.71" 25 April 6, 2018

Depth of
Borehole
Latitude Longitude Borehole Date of Drilling
No.
(m)
BH-05 14°33'5.37" 120°57'22.46" 25 April 7 - 9, 2018
BH-06 14°33'11.18" 120°57'43.31" 25 April 9 - 10, 2018
BH-07 14°33'3.05" 120°57'13.76" 25 March 8 - 9, 2018
BH-08 14°33'19.94" 120°56'41.34" 37.4 April 2 - 4, 2018
BH-09 14°33'19.26" 120°56'0.60" 25 March 16 - 17, 2018
BH-10 14°32'57.44" 120°55'57.90" 25 March 10, 2018
BH-11 14°32'36.40" 120°56'21.44" 25 March 12 - 13, 2018
BH-12 14°32'46.72" 120°56'48.00" 35 March 17 - 19, 2018
BH-13 14°33'5.05" 120°56'50.33" 35 March 20 - 21, 2018
BH-14 14°33'4.87" 120°56'29.46" 25 March 15 - 16, 2018
BH-15 14°33'4.69" 120°56'8.59" 25 March 13 - 14, 2018
SPT Drilling Procedure per ASTM D1586
The Standard Penetration Test (SPT) was done in accordance with ASTM specifications, with
energy transfer efficiency of at least 60%. For each test, a 2-inch (50.8mm) outside diameter
Split – Spoon sampler was driven into the soil at a depth of 18 inches (460 mm) by means of
a 140 lb. (63.5 kg) driving mass falling freely from a height of 30 inches (760 mm). The
number of blows needed to drive the split spoon sampler 18 inches (460 mm) was recorded
and the number of blows needed to drive the last 12 inches (305 mm) was taken as the N –
value. Soil samples were recovered using the spoon sampler and were then taken to the
laboratory for testing and analysis.
Rock Coring and Sampling per ASTM D2113
Whenever Standard Penetration Test (SPT) refusal is reached, rock coring was performed.
SPT refusal occurs when a total of 50 hammer blows causes less than or equal to 25.4 mm of
ground penetration, or no measurable penetration occurs after 10 hammer blows.
Coring techniques were performed in accordance with the American Standard for Testing
Materials (ASTM D2113). The core recoveries were analyzed, stored in core boxes,
delineated by properly marked spacers marked with indelible ink, labelled and wrapped in
plastic bags for laboratory strength tests
Results of Borehole Drilling
 Borehole 1 starts with a very soft, highly plastic clay and silt layer with a thickness of
5 meters, underlain by a meter thick, very loose clayey sand layer. At a depth of 6
meters, soft, low plasticity silts were found, followed by a 1.5-meter thick, very dense,
well-graded silty sand layer. From 9 to 21 meters, sandy to silty tuff was found. A 4-
meter thick, hard, highly plastic clay layer was encountered at a depth of 21 meters
until borehole termination at a depth of 25 meters.
 Borehole 2 starts with a 7.27-meter thick, very soft, highly plastic clay layer underlain
by a 1.5- meter thick, very stiff highly plastic clay layer. At a depth of 8.77 meters, stiff
to very stiff layers of highly plastic clay and silt, with a thickness of 11.5 meters, were
present. A 6-meter-thick, hard highly plastic clay layer was found at a depth of 19.27
meters until borehole termination at a depth of 25.27 meters.
 Borehole 3 starts with a 9.91-meter thick, highly plastic clay and silt layer underlain by
a 1.5- meter thick, highly plastic clay layer. At a depth of 11.41 meters, a 4.5-meter

thick layer of highly plastic clay and low plasticity silt was found. From 15.91 meters
until the borehole termination at 25 meters, cohesionless soil layers (i.e. silty sand,
well graded silty sand, and clayey to silty sand) were encountered.
 Borehole 4 starts with a 7.67-meter thick, very soft, highly plastic layer underlain by a
4.95-meter thick, stiff to very stiff, cohesive soil layers (i.e. high plasticity silt, low
plasticity silt and high plasticity clay). This is followed by a 1.45-meter thick, very
dense silty sand layer. At a depth of 14.07 meters, a 10.5-meter thick moderately
weathered silty to sandy tuff is present which is underlain by a 0.43-meter thick,
highly weathered conglomerate.
 Borehole 5 starts with an 8.14-meter thick, very soft to soft, highly plastic clay layer
underlain by a 1.72-meter thick, very stiff, highly plastic clay layer. At a depth of 9.86
meters, highly weathered silty tuff layer with a thickness of 4.14 meters, were present.
From 14.00 meters until the borehole termination at 25.27 meters, hard, highly plastic
clay and silt layers were found.
 Borehole 6 starts with a 7.55-meter thick, very soft, high plasticity clay layer underlain
by a 0.45- meter thick, stiff, high plasticity silt layer. This is followed by a 1.30-meter
thick layer of hard, high plasticity clay. At a depth of 9.30 meters, a meter thick of silty
tuff layer was found. A 1.95-meter thick, stiff, highly plastic clay layer was located at a
depth of 10.30 meters underlain by a 1.45- meter thick layer of highly plastic clay. The
borehole ends with an 11.30-meter thick, slightly weathered, sandy to silty tuff layer.
 Borehole 7 starts with a 7.94-meter thick, very loose silty sand layer underlain by a
4.50-meter thick, stiff, highly plastic clay layer. Very stiff, low plasticity silts can be
found at a depth of 12.44 meters followed by very dense clayey sands at a depth of
13.94 meters. At a depth of 15.3 meters, a layer of highly weathered sandy tuff is
present. A 1.85-meter layer of hard, high plasticity clay and silt is located at depth 19
meters. The last layer is made of slightly weathered silty tuff which starts at 20.85
meters until 25 meters.
 Borehole 8 starts with an 11.56-meter thick, very soft, highly plastic clay layer
underlain by a 1.5- meter thick, stiff, highly plastic clay layer. At a depth of 13.06
meters, a 1.50-meter thick layer of hard, highly plastic clay was found. A 1.30-meter
thick, very dense silty sand layer was located at a depth of 14.56 meters. This is
followed by a 3.00-meter thick layer of moderately weathered silty to sandy tuff
underlain by a 9.45-meter thick, stiff to very stiff, highly plastic silt and clay layers. At
a depth of 28.31 meters, a 1.50-meter thick, very soft, highly plastic silt was found
underlain by a 1.59-meter thick, hard, highly plastic clay. The borehole ends with 6-
meter thick layer of moderately weathered sandy tuff.
 Borehole 9 consists of a 22.86-meter thick, very soft to soft, highly plastic clay layer
underlain by a 2.14-meter thick layer of very stiff to hard, highly plastic clay.
 Borehole 10 consists of a 20-meter thick, very soft to soft, highly plastic clay layer
underlain by a 5-meter thick, firm to very stiff, highly plastic clay layer.
 Borehole 11 starts with a 20-meter thick, very soft to soft high plasticity clay layer
underlain by a 3-meter thick, stiff to very stiff, highly plastic clay and silt layer. A 2-
meter thick, medium dense clayey sand layer is found at a depth of 23 meters.
 Borehole 13 consists of a 13.5-meter thick top layer of highly plastic clay which is
very soft in consistency with a 1.6-meter thick interbedded stiff layer at a depth of
11.25 meters. This is succeeded by very dense silty sands which is well-graded in
some places. The formation transitions into stiff to very stiff, highly plastic clay at a
depth of 19.5 meters. At a depth of 24.0 meters, it is underlain by a 1.5-meter thick,
highly plastic silt layer which is hard in consistency. The underlying rock formation is
made up of highly weathered conglomerate and sandy tuff.

 Borehole 14 is composed of very soft, highly plastic clays until a depth of 9.34
meters. It overlies a 1.5-meter thick, very stiff, low plasticity silt layer. It is succeeded
by silty to clayey sands, dense to very dense in consistency. At a depth of 13.84
meters, stiff to very stiff, highly plastic clays and silts were encountered. The
underlying layer is made up of medium dense to dense, cohesionless soils (i.e.
clayey silty sands, poorly-graded silty sands) which transitions into very stiff, highly
plastic clay at a depth of 21.34 meters. At a depth of 22.84 meters, a 1.5-meter thick,
medium dense, silty sand layer was encountered. It overlies a hard, highly plastic silt
layer.
 Borehole 15 starts with a 12.57-meter thick, very soft to firm, highly plastic clay layer
underlain by a 1.5-meter thick, loose clayey sand layer. This is followed by a 3-meter
thick, stiff to very stiff, high plasticity clay and low plasticity silt layer. At a depth of
17.07 meters, a 1.85-meter thick, hard, highly plastic clay layer is found which is
underlain by a 4.08-meter thick tuff formation. The borehole ends with a 2-meter
thick, medium dense silty sand layer.
The summary logs of 15 boreholes drilled by Geotechnics Philippines, Inc. are as below:
Table 2.1- 18. Idealized Subsurface Conditions based on Boreholes Drilled

SPT Consistency/ Relative
Depth (m) USCS Classification
N-value Condition
BH-01
0.00 - 5.00 CH/MH 0[1] - 2 Very Soft
5.00 - 6.00 SC 3 Very Loose
6.00 - 7.50 ML 4 Soft
7.50 - 9.00 SW-SM 78 Very Dense
9.00 - 21.00 Sandy to Silty Tuff [coring] CRR=7-95%
21.00 - 25.00 CH 77-88 Hard
BH-02
0.00 - 7.27 CH 01 Very Soft
7.27 - 8.77 CH 25 Very Stiff
8.77 - 19.27 CH/MH 12-24 Stiff to Very Stiff
19.27 - 25.27 CH/MH 32-38 Hard
BH-03
0.00 - 9.91 CH/MH 01 Very Soft
9.91 - 11.41 CH 8 Firm
11.41 - 15.91 CH/ML 20 - 27 Very Stiff
15.91 - 25.00 SM/SW-SM/SC- SM 40 - 75 Dense to Very Dense
BH-04
0.00 - 7.67 MH 01 Very Soft
7.67 - 12.62 MH/ML/CH 12-25 Stiff to Very Stiff
12.62 - 14.07 SM 50/5* Very Dense
14.07- 24.57 Silty to Sandy Tuff [coring] CRR = 37 - 89%
24.57 - 25.00 Conglomerate [coring] CRR = 67%
BH-05
8.14 - 9.86 CH 30 - 50/3* Very Stiff to Hard
14.00 - 17.45 CH 14- 18 Stiff to Very Stiff
17.45 - 18.60 CH 50/5* Hard


N-value Condition
BH-06
0.00 - 7.55 CH 01 Very Soft
7.55 - 8.00 MH 12 Stiff
8.00 - 9.30 CH 50/5* Hard
9.30 - 10.30 Silty Tuff [coring] CRR = 85%
10.30 - 12.25 CH 13 Stiff
12.25 - 13.70 CH 50/5* Hard
BH-07
0.00 - 7.94 SM 01 Very Loose
7.94 - 12.44 CH 10-13 Stiff
12.44 - 13.94 ML 30 Very Stiff
13.94 - 15.30 SC 50/10* Very Dense
19.00 - 20.85 MH/CH 43 - 50/5* Hard
BH-08
0.00 - 11.56 CH 01 Very Soft
11.56 - 13.06 CH 12 Stiff
13.06 - 14.56 CH 31 Hard
14.56 - 15.86 SM 50/5* Very Dense
18.86 - 28.31 MH/CH 10-28 Stiff to Very Stiff
28.31 - 29.81 MH [pressed] Very Soft
29.81 - 31.40 CH 39 - 50/6* Hard
BH-09
22.86 - 25.00 CH 20 - 31 Very Stiff to Hard
BH-10
23.00 - 25.00 CH 8 - 14 Firm to Stiff
BH-11
20.00 - 23.00 CH/ MH 15 - 17 Stiff to Very Stiff
23.00 - 25.00 SC 17 - 18 Medium Dense
BH-12
0.00 - 15.32 CH/MH 01 Very Soft
18.32 - 22.82 CH/MH 22 - 38 Very Stiff to Hard
25.82 - 26.15 CH 50/10* Hard
26.15 - 27.50 Sandy Tuff [coring] CRR = 74%
27.50 - 29.43 CH 50/13* Hard
BH-13


N-value Condition
0.00 - 11.25 CH 0[1] - 2 Very Soft
11.25 - 12.85 CH 9 Stiff
12.85 - 13.50 CH [pressed] Very Soft
13.50 - 19.50 SM/SW-SM 59 - 78 Very Dense
24.00 - 25.50 MH 50/15* Hard
25.50 - 28.50 Conglomerate [coring] CRR = 29 - 58%
BH-14
0.00 - 9.34 CH 0[1] - 1 Very Soft
9.34 - 10.84 ML 22 Very Stiff
10.84 - 13.84 SM/SC 38 - 53 Dense to Very Dense
13.84 - 16.84 CH/MH Nov-29 Stiff to Very Stiff
16.84 - 21.34 SC-SM/SP-SM 18 - 50 Medium Dense to Dense
21.34 - 22.84 CH 23 Very Stiff
24.34 - 25.00 MH 35 Hard
BH-15
0.00 - 12.57 CH 0[1] - 5 Very Soft to Firm
12.57 - 14.07 SC 6 Loose
14.07 - 17.07 CH/ ML 14 - 19 Stiff to Very Stiff
17.07 - 18.92 CH 42 - 50/3* Hard
18.92 - 23.00 Tuff [coring] CRR = 55 - 70%
Figure 2.1-59 illustrates the SPT values at various depths. Also, soil profiles across sections
are shown in Figures 2.1-60 to 2.1-62. This is followed by scanned copies of the summary of
laboratory test results.

Bh-9 Bh-8 Bh-4 Bh-3 Bh-2

Bh-1
Bh-14
Bh-6
Bh-15 Bh-13
Bh-5
Bh-10 Bh-7
Bh-12
Bh-11
Figure 2.1-58. Borehole Location Map

Figure 2.1-59. Graph of SPT Values vs Depth

Figure 2.1-60. Soil Profile of the Seabed Section A-A’

Figure 2.1-61. Soil Profile of the Seabed Section B-B’

Figure 2.1-62. Soil Profile of the Seabed Section C-C’

SUMMARY OF LABORATORY TESTS RESULTS








2.1.4.2 Change in Soil Quality or Fertility.
“Soil” as referred to and relevant to this project is the sub bed sediments at the project site. In the
process of preparing the site for the filling operations, sub bed sediments will be disturbed during the
dredging activities; such disturbance will cause dispersion of silts/sediments.
The key quality parameters for the sediments are the metallic elements because silt dispersal could
potentially occur to other areas of the Manila Bay outside of the project site thereby transporting these
elements. The seabed soil is not used for other purposes such as for agriculture, hence, the other
parameters such as N, P, K are not relevant.
Primary data were gathered from an immediately adjacent reclamation project. Samples from
geotechnical drilling boreholes from this other project were taken for laboratory testing for trace
elements. Soil test results conducted adjacent to the proposed project is presented to provide
secondary data. The map and corresponding coordinates for these samples are shown in Figure
2.1.63 and Table 2.1.19. Soil sampling, sampling coordinates and soil sampling results for the Pasay
Harbor Center reclamation project site is provided in Figure 2.1.64 and Table 2.1.20.
S3 S5 S2 S1
S4
Figure 2.1-63. Map of Soil Sampling Stations (Adjacent to the Proposed Project)
Table 2.1- 19. Test Results for Silts and Sub-Bed Soils
Cadmium pH,
Sample Date Sediment Chromium (Cr+6) Lead (Pb) Mercury (Hg)
(Cd) Laboratory
Code Sampled Type mg/kg mg/kg mg/kg
mg/kg @ 250C
Diphenylcarbazide Flame Flame Manual Cold
Test Methods EPA 9045D
Colorometric Method AAS AAS Vapor AAS
S1 3/4/17 Silt ND 59 0.9 0.2
S2 3/4/17 Silt ND 57 ND ND
S3 3/4/17 Silt ND 39 ND ND
S4 8/25/17 Sub-bed Soil ND 25 0.8 7
S5 8/25/17 Sub-bed Soil ND 31 0.8 6.9
Dutch Intervention/Target Values 380 / 100 530 / 85 12 / 0.8 10 / 0.3

Soil Bh-9 Soil Bh-8

Soil Bh-3
Soil Bh-1
Soil Bh-2
Soil Bh-15
Soil Bh-14 Soil Bh-13
Figure 2.1-64. Sampling Station Map for Soils (Proposed Project Site)

Sampling Station Coordinates

Table 2.1- 20. Soil Sampling Coordinates (Proposed Project Site)
Sampling Code Coordinates
Latitude Longitude
Soil-BH 1 140 33’ 19.20” 1200 58’ 7.85”
Soil-BH 2 140 33’ 20.86” 1200 57’ 59.98”
Soil-BH 3 14 33’ 20.64”
0 1200 57’ 27.76”
Soil-BH 8 14°33'19.94" 120°56'41.34"
Soil-BH 9 14°33'19.26" 120°56'0.60"
Soil-BH 13 14°33'5.05" 120°56'50.33"
Soil-BH 14 14°33'4.87" 120°56'29.46"
Soil-BH 15 140 33’ 4.69” 1200 56’ 8.59”
Table 2.1- 21. Test Results for Soils

Date
Test Description Results Units MDL Test Methods By
Analyzed
Sample ID: BH 1 Date Sampled: 03-16-18
-Metals-
Cadmium** 0.7 mg/Kg 0.1 Flame AAS 05/02/18 JLTG
Lead** ND mg/Kg 1.0 Flame AAS 05/03/18 EDC
-Wet Chemistry-
Hexavalent ND mg/Kg 0.1^ Diphenylcarbazide, 04/26/18 WBD
Chromium** Colorimetric
Method-DCM
(SM3500-Cr-B)
pH**, Laboratory 8.0 - 0.1” EPA 9045D / 05/02/18 MLJ
@ 25.0°C Electrometric
-Metals-
Lead** 5.7 mg/Kg 1.0 Flame AAS 05/03/18 EDC
-Wet Chemistry-
Hexavalent ND mg/Kg 0.1^ DCM (SM3500-Cr- 04/26/18 WBD
Chromium** B)
-Metals-
-Wet Chemistry-
Chromium** B)
-Metals-
Cadmium** ND mg/Kg 0.1 Flame AAS 05/02/18 JLTG
-Wet Chemistry-
Chromium** B)
-Metals-

Date
Test Description Results Units MDL Test Methods By
Analyzed
Cadmium** ND mg/Kg 0.1 Flame AAS 05/02/18 JLTG
-Wet Chemistry-
Chromium** B)
-Metals-
Lead** 7.7 mg/Kg 1.0 Flame AAS 05/03/18 EDC
-Wet Chemistry-
Chromium** B)
-Metals-
-Wet Chemistry-
Chromium** B)
Note: Analytical Test Done by CRL Environmental Corporation
Table 2.1- 22. Summary of Test Results for Sediments

Borehole No Cadmium mg/kg Lead mg/kg Cr+6 mg/kg pH
1 0.7 ND ND 8.0
2 1.1 5.7 ND 7.4
3 0.8 11 ND 7.3
8 0.5 ND ND 7.6
9 ND ND ND 7.5
13 ND ND ND 8.7
14 0.3 ND ND 7.7
16 0.3 ND ND 7.7
D I V/Target Values 12 / 0.8 530 / 85 380 / 100 N.A.
The Dutch standards for soil remediation (Ref: www.esdat.net Table 1 a) shall be adopted by the
Project Proponent until Philippine standard shall have been formulated.
The TARGET VALUE (Ref: email communications with LLDA) is the baseline concentration value
below which compounds and/or elements are known or assumed not to affect the natural properties of
the soil.
The INTERVENTION VALUE (Ref: email communications with LLDA) is the maximum tolerable
concentration above which remediation is required. This occurs if one or more compounds in
3
concentrations equal to or higher than the intervention value is found in more than 25 m of soil or
3
1000 m of ground water.
ASSESSMENT OF THE TEST RESULTS
The test results indicate compliances to the DIV/Target Values suggesting that there should be no
concerns for migration of metallic elements from the project during dredging to the adjoining areas of
the Manila Bay.

2.1.5 Terrestrial Ecology
By way of discussion, based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, one of the ecological values of the
Manila Bay is the mangroves. At the turn of the 20th century, there were about 54,000 hectares of
mangrove around the Bay. By 1990, only 2,000 hectares were recorded, and in 1995, only about 794
hectares remained (BFAR, 1995). As discussed in Section 2.2, there are no mangroves within the
vicinity of the site.
On the other hand, millions of shorebirds rest and feed in wetlands of Manila Bay area when flying
south from their breeding grounds in the arctic tundra during September to April, and returning North
during the short northern hemisphere summer of May to August.
IMPACTS OF THE PROPOSED PROJECT
Biodiversity involving terrestrial resources is deemed not significant for the project for the following
reasons:
 The reclamation works will be undertaken at sea and distant from lands.
 The access links will be subject to separate EIA Report and applicable requirements of
the PEISS.
 The migratory and important avian species are located at the Las Piñas-Parañaque
Critical Habitat and Ecotourism Area (LPPCHEA) distant from the project site.
SUMMARY OF IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING – LAND RESOURCES
Based on the baseline conditions for Land discussed in the foregoing, following are the identified
impacts and the corresponding management and monitoring plans. Also included are issues raised
during the Public Scoping.
Table 2.1- 23. IMPACT MANAGEMENT AND MONITORING – LAND RESOURCES

IMPACTS MANAGEMENT MONITORING
PRE- CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Not Applicable. The activities at sea which are largely survey works have been completed.
CONSTRUCTION PHASE
In general, the Vision of the City and its CLUP
Inconsistency or incompatibility and in particular the Reclamation Project will
with the operational plan of the be consistent with the 2017-2020 Operational Monitoring of Master Plans
Manila Bay Plan for the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy
(OPMBCS)
Reclamation activities do not generate debris
Solid waste generation (debris and wastes; except domestic garbage from Inventory of solid wastes, principally
and waste) during construction construction crews, which are disposed garbage through records of amount of
phase onshore according to RA 9003. No garbage garbage disposed onshore.
disposal to the Manila Bay.
Urban Renewal The Project is supportive of the City’s Vision
Monitoring of Master Plan
for Enhanced Urbanization
Monitoring of Master Plan for provision for
Aesthetics (Manila Bay sunset) Viewing spot in the master plan
viewing spot(s)
Perception of Flooding onshore
as a result of reclamation. Project will not cause flooding; Pasay is prone Recording of flooding events including
Flooding may also occur before to flooding with or without the project. factors e.g. typhoons, heavy rainfalls.
the project.


Reclamation will instead provide enhancement Monitoring of potential fugitive silt
Change in subsurface geology
by improving soil properties dispersals near the work areas
Erosion/sedimentation Engineering design – to consider mitigation of
impacts water changes in the bay profile.
In-depth study (including simulations) on Visual observation especially along the
prevailing and predicted sedimentation
shorelines fronting the Project
patterns, wave transformation, long shore
currents, tidal currents, wind patterns, bay
morphology and bottom topography, etc.
Some areas in the vicinity will be shielded
from erosion because the project will serve as
barrier against strong waves that can cause
erosion.
Storm surges/storm
waves/tsunamis and flooding Reclamation platform itself with wave deflector
on land and impacts of the gives sheltering effect. Reclaimed lands are in
proposed project during fact known to serve as massive breakwater.
typhoons
Recording of events
Structural defense options are: seawalls at
breakwaters wave deflectors, other similar
defenses such as revetment; angled bypass
walls. Appropriate structure to be selected in
the DED.
For the vertical structures, especially those
facing the main body of the Bay, the structures
are to be designed to resist wave forces, i.e.:
lowest horizontal structure above wave crest;
rigid connection of roof; lateral bracing; deep
protective piles; placement of buildings on
stilts or locate at higher levels; and with many
openings on the ground floor.
Layout of the land use and structures in the
entire reclaimed land will provisions for easy
“evacuation routes” in case of early and swift
evacuation to elevated areas
Flood control infrastructure will be installed
within the reclaimed land, i.e., adequate
channels, drainages and runoff discharges to
the open sea as well as non-blockage of river
outfalls and other flood paths; pumping;
retention tank, etc.
The design of structural flood defenses will
account for possible overtopping but should
not be over-estimated as this could also
possibly cause trapping of floodwaters.
For riverine flooding, design will ensure
outflow of floodwaters to Manila Bay will not
be obstructed
Subsidence, Settlement and Caused by underground water extraction, Monitoring of ground level will be done
Liquefaction which will not be undertaken. during the period of soil stabilization. This
Engineering intervention. Design of is to determine quantitative surface
containment using geotechnical survey movements with respect to both spatial and
baselines. temporal rates. Known accurate measuring


techniques include: In SAR (Interferometry
Synthetic Aperture Radar) satellite imagery
In-depth studies and monitoring to be
- time-series techniques; GPS surveys;
undertaken settlement of reclaimed land (fill
leveling surveys; optical leveling; Laser
materials), incorporating cumulative effects of
Imaging Detection and Ranging (LIDAR);
natural subsidence of foundation/underlying
and field observations (ground trothing on
soil/rock.
buildings and infrastructure, including the
use of extensometers).
Buildings and structures to be constructed will
be founded on the solid bedrock or dense
layer and appropriate foundation design will
be put in place
Remediation options include: compaction –
densifying sandy soil with vibration and
impact; pour water pressure rod (vibro)
compaction, dissipation – installing permeable
drain pipes; cementation and solidification –
mixing stabilizing material in sandy soil;
replacement; lowering of groundwater level;
shear strain restraint; preload; and structural
measures. A combination of these methods
has been found to be more effective. The
choice of the remediation method will depend
on site characteristics.
A settlement criterion shall be calculated and
will include settlements that will develop in the
natural subsoil and those that will develop in
the reclamation fill from project handover to
the end of project life
Fill materials will be fully engineered and
compacted/densified. The soil remediation
process that will increase the N-value should
be advanced to the bottom of pre-existing
alluvium.
Engineering intervention: structural and
engineering designs to withstand ground
shaking
Ground shaking The computed “g” values of 0.73g will be Recording of events
utilized in the design of the structures and also
serve as guide in the degree of soil
remediation/compaction
All known geohazards in the Education, awareness and preparedness Geohazards will be monitored throughout
area campaign for the construction crew to include the construction phase through monitoring
each of the known hazards. This will include of existing government forecasts and
evacuation drills, placing of signages, and warning systems.
establishing alert systems.
Safety, Health and Environment Team will be
part of the crew. They shall be equipped with
skills on emergency situations. Safety
reminders shall be repeated to the crew during
tool-box meetings (before start of work daily)
and safety meetings (weekly).
Biodiversity
Disturbance of flora and fauna Not relevant Not relevant
Exotic and rare bird species
Not relevant Not relevant
sighted hovering over the site


and immediate vicinity.
Operations Phase is Phase 2 of the project i.e. after the reclamation works have been completed. When the Land shall
have been formed, the reclamation activities will bear no residual effects on Land, Water and Air resources. However,
the activities on the newly-created landform shall create impacts, both positive and negative.
All known geohazards in the Public education, awareness and Geohazards will be monitored throughout
area preparedness campaign to include each of the the operation phase. Buildings, roads,
known hazards. This will include evacuation bridges, sewer, drainage, as well as the
drills, placing of signages, and establishing structural defenses shall be checked for
alert systems. This will be done in integrity.
coordination with agencies like NDRRMC,
PHIVOLCS, PAGASA, Project NOAH, etc. vis-
a-vis the Disaster/Risk Reduction and
Management Plan of the government
Implement community-based coastal tree
planting and clean-ups in area/s to be chosen
among the existing mangroves/coastal forests
in Manila Bay.
In cases where deterioration is detected,
retrofitting/repairs shall be done accordingly.
Solid Waste Management to be instituted and maintained throughout the Operation Phase.

SECTION 2.2 THE WATER

2.2.1. Hydrology/Hydrogeology
2.2.1.1 Change in drainage morphology / inducement of flooding / reduction in stream
volumetric flow
2.2.1.2 Change in Drainage Morphology
Storm drainage map (also showing local drainage system/infrastructures)
Figure 2.2.1 indicates the existing local drainage system indicating therein the channels and esteros
relatively nearest the site. Also shown is the manmade infrastructure, the Libertad Channel
photograph of which is given in Plate 2.2-1.
Plate 2.2-1. The Libertad Channel
Estero Tripa de Gallina located in the City of Pasay adjacent to which is installed a Pumping Station is
a major component of the drainage artery. However of the 4.2 hectares surface area of the estero 2.8
(or 67 %) hectares are occupied by informal settlers which significantly immobilize the function of the
estero.
West of this Estero is the Maricaban creek; however its original width of 21 meters has been reduced
to 10 meters also because of informal settlers.
Downstream of the Estero is another flood control structure prior to final discharge to Manila Bay
which is the Libertad Channel and Pumping Station. On this pumping station are installed
6x7 cu.m./sec and

2 x 1.5 cu.m./sec
pumps. These pumps however need major upgrading.
Environmental Impact Statement Report (EIS) Report 2.2 - 1

Historical flooding / drought occurences; stream flow measurements / estimates. Delineation

of watershed / sub-watershed / floodplain; and identification of aquifers
Historical Flooding
Similar to the other cities in Metro Manila, the City also experiences flooding largely caused by heavy
rainfalls exacerbated by clogged esteros. In August 2013 the City was placed in a state of Calamity
due to heavy floods enhanced by Typhoon “Maring”. The incessant rains flooded 100 barangays in
the city, prompting residents to leave their homes and seek shelter in evacuation centers. Worst hit by
the flooding are Barangays 177, 179, 181, 182, 184, 186, 190, 191, 193 and 201, 132 and 185.
It may be noted that the primary impact barangay for the project Barangay 76 Zone 10 was not
among the worst hit area.
Drought occurrences are not commonly experienced and are neither a concern for nor an
impact of the reclamation project
Stream Flow Measurements/Estimates
The water body (manmade) of relevance is the Libertad Channel for which the following
stream flow is estimated.
The stream flow is reckoned as the peak discharge during periods of heavy rainfalls and is estimated
using the Rational Formula as follows:
With a width of 18 m, length of approximately 1 km and using as maximum rainfall a value of 1170 x
1.213 = (June July August) based on the PAGASA Climate Change extreme scenarios (2050) the
volumetric flow is 0.20 cu.m./sec.
CIA
Q
360
3
Where: Q = peak discharge (m /s)
C = runoff coefficient
I = rainfall intensity within the time of concentration (mm/hr)
A = drainage area (in hectares)
Runoff Coefficient (C)
The use of the runoff coefficient implies a fixed ratio of peak runoff rate to rainfall rate for the
catchment area. Proper selection of the runoff coefficient requires judgment and experience on
the part of the hydrologist/engineer. The proportion of the total rainfall that will reach the sea
and/or storm drains depends on the percent imperviousness, slope and ponding characteristics of
the surface. Impervious surface, such as asphalt pavements and roofs of buildings, will produce
nearly 100% runoff after the surface has become thoroughly wet, regardless of the slope.

Rainfall intensity “I” = 1170 x 1.213 mm/day (June July August) = 50.13 mm/hr
Drainage area (of the Channel) “A” = 18 m x 1,000 m = 18,000 sq.m. = 1.8 has.
Run off Coefficient “C” = 0.8
Q = 0.20 m3/sec
The project will not result in changes in the existing drainage morphology.
o Blocking or diversion of the existing drainage system will not result from the
project. The existing drainage systems are land-based while the project including its
components are sited at sea.
o Blocking or diversion of the nearest rivers or of man-made drainage channels.
The existing rivers/channels are land-based while the project including its components are
sited at sea.
o Blocking or diversion of the esteros.
The existing esteros are land-based while the project including its components are sited at
sea.
It may be seen in Figure 2.2-1 that the existing drainage morphology will not be changed by
the project.

Figure 2.2-1. Map of the Project Site Relative to Existing Drainage Systems
Moreover, based on the foregoing – i.e. that the streams (natural and man-made) are not disturbed,
diverted or blocked, there will be no reduction in the volumetric flow of streams.
The matters of watershed, floodplains, aquifers and drought are not germane to this project inasmuch
as the construction works for the creation of land are based at sea. On the other hand, flooding is
discussed in Section 2.1.3.3.
Table 2.2.-1 lists the water bodies in the City, which are obviously outside the influence of the Project.
Table 2.2-1. The Water Bodies In and Close to the City of Pasay
Name Description
Estero de Drains water from Manila (Paco and San Andres), Makati as far as Forbes Park and Fort Bonifacio and
Tripa de then through Gil Puyat Avenue in Makati and Pasay (including Bangkal and Don Bosco Makati) and then
Gallina in Parañaque. Dumps water into Bay via the Parañaque River at an intersection near western side of
the NAIA runway.
Parañaque Major channel. Drains Parañaque, Pasay and Manila areas. Dumps water directly into Manila Bay.
River
Pasig River Major channel. Drains water from Laguna de Bay and Marikina River, and
also Makati, Mandaluyong, Manila, Quezon City and San Juan (including San Juan River). Dumps water
directly to Manila Bay.
Zapote River Major channel. Drains water from Las Piñas and parts of Bacoor, Cavite. Dumps water into Manila Bay
directly.
SOURCE: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_rivers_and_estuaries_in_Metro_Manila.
The Trida de Galina, a tidal creek, located approximately 3.91 kilometer east-southeast of the
Philippine Navy Headquarters, is the only natural drainage line closest to the project area. The
northern distributaries of this creek directly connect the Pasig River with Manila Bay passing
through areas of Pandacan, Paco, and Sta. Ana in the north. The eastern contributories drain
the area of Makati from the Barangays of Palanan, Bel Air, Urdaneta, Forbes and San Antonio in
the northern end and Bonifacio Global City, Magallanes and Bangkal in the southern end.
Presently, the Tripa de Galina flows southwesterly and outfalls in Manila Bay through the
Libertad Floodwater Pumping Station, which is adjacent to the project area (Carlo D.
Dayanghirang, January 2018)
2.2.1.3 Change in Stream, Lake Water
As stated in the foregoing, there are no streams, rivers and lake water bodies in the impact
areas that the Proposed Reclamation Project will disturb or divert. In relation to the Laguna Lake,
this is distant from the site such that no disturbance, blockage or adverse impacts on flow will
occur, seen in Figure 2.2-1.
Regional Hydrology. Regional hydrogeological map. Hydrogeological map for the Project
“Hydrogeology” is a branch of geology that deals with the distribution and movement of
groundwater in the soil and rocks of the earth‟s crust or commonly called as aquifers.
Inasmuch as the project will not involve underground water extraction as the water will be
sourced from the water concessionaire, hydrogeology is not relevant.
Nevertheless, a hydrogeologic map is given in Figure 2.2-4 for informational purposes.
It is seen from this map that the onshore areas adjacent to the project site is within the
classification of “Local and less productive aquifers. well yields mostly about 2 L/s but as high as
20 L/s in some sites. Very low to moderate permeability.
The fact that the project will not undertake underground water extraction is likewise relevant from
the perspective of land subsidence in Metro Manila, which is generally attributable and accepted
to be the major cause of land subsidence in the city.

PROJECT
SITE
Figure 2.2-2. Regional Hydrogeologic Map

2.2 - 6
2.2.1.4 Depletion of water resources / competition in water use
With a City population of 416,522 and using an estimated consumption of 180 liters per capita per
day (http://open_jicareport.jica.go.jp/pdf/11948882_07.pdf) this translates to water demand of 74 974
000 liters/day (74,974 cu m / day)
Noting the following features of the Project:
o Only the reclamation works are included in the application for an ECC.
o Activities (reclamation and dredging) are confined to the project site, which is at Manila
Bay.
o These activities are dry in nature, no water is used except by the construction crews for
domestic purposes.
o Small amount of water is used for preparation of aggregates and for housekeeping
purposes.
o The water supply for the construction crew will be purchased (bottled water) onshore.
the following statements are thereby made:
o There are no current or projected water use sourced from ground or from the surface
water in the project area and adjacent areas.
o There are no springs and wells in the project area and adjacent areas.
o There are no competition with the communities in water use during the Construction
Phase.
Considerations of the PAGASA medium to long term projections
The PAGASA projections are not considered germane to the Project because:
 The construction/reclamation phase will be completed long before the PRECIS long term
projection year of 2050;
 The PAGASA climate change projection parameters are basically rainfall and temperature
which do not directly relate to the construction activities in respect of water demand.
2.2.1.5 Water Consumption During the Operations Phase
Significant water usage with potential competition are recognized during the Operations Phase.
The water balance will be subject to more in depth studies for the master planning for the
operations phase and will include water sourcing such as from rain harvesting in addition to the
sourcing of supply from the water concessionaires.
Environmental Impact Statement Report (EIS) Report 2.2- 7

2.2.2 Oceanography
2.2.2.1 Change in Bathymetry
Application of the USLE/similar modeling when applicable. Use, if applicable, of the

hydrodynamic model to assess the impacts of the bathymetric changes. Discussions on how
the impacts may be affected by climate change and of a comparison of the projected new
bathymetry as a result of the project with the existing conditions.
Application of USLE
By its nature and application the Universal Soil Loss Equation (USLE) formula is not deemed
applicable to the project as may be seen from the equation itself below:
A = RKLSCP
Where:
 A = average annual soil loss in t/a (tons per acre)

 R = rainfall erosivity index
 K = soil erodibility factor
 LS = topographic factor - L is for slope length & S is for slope
 C = cropping factor
 P = conservation practice factor
 R = the rainfall and runoff erosivity index relates to the intensity and duration of rainfall in a
given geographical area; and is not relevant because the energy from the rainfall does not
reach the sea bed
 K = relates to soil physical and chemical properties that determine how easily soil particles
can be dislodged and is determined by soil texture, aggregate stability, and soil permeability
or ability to absorb water.
 LS = a dimensionless topography factor determined by length and steepness of a slope which

for the bed of a reclaimed land is essentially flat.
 C = the cover and management factor normally associated with agricultural land/soil
 P = the factor for supporting practices which takes into account specific erosion control
measures e.g. slope protection
In the case of a reclaimed land, the erosion of the underlying sea bed may occur if the soil particles
are loose and not stable.
Moreover, empirical factors are not available for the application of USLE for erosion of the sea bed of
a reclaimed land.
Baseline Conditions
Figure 2.2-3 shows the general bathymetry of Manila Bay while Figures 2.2-4 to 2.2-6 show the
actual depth of water, and the bathymetry in the project area and vicinities. The bathymetry in the
areas nearest the existing reclamation areas is characterized by irregular slopes with several
depressions ranging in depth from 13m to 20.5m. Beyond these is a more regular seabed gently
sloping seawards. The proposed area for reclamation lies within this sloping seabed with depth of
water varying from 8-meter to 13-meter depth, and with a gradient of 0.167.

The initial hydrographic and bathymetric survey was conducted on 10-13 February 2017 to
determine the current depth of water in the project site. The said survey in Pasay City was
conducted for the purpose of determining the current configuration of the terrain of the sea floor in
order to correlate it with the existing reclaimed or developed area and to compute the near exact
financial cost estimates in the conduct of reclamation activities.
The execution of the bathymetric survey was conducted with an echo-sounder which is designed
to gather depth data at regular interval. Aside from the echo-sounder's built-in GPS, two
additional hand-held GPS were utilized for differential corrections. MMA-54 was used as base
station for the bathymetric survey.
PROJECT
SITE
Figure 2.2-3. General Bathymetry of Manila Bay

(Reference: 10-13 Survey as reported in “Feasibility Study”)
Figure 2.2-4. Hydrographical Data of the Proposed Reclamation Site

PROJECT
SITE
(Reference: 10-13 Survey as reported in “Feasibility Study”)
Figure 2.2.-5. 3-Dimensional Bathymetric Map in the vicinity of the Proposed Reclamation Site

Figure 2.2-6. Bathymetry of Project Site

Changes/Assessment of the Impact of the Project on the Manila Bay Bathymetry
To determine the topographic configurations of the sea bed (referred to as “bathymetry”), available
topographic map covering the Manila Bay from NAMRIA were digitized and merged with the depth
surveys available in the project area. Post-processing of the interpolated bathymetry of the areas
covering Manila Bay were conducted using GIS. From this analysis, under the pre-development
condition, the total 'wet' surface area is about 176,086 hectares covering Manila Bay up to the mouth
of the Bay in Corregidor Island. The 'wet surface area refers to the area of the Bay located below the
mean sea level. The total water volume of that area is about 31,743.80 million cubic meters and the
average depth is about 18.027 meters.
Once the future development of the proposed project is in place, it is estimated that the total water
volume of Manila Bay below the mean sea level reduces to 31,714.60 million cubic meters, with a wet
surface area of 175,821.32 hectares, with a revised mean water depth of 18.038 meters. The
estimated decrease in water volume and surface area after the proposed reclamation development is
about 0.09% and 0.15% respectively. With this very limited decrease in physical quantities, the
change in bathymetry due to the Project is not expected to significantly alter the existing bathymetry
of Manila Bay.
The Manila Bay bathymetry will remain essentially unchanged by the project due to the small and
insignificant reclamation area/volume compared to that of the Bay. The project will only displace 2.65
2 3
km of Manila Bay water of 1,994 km² or 0.132 %.or a volume of water of 26.5 cu km compared to
.
the volume of Manila Bay at approximately 28.9 Billion cu.m
Furthermore, the water column displaced by the reclaimed land will be compensated by the creation
of water bodies during the dredging of the filling materials within the Manila Bay, which is most
probably at the San Nicholas Shoal in Cavite.
Change(s) will be confined to the project site itself.
Land will be created with a surface area of 265 hectares and will displace the entire water column
within the land configuration. This means that this water body will be “lost” and therefore the
bathymetry for the land configuration will be zero.
Changes in Bathymetry as Derived from the Modeling Exercise
The modeling exercises do not relate to changes of bathymetry as discussed above and summarized
hereunder:
Site bathymetry is singly a function of the water body displaced and converted into land mass
hence water depths (bathymetry) are zero.
Manila Bay bathymetry including the sites of the relatively adjacent other planned reclamation
projects is not altered because (a) the displacement of the waterbody by the land mass of the
Pasay Harbor Center project is extremely minimal compared to the volume of Manila Bay
water and (b) such displacement is compensated by the formation of water body(ies) during
the dredging at San Nicholas Shoal (SNS) which is also located at the Manila Bay waters.
Meteorological Input Data to the Modeling of Circulation Patterns and of Sediment Transport
Meteorological Data
The Philippine Astronomical and Geophysical Services Administration (PAGASA) installed

several surface synoptic stations, agro-meteorological stations, and other weather stations that
collect meteorological, astronomical, and climatological information over the country. The weather
station that are nearest to the project site and have comparable meteorological condition are the
Sangley Point station in Cavite, which is approximately 7 kilometers southwest of the property
with 19 years of data, and NAIA Station, approximately 9 km to the southeast.

Figure 2.2-7. Reference locations of PAGASA Stations
Climatological extremes refer to maximum and minimum values of weather related data at a certain
station as observed and determined from a long record of data. These values include the
precipitation, temperature, wind speed, and sea level pressure at the weather station and can be
requested from PAGASA at monthly or annual extremes. The climatological extremes of Sangley
Point, Cavite as of 2016 is shown in Table 2-2.6. This table contains the highest winds in meters per
second (MPS) and lowest pressures in millibars (MBS). Generally low sea level pressures
(highlighted in blue) coupled with high wind speeds (highlighted in red) correspond to a strong
typhoon tracking close to the weather station.
The wind rose diagram is provided in Figure 2.2-7.

JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
APRIL MAY JUNE
JULY AUGUST
SEPTEMBER
OCTOBER NOVEMBER DECEMBER
Figue 2.2-8. Monthly Wind Rose based on the Manila South Harbor PAGASA Station

Figure 2.2-9. Annual Wind Rose Diagram at Sangley Pt. wind station (PAGASA)
Prevailing Wind Directions
A wind rose diagram represents the frequency of winds blowing from particular directions. It uses
sixteen (16) cardinal directions; namely North (N), North-northeast (NNE), Northeast (NE), East-
northeast (ENE), East (E), East-southeast (ESE), Southeast (SE), South-southeast (SSE), South
(S), South-southwest (SSW), Southwest (SW), West-southwest (WSW), West (W), West-
northwest (WNW), Northwest (NW), and North-northwest (NNW).
The Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical, and Astronomical Services Administration (PAGASA)

wind station at Sangley Point was used to determine the wind conditions at the project site.
From the annual wind rose diagram Figure 2-2-9, it is evident that the prevailing critical wind
directions are from the west northwest, west, west southwest, and southwest. Although there are
other prevailing directions, these are not as critical due to exposure of the project site to winds
coming from the West Philippine Sea.
The monthly wind rose diagram indicates the variation of the wind directions over the entire year.
The northeasterly winds occur during the amihan season from November to April, while the
southwesterly winds occur during the habagat season from June to September. The remaining
months are considered transition months between the two seasons.
Tidal Water Levels
Predicted Tidal Water Levels
Tidal water levels are factors to circulation and sediment transport modeling
Predicted tidal water levels of the nearest gauging stations, i.e. Manila Bay and Corregidor Island
were used as boundary conditions in the model set-up for the project area. The next figure shows the
comparison of predicted tides in Manila Bay and Corregidor Tidal Stations, of which it can be seen
that while these tide levels are of different locations the rise and fall of the tides for the three datasets
are somewhat the same.

Figure 2.2-10. Predicted tides for the month of May, 2018 in Corregidor (blue line) and Manila
Bay (red line) Tide Stations
As there is no adequate long-term water level observations that can be used for subsequent analysis,
and with both tidal levels based on tide prediction tool area in good agreement despite the distance of
each locations, the major tidal constituents of these two tidal stations can be used as representative
values for the project area. Table below summarizes the amplitudes and phases of the major tidal
constituents for the said stations.
Table 2.2-2. Summary of Tidal Constituents for Manila Bay and Corregidor Island
Manila Bay Corregidor Island
Tidal constituent
Amplitude (m) Phase (deg) Amplitude (m) Phase (deg)
Semi-diurnal Species
M2 (principal lunar) 0.191 62.627 0.173 79.827
S2 (principal solar) 0.065 92.600 0.054 113.800
N2 (elliptical lunar) 0.030 31.482 0.034 61.782
K2 (declination lunar-solar) 0.021 91.743 0.015 113.843
Diurnal Species
K1 (declination lunar-solar) 0.299 199.872 0.320 200.372
O1 (principal lunar) 0.278 156.256 0.262 167.356
P1 (principal solar) 0.097 191.929 0.106 200.429
Q1 (elliptical solar) 0.055 135.911 0.051 151.411
The Form Number (F) or the amplitude ratio, is a convenient way to determine the type of tide
(diurnal, semi-diurnal, or some combination of the two). It is computed as the sum of the main two
diurnal amplitudes (K1+O1) divided by the sum of the main two semidiurnal amplitudes (M2+S2).
Based on the values of tidal harmonics, the computed Form Number is about 2.254 for Manila Bay
Station and 2.564 for Corregidor Island Station, which can be interpreted that since the Form Number
is in between 1.50 to 3.0, the area is experiencing mixed, predominantly diurnal tide cycle (i.e., one
high water and one low water in a given day).

Table 2.2-3. Tidal types defined by Form Number
Table 2.2-4. Tide Data at Different Tide Stations

Tide Elevation (m)
MHHW MLLW
Station MHW MTL MLW
Mean Mean
Mean High Mean Tide Mean Low
Higher Lower Low
Water Level Water
High Water Water
Manila
South 0.51 0.39 0 -0.38 -0.49
Harbor
Mariveles
0.50 0.42 0 -0.41 -0.48
Harbor
Puerto
0.51 0.42 0 -0.42 -0.49
Azul
Shown in Figure 2.2-38 is the extent of the computational grid of the regional model (green area) with
the detailed model superimposed (red area); at the right figure is the bathymetry used in the model.
Also shown is the outline of the coastline as well as the proposed reclamation area.

Numerical Simulations of Water Circulations and Movement
To help quantify the effect of coastal circulation and pollutant dispersion on the downstream coastal
study area, the hydrodynamic model was used to simulate the effect of the representative tidal events
occurred from April 25 to June 1, 2018. The first 5 days of the simulation is used to ensure that the
model reaches its steady state thus preventing the effect of numerical oscillations as a result of the
th st
initial conditions of the model run. The numerical simulation started from the 25 of April until the 1
of June 2018, using the first 5-days of hydrodynamic simulation as the initial condition in the
computations. Due to computer memory limitations, the duration of modelling performed is limited to
one-month, while also acknowledging that comprehensive data set in order to fully model in detail the
complex coastal circulation was not available at the time of preparing this report.
Water movement is dependent on the combined influence of prevailing wind conditions, tidal
fluctuations, waves, coastal configurations, depths, etc. As part of the baseline and impact analysis
of the water circulation and movement in the project area, and in the setting up of numerical modelling
tools for assessment, a two-day field reconnaissance survey and coastal oceanographic data
gathering were conducted last April 06 - 08, 2018.
Predicted Water Circulation Patterns under the Baseline (“Without Project” and 'With Project'
Condition
While both winds and tidal forces significantly influence current circulation in coastal environments,
currents were predominantly governed by tides in the mouth of Manila Bay. The results of the
hydrodynamic simulation demonstrated tidal ebbing and flooding dictating current movement and
mass transport within and out of the Bay. This may have been brought by the complicated topography
and coastal configuration of the study site.
The next two figures below show the depth-average current for habagat wind conditions (moderate
wind speed of 1 to 4 m/s from the southwest) during tidal flooding and ebbing for both 'without' and
'with' project condition scenario. The upper right panel shows the predicted current speeds as a
function of time. The direction axis indicates the direction the current is heading towards.
Generally, the model runs revealed that from the open waters off the West Philippine Sea thru the
mouth of the Bay, the flow direction in Manila Bay is heading southeast towards the project area
during high tidal event. Reverse flow occurs during tidal ebbing wherein the flow is directed from Bay
and headed outwards to the open sea.
For wind driven flow, using a light to moderate wind speed blowing from the southwest (the so-called
habagat wind), the velocity field in the Bay is in the range of 4 - 8 cm per second during high tide. As
the flow is directed towards northwest during tidal ebbing, the depth-averaged current in Bay, where
the Project is located, is enhanced by the parallel wind fields resulting to the formation of circular
gyres near the shore. Near the breakwater northeast of the project site, the flow magnitude is
predicted to exceed 6 cm/s during tidal flooding shown as arrows in the figures.
The Post Development or With Project Scenarios

The Pasay City Harbor reclamation project is considered as the primary “With Project” Scenario
because it is the subject of this EIS Report.

Figure 2.2-11. Predicted currents in the project area during tidal flooding (habagat wind
condition), under the post-development scenario.

Figure 2.2-13. Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind condition),
Figure 2.2-14. Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind condition) for
the post-development scenario.

During tidal ebbing combined with habagat wind field, the flow velocity field is directed to flow
outwards of Manila Bay with flow magnitudes of about 4 to 8 cm/s which is comparable with what is
predicted during high tidal events. Weak circular gyres are also present near the shore.
Under amihan wind conditions scenario, with a wind velocity input of 1 to 4 m/s and blowing from the
northern direction, the model results revealed the flow from the mouth of Manila Bay flow towards the
southeast direction during tidal flooding, with flow velocity fields in the range of 4 to 8 cm/s near the
shore. Compared with the habagat wind scenario, the flow velocities in the middle of the Bay is
almost of the same magnitude despite of the wind blowing opposite to the direction of the tidal flood
which is coming from the open waters from the West Philippine Sea.
During tidal ebbing, the model predicts a similar trend as that of habagat condition, wherein the tidal
flow is directed outwards to the open sea. Due to the wind influence, higher flow velocities are
predicted near the Sangley Point as the flows parallel to the coast configurations; weak circular gyres
are likewise formed inside the Manila South Harbor and in the areas just offshore of the Pasig River
mouth.
Figure 2.2-15. Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the pre-development

Figure 2.2-16. Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the post-development
Figure 2.2-17. Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event for the pre-development

Figures 2.2-18 and 2.2-19 show the depth-average current for habagat wind conditions (moderate
wind speed of 1 to 4 m/s from the southwest) during tidal flooding and ebbing for both 'without' and
'with' project condition scenario. The upper right panel shows the predicted current speeds as a
function of time. The direction axis indicates the direction the current is heading towards.
Generally, the model runs revealed that from the open waters off the West Philippine Sea thru the
mouth of the Bay, the flow direction in Manila Bay is heading southeast towards the project area
during high tidal event. Reverse flow occurs during tidal ebbing wherein the flow is directed from Bay
and headed outwards to the open sea.
For wind driven flow, using a light to moderate wind speed blowing from the southwest (the so-called
habagat wind), the velocity field in the Bay is in the range of 4 - 8 cm per second during high tide. As
the flow is directed towards northwest during tidal ebbing, the depth-averaged current in Bay, where
the Project is located, is enhanced by the parallel wind fields resulting to the formation of circular
gyres near the shore. Near the breakwater northeast of the project site, the flow magnitude is
predicted to exceed 6 cm/s during tidal flooding shown as arrows in the figures.

condition), under the post-development scenario
Figure 2.2-20. Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind
condition), for the pre-development condition.

Figure 2.2-21. Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event (habagat wind condition) for
the post-development scenario.
During tidal ebbing combined with habagat wind field, the flow velocity field is directed to flow
outwards of Manila Bay with flow magnitudes of about 4 to 8 cm/s which is comparable with what is
predicted during high tidal events. Weak circular gyres are also present near the shore.
Under amihan wind conditions scenario, with a wind velocity input of 1 to 4 m/s and blowing from the
northern direction, the model results revealed the flow from the mouth of Manila Bay flow towards the
southeast direction during tidal flooding, with flow velocity fields in the range of 4 to 8 cm/s near the
shore. Compared with the habagat wind scenario, the flow velocities in the middle of the Bay is
almost of the same magnitude despite of the wind blowing opposite to the direction of the tidal flood
which is coming from the open waters from the West Philippine Sea.
During tidal ebbing, the model predicts a similar trend as that of habagat condition, wherein the tidal
flow is directed outwards to the open sea. Due to the wind influence, higher flow velocities are
predicted near the Sangley Point as the flows parallel to the coast configurations; weak circular
gyres are likewise formed inside the Manila South Harbor and in the areas just offshore of the
Pasig River mouth.

Figure 2.2-22. Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the pre-development
Figure 2.2-23. Predicted currents in the Bay during high tidal event for the post-development

Figure 2.2-24 Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event for the pre-development
Figure 2.2-25. Predicted currents in the Bay during low tidal event for the post-development

From examination of the predicted currents in the study area during these two wind conditions, it
follows that the tidal conditions dictates the direction of current in the Manila Bay. Near the
shore, the wind shear also had a significant influence in steering the currents, especially in the
formation of circular gyres especially near the project area.
For both amihan and habagat wind conditions, the flow during tidal flooding conditions exhibit a bias
towards the southeast, with weak formation of circular gyres near the shore. The same is true for
tidal ebbing, wherein the majority of the flow is to the northwest. These combined tidal and wind field
conditions induce current speeds reaching a maximum of about 10 to 15 cm/s while the currents
during slack tides were generally weaker, reaching a maximum of 6 cm/s near the middle of the Bay.
Near the south harbor where the project is located, the predicted currents are generally about 4 to 8
cm/s for both amihan and habagat wind conditions for a wind speed of 1 to 4 m/s. For higher wind
magnitude, it is expected that high flow velocities would occur, but for a more conservative pollutant
plume dispersal prediction, for which this tide and wind-generated flows are needed, low magnitude
winds are used.
Predicted Changes (or Net Effects) in Water Circulations due to the Project
With the proposed project, there is a major physical development such as reclamation works that will
be introduced that may potentially alter the prevailing water circulation and movement near the vicinity
of the project area. To quantify changes in flow magnitudes, predicted currents for the pre-
development scenario is then subtracted to the post-development scenario. Therefore, positive and
negative values indicate increase and decrease in flow magnitudes as a result of the proposed
development. In the figures shown, red areas indicate increase while green areas indicate decrease
in flow magnitude values.
Based on these figures (Figure 2.2-26 to 2.2-28), it appears that there is a moderate increase of
about 5 cm/s at the easternmost tip of the proposed island due to the constriction of flows from the
breakwater entering the south harbor. There is also a marginal increase at the western side of the
bigger island, with an increase in magnitudes of some 3 cm/s. The southern portion of both islands is
quite sheltered, including the northwest area of the bigger island, due to predicted decrease in flow
magnitudes of 2 to 3 cm/s. Inside the artificial channel separating the two proposed islands, it is
predicted that the flow magnitudes will increase by 3 to 4 cm/s during high tides and will decrease by
the same magnitude during reversal of the tide.

Figure 2.2-26. Predicted difference in flow magnitudes in the Bay due to the proposed project,
for high tide under habagat wind condition.

Figure 2.2-27. Predicted difference in flow magnitudes in the Bay due to the proposed project,
for low tide under habagat wind condition.
Figure 2.2.-28. Predicted difference in flow magnitudes in the Bay due to the proposed project,
for high tide under amihan wind condition.

SEDIMENT TRANSPORT AND POTENTIAL FOR COASTAL EROSION
The following factors are considered for the modeling exercise:
Distance of the project from the shore line
Presence of other land forms from the other reclamation projects
Bathymetry
The parameter employed is salinity because salinity conditions are steady-state in

nature compared to fugitive particles from the created land which are unsteady state
in movements.
Impact on Water Quality Dispersal and Transport thru Water Quality Modelling
This sub-section assesses the tidal flushing and simple water quality processes by means of water
quality module of Delft3D. In particular, dispersal, dilution and accumulation patterns of particulate
matter dispersed as it is transported by the ambient current circulations were investigated. This
situation is possible during, for example, the release of polluted waters from the tributary rivers which
may affect the water quality within the immediate vicinity of the project area. Scenarios incorporating
the effect of southwesterly and northeasterly winds investigated the propagation and dispersal of the
pollutants as current is forced by wind, particularly near the surface. The pollutant dispersal patterns
were assessed to determine if the project will impact the existing coastal water quality process.
Pasig River is one of the biggest contributors of freshwater nearest the project area. The discharge of
Pasig River can range from 50 m3/s during the summer months to a peak of more than 700 m3/s
during storm events. The average discharge is about 100 to 150 m3/s. Along with the freshwater
discharge, Pasig River also carries with it silts and sediment-laden flows from the watershed as well
as floating garbage and pollutants released from its various tributaries as it flows to the Bay.
Sedimentation Modeling Parameter – Salinity
Salinity (i.e. salt concentration) is deemed as the most feasible parameter to use at this
planning stages of the Project and of those of the other planned reclamation projects.
Numerical modeling is based on steady-state conditions.
Particle dispersions from the Project such as from potential erosions when the land is created
are both largely non-steady stage and also temporal in nature.
Salinity values are available and also represent steady-state condition.
By evaluating the distributions of surface salinity, it is convenient to visualize how pollutants from
Pasig River spread out into Manila Bay. Salinity in the ocean is a conservative tracer and hence their
distribution and transport are based solely on advection by currents and mixing with waters of
different salinity. Considering the complex water quality processes in the area, and taking into
account that movement of freshwater plumes follow closely the fate and transport of conservative
pollutants originating from the rivers as it mixes with saline waters of the Bay, the model used salinity
distribution in the area for „with‟ and „without‟ project. This was made by assuming a continuous
3
release of freshwater in the Bay through the mouth of Pasig River with discharge rate of 100 m /s and
salinity concentration of 0.30 parts per thousands (ppt). Likewise, small discharges from the two
inland channels were also considered to investigate the possible movement and transport of
pollutants coming from these two sources. The ambient salinity concentration in the Bay is set at 31
ppt.
The results of the model runs are shown in the next succeeding figures. Some of the results of the
30-day simulation of salinity incorporating the effects of surface winds, and the rise and fall of tides

are presented. Therefore, the snapshots cover most of the interesting patterns that may be expected
during flooding and ebbing and also during slack water.
a) Scenario A – South-westerly (Habagat) Wind Condition
This scenario incorporated the influence of wind on coastal current circulation and pollutant transport
and movement in the study area. This was accomplished with the use of a southwesterly wind,
ranging from 180 to 225 degrees from the north, with a moderate speed of 1 to 4 m/s, representative
of the southwest monsoon conditions.

Figure 2.2-29. Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes after 1 day (upper left), 5 days (upper right), 5 days (lower left), and 1 day (lower right) of
continuous releases under habagat wind condition.

The next model scenario incorporated the proposed reclamation development in the model runs to
quantify potential impacts of said land development on the fate and transport of pollutants in the
project are. This was made by making the computational gridcells coinciding with the locations of
proposed development as permanently 'dry' in the whole simulation period.
The next figure below shows the comparison of the two map results of the pre- and post-development
scenarios for the same time step of simulations. It can be gleaned from the comparison of the two
figures the changes in salinity levels, for that particular time, once the project is in place. Without the
project, the salinity level inside the Manila Yacht Club is predicted to be less than 27 ppt. Once the
project is in place, however, the salinity level is predicted to be less than 28 ppt which is a bit higher
than that of the pre-development condition. Also notice the low-salinity level plume reaching the shore
of Sangley Point with general concentrations of less than 28 ppt for the post-development scenario,
which when compared to the pre-development result, this same 28 ppt level reaches up to the tip of
the Sangley Point only. This changes can be attributed to the moderate increase in depth-averaged
currents due to constriction of the reclaimed land forcing the river plumes to transport father than what
is predicted in the pre-development scenario.
Figure 2.2-30. Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes after 25.9 days of continuous releases
for the pre-development ( left) and post-development (right) scenarios, under habagat wind
condition.
The next set of figures are some of the snapshots of results of the model runs incorporating the
proposed reclamation development.

Figure 2.2-31. Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes for the 'with project' scenario after 1 day (upper left), 5 days (upper right), 1 day (lower left),
and 5 days (lower right) of continuous releases under habagat wind condition.

Figure 2.2-32. Predicted trajectory of salinity plumes for the 'with project' scenario after 1 day (upper left), 5 days (upper right), 1 day (lower left),
and 5 days (lower right) of continuous releases under habagat wind condition

b) Scenario B – North-easterly (Amihan) Wind Condition
This scenario takes into account the resulting changes in salinity distribution due to the two combined
projects, the 265-hectares and the 360-hectares reclamation projects in the area of Pasay City further
offhore of manila Yacht Club. To conserve space, the next sets of figures are the maximum extent of
salinity plumes for the 30-days simulation periods.
Figures below show the extent of salinity plume for the post-development 265-hectares reclamation
scenario (left figures) and the combined 265-hectares and 360-hectares reclamation project (right
figures) for habagat and amihan wind conditions.
Figure 2.2-33. Predicted maximum extent of low-level salinity plumes for the 265-hectares
reclamation (left), and combined 265-hectares and 360-hectares reclamation (right) for both
habagat and amihan wind conditions.

VALIDATION OF THE MODELS
Validation is most effectively undertaken after the final landforms shall have been approved by
the PRA during the application for an NTP for this Project. The PRA is expected to include the
other projects with pending applications for NTPs.
Due note is taken of a project which is undergoing changes in landforms after it has secured
an ECC and now in the process of securing NTP from the PRA.
OVERALL CONCLUSION
The Proposed Pasay City Harbor Center Reclamation Project will only bring about minimal
variations in current circulation, flow and in sediment transport. The affected domain for
circulation and sediment flow patterns is largely outside the immediate vicinities of the
shorelines.
EFFECTS OF OTHER PLANNED RECLAMATION PROJECTS, I.E.
Circulation and sediment transport modeling is sensitive to land configurations. distances among
these configurations and bathymetry at the specific sites of the reclaimed land.
In its individual applications for NTPs which will be made post ECC it can be expected that the
Proponents will be required to submit to the PRA circulation models. It is gathered that the PRA would
be requiring iterative modeling process, i.e. considering the expected final land forms, sites and
bathymetry for the adjacent projects.
Other Projects Included in the Modeling Works.
Those adjacent projects already granted either ECCs or ECC draft and are in the process of filing
application for NTPs with the PRA.
These are the Pasay 360-hectare reclamation project and

The 419-Hectare Horizon Manila Project.
The planned projects listed below have either not been granted ECCs or ECC drafts yet and are not
in the process of filing NTPs with the PRA.
THE CITY WATERFRONT PROJECT
THE NORTH HARBOUR RECLAMATION PROJECT
THE KINMING (QINMING) RECLAMATION PROJECT, AND THE
NAVOTAS RECLAMATION PROJECT
The landforms/sites of these other projects are plotted in Figure 2.2.-34 wherein the Pasay City
Harbor project is also seen.
In view of the distance of these other projects from the Pasay City Harbor landforms,. It is reasonable
to state that with minimal effects of the latter when the 419-hectare Horizon Manila and the 360-
hectare Pasay reclamation projects are duly considered and discussed in the foregoing, there will be
even more minimal changes in circulation and sediment transport resulting from these
additional reclamation projects considered in the modeling works.
It is notable to observe from Figure 2.2-34 in which the above four (4) project landforms are
superimposed in the results of the particle (salinity) dispersions arising from the Pasay Harbor and the
Horizon Manila and Pasay 360-hectare planned projects that towards these additional four (4) other
planned projects the particles decay to less than 30 mg/L.

In summary, from the analysis of the simulation results of the different scenarios presented, it is
concluded that natural processes including tidal fluctuations and prevailing wind conditions are the
significant factors for the movement of particles inside the Bay and in the project areas. Therefore, the
reclamation development is predicted to affect the existing natural movements of water quality.
However, for the 265-hectare reclamation only, there are marginal differences in the model results for
the water movement and in the resulting water quality, represented in this modelling works by the
salinity parameter, based on the pre-development (“No Project Scenario) and for the 265-hectare
post-development (“With Project” Scenario) configuration scenarios. However, the inclusion of the
other reclamation development in the area, specifically the 360-hectares and the HMRP, showed that
there are moderately significant changes in the water movement and resulting salinity levels.
For the 265-hectares development, the foregoing preliminary mathematical modelling studies show
that there are marginal changes in the water circulation patterns in the areas near the project site.
However, these changes are deemed to be limited only in the vicinity of the project and will not
significantly affect the existing circulation patterns of the whole Bay. Likewise, the modelling results
for salinity dispersion indicates that the 265-hectares project will marginally affect the transport and
fate of pollutants released from inland sources, in this case the Pasig River and the two canal
sources. Farther out into the sea, the changes in existing pollutant transport patterns due to the 265-
hectare project are predicted to be insignificant.
It is also noted that there are other proposed reclamation development within Manila Bay, aside from.
Some of these proposed reclamation projects are overlaid in one of the scenario result maps below.
(Map of extent of maximum salinity dispersal Habagat Wind Condition)

Figure 2.2-34. The other major reclamation projects located within the Bay superimposed in
one of the results maps for habagat wind condition.

While it is ideal for planning purposes that these mathematical modelling study should consider these
future development in the simulations to fully assess the cumulative impacts on the functioning of the
Bay, most of these project proposals are in the early stages of feasibility studies and may still change
in terms of scope, configurations or locations as has been actually experienced in a recent project
which after having been granted ECC is now undergoing design changes for the purpose of securing
NTP from the PRA. Moreover, other coastal infrastructure development (dikes, spillways, canals,
pumping stations, etc.) that may alter the existing coastal configurations of which when taken
together, may significantly change the existing water movement and transport patterns of the Bay.
As for these four (4) major reclamation projects, given the proximity of the two projects (e.g., Kin Ming
and Waterfront Development Projects) in the proposed area subject of this study, there is a high
probability that predicted changes in water circulations and water quality transport patterns may differ
from what is presented here. The other two projects, Navotas and North Harbor Reclamation
Projects, likewise may bring localized changes in the flow and transport patterns within the immediate
vicinity of these projects and is not expected to bring significant impacts to the proposed location of
this 265-hectares reclamation.
Nevertheless, while the model results presented here should be interpreted with caution, these can
serve as important inputs and as one of the planning tools for understanding the complex processes
in the identified project area in particular and in Manila Bay in general. Once new updated data and
information become available that may warrant the need to re-assess the impacts of the project to
include those variables, additional modelling runs can be made for the purpose.

Met-Ocean Hazards
These are largely climate-change induced. “Vulnerability” is also taken as related to climate
change effects on the project.
Water level rise
This relates to bathymetry changes at the reclamation site discussed above. Water level rise or sea
level rise for the Manila Bay is climate change induced and discussed hereunder.
Sea Level Rise vis-à-vis the Reclamation Project
The International Panel in Climate Change Report (IPCC, 2007) observed that reports “since 1961
show that the average temperature of the global ocean has increased to depths of at least 3000
meters and that the ocean has been absorbing more than 80% of the heat added to the climate
system. Such warming causes seawater to expand, contributing to sea level rise currently rising at a
global average rate of 1.8 [1.3 to 2.3] mm per year over 1961 to 2003. The rate was faster over 1993
1 2
to 2003: about 3.1 [2.4 to 3.8] mm per year” .
Data from the national mapping agency on observations covering a 40-year period gathered from five
primary tidal stations showed an increasing trend in sea levels, with a total sea level increase of
15cm. A projected increase in sea level by 1 meter will affect 64 out of the 80 provinces and 703 out
of 1610 municipalities in the Philippines; indeed a very disturbing projection for the country.
Climate-related hazards always have an associated economic burden and it seems inevitable that
ongoing climate change will result in substantial socio-economic costs to the region. Given our
geographical and socio-economic characteristics and natural threats, coastal areas within Manila Bay
3
(especially the delta, wetland and coral reef ecosystems), are perceived to be at considerable risk.
Pragmatically, the projected rise in sea level can be best described using mathematical analysis as
an offshoot (impact) of the 265-hectare reclamation project. The project area has an average depth of
10 meters, and the computed water displacement (estimate) based on depth of water and the land
area of the reclamation project is placed at 26.5 Million cubic meters. On the other hand, Manila Bay
with an average depth of 17 m (55.8 ft), was estimated to have a total volume of 28.9 billion cubic
meters (28.9 cubic km).Therefore, from the mathematic (qualitative) perspective, the impact of water
displacement (assumed sea level rise) as an offshoot of the 265-hectare reclamation project is
computed at 0.00091696% or roughly equivalent to 0.09 millimeter.
As explained during the public scoping, the project will not impact on SLR. The volume of water
displaced at the site is 16 280 000 cu.m. compared to the total volume of Manila Bay of 28.9 billion
cubic meters (or 0.056%). Moreover, sea level rise within Manila Bay will be dissipated to China
Sea. Additionally the displacement of the water body in the reclamation area will be compensated
by the creation of water body during the dredging of sands at the San Nicholas Shoal, which is
located in Manila Bay.
The 5th Assessment of the Intergovernmental Panel for Climate Change (IPCC, 2014)
1 IPCC Report, page 5 found at http://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/assessment-report/ar4/wg1/ar4-wg1-spm.pdf retrieved last 12 April

2010. More disturbing AR4 projection (melting much of the Greenland ice caps) will cause a global sea level increase of 7
meters. Actual data from the 2 Global Sea Level Observing Stations (GLOSS) in the Philippines recorded an increase of 20-
40 cm increase in sea level up to 1997 as reported by CRU-WWF.
2 The threat posed by rising sea levels has been the centerpiece of climate change negotiations in IPCC, the main issue
emphasized by Small Island Developing States, also known as the SIDS

3 State of the Marine Environment Report for the East Asian Seas. Coordinating Body on the Seas of East Asia (COBSEA)
of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP). page 20

Environmental Impact Statement Report (EIS) Report 2.2-42
(References: “Sea Level Change” Annex 3 IPCC WG1ARS Chapter 13 Final and “Projections of
Sea Level Rise” Climate Change 2013: The Physical Science Basis Working Group 1 Contribution
to the Fift IPCC Assessment Report)
This assessment details the issues, approaches, models, and current state of affairs for Sea Level
Rise. From this it is noted that SLR should not be taken as a local phenomenon as it is the effect of
global warming, studies for which have been the subject of the 29‐year old UN‐led organization.
Contributors to SLR (Italized entries below are partial but verbatim quotes from the above
references)
Ocean thermal expansion and glacier melting have been the dominant contributors to 20th
century global mean sea level rise. Observations since 1971 indicate that thermal expansion
and glaciers (excluding Antarctic glaciers peripheral to the ice sheet) explain 75% of the observed
rise (high confidence). The contribution of the Greenland and Antarctic ice sheets has increased
since the early 1990s, partly from increased outflow induced by warming of the immediately
adjacent ocean. Natural and human-induced land water storage changes have made only a small
contribution; the rate of groundwater depletion has increased and now exceeds the rate of
reservoir impoundment.
There is high confidence in projections of thermal expansion and Greenland surface mass
balance, and medium confidence in projections of glacier mass loss and Antarctic surface
mass balance. There has been substantial progress in ice-sheet modelling, particularly for
Greenland. Process-based model calculations of contributions to past sea level change from
ocean thermal expansion, glacier mass loss and Greenland ice-sheet surface mass balance are
consistent with available observational estimates of these contributions over recent decades. Ice-
sheet flowline modelling is able to reproduce the observed acceleration of the main outlet glaciers
in the Greenland ice sheet, thus allowing estimates of the 21st century dynamical response
(medium confidence). Significant challenges remain in the process-based projections of the
dynamical response of marine-terminating glaciers and marine-based sectors of the Antarctic ice
sheet. Alternative means of projection of the Antarctic ice-sheet contribution (extrapolation within a
statistical framework and informed judgement) provide medium confidence in a likely range.
The sum of thermal expansion simulated by Coupled Model Intercomparison Project phase 5
(CMIP5) Atmosphere–Ocean General Circulation Models (AOGCMs), glacier mass loss computed
by global glacier models using CMIP5 climate change simulations, and estimates of land water
storage explain 65% of the observed global mean sea level rise for 1901–1990 and 90% for 1971–
2010 and 1993–2010 (high confidence). When observed climate parameters are used, the glacier
models indicate a larger Greenland peripheral glacier contribution in the first half of the 20th
century such that the sum of thermal expansion, glacier mass loss and changes in land water
storage and a small ongoing Antarctic ice-sheet contribution are within 20% of the observations
throughout the 20th century. Model-based estimates of ocean thermal expansion and glacier
contributions indicate that the greater rate of global mean sea level rise since 1993 is a response
to radiative forcing (RF, both anthropogenic and natural) and increased loss of ice-sheet mass and
not part of a natural oscillation (medium confidence)
The other factor to SLR is the reduction of liquid water storage on land such as due to
underground water abstraction.
The high emission scenario (RCP8.5 scenario) from the IPCC 5rh Assessment Report suggests an
absolute global mean sea level rise of 0.52 m to 0.98 m by 2100 relative to the 1986-2005 period,
with a median value estimate at 0.74 m by 2100, see below. For the future e.g. Year 2075,a value
of 0.45 m may be assumed for the sea level rise (calculated from the design water level for 2015),
based on the median IPCC estimates tor the high emission scenario for the global sea level rise.

Source: IPCC 2014

Figure 2.2-35. Chart of Global Mean Sea Level Rise
(Note: Representative Concentration Pathways (RCPs) are four greenhouse gas concentration (not
emissions) trajectories adopted by the IPCC for its fifth Assessment Report (AR5) in 2014. The pathways are
used for climate modeling and research. They describe four possible climate futures, all of which are
considered possible depending on how much greenhouse gases are emitted in the years to come. The four
RCPs, RCP2.6, RCP4.5, RCP6, and RCP8.5, are named after a possible range of radiative forcing values in
2
the year 2100 relative to pre-industrial values (+2.6, +4.5, +6.0, and +8.5 W/m , respectively)
Reasonable Conclusions from the Above Discussions
The reclamation project will not cause Sea Level Rise (SLR) for the following reasons:
a. SLR is a global phenomena caused by ocean thermal expansion and glacial ice melting.
These factors are absent from the reclamation works
b. Loss of liquid water storage i.e. from underground water abstraction will not be involved in the
reclamation works
c. The sea body displaced by the creation of land (reclamation) is very small compared to the
volume of Manila Bay; moreover this displaced water body is compensated by the creation of
water body during the dredging of fill materials in San Nicholas Shoal.
Impact of SLR on the Project
The IPCC-projected SLR will not cause negative impact on the project because the platform
elevation will be at a minimum of + 4 AMLWL, which is much higher than the worst case scenario
of SLR shown in Figure 2.2-35.
It may even be stated that the reclamation project provides protection against SLR. In addition,
this phenomenon takes place gradually thereby providing sufficient lead time for the potentially
affected population to prepare for such occurrences.
The SLR is likewise discussed in the EIS Report Section 2.1.3. Inducement of subsidence,
liquefaction, landslides, mud/debris flow, etc.

Storm Surges and other hazards are discussed in Section 1 wherein the risk maps are also
given.
Historical Typhoons
A tropical cyclone is caused by large temperature differences between the sea surface and the
overlying atmosphere. Water vapor rises from the sea surface releasing latent heat that
decreases atmospheric pressure, and induces atmospheric currents that further affect the sea
surface. This interaction of the seawater with the atmosphere, together with the effect of the
earth‟s rotation, can cause the seawater to swirl into a vortex with a translational motion, with a
large pressure drop at the center and extreme wind speeds and gustiness around it. In the
Philippines classification system, a tropical storm is formed when sustained gust speed reach 61
kph (16.94 mps), and a typhoon when gust speeds reach 117 kph (32.5 mps). Tropical storms
and typhoons are thus characterized by a large atmospheric pressure drop (ΔPc), extreme gusts
with sustained wind speed (Vmax), and some translational or forward speed of their centers (Vf).
The size of typhoons is associated with the radius from the center (Rmax) to where the wind
gusts reach their maximum speeds, while the strength of the typhoon is associated with both the
maximum wind speed, Vmax, and the cyclone‟s lifetime.
To determine the potentially critical typhoons which could affect the project site, all typhoons
whose tracks passed within a 200 km radius from the site were determined from secondary data
(Figure 2-2.36). From this long list of 129 typhoons, the top 10 strongest in terms of wind speed
were further selected, with their properties shown in Table 2-2.5.
Source: http://agora.ex.nii.ac.jp/digital-typhoon, captured Apr 14, 2018

Figure 2.2-36. Typhoon Tracks within 150km of Project Site (1907-2018)

Table 2.2-5. Top 10 Historical Typhoons passing w/in 200km radius of Project Site based on
Wind Speed
Closest
Duration Relative
Vmax Rmax Distance
No. Typhoon Name JMA No. (Days & Pc (hPa) Track to
(kph) (nm) to the
Hours) the Site
Site (km)
1 Rita / Kading 197826 11 D 18 Hr 222.24 125 905 N 78
2 Hagupit / Ruby 201422 10 D 6 Hr 212.98 80 905 S 85
3 Betty / Herming 198709 8 D 0 Hr 203.72 100 930 S 97
4 Durian / Reming 200621 8 D 18 Hr 194.6 80 915 S 105
5 Patsy / Yoling 197025 8 D 0 Hr 192.66 80 925 S 17
6 Betty / Aring 198021 9 D 18 Hr 185.2 150 930 N 199
7 Koppu / Lando 201524 7 D 18 Hr 185.2 80 925 N 173
8 Rammasun / Glenda 201409 7 D 12 Hr 166.68 70 935 S 35
9 Xangsane / Milenyo 200615 6 D 0 Hr 157.42 65 940 N 50
10 Ketsana / Ondoy 200916 4 D 6 Hr 129.64 80 960 N 55
Storm Condition Analysis
Storm surge refers to the temporary increase, at a particular locality, in the height of the sea due
to extreme meteorological conditions: low atmospheric pressure and/or strong winds continuously
blowing over a body of water (typhoons). It is caused primarily by high winds pushing on the
ocean‟s surface, causing the water to pile up higher than the ordinary sea level (Wikipedia). The
rise in water level due to the combined force of storm surge and normal tides could cause severe
flooding in coastal regions. (C. Dayanghirang, 2018). This is not the same as the astronomic tide
levels (MHHW, MHW, MTL, MLW, and MLLW) which are caused by the combined effects of the
gravitational forces between the earth, sun, and moon. Furthermore, these are not tsunamis,
which are caused by offshore seismic events.
While the eye of the storm is far at sea, we do not feel the effects that much because of the large
depth and vast expanse of water to mobilize. As these approach near the land however, the
effects are quickly amplified because it is approaching shallow water. As the storm reaches the
coasts, there is a pronounced elevation of the mean sea surface that results in the rise of the
mean sea surface, which is the “storm surge”.
The level of storm surge combined with the tide at time of the storm‟s landfall is the “storm tide”.
Waves are likewise generated by the storms and ride on the storm tides. These storm-induced
waves are generally scattered in various directions from the storm‟s center. The highest level of
the sea surface inclusive of these higher-frequency storm-induced waves is the maximum
elevation of the water surface at landfall. Wind storm surge is the component of storm surge that
is induced by wind gusts acting on the sea surface, imparting shear stresses that raise the water
as it tracks toward land. The area within the radius of maximum wind speed and the immediate
outside vicinity of this radius experience the highest wind storm surge. Pressure Surge is the
phenomena wherein the low pressure zone in the middle of a tropical cyclone induces a suction
action of the water below. As the cyclone moves generally westward towards land, the water
surface is uplifted particularly in near the coasts where water is shallow. This is highest near the
storm„s center
The relative track of the typhoon (north or south), closest distance to the site, and astronomic
tides all factor in to determining the historical tide level specifically at the site. For example
Figure 2-2.37), a typhoon can cause a storm surge of 1 m, which would ride on top of the
astronomic tide; in the case of the figure the storm surge and high tide coincide in time, causing a
net higher storm tide level. If, on the other hand, the storm surge occurs at a low tide (below
Mean Sea Level), the overall net storm tide can be smaller. Considering the tidal range of the
project site is 1 m, the timing of the astronomic tides play a large role in determining the overall

storm tide; thus a detailed numerical model was used to determine how these factors affect each
other.
Wave Effect
Storm Tide
Storm Surge
High Tide
Mean Sea Level
Figure 2.2-37. Illustration of the Combined Effects of Astronomic Tide and Storm Surge
(NOAA)
Synthesis of Storm Tide Levels
From the list of typhoons, further analyses resulted in the narrowing down to two (2) potentially
critical typhoons, as shown in the succeeding figures.
Table 2.2-6. Simulated typhoons in the project site

Closest
Relative
Vmax Rmax Distance
Typhoon Name Pc (hPa) Track to
(kph) (nm) to the
the Site
Site (km)
Rita / Kading 222.24 125 905 N 78
Patsy / Yoling 192.66 80 925 S 17
The following figures show the maximum storm tide elevation (i.e. tide plus storm surge) for pre
and post-development conditions for both typhoons. For the pre-development scenario) Typhoon
Rita caused a maximum storm tide level of roughly 1.2 m – 1.3 m at the project location itself.
This rose slightly to 1.4 m along Roxas Boulevard within the Manila South Harbour, and over
1.6 m at Manila North Harbour. Comparing this to the post-development scenario in the
succeeding figure, it can be seen there is minimal effect on the magnitude of the storm tide
levels; there is, however, a minor difference in the spatial distribution of the maximum storm
tides, especially within Manila South Harbor. In the post-development case, the 1.4 m storm tide
envelope is smaller than that of the pre-development scenario.

[m]
1 .4
1.6
1620000
1.
2
1.4
1618000
1.6
1.2
1616000
1.
1.8
2
1614000
1.4
1612000
1.4
1.2
1610000
HMRP
1.4
1.8
1608000
1.0
1.2
1606000
1.6
1.0
1604000
Statistical maximum :
1.0
Surface elevation [m]

1.2
Above 1.8
1.2
1602000
1.4
1.0
1.6 - 1.8
1.4 - 1.6
1600000 1.2 - 1.4
1.2
2
0.6
1. 1.0 - 1.2
1.0
0.8 - 1.0
1598000 0.6 - 0.8
0.8
0.4 - 0.6
1.2
0.2 - 0.4
1.0
0.0 - 0.2
1596000
Below 0.0
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000
[m]
Figure 2.2-38. Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Rita – Predevelopment

[m]
1 .4
1620000
1.
2
1.4
1.6
1618000
1.2
1616000
1.2
1.
8
1614000
1.
4
1612000
1.2
1.4
1610000
HMRP
1.6
1608000
1.0
1.4
1606000
1.2
1.0
1604000
1.2
1.6
1602000 Above 1.8

1.0
1.4
1.6 - 1.8
1.4 - 1.6
1.2
1600000 1.2 - 1.4

1.0
1.2 1.0 - 1.2

1.2
0.8 - 1.0
1598000 0.6 - 0.8
0.8
0.4 - 0.6
1.2
0.2 - 0.4
1.0
0.0 - 0.2
1596000
Below 0.0
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000
[m]
Figure 2.2-39. Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Rita – Post-development

Typhoon Patsy, while traversing much closer to the project site, induced a much lower overall
storm tide level, with a maximum of 1 m at the project site. Similar to Typhoon Rita, there is is
nearly no change in the magnitudes of the storm tide elevations, but the spatial distribution has
changed. Further analyses will be conducted to decouple the astronimc tides from the storm tide
level to determine the net storm surge effect on the water level. A slight build up of storm tide can
be seen just south of the proejct site in the post-development scenario, while the inner area of
Manila South Harbour experiences a slightly lower storm tide.
[m]
1620000
1.0
1618000
1.0
1.0
1616000
1614000 1.0 1.0
1612000 1.
0
1.0
1610000 1.0
HMRP
1608000
1606000
1.0
1604000
1602000 Above 1.8
1.0
1.0
1.6 - 1.8
1.4 - 1.6
0.8 1.2 - 1.4
1600000 0.8
1.0 - 1.2
1.0
1.2
0.8 - 1.0
0.
8 1.0 0.6 - 0.8
1598000
0.4 - 0.6
0.2 - 0.4
0.0 - 0.2
1596000
Below 0.0
0.8
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000
[m]
Figure 2.2-40. Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Patsy – Pre-development

[m]
1620000
1.0
1618000
1.0
1.0
1616000
1.0
1614000 1.0
1.0
1612000
1.0
1.0
1.
0
1610000
HMRP
1.0
1608000
1606000
1604000
1.2
1.0
1602000 Above 1.8

1.0
1.6 - 1.8
1.0
1.4 - 1.6
1600000 1.2 - 1.4
0.8 1.2 1.0 - 1.2
0.8 0.8 - 1.0
1.0 0.6 - 0.8
1598000
0.4 - 0.6
0.2 - 0.4
0.0 - 0.2
1596000
Below 0.0
Undefined Value
0.8
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000

[m]
Figure 2.2-41. Maximum storm tide elevation - Typhoon Patsy - Post-development
Synthesis of Storm Waves
The surface waves induced by the typhoons were also modelled with the use of spectral-wave
module of the hydrodynamic model (Figures 2-2.42 to 2-2.43). The forces induced by these
extreme wave heights should be considered in the detailed design stage.
It may be gleaned that the additional reclamation islands in the post-development scenario shall
create a sheltering effect along Roxas Boulevard and Manila South Harbor for both typhoon
scenarios. The wave heights drop from 2 – 4 m to 1 – 3 m in front of the harbor for Typhoon Rita
and a change from 2 – 3 m of wave heights to 1 – 2 m in front of Roxas Boulevard for Typhoon
Patsy. The determination of the effects of the site alone is difficult to model due to the complexity
of the possible effects of the other reclamation projects. Once it is established that all of the

reclamation islands are to have vertical reflective walls, a detailed analysis on the wave reflectivity
within the enclosed harbor should be done, at a later date (post ECC).
[m]
2
1620000 5
6
1
6 4
1618000
2
1616000
6
1
1614000
2
5
6
1612000
5
2
1610000
HMRP
2
1608000
5
6
1606000 6 5
5
4
6
1
1604000 6 2
5
1602000 Statistical maximum : Sign.

1
Wave Height [m]

5
Above 6
1600000 1
5-6
1
4
4-5
5 3-4
1598000
2-3
1-2
2
5
3
0-1
1596000
Below 0
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000
[m]
Figure 2.2-42. Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Rita – Pre-development

[m]
4
1620000 5
6
2
1
6
5
1618000
2
1616000 6
1
1614000
1
1612000 6
2
2
3
6
1610000
HMRP
4
6
1608000
5 2 1
2
1606000
6 5
6 4 4
1604000 6 2
1
1602000 Statistical maximum : Sign.

1
2 Wave Height [m]

1
Above 6
1600000 5-6
4
2
4-5
3-4
3
1598000
2-3
5
1-2
2
3
0-1
1596000
Below 0
4 Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000
[m]
Figure 2.2-43. Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Rita – Post-development

[m]
1
1620000
1618000
1
4
2
1616000 4
1
1614000
1
5
4
5
1612000 4
5 1
1610000
HMRP
2
5
1608000
4
1606000
5
4
1
6
1604000 2
5
3
1
1602000 1
6
Statistical maximum : Sign.

2 Wave Height [m]
Above 6
1600000 5-6
6 1
1
3
4-5
6
3-4
1598000
5 2-3
3 1-2
1
0-1
1596000 5
Below 0
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000
[m]
Figure 2.2-44. Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Patsy – Predevelopment

[m]
1620000
3
1618000
1
4 2
1616000
1
1614000 1
4
5
5
1612000
2
5
1610000
HMRP 1
3
4
1608000 5
1
2
1
1606000
5
4
6 4
1604000 2
1
6
1602000
1
Statistical maximum : Sign.

1
2 Wave Height [m]

1 Above 6
1600000 5-6
6 4
1
4-5
3
3-4
1598000
5 2-3
6
3 1-2
1
0-1
1596000 5 Below 0
Undefined Value
265000 270000 275000 280000 285000
[m]
Figure 2.2-45. Maximum storm wave heights (Hs) - Typhoon Patsy – Post-development

Impact on Water Quality Pollutant Transport
Being the only outlet of Laguna de Bay, the largest lake in the country, Pasig River is one of the
biggest contributors of freshwater nearest the project area. The discharge of Pasig River can
3 3
range from 50 m /s during the summer months to a peak of more than 700 m /s during storm
3
events. The average discharge is about 100 to 150 m /s. Along with the freshwater discharge,
Pasig River also carries with it silts and sediment-laden flows from the watershed as well as
floating garbage and pollutants released from its various tributaries as it flows to the Bay.
Scenarios incorporating the effect of southwesterly and northeasterly winds investigated the
propagation and dispersal of the pollutants as current is forced by wind, particularly near the
surface. The pollutant dispersal patterns were assessed to determine if the project will impact the
existing coastal water quality process.
By evaluating the distributions of surface salinity, it is convenient to visualize how pollutants from
Pasig River spread out into Manila Bay. Salinity in the ocean is a conservative tracer and hence
their distribution and transport are based solely on advection by currents and mixing with waters
of different salinity. Considering the complex water quality processes in the area, and taking into
account that movement of freshwater plumes follow closely the fate and transport of conservative
pollutants originating from the rivers as it mixes with saline waters of the Bay, the model used
salinity distribution in the area for „with‟ and „without‟ project. This was made by assuming a
continuous release of freshwater in the Bay through the mouth of Pasig River with discharge rate
3
of 100 m /s and salinity concentration of 0.30 parts per thousands (ppt). The ambient salinity
concentration in the Bay is set at 32.6 ppt.
Below shows the comparison of surface salinity for two prevailing wind conditions, amihan and
habagat, for the baseline conditions and with the project in place scenario.
Changes in Salinity Distribution for Amihan Wind Condition Scenario
Aside from the water level and currents derived from the regional model and the freshwater
discharge from Pasig River, the detailed model was run for „with‟ and „without‟ the project using
an average of 4 m/s wind speed blowing from the northeast (Amihan wind condition), which is the
prevailing wind condition during the summer months. From the „without‟ or baseline scenario, the
„with‟ or post-development scenario was set up using the same sets of model inputs as the
baseline case. The only difference is the presence of the three (3) reclamation island areas,
which is represented in the model by making the grid cells of these areas permanently „dry‟ in the
computations. This was made to ensure that any difference in the computed results could be
attributed solely to the changes in the physical configuration due to the proposed reclamation
development in the Bay.
2.2.3. Water Quality

2.3.1 Degradation of groundwater quality
The quality of groundwater will not be degraded resulting from the project for the following
reasons:
 The Project involves only the reclamation phase and will not require groundwater
extraction.
 There are no processes involved, which will generate wastewater. Effluent discharges
will be sourced from the construction crews stationed aboard sea crafts. Toilet facilities
are integral to these water vessels; domestic effluents will be collected on board and
discharged on shore through an accredited wastewater treater.

2.3.2 Degradation of Surface Water Quality
Baseline Conditions
The important surface freshwater bodies are distant from the project site as shown in Figure 2.2-
46.
Figure 2.2-46. Map Showing the Important Water Bodies Closest to Project Site
In view of the distances and also the unlikely event of discharges to this surface water,
degradation is not deemed significant.
Potential Pollutive Substances Mitigation Measure
Silt Dispersal - Silt Curtains

- Containment Walls
Accidental Oil Spills - Oil Spill Management (ERA Section 4)
Hazardous Chemicals - Not used in reclamation activities
2.2.3.3 Degradation of coastal/marine water quality
Among the key parameters relating to the issue of water quality degradation are:
 Waste water system should meet the discharge parameters for Class SB; noting that DAO 35
is presumably subshumed by DAO 2016-08.
 It is likewise deemed necessary to review and refer to the Operational Plan for Manila Bay
Coastal Strategy (OBMBCS).
 The Operational Plan for Manila Bay Coastal Strategy is discussed in Section 2.1.

Baseline Marine Water Quality
Framework or Context in the Selection of the Sampling Stations and of the Baseline
Parameters
The sampling stations are selected based on the areas in Manila Bay, which may be directly
impacted by the reclamation activities. These areas are the boundaries and immediate vicinities
of the landform configuration.
The sampling station coordinates and the corresponding map are provided in Table 2.2-7 and
Figure 2.2-47.
Table 2.2-7. Sampling Stations Coordinates
Station NORTH LATITUDE EAST LONGITUDE
1 14°33'39.60" 120°58'70.60"
2 14°33'42.90" 120°57'21.70"
3 14°33'42.60" 120°57'70.60"
4 14°33'45.20" 120°56'42.50"
5 14°33'45.00" 120°55'39.00"
6 14°33'46.00" 120°56'12.00"
7 14°33'57.00" 120°55'24.00"
8 14°32'40.94" 120°59'24.85"
9 14°32'37.87" 120°59'10.69"
10 14°32'20.94" 120°58'42.09"
11 14°31'48.76" 120°58'42.89"
12 14°31'48.10" 120°58'56.27"

Figure 2.2.-47. Location Map of Water Sampling Stations

Parameters used were based on DAO 2016-08 (dated May 24, 2016) “ Water Quality Guidelines
(WQG) for Primary Parameters” shown below that are relevant to the reclamation phase of the
project. The baseline domain for sampling stations at and nearest the project site is essentially
homogeneous with respect to quality of water because there are no discharges from shore or
from sea based operations to the project site. Furthermore, the site is distant from the shore.
Other secondary parameters, principally metallics, were also considered as they are deemed
relevant to the project because of potential silt dispersals.
The relevant parameters for the project are:
 Total Suspended Solids
These will be generated when the soft/loose fractions of the seabed are disturbed during the
dredging at the reclamation site. Sands used for filling could also disperse.
 Dissolved Oxygen (DO)
Vital for the sustenance of marine life, this is taken as a parameter. This refers to the level of free,
non-compound oxygen present in water or other liquids. A
DO level that is too high or too low can harm aquatic life and affect water quality

 pH
Measures how acidic the water. Extremes in pH can make the water inhospitable to life. Acidic
water also speed up the leaching of heavy metals harmful to fish.
 Fecal Coliform
Discharges of domestic sewage could stimulate microbial growths of which an accepted indicator
is fecal coliform.
 Heavy Metals (secondary parameter)
These could be imbedded in the suspended solids from the soft/loose fractions of the seabed or
from the sand fills from SNS.
 Oil & Grease (secondary parameter-organics)
Accidental oil spills and/or leakages from sea crafts would contribute to O & G.
In addition, the water quality monitoring data of the DENR-EMB NCR Office is herein presented
for a more comprehensive view of the baseline conditions in the area. EMB-NCR identified water
bodies that are draining into Manila Bay. Among these, the station/s near the proposed site were
selected. These are:
Table 2.2-8. EMB/NCR Sampling Stations

Station Name of NORTH EAST
Name Location Land use of adjoining areas
No. Water Body LATITUDE LONGITUDE
Mabini Bridge,
San Antonio Estero de San S: Central
Service Rd., N: Ospital ng
EMB 3R de Abad Antonio de 140 33. 817‟ 1200 59.254‟ Bank of the
Roxas Blvd., Maynila
Station Abad Phils.
Manila
Bridge 1, N: HK Sun S: Bay
Macapagal 1 Diosdado Libertad Plaza, Garden
EMB 4R 140 32. 658‟ 1200 59.252‟
Station Macapagal Blvd., Channel Dampa sa Complex, SM
Pasay Paseo MOA
N: Jetti Gas
Bridge 2, S: Aseana
Stn, K-Line
Macapagal 2 Diosdado Redemptorist City,
EMB 5R 140 32. 861‟ 1200 59.364‟ Training
Station Macapagal Blvd., Channel 1 Alphaland
Center, SM
Pasay Bay City
MOA
Manila Ocean Shoreline, Inside parking area
Luneta Park Compound, of Manila Ocean Park Left of
EMB 2B 14°34‟54.03” 120°58‟21.49”
Station Katigbak Drive, Quirino Grandstand, near
Ermita, Manila Luneta Pumping Station
CCP Bay
Terminal, Pedro
N: Shoreline E: Realship
EMB 3B CCP Station Bukaneg 14°33.509‟ 120°58.974‟
(Dike) Yachts Rental
Rd,Brgy.719,
Malate, Manila
San Miguel by the E: Esplinade
Mall of Asia Bay, Seaside Events Venue
N: Berthing
EMB 4B (MOA) Boulevard, SM 14°32.514‟ 120°58.818‟ Inside Hamilo
Port
Station Mall of Asia Coast
Complex, Pasay Terminal
Source: EMB-NCR
Note: Letters added to Station Labels but numbering by EMB is maintaine

Baseline Marine Water Quality Values
These are shown below
Table 2.2-9. Results of Physico-Chemical Characterization of the Marine Water at/near site
Parameter Test Methods Class SB Std Unit Test Results
Station 1
Chloride Argentometric Method N/A mg/L 19,400
Dissolved Oxygen Winkler.Titrimetric 6.0 (miin) mg/L 4.8
pH, Laboratory @25.0°C Electrometric Method 7.0-8.5 mg/L 7.8
Total Suspended Solids Gravimetry (SM2540 D) 50 mg/L 37
Arsenic SDDC, Spectrophometry 0.01 mg/L <0.01
Mercury Manual Cold Vapor AAS 0.001 mg/L <0.0002
Flame AAS-MIBK
Cadmium 0.003 mg/L 0.02
Extraction
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L 0.09
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/L <0.003
Colometric Method
Surfactants (MBAS as
Colorinetry –Chloroform
LAS, MW = 348, 48 0.3 mg/L 1.7
Extraction
g/mole)
Gravimetry (n-Hexane
Oil & Grease 2 mg/L 0.4
Extraction)
Station 2
Arsenic SDDC, Spectrophometry 0.01 mg/L
Flame AAS-MIBK
Cadmium 0.003 mg/L <0.0002
Extraction
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L 0.02
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/L 0.09
Colometric Method
LAS, MW = 348, 48 0.3 mg/L <0.003
Extraction
g/mole)
Extraction)
Station 3
Flame AAS-MIBK
Extraction
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L 0.09
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Colometric Method
Surfactants (MBAS as Colorinetry –Chloroform
0.3 mg/L 1.6
LAS, MW = 348, 48 Extraction

g/mole)
Extraction)
Station 4
Flame AAS-MIBK
Extraction
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L 0.09
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Colometric Method
LAS, MW = 348, 48 0.3 mg/L 1.6
Extraction
g/mole)
Extraction)
Station 5
Azide Modification Winkler
BOD N/A mg/L 3
(SM 5210B)
Multiple Tube Fermentation
Fecal Coliform 100 MPN/100mL 350
Technique
Nitrate as NO3-N Colorimetry - Brucine 10 mg/L 0.2
Stannous Chloride Method
Phosphate 0.5 mg/L 0.06
(SM4500-P D)
Open Reflux Method
COD 6 mg/L 100
(SM5220B)
Station 6
BOD N/A mg/L 2
(SM 5210B)
Fecal Coliform 100 MPN/100mL 4.5
Technique
Nitrate as NO3-N Colorimetry - Brucine 10 mg/L 0.02
(SM4500-P D)
Open Reflux Method
COD 6 mg/L 72
(SM5220B)
Station 7
BOD N/A mg/L 2
(SM 5210B)
Fecal Coliform 100 MPN/100mL <1.8
Technique
Nitrate as NO3-N Colorimetry - Brucine 10 mg/L < 0.02
(SM4500-P D)
Open Reflux Method
COD 6 mg/L 67
(SM5220B)
Station 8
BOD N/A mg/L 33
(SM 5210B)
Fecal Coliform Multiple Tube Fermentation 100 MPN/100mL 28,000

Technique
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L <0.05
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/L < 0.003
Colometric Method
Total Coliforms 100 MPN/100mL 160,000
Technique
Station 9
BOD N/A mg/L 5
(SM 5210B)
Technique
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L < 0.05
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/L < 0.003
Colometric Method
Total Coliforms 100 MPN/100mL 170
Technique
Station 10
BOD N/A mg/L 16
(SM 5210B)
Fecal Coliform 100 MPN/100mL < 1.8
Technique
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L < 0.05
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/L < 0.003
Colometric Method
Total Coliforms 100 MPN/100mL < 1.8
Technique
Station 11
BOD N/A mg/L 5
(SM 5210B)
Technique
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L < 0.05
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/L < 0.003
Colometric Method
Technique
Station 12
BOD N/A mg/L 5
(SM 5210B)
Technique
Flame AAS-MIBK
Lead 0.01 mg/L < 0.05
Extraction
Diphenylcabazide,
Chromium (Cr6+) 0.05 mg/L < 0.003
Colometric Method
Technique
Note: shaded cells denote standard exceedance

Table 2.2-10. Results of Manila Bay River Outfall per station for 2016
Parameters, Class SB
Jan Feb. March April May June July August Sept. Oct. Nov. Dec. Average Remarks
units Standard
EMB 3R: San Antonio De Abad
BOD, mg/L 5 105 123 138 90 54 73 75 82 92 91 248 198 114.08 Failed
DO, mg/L 5 (min.) 1.98 1.1 2.01 1.92 1 0.99 1.54 2 1.63 0.96 1.01 0.98 1.14 Failed
TSS, mg/L (g) 90 90 110 70 50 60 60 70 70 70 120 110 54.25 Passed
Phosphate-
Phosphorus, (N/A) 28.6 31.3 36.2 26.3 21.4 23.1 26.1 28.3 26.3 24.3 31.6 28.6 27.68 n/a
mg/L
Total Coliform,
1,000 28X108 92X108 92x109 16x109 54x108 92x108 16x109 35x109 54x109 35x109 54x1010 28X1010 3.66E+10 Failed
MPN/100mL
Fecal
Coliform, 200 92X107 35X108 54x109 35x108 28x108 54x108 54x108 16x109 35x109 16x109 28x1010 16X1010 4.92E+09 Failed
MPN/100mL
pH 6.0-8.5 6.58 6.48 6.75 6.58 6.85 6.21 6.89 5.93 6.53 6.18 6.21 6.2 6.45 Passed
Temperature 28.5 27.48 28.05 27.5 27.6 27.96 28.06 28.57 28.45 26.93 26.84 26.99 27.74
Turbidity, NTU 75.9 82.5 73.5 78.6 73.5 95 72.6 65.8 102 74.3 77.4 75.1 41.47
Salinity, ppt 3.6 6.2 3.9 4.8 5.2 5.6 2.54 2.56 2.4 4 4.3 4 4.09
Conductivity 5 6.8 6.98 6.9 6.8 7.25 5.88 6.8 4.5 7.37 7.21 8.1 6.63
TDS 3.9 3.7 4.5 4.85 4.59 3.52 3.84 5.05 2.88 4.64 4.61 4.59 4.22
EMB 4R: Macapagal 1
BOD, mg/L 5 27 47 54 40 32 29 17 22 28 37 55 46 36.17 Failed
DO, mg/L 5(min.) 1.59 1.09 1.27 2.01 1.98 1.42 1.39 1.19 1.63 1.18 1.2 1.2 1.3 Failed
TSS, mg/L (g) 30 30 40 30 30 30 20 20 30 30 60 50 24.08 Passed
Phosphate-
(N/A) 16.3 18.2 21.3 14.7 11.6 11.9 10.3 10.9 12.4 13.2 19.2 17.8 14.82 n/a
Phosp, mg/L
Total
Coliforms, 1,000 54X105 16X106 54x107 35x107 16x107 28x107 16x107 28x107 35x107 54x107 92x107 54X107 1.95E+08 Failed
MPN/100mL

units Standard
Fecal
MPN/100mL
pH 6.0-8.5 6.48 6.59 6.09 6.48 6.36 6.58 6.57 6.52 6.42 6.09 6.21 6.08 6.37 Passed
Temperature 28.51 28.52 27.92 28.6 28.51 28.26 28.05 28.37 28.59 28.08 28 28 28.28
Turbidity, NTU 29.5 33.3 28.5 30.8 37.69 36.8 23.2 36.2 29.1 34.8 34.6 35.1 24.08
Salinity, ppt 17.6 15.9 16.4 16.6 15.56 15.4 12.5 19.8 16.4 14.7 13.2 14.2 15.69
Conductivity 25.8 26.8 23.4 24.8 27.6 22.8 25.4 27.6 26.8 24.2 23.4 23.9 25.21
TDS 16 15.4 16.8 17.6 17.6 17.9 18.6 24.5 16.6 15 16.2 14.89 17.26
EMB 5R: Macapagal 2
BOD, mg/L 5 19 23 18 26 14 16 16 20 18 31 21 23 20.42 Failed
DO, mg/L 5(min.) 4 3.92 4.15 5.01 3.33 3.27 3.19 3.58 5.49 3.32 3.31 3.35 3.86 Failed
TSS, mg/L (g) 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 20 15.45 Passed
Phosphate-
(N/A) 11.3 11.9 11.4 13.2 10.2 10.6 10.2 9.7 9.3 11.2 10.6 11.2 10.9 n/a
Phos, mg/L
Total
Coliforms, 1,000 92X104 16X105 28x105 92x105 92x105 54x105 92x105 16x106 28x106 16x107 28x107 35X107 1.49E+07 Failed
MPN/100mL
Fecal
MPN/100mL
pH 6.0-8.5 6.26 6.5 6.51 6.65 6.32 6.23 6.24 6.42 6.27 6.37 6.3 6.4 6.37 Passed
Temperature 28.05 28.5 28.63 28.52 28.56 28.52 28.28 28.55 28.91 28.56 28.57 28.57 28.51
Turbidity, NTU 23.6 28.15 25.6 28.16 26.85 20.6 28.5 25.6 21.6 27.9 28.15 28.13 24.19
Salinity, ppt 23.3 22.6 24.7 25.6 21.05 19.95 21.6 18.6 24 22.7 21.8 21.9 22.32
Conductivity 40.5 41.5 44.4 41.6 36.89 40 33.9 36.36 37.9 43.4 42.4 44.5 40.28
TDS 4.42 3.88 3.97 4.45 23.6 12.3 6.9 11.8 23.1 3.32 4.41 3.37 8.79
Source: EMB-NCR

Table 2.2-11. Results of Manila Bay Bathing Beaches per station for 2016
units Standard
EMB 2B: Luneta Station
BOD, mg/L -- 11 18 19 15 8 13 -- -- -- -- -- -- 14 --
DO, mg/L 6 (min.) 0 0 0 0 0.7 0.5 0.8 0.8 1.3 2.9 2.3 3.8 1.09 Failed
TSS, mg/L 50 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 18 14 7 9 12 10.83 Passed
Color TCU 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- 15 15 10 15 15 15 14 Passed
Phosphate-
Phosphorus, 0.5 mg/L 1.84 1.98 1.89 1.55 1.36 1.42 0.74 0.69 0.57 0.61 0.78 0.59 1.17 n/a
mg/L
NO3-N, mg/L 10 1.36 1.49 1.43 1.12 1.03 1.12 1.31 0.97 0.72 0.56 0.49 0.36 1 Passed
Total Coliform,
-- 16x107 28x107 35x107 16x107 54x106 92x106 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.83E+08 --
MPN/100mL
Fecal
Coliform, 100 92x106 92x106 16x107 92x106 28x106 54x106 92x106 54x106 35x106 16x106 35x106 92x106 7.02E+07 Failed
MPN/100mL
EMB 3B: Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Station
BOD, mg/L -- 11 12 21 8 12 11 -- -- -- -- -- -- 13 --
DO, mg/L 6 (min.) 0 0 0 0.5 0.6 0.9 1.3 1.3 1.8 2.8 2.5 0 0.98 Failed
TSS, mg/L 50 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 9 11 11 10.08 Passed
Color TCU 50 -- -- -- -- -- -- 10 12 5 15 15 15 12 Passed
Phosphate-
0.5 mg/L 1.27 1.18 1.65 1.21 1.13 1.07 0.59 0.73 0.61 0.53 0.63 0.45 0.92 n/a
Phosmg/L
NO3-N, mg/L 10 1.16 1.12 1.38 1.02 0.97 0.92 0.47 0.61 0.42 0.47 0.44 0.33 0.78 Passed
Total Coliform,
-- 38x106 92x106 54x107 28x107 16x107 35x106 -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.91E+08 --
MPN/100mL
Fecal
MPN/100mL
units Standard
EMB 4B: Mall of Asia (MOA) Station
BOD, mg/L -- 31 22 21 7 6 22 -- -- -- -- -- -- 18 --
DO, mg/L 6 (min.) 0 0 0 0.8 1.1 0 1 1 0.8 2.4 1.9 0 0.75 Failed
TSS, mg/L 50 20 10 10 10 10 10 20 20 20 6 8 12 13 Passed
Color TCU 50 4.32 4.08 3.86 2.41 1.53 1.97 25 14 10 20 15 15 17 n/a
Phosphate-
0.5 mg/L -- -- -- -- -- -- 1.06 0.94 1.02 0.98 0.79 0.88 1.99 Passed
Phos, mg/L
NO3-N, mg/L 10 2.83 2.42 2.14 1.13 1.02 1.22 0.69 0.72 0.93 0.77 0.58 0.62 1.26 Passed
Total Coliform,
-- 54x107 35x107 35x107 16x107 35x106 92x106 -- -- -- -- -- -- 2.55E+08 --
MPN/100mL
Fecal
MPN/100mL
Source: EMB-NCR

Discussion of Results
Focus is made on TSS which is considered as the primary parameter during the
Construction/Reclamation Phase and at stations within or nearest Island B which is closest to the
shore. Water quality is expected to improve at points away from the shore.
 The major parameter for the reclamation works is TSS in view of the potential for silt
dispersion; hence this parameter is generally tested in the samples from stations near the
shore and at/near Island nearest the shore.
 Metallics are deemed also relevant for solid samples (seabed soils) because of concern for
potential metallic contaminations. In addition to sampling stations at/near stations outside the
reclamation site but near the shore were also taken.
 The other parameters are intended to serve as water quality indicators; it is deemed that the
project will not contribute significantly to these:
Fecal Coliform- Contributed by domestic wastes of ships/vessel crews but which are treated on
board and not discharged directly to the sea body but instead to shore through third-party
treaters.
During the short time period of soil stabilization, activities therein involving horizontal development
would also generate domestic wastes which however, are collected in portable toilets and
disposed on shore through third-party accredited facilities.
BOD- Same as the foregoing.
Organic- There are no organic loadings (except domestic wastes) from the ships/vessels or from
toilet and kitchen facilities in the temporary facilities of the construction crew during horizontal
development phase.
From the baselines cited above, it may be deduced that:
Water Quality within/near the reclamation site (Table 2.2-9)
 Dissolved Oxygen, which is vital for marine life, is slightly lower than prescribed. It was
noted that DO increases (improves) farther from the shore; This is expected because
towards the deeper part of the sea, domestic wastes from the shore do not contribute to
DO deterioration.
 TSS, which could be impacted by water circulation, erosion and accretion, are within
standards
 Nitrate, pH, and phosphate, values are all within the standards, notwithstanding that
these parameters are deemed not directly related to discharges from the ships/vessels;
 Fecal coliform content is exceeded at Station 5 (far from the shore) but well within limits
at stations 6 and 7;
 O&G values are within limits but surfactants all exceed allowable quality;
 Heavy metals are within standards except for lead and cadmium; and
 COD values are way over the limit.
Water Quality at adjacent reclaimed lands in Pasay (Table 2.2-9)
 Except for Stn 10 (on-shore sample), total coliform content are very high especially for
Stn 8 (fecal coliform is only 28,000 of the 160,000 total). It is noted that total and fecal
values are equal in other stations. The high values are not surprising as these waters
represent the refuse of the residents nearby and upstream.
 BOD values are highest at Stn 8, coinciding with coliform extremes; and

 Lead and Cr+6, important metallic parameters, generally fall within standards.
Secondary Data Based on the EMB NCR Monitoring Results
Water Quality at nearby River Outfalls and Bathing Beaches (Tables 2.2-10 & 2.2-11)
 BOD, DO, and Coliform (total and fecal) values in all river outfall stations are beyond the
Class SB standards.
 At the bathing beaches, DO and fecal coliform likewise exceeded the limits in all stations;
 These results are not surprising inasmuch as the sampling stations are near the shore
and thus the nearest receptors of on shore discharges.
 TSS values pass in all the tests.
 These baseline values shall form as basis in the monitoring during the
reclamation/construction phase. During operations phase, it can be noted that water
sampling Stations 1 to Station 7 will no longer be relevant since these areas will be
converted into land.
 The sampling stations for the Operations Phase will be subject to further delineation by
the MMT that will be organized.
 The Project Proponent commits that it will not contribute to the water quality
degradation of Manila Bay and would thus be compliant with the SC “Mandamus”.
The BFAR Water Quality Study/Data
Upon consultation with the BFAR the EIA Preparer was referred to the following public
documents:
Fisheries Resources and Ecology Assessment of Manila Bay 2012-2015
Following observations are thereby made on the data therein contained in comparison with that in this
EIS Report.
As to sampling stations:
BFAR Report
The entire Manila Bay is covered by the survey
This EIS Report
Only the Direct and Indirect Impact Areas are covered thus allowing discussions of direct project
impacts.
The circulation modeling whereby six (6) different planned reclamation projects are considered in the
modeling work indicate that the influence of the project extends only to nearby areas within the site
and not the entire Manila Bay.
As to Water Quality Parameters
Both the EIS and the BFAR Reports cover heavy metals considered as a key parameter for
reclamation projects because of potential disturbances of the sea bed which could result in dispersal
of metal-laden silts. The BFAR report noted that:
 Pb concentration varies with time, in certain instances falling with and in other instances
outside the water quality standard
 Generally, the Cd concentration fell below the set standard

 Hg concentration were generally below the permissible value

 Suspended solids
The other parameters in the BFAR report i.e. silicate, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, temperature and
salinity are not highly significant for the reclamation project for monitoring purposes. Salinity,
however, is useful as an input parameter for sediment transport modeling purposes.
Considered as relevant water quality parameters for the reclamation project are : oil and grease
(which may be discharged from accidental oil spills), Total Suspended Solids (TSS) which could be
carried over from silt dispersal from sea bed disturbance during dredging and BOD5 which would be
contributed from waste discharges from vessel or construction crews.
2.2.3.4 Possible Increase in the Degree of Pollution Loadings Due to the Proposed Project.
Assessment of impact on siltation of surface and coastal/marine waters. Circulation /
plume modeling for regular discharges, leaks/spills, worst case scenario of failure of
WTF and other emergency/ accident scenarios for facilities with structures in water
bodies
The assessment is deemed not germane for the dredging, reclamation and horizontal
development phases of the project.
2.2.3.4.1 Construction(Dredging, Reclamation and Horizontal Development) Phase
 The main concern during this phase is silt loadings arising from disturbance of the
seabed during dredging at the project site.

 The mitigating measures for silt loadings are adequately discussed in the other sections
of the EIS and are essentially:
 The use of silt curtains and containment walls;
 Unwanted seabed materials will be likely disposed also in portions of Manila Bay likely
outside the project site and will be subject to separate clearances and permitting
processes; and
 Dissolved Oxygen, COD, coliform, Oil and Grease and metallic discharges are more
relevant during the operations phase (Phase 2).
SEDIMENT QUALITY
Sediment analysis is linked to water quality especially vis-à-vis to metallic contents of the
sediments for the following reasons:
o The dredging of the sea bed at the reclamation site may result in the dispersal of the
silts to the neighboring areas of the Bay carrying with it these metallics. The
discussions on erosion (Section 2.1) however, indicate that such dispersal is largely
contained.
o The reclamation fills may carry or be “contaminated” with metallic elements. The use
of San Nicholas Shoal as source of fills would make a good choice because:
 The long existing reclamation projects in the Mall of Asia area used the San
Nicholas Shoal
Trace Elements in Sediments
Sediments are usually a useful medium of monitoring pollutants in aquatic systems due to their
ability to accumulate contaminants while maintaining reasonable uniform composition (Larsen
and Jensen, 1989; Chapman, et.al. 1992). Most eroded materials are trapped in reservoirs, lakes
and food plains or much of it is deposition in deltas, bays and estuaries (Gehm and Bregman,
1976).
Primary and secondary data are presented and discussed under Section 2.1.4.2. Change in soil
quality or fertility.
Summary observations are:

 Chromium (Cr) was not detected (ND) in all samples from proposed project site, while
those from around Manila Bay, outside the project area, range from 52 to 139 ppm.
 Lead (Pb), the soil from the project site have much higher values (25 to 59ppm) as
against the other stations (8.69 to 26.6 ppm). Note that the seabed samples have higher
lead content than the sub-bed samples.
 Cadmium (Cd), results range from ND to 0.9. The 2 silt samples were lower (ND) than the
sub-bed (0.8ppm).
 Copper (Cu), values are in exceedance of the PNEC threshold limits.
Soil quality is given consideration as indicators of the pollutants that are dumped into the bay,
which accumulates in the sediments.
The potential leaching of contaminants in the soil bed such as metals when the bed is disturbed
during the dredging works links the quality of the sediment to potential pollution of the water body.
Evaluation of the Baseline Conditions
The water quality at and in the vicinity of the Project meets the standards of the DENR except for
coliform, which is not surprising considering the discharges to the Bay of polluted waters from
rivers and esteros.

Impact Analysis and Mitigating Measures
The short-term dredging and reclamation activities will be primarily confined to the ships. The
potential sources of water quality degradation are:
 Discharges of bilge water;

 Accidental Oil Spills; and
 Silt Dispersal.
Impact of possible “localized” increase in marine pollution (especially solid wastes/floating debris)
in certain areas; identification of these areas (and the corresponding barangays). (Revision of
impact areas if applicable)
Before formation of land
The reclamation/dredging works will be done in phases, Island 1 first then Island 2. An entire
island may also be subdivided into work areas instead of undertaking the works at one time in the
island.
Each work area will be contained by a silt curtain to avoid dispersal of fugitive silts outside of the
work area. Thus, any silt will be “localized” in this particular silt-curtain contained work area.
Disposal of solid wastes/debris from the ships is strictly prohibited by the MARPOL convention
and by the Philippine Coast Guard.
Solid wastes and floating debris in a particular work area will be removed and disposed on shore
as part of the first step which is the removal of “unwanted materials”.
Thus, there will be no migration of pollutive substances to outside of the work area or to the shore
affecting barangays covering the shore/land.
After formation of land
There will no longer be activities at sea and hence, solid wastes and debris would not be
generated by the ships/vessels. Instead, solid wastes/debris if any, would be generated at the
created land. Such solid wastes, which are construction scraps in nature, will be collected,
segregated and disposed on shore by third party disposal company.
Migration of solid wastes/debris to the shore (barangays) is highly unlikely during this phase of
the construction.
Mitigation consists of:
 Observance by the vessel operator/management of the Philippine regulations (the EMB

and the Philippine Coast Guard) and of Marpol Convention relating to Pollution Control;
 On-board treatment of bilge water;
 Maintenance of ship facilities especially of fuel-using equipment to avoid accidental oil
spills;
 Use of on-board oil spill containment and recovery systems. Compliance and observance
of the Philippine Coast Guard safeguards and of the Manila Bay Oil Contingency Plan;
and
 Use of silt curtains and of containment structures.
Monitoring
 Monitoring will be undertaken at sites wherein the vessels operate including along the
navigational lane to the San Nicholas Shoal
 Suspended Solids, Oil and Grease are the important monitoring parameters.

 The monitoring protocol of the MMT to be organized shall be closely observed.
Map of the SAMPING SITES FOR MONITORING purposes based on the above
assessments
The sampling sites in this Report Figure 2.2-47 may serve as basis for the prospective
monitoring works of the MMT.
2.2.4. Freshwater Ecology
The freshwater bodies (natural and man-made surface waters) are distant from the project site and
will not be impacted by the reclamation works as seen in Figure 2.2-1. The nearest surface water is
the man-made Libertad Channel which was constructed to serve as a drainage channel and not for
the development and propagation of freshwater species.
Thus there no threats to existence/and or loss of species and discussions on overall impacts to
freshwater ecology are not considered germane to the project
2.2.5. Marine Ecology
 DISCUSSIONS TO AIR, WATER AND OCEANOGRAPHY
Oceanographic considerations e.g. the circulation modelings provide guidelines on how

the project may impact on circulation of the water which in turn could impact on the
distribution of fishes in the project site and vicinity.
Air quality considerations which are considered not highly significant for the phases of the
project involved are not seen to contribute to marine ecology.
 Project Site and Objectives of Assessment
The marine ecology baseline assessment in the proposed 265-hectare Harbor City reclamation
project area in Pasay City was conducted on 01-02 December 2017 by a team of fishery and
marine biologists employing standard scientific methods in broad coastal area marine
assessment.
The proposed reclamation site is located west of the CCP complex and situated in the upper right
boundary of Pasay City „territorial‟ waters. A total of 265 hectares are proposed to be reclaimed
in two islands, with the outermost boundary approximately 5 kilometers from the shoreline of the
CCP complex and the innermost point, less than 500 meters from the shore (Figure 2.2-48, Plate
2.2-2). As designed, an expansive channel will separate the two islands.
Benthic morphology in nearshore Manila Bay, as described in previous bathymetric studies reveal
that the seabed is barren with extensive sediment deposits, with most sediments consisting of
mud and fine to very fine grains of sand emanating from the Pasig River and other water
channels in Navotas and the metropolis. Sediment deposition has resulted to decreasing depths
in portions of near-shore seawater and previous reclamation studies reveal sea depths that have
become significantly shallow in the last two decades as a result of such heavy sediment
deposition. Land conversion along the coastline is extensive and natural shoreline configuration
has been lost many years ago. Solid wastes are ubiquitous, wantonly disposed into Manila Bay
or carried through canals from communities and slums in the city. A study conducted by Siringan,
F. P. and Ringor, C. L., in 1998 concluded that sediments accumulate at rates as high as 9 cm.
per year (Siringan, F. P. and Ringor, C. L., 1998). The constant silt and sediment deposition is a
principal factor that inhibits coral and seagrass settlement.
In the absence of corals and associated benthic habitats as indicated in ecological assessments
for other reclamation projects, the survey focused on seabed and substrate characterization, and

identification of the presence of specific ecological niches, particularly seagrass beds, other
demersal resources and ecosystem functions that can be susceptible to anthropogenic
disturbances arising from the proposed reclamation project. The characterization of susceptible
endpoints, particularly benthic resources, if present in significant distribution, and identification of
causes and pathways that carry stressors will provide valuable data set for the design and
implementation of mitigating measures during the reclamation and development process.
Moreover, the baseline data aims to advance a competent environmental impact statement that
can be used as a comparable index from where future monitoring data can be comparatively
analyzed in order to distinguish impacts of the project and the efficiency of mitigating measures
adopted.
The aim of the baseline assessment includes:
1.1) Define the benthic morphology and validate absence of coral reef habitats or similar benthic
life forms through broad area benthic profiling employing intensive manta two surveys inside
the proposed reclamation project;
1.2) If present in significant quantity, characterize reef habitat conditions by estimating the cover of
various coral life forms utilizing standard categories in representative sampling sites;
1.3) Document the nature of the seabed through collection of sediment samples from various
points in the proposed reclamation area;
1.4) Identify and characterize fish populations in the project site, and where present, estimate
density and species composition of fish assemblages within specific survey stations;
1.5) Determine presence and identify areas where macro-invertebrates are existing and assess
distribution and composition;
1.6) Assess and characterize plankton communities, including presence of marine biotoxin and
HAB-causing organisms (harmful algal bloom);
1.7) Determine and assess distribution of seagrass communities in the study area if such
resources are present and describe their current condition;
1.8) Gather information to describe dominant fisheries resources and practices, especially those
related to shellfish culture and stationary fishing gears.

Figure 2.2-48. The Proposed 265-hectare Harbor City Reclamation Area in Pasay City waters

Plate 2.2-2. The reclamation area seen from its outermost boundary (right) and innermost
boundary (left).
Survey methods and survey stations
Standard scientific survey methods prescribed in the marine survey manual formulated by
English, et. al. (1997) was employed in investigating various ecological attributes of the coastal
environment. The scope of the assessment includes the following:
Validation of presence or absence of benthic life forms - corals and coral-associated fauna
and define the nature of the benthic environment.
Two methods were employed to characterize benthic habitats, characterize the nature of the
seabed and substrate, and validate the presence or absence of coral life forms and associated
benthic habitats:
Broad area manta tows
Characterization of the seabed and substrate context across the proposed reclamation area was
derived through contiguous manta tow surveys. Manta tow observation pathways enable the
documentation of the benthic environment and substrate composition through systematic
snorkeling over a broad stretch of the reclamation area through intensive observation of the
benthic environment. The tows are also utilized to pinpoint where specific ecological habitats,
such as corals and seagrass occur. In areas where significant coral reefs or similar ecological
habitats are located, results from a manta tow survey is used to pinpoint the location of specific
stations where more detailed underwater coral characterization employing line intercept transects
will be undertaken. Benthic observations on the seabed during the manta tow observations also
aimed to locate demersal fish communities or bottom set fishing gears if they occur in the area, as
well as document other algal communities that normally serve as habitats for fish populations. To
the extent possible the entire stretch of nearshore shallow waters where project “islands” are to
be located was subjected to intensive observation. Twenty contiguous (20) manta tows aided
with underwater torch due to extremely turbid waters was completed for substrate profiling
(Figure 2.2-49; also see Plate 2.2-3). In pathways where water is too turbid, periodic verification
dives were undertaken along the tow pathways to validate the nature of the bottom substrate. A
total of five (5) validation dives were completed. The manta tow survey covered a total linear
distance of 5 kilometers. The coordinates of the stations surveyed is shown in Table 2.2-14
(section on discussion of survey results) and graphs of substrate and benthic life form
composition resulting from the tows.

Figure 2.2-49. Manta tow survey pathways observed for characterization of the seabed, nature of the benthic environment, and validation of
the absence of corals and associated habitats inside the proposed Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project; 01-02 December 2017

Plate 2.2-3. EIA team doing manta tow surveys during marine ecology baseline assessment
in the proposed Ulticon-Harbor City reclamation project in Manila Bay; 01-02 December
2017.
Spot dives for sediment collection and validation of benthic substrate
In addition to validation dives along the tow paths, a total of four (4) spot dives employing scuba
were undertaken in strategic points in the proposed reclamation area in order to corroborate the
nature of the benthic substrate and to check whether the seabed hosts other habitat attributes or
structures that may be suitable for settlement of corals or growth of marine animals and
crustaceans of economic and ecological importance. Sediment samples were taken from the
same stations. The spot dives for sediment collection involved the inspection of the benthic
condition over a 10-meter diameter radius around the spot dive points and collection of sediments
(Figure 2.2-54).
Table 2.2-12. Coordinates of spot dive stations and sediment collection during the marine
ecology baseline assessment in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City
Reclamation project in Manila Bay; 02 December 2017
WP Remarks
LATITUDE LONGITUDE
Code
Survey conducted at a 10m radius from obtained coordinates at a
SPD1 N 14.554250° E 120.963167°
depth of 8.1m. DARK GRAY SILT=100%
SPD2 N 14.552667° E 120.952833°
SPD3 N 14.551250° E 120.942361°
SPD4 N 14.549611° E 120.930444°
Fisheries and fishing practices
In the absence of benthic habitats, no demersal fish populations were observed in twenty manta
tow pathways. In the absence of reef-associated fish assemblages, identification of pelagic fish
species present in the area at the time of survey was undertaken through boat-based surveillance
and opportunistic observations of species of fish during boat navigation for manta tows and
bathymetry. Unproductive fisheries has caused fishers to fish farther offshore and only two
fishing boats employing illegal trawls were encountered in the vicinity of the proposed reclamation
area. Farther offshore, some 35 fishing boats were counted fishing in the horizon approximately
3 kilometers away from the site. Catch rate and catch composition were investigated through
observation of actual fishing operations of the two fishing boats that were targeting seasonal
squid populations entering Manila Bay (Plate 2.2-4). Fisheries profiling was reinforced with Key
Informant (KI) interviews and a review of results of previous reclamation surveys to determine

dominant fisheries resource practices, catch composition and indicative productivity of fishing
gears.
In addition, dense aggregation of the stationary lift net, known as sapra, were observed in the
southern horizon but all were outside of the proposed reclamation project site. The coordinates of
the actual fishing encounters and fish observations, as well as the nearest „sapra‟ structures are
listed in Table 2.2-13 and shown in Figure 2.2-50. Also please Plate 2.2-4 and Plate 2.2-5.
Table 2.2-13. Coordinates of actual fishing encounter and nearest „sapra” fishing gears
observed in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City Reclamation project in Manila
Bay; 02 December 2017.
WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE REMARKS
Encountered 2 fishers using trawl fishing method with a
AFS1 N 14.544010° E 120.928102°
CPUE of 750g squid in 2 hours
SAP1 N 14.540166° E 120.935218° Existing lift net structure SW of Island Block D1
On-going construction of new lift net structure SW of Island
SAP2 N 14.540982° E 120.937899°
Block D1
Plate 2.2-4. Only two fishing boats, both from Cavite, were seen operating in the area of the
proposed reclamation project at the time of the survey. Both were using illegal mini
otter trawls.

Figure 2.2-50. Location of sediment collection stations through spot dives during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the proposed
Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project; 01-02 December 2017.

Plate 2.2-5. Sapras‟ are outside of the proposed reclamation area (mostly in Parañaque
waters) but some units are close to the project site. At least three new units were
observed to be under construction and many are newly built.

Figure 2.2-51. Location of actual fishing encounters and location of nearest sapra structures inside the proposed Ulticon Harbor City
reclamation project; 01-02 December 2017.

Plankton Community
Composition, abundance and density of

phytoplankton communities was analyzed from
water samples taken in four (4) stations spread
out across the proposed reclamation area
(Figure 2.2-48). Plankton samples will were
collected using a-20 μm plankton net with a
mouth diameter of 0.3m. In every station, the
plankton net was lowered at 1m and hauled at
a rate of about 0.5m/sec. Duplicate samples of
zoo- and phytoplankton were collected for
each station and placed in properly labeled
plastic containers. Phytoplankton samples
were preserved with Lugol‟s solution, while
samples of zooplankton were fixed with 10%
formalin immediately after collection. For Plate 2.2-6. Plankton net being hauled;
phytoplankton samples, a 1ml aliquot marine ecology baseline assessment,
subsample was placed in a Sedgewick-Rafter Harbor City reclamation project; 02
cell counter and was examined under a Nikon December 2017.
Alphaphot II YS2 microscope. For zooplankton
samples, a 1ml aliquot subsample was placed in a Petri dish with grids and examined under a
microscope. Phytoplankton will be counted and identified to the lowest taxonomic level (genera)
possible using standard taxonomic guide. Zooplankton will be identified to major groups using
available references. Analysis of diversity and abundance was undertaken employing the
Shannon-Weaver Diversity/Evenness Indices and bio-assessment metrics. Identification of
harmful algal bloom-causing plankton (HAB) was undertaken in the UP MSI laboratory. The
plankton station coordinates are detailed in Table and a map of station location is shown in
Figure 2.2-52.
Table 2.2-14. Coordinates plankton sampling stations during the marine ecology baseline
assessment in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon-Harbor City reclamation project; 02
December 2017
WP Code LATITUDE LONGITUDE Remarks
Dominant phytoplankton Skeletonema spp. at 8,040 cells/L, while
PLK1 N 14.554250° E 120.963167° dominant zooplankton Nauplius copepod (larval form) at 140,000
indiv/m3
indiv/m3
indiv/m3
Dominant phytoplankton Skeletonema spp. at 14,240 cells/L,
PLK4 N 14.549611° E 120.930444° while dominant zooplankton are Calanoid copepod and Cyclopoid
copepod both in larval form at 224,000 indiv/m3 each

Figure 2.2-52. Plankton community sampling stations during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the proposed Ulticon Harbor City
reclamation project; 01-02 December 2017

Macro-invertebrates of commercial significance
Benthic and in-faunal invertebrates are usually found in inter-tidal flats, seagrass and coral
substrates but these habitats do not exist in the nearshore area of Manila Bay close to the
proposed reclamation project. The survey team did not encounter macro-invertebrates in the spot
dive stations owing to the soft and unstable muddy substrate. However, gleaners of mussels
along the revetments of the “south breakwater” which is actually located more than one (1)
kilometer from the northern boundary of the proposed reclamation island Block D2 were
interviewed for catch composition. Specimen collection and identification was undertaken also
randomly in the south breakwater.
Seagrass, Mangroves and Associated Macrobenthic Algae
There are no mangroves in the proposed reclamation site or in the shoreline nearest to island
Block D2. Moreover, manta tows surveys and spot dives revealed absence of seagrass and
macro algae communities in all the stations surveyed.
Results of Marine Ecology Baseline Assessment
Seabed and Benthic Morphology
Results from twenty (20) manta tows and four (4) spot dives for sediment collection reveal that
the overall benthic profile of the proposed reclamation area is comprised of mud and silt all
throughout the length of the proposed reclamation area (Table 2.2-15). The absence of corals,
seagrass colonies and macro-algal resources is absolute as the seabed substrate, with constant
invasion of silt emanating from the Metropolis, is totally inhospitable and unfit for the settlement of
coral recruits and similar benthic resources. Five (5) verification dives conducted in as many
manta tow stations plus exhaustive snorkeling in shallow waters failed to show even coral rubble,
rocks or remnants of old reef associated structures in the impact area of the reclamation project
indicating that benthic habitats and coral animals have not been existing in the area ever since
(Please see Figure 2.2-53; Figure 2.2-50 and Plate 2.2-7). Rocks, coralline boulders, or natural
structures that can serve as habitat of cryptic species were also absent in the entire reclamation
site which was dominated by soft mud in the upper layer and firmer substrate estimated to be
more than half a meter below the soft mud. The soft bottom substrate, constantly disturbed with
silt clouds stirred up by wave movement, cannot support proliferation of even significant
communities of benthic macro-invertebrates and algae. The mud and silt substrate encompass
the entire site proposed for reclamation as well as contiguous benthic environs in the area.
Spot dives and sediment samples collected in four stations showed that the bottom substrate is
bluish-black in color, composed of silt, mud, coarse sediments, and grits of shells (Figure 2.2-53,
Figure 2.2-54, Plate 2.2-7). There were no benthic macro-invertebrates and demersal fish
populations encountered in the survey stations. Seagrass communities and algal assemblages
were likewise absent.
Table 2.2-15. Tabulated results of twenty (20) manta tow benthic observation pathways
across the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project during the
marine ecology baseline assessment on 01-02 December 2017
MANTA TOW RESULTS FOR REEF AND SUBSTRATE COMPOSITION [ULTICON 265 Pasay City 02DEC2017]
Coastal waters within the proposed Reclamation

Site name: Survey Team:
Site; Pasay City, MM-NCR
Time / Date: 1204H-1254H / 02 Dec 2017 1. Benjamin Francisco
2. Michael Francisco
Tow Speed: ±3.0 kmh (ave)
3. Ronald Pocon
Visibility: Varying from approx. 30cm to 50cm 4. Rene Villegas
Weather: Sunny to Fair

Wave: Calm with a few ripples at ±5cm wave crests

Current: None
Slightly lowering @ 0.36m to 0.31m; as ref from
Tide:
Manila Tidal Station (WXTIDE32)
Water Temp: Varying from approx. ± 30°C
Wind: Beaufort Scale #2
Cloud Type(s): Mixed Cumulus and Cirrus Clouds
Tow Location
LHC SC DC DCA CR S Remarks
Coverage [DecDeg]
N 14.553836° Start of Tow – with Verification Dive
S00 - - - - - -
E 120.931946° (VDV) #1
N 14.553705°
S00-T01 0 0 0 0 0 100 Predominantly dark gray mud/silt
E 120.934078°
N 14.552784°
T01-T02 0 0 0 0 0 100 Predominantly dark gray mud/silt
E 120.935800°
N 14.551555°
E 120.937521°
N 14.550546°
E 120.939337°
N 14.549800°
T04-T05 0 0 0 0 0 100 With Verification Dive (VDV) #2
E 120.942058°
N 14.549142°
E 120.944462°
N 14.549362°
E 120.946911°
N 14.550239°
E 120.949133°
N 14.551248°
E 120.951127°
N 14.552519°
E 120.952713°
N 14.553395°
E 120.954886°
N 14.554008°
E 120.956924°
N 14.554972°
E 120.958870°
N 14.556286°
E 120.960589°
N 14.556678°
E 120.962851°
N 14.555364°
E 120.965021°
N 14.554531°
E 120.967281°
N 14.553873°
E 120.969586°
N 14.554179°
E 120.972026°
N 14.555536°
E 120.973834°
Average Reef and Substrate 0 0 0 0 0 100

Composition
 Tow area coverage are expressed in Decimal Degrees GCS format in reference to WGS84 Map Datum
 Reef and Substrate composition are expressed in (%) and described as follows:
Live hard coral (LHC) - coverage of stony or hard corals on the bottom or part of the bottom
Live soft coral - (SC) - coverage of soft corals attached to the bottom
Dead coral (DC) - recently dead coral still attached and recognizable at the bottom in original upright position, color
usually white with no living tissue
Dead coral with algae (DCA) - corallites still visible, skeletal structure can still be seen but algae dominate the structure
(often appears greenish to brownish)
Coral rubble/rock (CR) - loose broken fragments of stony corals, consolidated hard bottom or large blocks of hard reef
materials not attached or easily moved around
Sand/silt (S)

Figure 2.2-53. Results from twenty (20) manta tow benthic observation surveys (above)
and four (4) spot dives with scuba (bottom) conclude that the bottom substrate in the
proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project is comprised of mud and
silt.

Figure 2.2-54. Sediment collected from four spot dices in the proposed 265-hectare Ulticon Harbor City reclamation project consisted of soft
mud and silt.

Plate 2.2-7. Spot dives with scuba and manta tow observations reveal muddy substrate
with webs of whitish material comprise the seabed in the proposed Harbor City
reclamation area in extremely turbid waters. Sediment collection further confirms silt and
mud dominate the entire seabed. (Photographs by B Francisco; 02 December 2017)
Fisheries
Two fishing boats observed catching squid with a bottom trawl net yielded extremely poor catch
rate after two hauls in two hours. One boat caught just a few pieces of squid of about 750 grams
while the other had no catch at all except for a few jellyfish. Over the horizon some 3 kilometers
away, some 30 fishing boats were operating for sardines and other small pelagic but these were
too distant from the proposed reclamation area. This indicates that the nearshore waters of Manila
Bay are no longer frequented as fishing grounds due to extremely low catch rates.
However, Tilapia still occurs in considerable quantity in nearshore waters and key informants claim
that as many as five (5) kilograms are caught by gill net and about the same quantity through
spear fishing in the south breakwater area. Moreover, a huge school of juvenile mullet (banak)
was observed in the surface at the time of the survey but these were not being pursued by fishing
boats (Plate 2.2-8).
Stationary lift nets, estimated at around 76 units were seen on the horizon, located mostly in
Paranaque waters way out of the boundary of the proposed reclamation site. There are no
„sapras‟ directly inside the proposed reclamation area itself. The nearest „sapras‟ were estimated
to be about 800 meters from the southern boundary of the proposed reclamation island Block D1.

Most of the „sapras‟ near the project site are newly constructed and some of which are believed to
be inside Pasay City waters. No other fishing gears, including mussel farms, were witnessed
inside the proposed reclamation site.
Plate 2.2-8. School of banak (left) and fisher hauling in a drag net for squid (right).
Macro-invertebrates
Macro-invertebrates of commercial importance consisted almost exclusively of mussel (Perna

viridis, Tahong) populations, occurred only in the rocky revetments of the south breakwater which
is outside of the reclamation area boundary. The firm structure of rocks and the crevices that was
created has become substrate for growth of filamentous algae and habitat for settlement of
mussels and clam. Gleaners encountered in the breakwater harvest at least four species of
edible bivalves and gastropods that include species ark shell, various species of the zigzag venus
(Manila Clam or Halaan or Manila clam (Venerupis philippinarum), pitar venus, rasp tellin and
isolated occurrence of Nucella lamellosa (Frilled dogwinkle) is being undertaken regularly (Plate
2.2-9). Only two gleaners were observed in the breakwater during the survey – one was actually
spear fishing for Tilapia at the same time that he was harvesting shellfish. The CPUE is quite
high at about 2 kilograms of shellfish in 3 hours. It is evident however, that the shellfish were
being harvested wantonly and this could lead to the collapse of the current community of macro-
invertebrates in this particular area.

Plate 2.2-9. Macro-invertebrates are found only in the south breakwater more than 1
kilometer away from the northern boundary of the proposed Harbor City reclamation
project. The macro-invertebrates are dominated by dense colonies of mussels (Tahong,
upper right photo), manila clam (Halaan, upper left), and few ark shells. The breakwater is
also a favored spear fishing area for Tilapia (bottom left).
Plankton
Phytoplankton Diversity
The phytoplankton community diversity, abundance, and relative composition were determined in
four offshore marine waters sampling stations (PLK1-PLK4) in order to assess and compare the
microscopic biota located within the proposed reclamation site west of the CCP Complex in
Pasay City on 02 December 2017.
Results of laboratory analysis revealed a total of 70,720 cells/L belonging to 23 genera and 1
individualized species that were identified for all sampling stations. This phytoplankton community
is comprised of organisms from three major phytoplankton taxa: Bacillariophytes (diatoms) with
13 genera, Dinophytes (dinoflagellates) with 9 genera and 1 species (total=10), and Cyanophytes
(cyanobacteria, or blue-green algae) having a single representative genera (Table 2.2-16).
Diatoms were the most abundant taxonomic group with a total count of 65,530 cells/L accounting
for 92.66% composition, followed by dinoflagellates (4,990 cells/L) at 7.06% composition, and
cyanobacteria with 200 cells/L at 0.28% composition (Table 2.2-16 and Figure 2.2-55; also see
Figure 2.2-56). The centric, chain-forming diatom, Skeletonema spp. was the most abundant in
all stations at a total sampling count of 40,950 cells/L accounting for 57.9% composition for all
recorded organisms.
Another centric chain-forming diatom, Chaetoceros spp. was determined to be the next abundant
at a total of 14,090 cells/L (19.92% composition) that contributed to the total volume of identified
phytoplankton. These two genera are also among the most frequently occurring phytoplankton in
all sampling stations. Other diatoms that contribute to the amassed volume of cells are
Thalassiosira spp. with 2,850 cells/L (~4% of total composition), and Pseudonitzschia spp. with

3,010 cells/L (~4% of total composition). Commonly found in warm tropical waters, these diatoms
provide significant influences in the overall primary productivity in such marine environments.
Furthermore, these are some of the major food source of filter-feeding shellfish, particularly Perna
viridis which are raised in large-scale and subsistence shellfish culture operations along the
vicinities of the survey area.
For the dinoflagellates, Protoperidinium spp. was the relatively most abundant in its taxonomic
group with 2,040 cells/L (~3% of total composition), followed by Prorocentrum micans with 1,470
cells/L (~2% of total composition). Both organisms are also part of the most frequently occurring
phytoplankton as recorded in all four sampling stations.
The sole cyanophyte genera recorded was Trichodesmium spp. with a mere density of 200 cells/L
(0.28% of total composition). This genera is a common, filamentous, and bloom-forming organism
which are significant in the marine ecosystem as it contributes more than 40% of all nitrogen-
fixation processes occurring in the ocean (Karl, 2002). Cyanobacteria are also generally found at
high densities in highly eutrophic water bodies.
The potentially harmful phytoplankton organisms recorded in this survey are Pseudonitzschia spp.,
and Alexandrium spp. Some species of the diatom Pseudonitzschia are known to produce domoic
acid – a toxin associated with Amnesic Shellfish Poisoning (ASP). The other is a dinoflagellate,
Alexandrium spp. which is known to cause Paralytic Shellfish Poisoning (PSP). PSP cases in
Manila Bay associated with this genera was mainly reported to be from shellfish gathered and
consumed from the coastal waters of Bataan. Cell densities however observed during the sampling
was relatively low compared to areas such as Bataan where blooms of these organisms have been
reported (Jacinto, et al., 2006).
Although occurrence of PSP-causing dinoflagellates such as Alexandrium spp. may be a minor

concern in the survey area since toxic algal blooms in the coasts of Manila Bay up to Cavite are
historically caused by Pyrodinium bahamense var. compressum (Azanza and Miranda, 2001),
which was not observed/recorded in this survey. However the presence of Alexandrium spp. within
Pasay waters should not be ignored, and its presence and population be constantly monitored since
there are large-scale and subsistence shellfish culture operations in the adjacent areas of the
project site. Conversely, there is no confirmed incidence of ASP reported in the Philippines, but it is
still highly recommended for periodic monitoring during all project phases to prevent negative public
health impact brought about by possible blooms of these species.
Photomicrographs of dominant and common phytoplankton found in the survey area are shown in
Plates 2.2-10A to F.
Table 2.2-16. Phytoplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in four sampling

stations along the proposed reclamation site in Manila Bay, Pasay City, NCR; 02 December
2017.
TAXA STATION Grand Rel
Total Abund
PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4
Cyanobacteria 70 130 200 0.28
Trichodesmium 70 130 200 0.28
Diatoms 12,800 15,080 18,350 19,300 65,530 92.66
Asteromphalus 90 90 0.13
Chaetoceros 2,220 2,270 6,160 3,440 14,090 19.92
Coscinodiscus 210 350 90 650 0.92
Guinardia 130 70 130 330 0.47
Odontella 120 330 220 670 0.95
Pleurosigma 90 80 170 0.24

TAXA STATION Grand Rel

Total Abund
PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4
Pseudonitzschia 1,320 130 1,220 340 3,010 4.26
Rhizosolenia 80 180 140 370 770 1.09
Skeletonema 8,040 9,720 8,950 14,240 40,950 57.90
Thalassionema 60 180 240 0.34
Thalassiosira 890 1,220 620 120 2,850 4.03
Hemiaulus 40 890 750 1,680 2.38
Licmophora 30 30 0.04
Dinoflagellates 640 1,130 950 2,270 4,990 7.06
Alexandrium 50 70 120 0.17
Ceratium furca 50 30 50 130 260 0.37
Diplopsalis 20 90 110 0.16
Gonyaulax 90 250 80 420 0.59
Gyrodinium 20 10 30 0.04
Noctiluca 120 90 210 0.30
Peridinium 40 40 0.06
Prorocentrum micans 30 120 90 1,230 1,470 2.08
Protoperidinium 330 680 380 650 2,040 2.88
Scrippsiella 230 60 290 0.41
Grand Total 13,440 16,210 19,370 21,700 70,720 100
Mean Abundance = 17,680
Richness 14 15 19 18
Mean Richness = 17
Diversity 1.35 1.47 1.54 1.31
Evenness 0.51 0.54 0.52 0.45
Note: Genera and associated values highlighted in red characters indicate a potential bio-toxin agent

Figure 2.2-55. Percentage composition of major phytoplankton groups in four sampling

2017
Plate 2.2-10 A-F. Photomicrographs of phytoplankton identified and recorded in four

sampling stations along the proposed reclamation site in Manila Bay, Pasay City, NCR; 02
December 2017. Top: (A) Skeletonema spp. (B) Chaetoceros spp. (C) Pseudonitzschia
spp.; Bottom: (D) Alexandrium spp. (E) Prorocentrum spp. (F) Protoperidinium spp.
(A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) (F)

The mean cell density of all phytoplankton in the four sampling stations during this sampling
period was 17,680 cells/L. In terms of spatial distribution, sampling station PLK 4 –the most
offshore station, had the relatively highest abundance with 21,700 cells/L, while the relatively
most taxa representations was in sampling station PLK3 with 19 organisms out of the total 24
documented. Coincidentally, these two sampling stations are located proximal, but relatively far
from a lift net structure beyond the project site (Table 2.2-17 and Figure 2.2-56).
In contrast, the relatively lowest phytoplankton density at 13,440 cells/L, and the lowest taxa
representation with 14 recorded organisms was attributed to sampling station PLK1, which is
relatively near the shoreline. During this survey, the taxa groups of cyanobacteria, diatoms, and
dinoflagellates were recorded in all sampling stations, but were concentrated in density at the
offshore sampling station PLK4.
Figure 2.2-56. Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness in four sampling
2017.
In reference to Table 2.2-17, diversity measurements based on the Shannon-Weiner Index reveal
the relatively highest value of 1.54 attributed to sampling station PLK3 (high species richness,
high diversity), while the lowest diversity value at 1.31 was determined to be at sampling station
PLK4 (high abundance, low diversity). In normal conditions for aquatic biota and the associated
habitat, the diversity index value is more than 2.0. Values above 3.0 indicate that the habitat
structure is stable and balanced, while values midway from 1.0 to 2.0 describe a threatened
condition; furthermore, values lower than 1.0 indicates pollution and degradation of habitat
structure (Goncalves and Menezes, 2011); the Diversity Index however, very rarely exceeds a 4.5
value.
In terms of evenness, the computed index among the four sampling stations was not that variable
ranging with the lowest at 0.45 in sampling station PLK4 to the highest at 0.54 in sampling station
PLK2.
The low diversity and evenness values computed for sampling station PLK4 is due to the
comparatively high abundance of diatoms, and is likewise dominated by the diatom, Skeletonema
spp., and thus accounts for the majority of the plankton community as compared to dinoflagellates
and cyanophytes. The Shannon index decreases as both the richness and the evenness of the
community decrease.
Phytoplankton abundance is highly variable and seasonal, but the diversity measurement in the
four sampling stations is indicative of stressful conditions caused by a disturbance which may
come from factors like high turbidity and eutrophication within the waters along the vicinities of the
sampling site, which is favorable to the proliferation of tolerant phytoplankton organisms.

The overall impression from the results obtained in the phytoplankton survey along the proposed
reclamation site is poor - as reflected by the relatively low diversity values, which is contrasted by
dominant populations of certain organisms; and with the inclusion of potentially harmful genera,
e.g. Pseudonitzschia spp., and Alexandrium spp. recorded during the sampling period.
Threats to plankton community which may be caused by any project activity is minimal, and may
be negligible since the site is already turbid with loads of sediments. It is important to note that the
presence of the cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium sp. is generally uncommon and indicative of a
highly eutrophic condition of the waters and estuaries of the area. The presence of the
aforementioned potentially toxic phytoplankton genera, Pseudonitzschia spp., and Alexandrium
spp. should also not be taken for granted. It is significant then that a system of periodic monitoring
be mandatory implemented in all phases of the project.
Zooplankton Diversity
3
A total of 2,656,000 ind/m distributed among 11 zooplankton groups (in adult and larval forms)
were identified and recorded from four sampling stations along and within the proposed
reclamation area in the waters of Manila Bay under the jurisdiction of Pasay City. Table 2.2-17
and Figure 2.2-53 features the zooplankton groups composed of:

3 3
Copepods in adult forms; i.e., Calanoid (224,000 ind/m ), Cyclopoid (224,000 ind/m ), and
3 3
Harpacticoid (24,000 ind/m ), with a collective total of 700,000 ind/m at 26.36% composition;

3
Other adult forms such as: Chaegtognaths = arrow worms (32,000 ind/m ) at 1.20%, Favella
3 3
spp. ciliates (32,000 ind/m ) at 1.20%, and Larvacean tunicates (36,000 ind/m ) at 1.36%
composition;

3
The larval form Nauplius copepod, which the most dominant with 1,492,000 ind/m at 56.17%
composition;

3
Other larval forms such as: Bivalve Veligers (256,000 ind/m ) at 9.64% composition, which is
th 3
the 4 dominant phytoplankton group; Flatworms (64,000 ind/m ) at 2.41% composition,
3
Gastropod Veligers (40,000 ind/m ) at 1.51% composition, and Polychaete trocophores
3
[annelid marine worm larvae] (4,000 ind/m ) at 0.15% composition.
3
Overall, recorded zooplankton consisted of 30.12% (800,000 ind/m ) adult forms and 69.88%
3
(1,856,000 ind/m ) larval forms of the total zooplankton count.
The adult zooplankton forms are comprised of five groups and one genera, while the larval
zooplankton forms are comprised of five groups as recorded during this survey. A large portion of
3
the adult forms was represented by the Calanoid copepod with 352,000 ind/m at 13.25%
composition, while the larval forms was dominated by the Nauplius copepod with an
3
overwhelming total of 1,492,000 ind/m at 56.17% composition, which is also the most abundant
for the whole documented zooplankton population within the survey area (Table 2.2-17).
As previously stated, other larval form groups such as bivalve veligers, flatworms, gastropod
veligers, polychaete trocophores; including the adult forms of chaetognaths, Favella spp., and
larvacean tunicates supplemented the zooplankton composition in the survey site. The presence
of bivalve veligers attribute to the existence of submerged nets along the breakwaters that are
used to culture the green mussel (Perna viridis), which are then collected by fisherfolks for
subsistence. It is noteworthy that no fish larvae were observed during the sampling period, as well
as the non-presence of rare or endemic zooplankton species in the area. Furthermore, majority of
the groups are generally common and cosmopolitan in distribution.
Photomicrographs of common zooplankton groups are shown in Plates 2.2-11.

Table 2.2-17. Zooplankton composition and abundance (cells/L) in four sampling stations
along the proposed reclamation site in Manila Bay, Pasay City, NCR; 02 December 2017
TAXA STATIONS Grand Total Rel Abund
PLK1 PLK2 PLK3 PLK4
Adult forms 128,000 96,000 80,000 496,000 800,000 30.12
Calanoid copepod 60,000 48,000 20,000 224,000 352,000 13.25
Chaetognaths 4,000 8,000 8,000 12,000 32,000 1.20
Cyclopoid copepod 44,000 8,000 20,000 224,000 296,000 11.14
Favella spp. 8,000 12,000 12,000 32,000 1.20
Harpacticoid copepod 4,000 12,000 12,000 24,000 52,000 1.96
Larvacean 8,000 20,000 8,000 36,000 1.36
Larval forms 160,000 1,020,000 436,000 240,000 1,856,000 69.88
Bivalve veliger 12,000 148,000 28,000 68,000 256,000 9.64
Flatworm 12,000 24,000 28,000 64,000 2.41
Gastropod veliger 4,000 8,000 16,000 12,000 40,000 1.51
Nauplius 140,000 852,000 368,000 132,000 1,492,000 56.17
Polychaete trochopore 4,000 4,000 0.15
Grand Total 288,000 1,116,000 516,000 736,000 2,656,000 100
Mean Abundance = 664,000
Richness 10 9 10 9
Mean Richness = 10
Diversity 1.53 0.89 1.21 1.69
Evenness 0.67 0.40 0.52 0.77
Figure 2.2-57. Percentage composition of major zooplankton groups in four sampling stations
along the proposed reclamation site in Manila Bay, Pasay City, NCR; 02 December 2017.

Plates 2.2-11. Photomicrographs of zooplankton identified and recorded in four sampling

2017. Top: (A) Calanoid copepod (B) Cyclopoid copepod (C) Harpacticoid copepod; Bottom:
(D) Nauplius copepod (E) Gastropod veliger (F) Bivalve veliger
(A) (B) (C)
(D) (E) (F)

3
The mean estimate of abundance was 664,000 ind/m recorded for all four sampling stations
during this survey (Figure 2.2-58). In terms of spatial distribution, the most number of population
3
counts is attributed to sampling station PLK2 with a density of 1,116,000 ind/m , as dominated by
3
the Nauplius copepod (852,000 ind/m ). In terms of species richness, both sampling stations
PLK1 and PLK3 had respectively 10 representative zooplankton groups each.
3
The lowest zooplankton abundance was recorded in sampling station PLK1 with 288,000 ind/m
while the relatively lowest number of taxa was attributed to sampling stations PLK2 and PLK4
respectively having 9 representative groups each.
Figure 2.2-58. Total and mean phytoplankton abundance and richness in four sampling
2017

In reference to Table 2.2-17, diversity measurements based on the Shannon-Weiner Index were
low (<2.0). The relatively highest value of 1.69 is attributed to sampling station PLK4, while the
lowest at 0.89 was determined to be at sampling station PLK2 (high abundance, low diversity). As
previously discussed in the phytoplankton section, the diversity index values that are greater than
2.0 indicate normal conditions for aquatic biota and the associated habitat. Values above 3.0
indicate that the habitat structure is stable and balanced, while values midway from 1.0 to 2.0
describe a threatened condition; furthermore, values lower than 1.0 indicates pollution and
degradation occurring in the habitat structure (Goncalves and Menezes, 2011); the Diversity
Index however, very rarely exceeds a 4.5 value.
In terms of evenness, the computed indices the four sampling stations is not that variable ranging
with the lowest at 0.40 in sampling station PLK2 (high abundance, low evenness) to the highest at
0.77 in sampling station PLK4.
The low diversity and evenness values computed for sampling station PLK2 is attributed to the
dominance of the Nauplius copepods and Bivalve veligers, as compared to the densities of the
other larval forms and the adult forms. The abundance of the mentioned larval forms also
accounted for the majority of the plankton count in this sampling station. Moreover, this sampling
station also has a lesser number of representative taxonomic groups than sampling stations PLK1
and PLK3. The Shannon index decreases as both the richness and the evenness of the
community decrease.
These indices indicate that zooplankton communities in the area are low based on the Wilhm
criteria (1975) classifying the diversity index <3.0 as low community stability.

Figure 2.2-59. Highlights of plankton community investigation during the marine ecology baseline assessment in the proposed 265-hectare
Ulticon-Harbor City reclamation project; 02 December 2017.

Mangrove Communities
The nearest mangrove community is distant (as seen in Figure 2.2-59A) from the project site and accordingly will not be impacted on, directly or
indirectly.
Figure 2.2.59A. Location of the Nearest Mangroves Relative to the Project

Miscellaneous Marine Surveys
Primary data for adjacent reclamation projects determined by the EIA Preparer Team are presented
in Table 2.2-18.
The primary data for both the project and the adjacent reclamation projects suggest the same general
conclusion that: the reclamation site waters do not host sea conditions favorable to marine life.
Comparison of results with published data on Manila (e.g. MBCO, BFAR- NFRDI).
The above surveys were undertaken for the impact areas of the project. The comments of BFAR that
marine life, principally fishes may be impacted even if not within the impact areas of the project site
stated during the Technical Scoping on 15 May 2018 are duly recognized for which the additional
information are accordingly provided in Annex 1. Comparison among the data takes note that the
sampling sites are different and distant from the project site;
Furthermore, based on the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources - National Fisheries Research
and Development Institute published recent and comprehensive data covering the entire Manila Bay
wherein marine resource maps, sampling site maps and other information are presented. The survey
reports given in this Section are specific to the DIA and IIA of the project as well as for the
immediately adjacent areas. Thus no direct comparison may be made with further note of the different
dates by which the primary surveys in this EIS and those of BFAR.
The BFAR and other government agencies data as well as those in this EIS will be most useful and
relevant during the compliance stage of the project, i.e. before and during project implementation (for
both the Construction and Operations Phases)
Relation to Air, Water and Oceanography
With respect to Air it may be stated that the reclamation/construction phase will not have direct and
significant relevance because the air pollution generators are located in the reclamation/dredging
stationed at various sites at sea and moreover the works are short lived.
With respect to water and oceanography, the relevance lies in the circulation modeling which would
show among others the circulation patterns of the water as well as of the sediment flows.
However, the holistic circulation modeling will have to include all the reclamation projects that the
PRA will prospectively defined as being recognized for the purpose of the issuance of NTPs for each
project.
Future additional marine survey works.
These will be undertaken prior to the commencement of the dredging activities at the project site by
which time the following would have been established:
 The requirements of the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) which will be stipulated with
its Notice to Proceed (NTP)
 The Dredging/Reclamation Contractor which will be provided with the survey results and
conditions of the ECC for their strict compliance
 The implementation details of the adjacent Pasay 360-hectare reclamation project which will
serve as reference for a more holistic marine survey. This project will be applying for NTP
from the PRA within 2018.
 The implementation details of the City of Manila reclamation project(s) which is/are expected
to be also making application(s) for NTP(s) from the PRA.

Table 2.2-18. Miscellaneous Marine Survey Works Completed by the EIA Preparers for Other Reclamation Projects in Manila Bay
OTHER STATIONS Manta Tows Seabed substrate and Seagrass Plankton Zooplankton Fisheries Mangroves
presence/absence of and Phytoplankton
coral life forms Macro-Algae
Fifteen (15) manta tows and three spot dives in The results of the spot dives only further A total of 26 phytoplankters were identified A total of 10 zooplankton groups were The spot dives and sub-surface snorkeling surveys, as Mangroves are absent in the
SURVEY STATION waters ranging from 10 to 14 meters plus the confirmed that seagrass resources were belonging to class Bacillariophyceae observed from samples taken from five well as use of a Garmin fish finder yielded no proposed project site and in
conduct of exhaustive snorkeling in shallow completely absent in the study area. No (diatoms) with fourteen species, stations combined. The zooplankton encounters with sizeable demersal fish communities. contiguous coastlines
1 waters did not show any existence of coral reefs, macro-invertebrates were observed. Pyrrophyceae (dinoflagellates) with eleven community was represented by seven However, the survey team encountered schools of
(City of Manila) coral rubble or dead standing corals in the The overwhelming silt and sediment species, Cyanophyceae (blue-green algae) major zooplankton groups namely Sardinella fimbriata (Tamban) during navigation
primary impact area of the proposed reclamation load has completely prevented the with one species. Diatoms were the most copepods (cyclopoid, calanoid, back to the seawall beside the Manila Yacht Club.
project in Manila Bay. growth of seagrass and associated diverse and most abundant group in all harpacticoid, nauplius and copepodite), Two boats of sardine fishers with small encircling gill
benthic macro-algae sampling stations accounting for 99.7 % of larvaceans, chaetognaths, bivalve nets encountered along the way claimed that the
The seabed fronting the project site is composed the phytoplankton community. All the veliger, gastropod veliger, protozoan schools of sardines were unusual, appearing only this
of silt and mud throughout the length of the remaining phytoplankton genera accounted (Favella) and flatworm). In particular, year. The catch can be as high as 20 kilograms if
survey pathways. The bottom substrate is for less than 1% of the total phytoplankton the larval zooplankton forms constituted the schools were effectively herded into the net.
undulating and soft with the upper silt layer density 58% of the total zooplankton density. During peak season (normally during the southwest
constantly disturbed by sub-surface wave monsoon), the catch per unit effort for sardines
currents. averages 10 kilograms in 8 hours of gill net
operation. Fishers declare, however, that the surge in
sardine stocks is sporadic. In the absence of sardines,
fishers resort to hook and line fishing. Hook and line
fishers interviewed along the seawall also alleged that
few pelagic species, commonly needlefish (Tylosorus
leiurus), theraponids (Pelates quadrilineatus; bugaong),
Tilapia, slipmouth (Leognathus sp) and soldierfish
(Saurida tumbil; Kalaso) were the only species
commonly caught, ranging from .5 to 1 kilogram per day
or a low CPUE of only 1 kg per fishing day for
Theraponids and Soldierfish but a high CPUE of 4kg of
tilapia per day. The catch rate and catch composition
is poor and is indicative of deficient fisheries
productivity. The absence of viable fisheries
resources is an offshoot of largely unproductive
conditions and the complete lack of suitable
habitats where growth, maturation and reproductive
processes can take place.
SURVEY STATION Manta tow assessments in forty-four pathways supplemented by systematic snorkeling in Phytoplankton species found in the proposed A total of five zooplankton group were The spot dives and sub-surface snorkeling surveys Mangroves are absent in the
2 strategic points around the proposed reclamation site, and three spot dives revealed the 360-hectare reclamation project are found in three stations during the yielded no encounters with sizeable fish proposed project site and in
complete absence of any significant benthic community of corals, seagrass communities, comprised of species typically found in August 2014 sampling period in the communities except for a few sightings of Tilapia contiguous coastlines.
natural or man-made fish shelters or artificial reefs, as well as occurrence of macro- tropical marine environment. A total of 11 proposed 360-hectare reclamation and small Glassfish. In the rocky seawall of the SM
(Pasay City) invertebrates and macro-algae in all the stations surveyed. In all forty-four stations, silt phytoplankters were found belonging to project in Manila Bay. Zooplankton taxa Mall of Asia, a few pelagic species of needlefish
and muddy substrate were observed. Except for epibenthic species that are resilient to Cyanophyta (blue green algae) with one identified include adult forms of (Tylosorus leiurus), a lone theraponid, Pelates
pollution, the largely contaminated substrate, with silt and sediments constantly invading the species, Bacilliarophyta (diatoms) with three copepod (calanoid and cyclopoid), larval quadrilineatus (Bagaong) and a lone, juvenile
seabed, is unfavorable to the settlement of benthic communities of marine animals and fauna. species, Pyrrophyta (dinoflagellates) with six forms of bivalve and nauplius and a specimen of the soldierfish Saurida Tumbil (Kalaso)
species and Silicoflagellate with only one microzooplankton, Favella sp. The were the only species encountered, presumably
species. Dinoflagellates were the most lowest zooplankton density were found seeking grazing grounds amongst the rocks. No
abundant and diverse in three sampling within station 3 with 24,770 ind/m3 while fishermen were encountered in two days of surveys.
stations but the most dominant genera were the highest is found in station 1 with The absence of viable fisheries resources is an offshoot
from the diatoms group. In fact a nontoxic 42,463ind/m3 while. The high of largely unproductive conditions and the complete lack
high biomass bloom of a centric diatom, zooplankton group densities are of suitable habitats where growth, maturation and
Skeletonemacostatum was documented presumed to have been triggered by reproductive processes can take place.
during the sampling period with maximum high availability of food due to the rich
cell density of 2.8 x 106 cells/L =. phytoplankton biomass. Cyclopoid
copepod dominated in station 1 and 3
while the nauplius dominated in station
2.

SURVEY STATION Results of the tows and spot dives indicate that Manta tow surveys revealed the Phytoplankton cell density was very high The spot dives confirmed that no fish communities A patch of Mangrove species
3 the seabed fronting the project site is composed absence of seagrass beds in all ranging from 3-276,480 cells/L. Diatoms dwell in or are using the stretch of coastal waters were found only at the
of sand and silt, covering the entire stretch of the stations surveyed. were the most abundant group accounting for grazing or episodes of migration. Even the southern part of the project
(Parañaque) proposed reclamation site and extending to an for 99% of the phytoplankton community. presence of resilient species of gobies in the rocky site beyond the confines of
estimated distance of 2 kilometers from the The dominance of diatom is attributed to the crevices along the seawalls were unremarkable. This the proposed reclamation
shoreline. Samples of bottom substrate collected bloom of Ditylum sp, Pseudonitzschia spp conclusion is not surprising inasmuch as no ecologically area.
from scuba dives contain silt, mud and coarse and Chaetoceros spp in all sampling important benthic habitats have survived in the area and
sediments that included grits and remnants of stations. Among this three dominant species, the absence of functional ecological relationships will Conduct of full mangrove
shellfish from previous reclamation filling materials. only Pseudonitzschia is reported to be make it unlikely that such fish populations can inhabit assessment to characterize
The bottom sediment is bluish-black in color, with a potentially toxic. Chaetoceros spp. were the the proposed reclamation site unless measures are the habitat requires that at
foul smell that reveals extensive pollution from most abundant phytoplankton genera with undertaken to resuscitate the condition of the seabed least 1 hectare of mangrove
domestic wastewaters. Owing to the grimy and maximum cell density of 2.76x105 cells/L and coastal waters. habitat must be present to be
polluted nature of the seabed, it is unlikely that (Station 2). Diatoms are generally abundant considered for habitat
benthic life forms, except for bacteria and other micro- in nutrient-rich nearshore waters (Valiela, There are however, species of pelagic fish that occur in assessment. This, however,
organisms in soft bottom, silt-laden substrates, can 1984) and are considered as the chief the upper column of coastal waters, including species of cannot be applied to the
survive the largely oxygen-deficient environment. component of phytoplankton in the marine Sardinella, Halfbeak and Tilapia that have somehow mangrove patch found in the
The bottom substrate is undulating and is constantly environment (Sverdrup et al., 1942). In acclimatized to the polluted condition of the waters. It is Paranaque study site because
disturbed by wave action resulting to immense marine waters like Manila Bay, which is presumed that these species move into these coastal the patch resulted to only 18
turbidity due to re-suspension of silt in the water considered as highly eutrophic (Chang et al waters to feed on plankton that have been enriched with mangrove trees, which will not
column. Depth of waters have been reduced 2009,), the blooms of these diatom species organic nutrients from wastewaters (please see require assessment method to
considerably by sediment settlement, resulting to are not uncommon. Eutrophication is defined discussion on plankton communities derive its condition. After ocular
large disparities in depth readings indicated in the as the increase of the rate of supply of investigation, the patch revealed
survey team‟s geographical position system (GPS) organic matter to the ecosystem brought a total of 18 Bungalon Trees
equipment and scuba depth meters as compared to about by autotrophic production and (Avicennia marina), with an
depth soundings indicated in NAMRIA maps. It is production due external sources average height of 4-5 meters,
obvious that silt and sediment loading over the years average diameter of 12
have essentially reclaimed the nearshore seabed centimeters and average crown
extending to about 2 kilometers towards the deeper diameter of 2 meters. Noticeable
portions of the sea and has considerably reduced the within the mangrove area are
depth of the coastal water. extensive garbage dumped in
the mangrove site. The
mangroves were found in the
spot
SURVEY STATION Results from fifteen (15) manta tows covering 2.8 No seagrass communities were  A total of 2,859,284 ind/m3 distributed Mussel farms and stationary lift nets (sapras) were No mangroves were observed
st
1 Survey – August 2017
4 kilometers (1st Survey) and 40 manta tows found; not even isolated patches of among 13 zooplankton groups (adult identified within and outside the project site. in or near the proposed
covering 9.74 kilometers (2nd Survey) of pathways small algal assemblages and A total of 24 phytoplankton species were and larval forms) were identified from reclamation site. The nearest

(Parañaque) across the proposed reclamation area and spot associated epiphytes were identified belonging to Bacillariophytes eleven sampling stations within and Gleaning for mussels in “run away” poles is common mangroves, albeit more than 3
dives in 8 locations revealed the complete encountered in the seabed due to (diatoms) with 13 species; Dinophytes adjacent to the proposed reclamation among subsistence fishers. Apart from mussel, oyster kilometers away, are found in
absence of corals and reef associated benthic life overwhelming silt and sediment load (dinoflagellates) with 8 species; Green Algae area. The zooplankton groups and barnacles growing on stakes of mussel farms, the the Las Piñas-Parañaque
forms across the proposed reclamation project which has completely prevented the with 1 species; Silicoflagellate with 1 species; composed of: numbers of gobies and grazers such as rabbitfish were Critical Habitat and Eco-
and adjacent areas in Parañaque. Nine (9) growth of seagrass and associated and Cyanobacteria with 1 species.  Copepods larval form Nauplius completely unremarkable. This conclusion is not tourism Area (LPPCHEA).
verification dives conducted in as many manta tow benthic macro-algae. Validation Dinoflagellates dominated the phytoplankton (1,610,859 ind/m3) with adult forms surprising inasmuch as no ecologically important benthic
stations plus exhaustive snorkeling in shallow through spot dives in areas suspected community (total 28,160 cells/L) constituting of Calanoid (161,513 ind/m3), habitats have survived in the area and the absence of The LPPCHEA is largely
waters failed to show even coral rubble or old to have firmer substrate only further almost 63% of the phytoplankton abundance. Cyclopoid (526,670 ind/m3), and functional ecological relationships will make it unlikely comprised of mangrove stands
dead standing corals in the impact areas of the confirmed that seagrass and macro- However, in terms of species richness, Harpacticoid (11,234 ind/m3) with a that such fish populations can inhabit the proposed reputed to be the last mangrove
reclamation project indicating that coral animals algae resources were completely diatoms have 13 species as compared to total of 2,314,276 ind/m3 having reclamation site. There are however, species of pelagic swamp in Metro Manila.
have not been existing in the area ever. Rocks, absent in the proposed reclamation dinoflagellates having 8 species. Diatoms 81% composition; fish that occur in the upper column of coastal waters, Although it is about 3 kilometers
coralline boulders, or natural structures that can serve area and vicinities. also accounted for almost 25% of the total  Bivalve veliger (266,829 ind/m3) at including species of Sardinella, needlefish, Tilapia and away from the proposed
as habitat of cryptic species were also absent in the phytoplankton count (total 11,200 cells/L). 9.33% composition; schools of juvenile mullet that have somehow reclamation site, survey of the
entire study areas which was dominated by silty, soft  Protozoans Arcellidae (56,000 acclimatized to the polluted condition of the waters. It is mangroves was undertaken on
mud in the upper layer and firmer mud and sand in  2nd Survey – October 2017 ind/m3) and Ciliates (64,000 ind/m3) presumed that these species move into these coastal the premise that it is ecologically
deeper deposits. These could presumably be buried with a total of 120,000 ind/m3 waters to feed on plankton that has been enriched with linked to coastal waters. Its
deep in muddy substrate. Except for mussel stakes Results of laboratory analysis revealed a having 4.19% composition; organic nutrients from wastewaters. principal function is
and lift nets (“sapra”), the seabed is essentially barren total of 57,996 cells/L belonging to 14 genera  And other groups in larval forms sequestration of waste material,
and ecological functions are completely and 5 individualized species identified for all like Gastropod veliger (37,389 Most fishers operate near the Parañaque river accretion of sediments and
unremarkable, exacerbated by largely eutrophic sampling stations. This phytoplankton ind/m3), Bdelloid rotifer (24,000 estuary and near the protected habitat using gill export of nutrients that serve as
conditions brought about by decaying sediments and community is comprised of organisms from 4 ind/m3) and Nematodes (combined nets, hand lines and spear gun to catch Tilapia. food for fish juveniles in the
extensive blankets of loose silt and suspended muddy major phytoplankton taxa: Bacillariophytes 72,000 ind/m3) with a total of Catch rate of Tilapia – averaging 6 kg in 5 hours of coastal waters of the
substrates. The absence of coral reef formations and (diatoms) with 9 genera, Dinophytes 133,389 ind/m3 having 4.67% fishing - is the highest amongst only nine species reclamation project. A total of
coral reef - associated benthic life forms was (dinoflagellates) with 3 genera and 5 species composition; and Polychaete divulged by fishers. More powerful boats are three stations were surveyed
confirmed by fishers who were interviewed during the (total=8), Cyanophytes (cyanobacteria, or trocophores [annelid marine worm engaged in crab fishing using crab pots („bubo‟) in employing the standard quadrat
survey. blue-green algae) and Dictyochophytes larvae] (4,311 ind/m3) at 0.15% offshore fishing grounds near the province of Bataan. method.
(silicoflagellates), each having a single composition. Catches of Chinese gizzard shad, blue swimmer crab
representative genera respectively and Sardines are seasonal, normally during the dry
season where fishers can harvest at least 3 to 4
kilograms of fish after 4 to 5 hours of simple hand line
fishing and gillnet setting. Few fishers operate in the
vicinity of the reclamation area in as much as catch
rates are higher in nearshore waters. Larger fishing
boats employ gill nets and to capture sardines
(Sardinella) and small mackerels, among others.
However, the dominant fishing gear within the
reclamation site is the stationary lift net locally
known as ‘sapra’. There are 6 “sapras” catalogued
directly inside the proposed 400-hectare reclamation
site and more than 30 units around the area. This gear –
aide by light during the evening, catches Anchovies
almost exclusively, averaging 10-15 kg per overnight
setting, with tilapia and ponyfishes as “by-catch”.
Sapras become denser towards Bacoor City waters.
Mussel farms, on the other hand, are lesser here
compared to those situated in Bacoor Bay. The survey
estimated less than 20 mussel farms of approximately
10 x 10 meters using the stake method.
The map showing the various survey stations listed in Table 2.2-18 are shown in Figure 2.2-60.

Figure 2.2-60. Map of the Survey Stations for the Other Marine Survey works

Probable Environmental Impacts and Proposed Mitigating Measures
The eutrophic condition of the benthic ecosystem in the project site, which is already disturbed
extensively by silt and sediment deposition is a condition that is unlikely to improve. The potential
disturbance of the seabed as a result of reclamation dredging and filling will likely lead to the re-
suspension of the decayed organic matter, sediments, silt and presumably a host of other organic
and inorganic pollutants in the water column. The primary impact is increase in seawater turbidity
and water quality deterioration in the impact area and contiguous shallow waters affected by
current. However, it is anticipated that the disturbed sediments will likely re-settle in due time or
get carried northwards and sink in the seabed in contiguous waters. The ecological impacts of
sediment sequestration and intrusion will only be temporary. Primary productivity will decrease in
the impact site because of silt movements in the water column blocking sunlight penetration
which is already severely damaged. This reduction of photosynthetic function will however, have
little impact as hardly any significant group of organisms occur in the seabed within the project‟s
impact area and contiguous waters. Farther away from the impact area, the effect may not be
likely felt as the movement of the sediment fluxes along the water column would result to
dispersion of silt to a greater area causing lesser stress to bottom-dwelling biotic communities
where they exist.
The major potential environmental impacts include:
Sediment fluxes and re-suspension of silt
The reclamation site is covered by loose silt and constant sediment deposition. This condition is
anticipated to be exacerbated with reclamation activities as soil filling, piling and compacting of
the reclaimed area will significantly disturb the silt and aggravate re-suspension of substrates
decayed organic matter and presumably a host of other organic and inorganic terrigenous matter.
The dispersion of silt clouds will further increase seawater turbidity and water quality deterioration
in the impact area of the project and may lead to enhancement of localized deterioration of
primary productivity due to further blocking of sunlight. During reclamation, the movement of the
silt along the water column will decrease primary productivity which is already severely impaired
because of low sunlight penetration. Photosynthetic functions will be affected and fish grazing will
be disturbed. Planktonic communities can likewise be affected, albeit, these organisms can
readily regenerate. Fish aggregations will also be disturbed and fish are expected to move away
from the site. The silt and sediment fluxes will be temporary as the area is completely reclaimed,
stabilized and “greened”. Primary productivity will eventually improve over the long term as the
establishment of water treatment facilities will ultimately result to disposal of cleaner waters
around the reclaimed site. Farther away from the impact area, the effect may not be likely felt as
the movement of the water along the water column would result to dispersion of silt to a greater
area. Extreme turbidity can also impair fish feeding and reproductive physiology but fish
aggregations have been found to be minimal n the area and the dominant species – Tilapia – will
simply evade the disturbed area and seek safer shelter and grazing grounds around the
reclamation site.
It is unlikely that coral reefs in Cavite and Bataan, more than 35 kilometers away, will be affected.
Benthic Macro invertebrates and soft bottom benthos
The results obtained in the phytoplankton survey along the proposed reclamation site is poor - as
reflected by the relatively low diversity values, which is contrasted by dominant populations of
certain organisms; and with the inclusion of potentially harmful genera, e.g. Pseudonitzschia spp.,
and Alexandrium spp. recorded during the sampling period. Moreover, only low numbers of soft-
bottom benthos taxa, bivalves and gastropods. Results also reveal that the diversity
measurement in the four sampling stations is indicative of stressful conditions caused by a
disturbance which may come from factors like high turbidity and eutrophication within the waters
along the vicinities of the sampling site, which is favorable to the proliferation of tolerant
phytoplankton organisms. There are no rare and endemic taxa. Any impact brought about by the
reclamation project would be temporary and the macrobenthic community can readily colonize the
new areas in the reclamation boundaries. It is furthermore noteworthy that macrobenthic

communities are known to be resilient and have the locomotion ability to migrate in less stressful
areas; hence the project is not expected to pose a significant impact on this aquatic community.
In the direct impact area, the reduction of photosynthetic function will have little impact as hardly
any significant group of benthic marine animals dwell in the seabed within the project‟s impact
area and contiguous waters. While no significant epi-benthic macro-invertebrates have been
encountered in the seabed itself during the survey, smothering of the dominant macrobenthos
catalogued in the survey (mollusks), particularly veligers and juveniles of filter feeding bivalves
and other detritus feeders in the immediate area can happen with compacting of the seabed. The
loss of soft bottom benthos due to smothering is expected to be compensated through
repopulation of such benthic organisms around the reclaimed area.
Effects on fisheries
Since there are no significant fisheries resources and resource use practices present in the
project site, the project will have very insignificant effects on capture fisheries as fishers will
simply move farther past the boundary of the reclamation project. The provision of seawater
channels should ensure that plankton communities will continue to enrich nearshore fishing
grounds where sardines and other small pelagic fishes graze. Lift nets are too far off to be
contaminated by silt disturbance emanating from reclamation activities. Effects on fishing catch
rate will be minimal as present fishery operations are already unproductive and fishers can move
offshore fishing grounds where catch rates are allegedly better. The schools of mullet observed
during the survey will simply move to new grazing grounds past the reclamation area. Likewise,
pelagic species of sardines will continue to move to areas close to the shore and their seasonal
movement into the coastal seas surrounding the reclamation project will be sustained.
Further, it is noted that there are no permanent or stationary fishing gears within the proposed
reclamation site specifically mussel farms, „baklads‟ and stationary lift nets (“sapra”). The few
sapras located close to the proposed reclamation area will not be disturbed or dislocated.
Finally, on a concern for migration of species from Laguna Lake, this is deemed not germane
because the project will not impede the flow of water from the Lake to the Manila Bay. On the
migration to the Lake this is likewise deemed as not germane because Manila Bay water does not
normally flow to the Lake. The project site is distant from the Lake as seen in Figure 2.2-1.
Oil and Grease Contamination
The risk of oil and grease contamination in seawater around the reclamation site can occur
through the operation of reclamation barges, the disposal of marine vessel bilge water and if
accidental spillage from refueling at sea is experienced. While the issue is not anticipated to be
severe, oil slicks from inadvertent spillage may remain sequestered in the water column or carried
to the shoreline in blotches. Areas with inter-tidal corals in Bataan and mussel colonies in Cavite
can be considered at risk from exposure to such slicks, leading to immediate coral and shellfish
mortality. In open waters of Manila Bay, the chain reaction can be far-reaching, affecting not only
benthic communities but stocks of fish that are dependent on plankton and zooplankton as their
primary diet. The shoreline revetments in the CCP complex can be spoiled with oil swathes.
Impact on Plankton community
Threats to the plankton community which may be caused by any project activity is minimal, and
may be negligible since the site is already turbid with very high sediment loads. The dominance of
the cyanobacteria, Trichodesmium sp. is generally uncommon and indicative of a highly eutrophic
condition of the bay. Cyanobacteria documented in the survey are also generally found at high
densities in highly eutrophic water bodies. Generally, there is insufficient information on the direct
and indirect effects of suspended sediment plumes during reclamation on planktonic communities
to assess with certainty the impacts on planktonic activities found within the site. It is certain that
the increased load of suspended solids, if uncontrolled, would reduce light penetration that would

reduce depth of photosynthetic activity by phytoplankton. Also, high sediment loads would likely
reduce the grazing success of zooplankton. However, it is important to note that an increase in
turbidity can also be caused by natural processes such as typhoons and turbulent waves during
monsoons. Benthic micro-organisms have the capability to adjust and re-establish themselves
because of their ability to "regenerate" in a short period of time. The impact on the alteration of
species diversity and density of benthos communities which is anticipated as a result of the
reclamation project will only be temporary and short-term in duration, and reversible in the long
term.
Potential HAB inducement
Harmful Algal Blooms (HAB) is the term used to describe the "bloom" or rapid multiplication of
toxic single-celled phytoplankton. In Manila Bay, HAB episodes have been occurring for more
than two decades and the primary causative organism for paralytic shellfish poisoning is the
dinoflagellate Pyrodiniumbahamense var. Compressum. Pyrodinium and other biotoxin - forming
phytoplankton species produce potent neurotoxins that can be transferred through the food web
which for years has affected the mussel and oyster industry in the bay. There are no species of
potentially harmful phytoplankton observed in water samples taken in the proposed reclamation
area. Among others, recent investigations point to excessive nutrient loading in coastal waters
from land-based sources and sudden changes in seawater temperature as primary factors. The
occurrence of El Nino – La Nina episodes, exacerbated by hyper-nutrient and sediment loading
from untreated domestic wastewaters from the Metropolis further enhance the possibility of algal
blooms over a broad expanse of the sea where such waste streams are occurring. The
reclamation project therefore, would not be a primary enhancement trigger for HAB episodes that
are already occurring in the area due to uncontrolled contributing factors.
Increase in domestic waste water around the reclamation site
Compacting, configuring and development structuring of the reclaimed area will result to
increased human activity in the project site due to the influx of workers and this is expected to
generate a significant amount of solid wastes and domestic wastewater that could find its way to
the coastal and marine environment if waste disposal and management systems are not
sufficient. However, the risk of waste contamination of benthic resources is insignificant due to the
absence of significant benthic habitats. The predicted impact of this threat to epi-benthic soft
bottom communities in the seabed could be more pronounced. The outflow of domestic
wastewaters from project facilities if such waste streams are not properly treated and managed
can lead to hyper-nutrient loading which in turn can cause algal blooms. In the project area
where seawater flushing is moderate and water turbidity is already intense, such phenomenon
can lead to problems on paralytic shellfish poisoning (PSP).
Mangroves
There are no mangroves and beach vegetation in the proposed reclamation area.
Distance of project site to existing mangroves
The nearest existing mangroves are in the LPPCHEA, map of which is shown in Figure 2.2-57
wherein the distance to the project site is also indicated.
Potential impacts arising from climate change scenarios
The reclamation will not contribute to enhancement of impacts arising from climate change,
notably rise in surface sea water temperature. However, if hyper-nutrient loading in warm waters
become intensified – either from domestic wastewaters or from point sources in the project, the
risk of oxygen depletion and fish kills over a broad area can be possible. Immediate and
extensive vegetation planting around the reclaimed site will in fact contribute to sequestration of
greenhouse gasses in the future.

Mitigation Measures
Mitigation of potential sediment fluxes
Sedimentation is the primary issue arising from the reclamation and is silt clouds and sediment
dispersal are predicted to be high during reclamation area filling and compacting and impacts are
predicted to range from moderate to high depending on the implementation of mitigating
measures in the primary impact area. Minimizing sediment influx from the project site to the
coastal waters is a critical and underpinning strategy and will be addressed through state-of-the-
art, multi-faceted sediment sequestration measures. Primarily, a series of silt curtains will be
installed to capture sediments and prevent sediment streams and broad dispersion of silt in areas
around the reclamation site. Within the vicinity of soil filling equipments, silt filters and sediment
weirs will be reinforced. During soil compacting, a series of diverse sediment mitigation
measures and facilities will be established in strategic locations, with silt and sediment diversion
canals placed inside reclaimed area to ensure loose soil are captured in weirs and screens before
seawater-laden sludge flows out to sea. Sludge will be collected. An additional measure is the
early planting of extensive vegetative cover in order to increase sediment amalgamation capacity
and soil compacting aided by stabilization of areas where earth moving has been completed.
Wastewater management
Waste minimization and retrieval will be practiced in all aspects of reclamation activities. Modern
and sufficient sanitation facilities and disposal systems will be installed. Modern latrines with
chambered septic tanks will be installed and sludge will be periodically collected. The objective
is to ensure that pollution-causing effluents that can be potentially carried downstream are
controlled at the source. Shipboard waste will not be disposed at sea.
Solid Waste Management
A rigid solid waste management and retrieval system will be enforced in all aspects of reclamation
activity. There will be no disposal of wastes at sea both from land-based and shipboard sources.
Oil and grease containment
There will be no refueling at sea and all maintenance works for marine vessels deployed for the
reclamation activities will be undertaken at the shore. Potential risks of small oil spills will be
controlled through strict fuel and oil dispersal protocols backed-up by an oil/fuel spill contingency
plan. An oil and grease recovery system will be adopted employing the best facilities. The
project will enforce strict policies against indiscriminate disposal of oily waste and marine vessel
bilge.
Fisheries and fishing gears
Even as there are no permanent or stationary fishing gears or fish aggregating devices set in the
area at the time of the marine assessment, any fishing gear or fishing operation of small-scale
fishers that will be dislocated by reclamation filling and operations will be compensated through
the provision of new fishing gear paraphernalia and technical assistance. Supplemental
livelihood projects, through mariculture of full cycle aquaculture species will be promoted through
collaboration with the Bureau of Fisheries and Aquatic Resources.
Mussels
There are no mussel colonies in the proposed reclamation area. Even as this may be the case,
the project will support conservation of mussel stocks by providing technical support to the design
of more effective and cleaner spat collectors in areas past the proposed area to be reclaimed.
The spats will then be released in coastal waters after the reclamation is completed so that the
shellfish juveniles can eventually repopulate rocky areas around the reclaimed site.

Presence of pollution indicator species
Filter-feeding bivalves
Algal blooms are natural phenomenon and can be influenced by a number of factors. These
include cultural eutrophication, unusual climatological conditions and transport of dinoflagellates
through ballast waters, and transfer of shellfish stocks. Mussels and oysters are standard
biotoxin monitoring medium and the BFAR implements a periodic monitoring system of plankton
levels and toxicity analysis through bioassay in mussel and oysters in Manila Bay. While the
reclamation project would not be a primary trigger for HAB episode enhancement, bivalves
gathered by gleaners near the project area will be placed under a strict biotoxin level monitoring
system through engagement of BFAR personnel. Moreover, the Project will support the conduct
information, education and communication (IEC) campaigns to promote red tide awareness and
to pinpoint sources of nutrient loading into the sea.
Possible Threats to the Plankton Community and their Adaptability
Generally, there is insufficient information on the direct and indirect effects of suspended
sediment plumes from reclamation activities on planktonic communities in order to assess with
certainty on the impacts on planktonic activities within the site. The overflow material released
during in-filling and disturbance of sediments during piling would result to increased turbidity of
the water column. Consequently, the increased load of suspended solids would reduce light
penetration depth that will affect photosynthetic activity by the phytoplankton. Furthermore, these
high sediment loads would also reduce the grazing success of zooplankton. However, it is
important to note that these effects are relatively short-term, as an increase in turbidity may be
also caused by natural processes such as turbulent waves during typhoons and monsoons,
regardless of mechanical activities in the area. Plankton communities are however resilient, and
its population could replenish from other parts of Manila Bay from advection as facilitated by
water circulation, tidal forcing, and current systems in the water body.
Table 2.2-18 presents the table summary of the potential impacts on marine resources and the
mitigation therefore.

Table 2.2-19. Environmental Management Plan for Coastal and Fisheries Management
Project Activity
CONSTRUCTION Environmental Component Options for Prevention or Mitigation or
Potential Impact
Likely to be Affected Enhancement
PHASE
Reclamation, soil Coastal water quality and Increase in siltation/sedimentation loading in coastal Provision of silt curtains where sediment streams are
filling and compacting primary productivity; waters; increase in turbidity and suspended solids; likely to occur and escape.
Communities of benthic marine
Filter-feeding capacity of bivalves in nearby waters Installation of silt and sediment weirs around reclamation
organisms.
equipment and barges;
Reduction in photosynthesis and primary productivity
Monitoring of sediment fluxes and application of more
Suffocation of bivalve veliger and other soft bottom stringent control measures when necessary; or temporary
benthos in the primary area to be reclaimed; cessation of activities.
Disruption of fish feeding and benthos larval growth; Sediment canals in reclaimed areas will be installed to
divert sludge into filters and weirs that capture sediments
Impairment in fish and shellfish reproductive process. and fugitive reclamation filling materials at source.
Collection and trans-location of macro-invertebrates

found within the reclamation area.
Coastal waters - Wastewaters Coastal water pollution, loss of macro-invertebrate Install liquid waste management system ensuring modern
from reclamation workers and population, impairment in fish and shellfish reproductive waste retrieval and treatment system. Treatment and
facilities can add to marine physiology. disposal of liquid waste at point source will involve
collecting liquids of point source origin; directing waste
pollution and negatively affect
Potential contamination of filter-feeding bivalves. into integrated multiple waste streams facilities or
benthic communities of macro- collecting vessels, and application of treatments. Any
invertebrates; plankton fluid effluent to be discharged at sea will be monitored
community and and tested before discharging.
Fish populations
Installation of latrines and waste receptacles; collection
facilities;
Collection of shipboard wastes.

Table 2.2-19. Environmental Management Plan for Coastal and Fisheries Management
Project Activity
CONSTRUCTION Environmental Component Options for Prevention or Mitigation or
Potential Impact
Likely to be Affected Enhancement
PHASE
Adoption of clean practices by all project operating units

and personnel;
Implementation of an efficient waste retrieval system;
Greening of reclamation area.

Coastal water and shoreline Oil and grease contamination Adoption of an oil and grease recovery and treatment
quality and aesthetic value system;
Implementation of rigid policies against indiscriminate

disposal of oily waste and marine vessel bilge water.
Fisheries and mariculture Dislocation of gill net and hook and line fishers Support appropriate stock enhancement measures e.g.,
livelihoods re-seeding of appropriate species;
Support closed seasons to enhance reproduction

capacity of sardines and recruitment of stocks.
Provision of alternative livelihoods to affected fishers.

COMPARISON OF RESULTS WITH PUBLISHED DATA ON MANILA (EG. MBCO, BFAR-NFRDI)

WITH THE EIS REPORT
Reference to the BFAR study is made in the foregoing on the discussions on water quality.
The sampling stations of BFAR cover the entire Manila Bay while those in the EIS report are reflective
of the direct and indirect impact areas as prescribed in the Revised Procedural Manual,
Focus is made on fish population in the entire Manila Bay while the EIS report focuses on the impact
areas.
Species diversity is reported but the coverage is for the entire Manila Bay while the specific data for
the particular impact areas of the site are not considered complete.
 Marine Resource maps (Typical)
Maps showing the distribution in Manila Bay over several survey years are provided for each key
marine species, e.g. for phytoplanktons for the years 2012-2015 shown below:
Figure 2.2-61. Spatiotemporal abundance of phytoplanktons in Manila Bay 2012-2015
In so far as the impact areas are concerned the marine resource maps in the EIS Report cover the
impact areas of the project.
Typical Portions of the BFAR report are given in Annex 4.

SECTION 2.3 THE AIR
Introductory Notes
The dredging and reclamation works are essentially confined at sea at distances away from
Environmentally Sensitive Receptors (ESRs) of potential air pollution as shown in Figure 2.3-1.
1. Cultural Center of the Philippines

2. Coconut Palace
3. Philippine Sofitel
4. PICC
5. GSIS
6. J.W. Diokno Blvd
7. Mall of Asia
8. Diosdado Macapagal
Figure 2.3-1. Map Showing the Distances of the Project to ESRs
From the reclamation activities discussed in Section 1, the impacts on the air environment and
climate change of these various works are summarized in Table 2.3-1.

Table 2.3-1. Reclamation Activities in Relation to Impacts on Air Resources and

Climate Change
Sub Activities with Potential
Major Activities Impacts on Air and Climate Remarks
Change
Preparatory Works at Reclamation Site
o Dredging o Operation of dredging o Distant from ESRs
(To remove undesirable seabed equipment at sea, use of o Short term only
materials) electric power generating sets o Fuel used in generating sets and
heavy equipment will generate CO2
and other criteria pollutants
o Disturbance of seabed o The disturbance will not per se
generate air pollutive discharges
nor GHGs
Reclamation Proper
o Sea travel of dredging vessel o Use of fuel (diesel oil) to o Pollution source is mobile in nature
from site to San Nicholas Shoal propel vessel and power the o Activity is short term, TSHD will
(Distance of approx. 21.46 km) dredgers/cutters will generate operate for est. 2019 days over the
combustion products (air entire reclamation/dredging and
pollutive) gases and GHG horizontal development activities of
(CO2) approximately 5 years
o Creation of land form Impacts on GHG CO2 from o Effect on temperature rise deemed
equivalent to 0.23 % of the area combustion of Marine Diesel Oil minimal/insignificant
of Manila Bay (MDO) o No evidence of temperature
Loss of sea surface thus of GHG aberrations in existing reclaimed
sequestration by ocean land e.g. along Macapagal Avenue
o Installation of sub structures, o Use of barges o Minor generation of combustion
e.g. containment sheets or silt products
curtains
o Leveling of reclaimed area to o Use of compaction and other o Minor generation of combustion
desired elevation equipment, potential use of products
generating sets, o Potential fugitive dust generation.
o Soil Stabilization Minimum use of heavy equipment; o Essentially no significant air
use of wick drains pollution discharges
o Soil stabilization is by use of wick
drains
o Horizon works/Construction of o Use of miscellaneous o Minor generation of combustion
support facilities, roadways, construction equipment, products
drainage system, etc. potential use of generating
sets
o Temporary concrete mix o Potential fugitive dust generation.
batching plant may be opted.
Air Pollution Impacts during Operation of the Dredging Equipment and Transportation of Sea
Vessels
The most important aspect of the vessel operations in respect to potential air pollution is/are the
dredging vessel(s) operating at sea. The aspect of the operations that generates air discharges is the
combustion of oil during the travel to/from site to the San Nicholas Shoal. Thus, the air impact area
and the receptors of air pollutants are the areas within the navigational lane shown in Figure 2.3-2;
such impact areas being at sea are not populated.

**Adapted from PRA, PRA Seabed Quarry Project EIS

Figure 2.3-2. Sea Lane to the San Nicholas Shoal
2.3.1 Meteorology
2.3.1.1 Change in the local climate e.g. local temperature
In broad terms, microclimate refers to the climate of a very small or restricted area, especially when
this differs from the climate of the surrounding area of which temperature is a key aspect.
“Microclimate pertains to local climatic patterns which are superimposed on the global pattern as a
function of geography and topography. The primary geographic variables are latitude and longitude.
For example, the Philippine’s climatic characteristic is tropical because of the archipelago’s location
relative to the warm equator. As a result, the country is generally said to experience pronounced dry
(summer) and wet (rainy) seasons. However, because of differences in topography, sizes and
positions relative to large water bodies and other oceanographic parameters, the country is further
characterized into four distinct climatic zones
Effects of topography on microclimate
Among the factors to consider in the assessment of the impact of topography on microclimate are
elevation, steepness and direction of slope, position of the slope and aspect or orientation of the area
(e.g. Sartz, 1972; Sevruk et al., 1998; Rich and Fu, 2000). The combined effects of these parameters
influence the microclimatic conditions in an area such as “incoming solar radiation (insolation), soil
temperature, air temperature, wind, precipitation, evapotranspiration, water flow (accumulation and
run off), snow accumulation, and snow melt” (e.g. Rich and Fu, 2000).
Diurnal rainfall variation
The diurnal variation of rainfall at any tropical location is determined by a combination of many factors
such as radiation heating and cooling, land-sea breeze effects, topography, tidal effects, frequency of
synoptic disturbances, among others. Local circulations such as land-sea breeze, mountain-valley
winds, and radiation surface-heating may be of secondary importance, at least during the months of
maximum rainfall.
Solar Energy

Radiational heating refers to atmospheric heating caused by solar radiation being readily transmitted
inward through the earth's atmosphere. During the transition months between the wet and dry
seasons, surface heating is greater (due to the reduced cloud cover) and maybe more important in
determining changes in daily rainfall.
Daily rainfall distribution
In the tropics, synoptic-scale disturbances are primarily responsible for most rainfall on a daily basis,
whereas convective and cloud-scale motions are related to time scales of hours and tenths of hours
(Garstang, 1966). These synoptic-scale disturbances provide an environment favourable for the
development of convective-scale systems (Henry, 1966). As the rainstorm intensity increases, the
importance of orography declines.
Rainfall variation with elevation
Orography is undoubtedly a major factor in determining rainfall distribution. However, previous studies
which attempted to derive statistical relationships between elevations and mean rainfall amounts have
had very limited success. For example, Stidd and Leopold (1951) found only a weak relationship
between elevation and mean relations between mean January and July rainfall amounts and elevation
for all available stations on the island of Oahu. Cobb (1966) listed five factors which influence terrain
effect: (1) shape, size and roughness of the mountains, (2) direction and distance from the moisture
source, (3) intervening terrain between moisture source and the orographic barrier, (4) wind velocity,
and (5) thickness and stability of the moist layer.
The effect of smaller topographic features on precipitation was investigated by James (1964) following
contentions that “the orographic effect does not come into play (at least in middle Europe) on a hill low
enough not to be a factor in the rising, and thus in the cooling, of inflowing air” (Geiger, 1959). It is
proposed that a hill less than 300 feet (~91 m) than the surrounding area would have little influence
on the distribution of local precipitation (James, 1964) “.
Wind
Changes in wind circulation and velocity patterns can impact on micro climate.
Carbon Dioxide, Water Vapour and Other GHGs
Climate and microclimate changes are directly influenced by GHG emissions, these emissions are
however reckoned from global and not from local inventories
Table 2.3-1 indicates that noting the activities involved, there will be no changes in microclimate,
particularly in temperatures. There will be no significant discharges to the atmosphere of air pollution
and of substances at elevated temperatures. Moreover, the construction works involving the major
shipping vessels will be undertaken for a short period of not more than two 2-3 years.

2.3.1.2 Monthly average rainfall and temperature of the area; Climatological normals/extremes;
Wind rose diagrams; Frequency of Tropical cyclones
The climatological normals of the project site are shown in Table 2.3-2 below.
Table 2.3-2. Climatological Normals
Station Name : 429-NAIA (MIA), Pasay City Latitude : 14031 N Elevation: 21.0 m
Period : 1961-1995 Longitude : 121001 E
Rainfall Temperature Wind No. Days w/
Vapor Rel. Cloud
Month
No. Mea Dry Wet Dew MSLP Amount

Amt Max Min Pressure Hum.
TSTM
LTNG
of n Bulb Bulb Pt. (mbs) DIR (16 SPD
(okta)
(mm) (oC) (oC) (mbs) % pt) (mps)
RD (oC) (oC) (oC) (oC)
JAN 8.5 2 30.3 20.9 25.6 25.3 21.9 20.5 23.9 74 1013.5 E 3 4 0 0
FEB 2.9 1 31.2 21.2 26.2 26.0 22.0 20.3 23.7 70 1013.5 E 4 4 0 0
MAR 6.2 2 32.7 22.4 27.6 27.4 22.8 21.0 24.6 67 1012.7 E 4 3 0 1
APR 13.2 2 34.3 24.0 29.1 29.0 24.0 22.1 26.4 66 1011.2 E 4 3 1 4
MAY 101.6 7 34.2 24.9 29.6 29.3 24.9 23.4 28.4 70 1009.4 E 4 5 7 16
JUN 244.5 15 32.5 24.5 28.5 28.2 25.0 23.9 29.5 77 1008.8 W 3 6 11 16
JUL 363.0 18 31.3 24.1 27.7 27.4 24.7 23.7 29.2 80 1008.3 W 3 6 12 16
AUG 414.1 20 30.8 24.0 27.4 27.0 24.7 23.9 29.5 83 1008.1 W 3 7 9 10
SEP 309.0 17 31.0 24.0 27.5 27.1 24.8 24.0 29.7 83 1008.9 W 2 7 11 15
OCT 221.4 13 31.1 23.5 27.3 27.0 24.3 23.3 28.5 80 1009.7 E 2 6 9 10
NOV 121.1 10 31.0 22.8 26.9 26.6 23.6 22.5 27.1 78 1011.0 E 2 5 2 3
DEC 43.7 6 30.3 21.7 26.0 25.7 22.7 21.5 25.5 77 1012.6 E 3 5 0 1
ANN
UAL 1849.2 113 31.7 23.2 27.5 27.2 23.8 22.5 27.2 75 1010.6 E 3 5 59 92
SOURCE: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, Climatology and Agrometeorology Division. Climatological
Extremes
The main factor affecting the temporal distribution of rainfall in the area is the monsoon circulation.
From June to October, the warm moist southwest monsoon air mass (Habagat) coming from the
Indian Ocean and the southern hemisphere passes over the area from the southwest direction
bringing most of the rainfall of the year. During the northeast monsoon season from December to
February, the air masses passing over the area is cold and dry with most of its moisture content
released over the eastern coast of Luzon.
In addition to the monsoons, the other rainfall-causing phenomena in the area were cited as being the
tropical cyclones, the Easterly Waves and the Intertropical Convergence Zone (ITC). The tropical
cyclones, most frequent in the months of June to September, bring very intense rainfall over the area.
The disturbances in the Easterlies cause some rainfall during the transition between the monsoon
periods. The ITCZ contributes to the rainfall during June to July. Also, as in any tropical country,
thermal convection due to isolated heating of ground surface contributes significantly to the annual
rainfall as scattered rain showers and thunderstorms.
As seen in Table 2.3-2, the mean annual rainfall is 1,849.2 mm. The wettest period occurs during the
months of June to November with mean monthly values ranging from 244.5 mm to 414.1 mm. The
driest period occurs from December to October with mean monthly rainfall values of 2.9 to 43.7 mm.
The mean annual number of rainy days is 113, with the months of June to November having the
greatest frequency of rains with 10 to 20 rainy days in a month.

The Climatological Extremes are shown in Table 2.3.3
Table 2.3-3. Climatological Extremes
Station: 429-NAIA (MIA), Pasay City

Year : 191-1995
GREATEST DAILY RAINFALL
TEMPERATURE (0C) HIGHEST WIND (MPS) SEA LEVEL PRESSURES (MBS)
MONTH (MM)
HIGH DATE LOW DATE AMOUNT DATE SPD DIR DATE HIGH DATE LOW DATE
JAN 35.8 7-89 14.8 18-61 55.3 3-70 20 E-NE 12-86 1, 022.30 27-87 1004.4 1-50
FEB 34.8 28-80 14.6 1-62 16.5 27-50 20 E 28-88 1021.4 1-62 1005.0 15-52
MARCH 36.5 30-78 16 3-63 35.5 12-71 26 E 29-92 1021.1 2-87 1004.7 8-84
APRIL 37.8 23-48 19.4 17-68 63 4-92 20 E 6-86 1019.9 23-87 1003.8 25-71
MAY 38.1 18-69 19.1 11-50 229.1 27-60 31 SW 22-76 1015.9 9-57 992.2 17-89
JUNE 38 2-91 20 22-54 316.8 27-85 36 S 29-64 1015.9 6-66 974.2 29-64
JULY 36 6-91 18.3 28-48 472.4 20-72 36 W 8-86 1014.9 7-53 994.2 15-83
AUGUST 35.2 29-89 17.4 9-49 401.8 10-47 30 WSW 16-84 1015.2 12-58 992.8 24-78
SEPT. 34.9 9-79 19.1 15-50 228.8 8-63 26 NW 27-78 1015.2 20-65 988.9 30-95
OCT. 36 24-76 19 23-81 274.5 9-78 27 W 18-85 1017 25-86 977.9 14-70
NOV. 35.8 17-72 17.2 26-49 121.7 14-77 56 W 19-70 1019.4 3-89 899.4 3-95
DEC. 34.2 28-79 16.3 18-55 110.5 30-50 25 NW 30-50 1020.9 8-60 996.2 15-64
ANNUAL 38.1 5-18-1969 14.6 2-1-1962 472.4 7-20-1972 56 W 11-19-1970 1022.3 1-27-1978 889.4 11-3-1995
PERIOD
OF 1949-1995 1949-1995 1650-1995 1950-995
RECORD
SOURCE: Philippine Atmospheric, Geophysical and Astronomical Services Administration, Climatology and Agrometeorology Division. Climatological Extremes
The monthly wind rose diagrams are provided in Annex 7 while the annual diagram is shown in Figure 2.3-3.

SOURCE: PAGASA
Figure 2.3-3. The Windrose Diagram for the Project Site and Environs
Derivation of the Climatological Data
Following procedures were used to derive the above data and charts:
 Prepare excel program to generate monthly meteorological graphs and plot arrow data
 Run Surfer 9 to generate monthly arrow plots for wind speed and direction
 Prepare QBX program to convert PAGASA met data format to WRPLOT V.7 format
 Prepare QBX program to generate annual met data format
 Run WRPLOT V.7 using converted met data format to generate monthly and annual wind
rose
 Prepare the met data summary tables and figures
Frequency of Tropical Cyclones
This is shown in Figures 2.3-4.
The reclamation site experiences 1 cyclone per year. This information is a useful guide considering
that the works will be done at sea and therefore, tropical cyclones are important considerations vis-à-
vis safety.

SITE
Figure 2.3-4. Map Showing Frequency of tropical Typhoons in the Philippines
2.3.1.3 Contribution in terms of greenhouse gas emissions (or GHG mitigation potential)
Effects of climate change using PAGASA medium to long term projections. Estimation
of LUCF GHG emissions. Data on Greenhouse gasses (i.e. carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide);
Estimation of projected greenhouse gases (GHG) (i.e. carbon dioxide, nitrous oxide) using
IPCC guidelines; include mitigation and/or sequestration for both construction and operation
phases.
The major GHG of relevance to the project is carbon dioxide because of oil combustion to generate
power from generating units stationed in the vessels. Nitrous Oxide is also present, however,

methane is not considered relevant in the absence of methane generators. Still, it may be likely that
the disturbance of the sediments during the dredging operations may release trapped methane.
Estimation of GHG emissions from the Project
Scope 1 emissions
These are the Direct GHG emitted by sources resulting from activities of the locators or from
construction and includes:
 GHG generation from the combustion of fossil fuels used by shipping vessels.
The GHG is estimated based on direct calculation of CO 2 generated from the combustion of heavy
fuel oils. The main source of air discharges is the TSHD, which will operate only for a short period of
time through the completion of the reclamation.
 Calculation of CO2 generated by the TSHD, the major vessel/dredging/reclamation

equipment.
Basis and assumptions:
Travel cycle of TSHD from site to SNS and back 2.7 hours
Trench Dredging Cycle 1.6 hours
Reclamation 1 hours
Total 5.3hours
3
Hopper Capacity 10,000 m
3
Full Load Volume 6,500 m
3
Volume Fill required for 2 islands 59,410,578m
Total Number of cycles 9,140
Total hours operating FOR THE ENTIRE
RECLAMATION WORKS 48,442hours or 2019 days
3
Fuel carried by TSHD 1,000 m HFO
Total Oil Used 0.1009 Billion liters for entire

reclamation works of 2 019 days
Emission Factor: 9.45 kg CO2 per gallon of Oil
Total No. of gallons of oil = 26 654 960
 CO2 emitted during the entire reclamation works = 252,000,000 kgs

252,000 metric tons
0.252 million metric tons for 2019 days or
0.0456 per year
Worldwide CO2 emissions, 2009 Reference

www.theguardian.com/news/datablog/2011/jan/31/world-carbon-dioxide-emissions-country-data-co2
CO2 emission from reclamation as

Percentage
World = 30,398.42 Million tones 0.00015 %

Philippines = 72.39 Million tones 0.0.063 %
Inasmuch as GHG emissions are necessarily related to the global emissions, it is seen above that the
contribution of the reclamation project is extremely small.

Estimation of LUCF GHG emissions
LUCF (Land-Use Change and Forestry) – Land-use refers to the type of activity being carried out on
a unit of land, such as forest land, cropland and grassland. IPCC 1996GL refers to sources and sinks
associated with greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions/removals from human activities that:
 Change the way land is used (e.g. clearing of forest for agriculture, conversion of
grassland to forest);
 Affect the amount of biomass in existing biomass stocks (e.g. forest, village trees,
savanna) and soil carbon stocks…”(UNFCC Handbook on Land Use Change and Forestry
Sector)
Based on the above, it appears that LUCF GHG emissions are not the primary contributors to GHG
emissions from the Project.
The disturbance of sediments, i.e. the soft and clayish portions of the sub-seabed is a temporary
short-term situation if a reclamation technology that reuses these disturbed materials is applied, e.g.
through the use of sandbags. This means that the sediments would be placed back to the seabed.
Effects of climate change using PAGASA medium to long-term projections
The projected seasonal temperature increase, seasonal rainfall change and frequency of extreme
events in 2020 and 2050 under the medium-range emission scenario in the provinces in NCR are
presented in the succeeding tables.
To use the tables and arrive at values of seasonal mean temperature and seasonal rainfall in 2020
and 2050 in any of the provinces, the projections are added to the observed values (presented in
each of the tables).
For example, in Metro Manila, the projected values in 2020 are:

0 0 0
a. DJF mean temperature = (26.1 C+ 1.0 C) =27.1 C
b. DJF rainfall= (107.5mm+107.5(-12.8%)mm) = (107.5-13.8)mm or 93.7 mm;
0
c. Number of days with Tmax > 35 C in Quezon City during the 2006-2035 period
(centered at 2000) = 1,984;
d. Number of days in Quezon City during the 2006-2035 period (centered at 2020)=
6,302; and
e. Number of days with rainfall? 300mm in Quezon City during the 2006-2035 period
(centered at 2020) =8.
0
Table 2.3-4. Seasonal temperature increase (in C) in 2020 and 2050 under medium-
range emission in provinces in NCR
Observed baseline (1971-2000) CHANGE in 2020 (2006-2035) CHANGE in 2050 (2036-2065)
DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON DJF MAM JJA SON
Degree Centigrade ( 0C)
Metro Manila 26.1 28.8 28.0 27.4 1.0 1.1 0.9 1.0 2.0 2.1 1.8 1.9
Percent (%)
Metro Manila 107.5 198.5 1170.2 758.7 -12.8 -33.3 8.5 0.0 -17.3 -38.5 21.3 3.7
Table 2.3-5. Frequency of extreme events in 2020 and 2050 under medium-range
emission scenario in provinces in NCR
No. of Days w/Rainfall
No. of Days w/Tmax>350c No. of Dry Days
>200mm
Provinces Stations
OBS
2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050 OBS 2020 2050
(1971-2000)
Port Area 299 1176 2118 7380 6445 6382 12 12 13
Metro Manila
Science Garden 1095 1984 3126 7476 6302 6220 9 13 17

From the table presented, the following may be observed:
 Maximum seasonal temperature increase of 2.1°C may be expected in the long term
(2036-2065).
 There is predicted significant number of days of temperatures exceeding 35°C.
 The decreases in rainfall are greater than the increases.
The above projections will be experienced during the operations phase of the project for which the
major impacts are:
 Rainfall will impact on storm water flows from the reclaimed area. The drainage system
will be engineered accordingly. More importantly, the channels of the reclaimed land will
be reviewed in detail to ensure that storm water discharges are not constricted.
On Climate Change Adaptation
Following are the key Climate Change hazard scenarios and the measures to be adopted:
o Accelerated Sea Level Rise
--The reclaimed land platform will be elevated by 4 m above MLWL
o Storm surges
--The reclaimed land itself will provide sheltering effect during episodes of storm surges.
--Wave deflectors will be installed in strategic places; the containment structures will
themselves serve for storm surge protection.
Climate Change Initiatives
With reference to the NDC commitment on GHG reduction as the Philippines Paris Agreement
following points are noted:
The Phil government commitment in the Paris Agreement is embodied in the NDC as pronounced by
then President Benigno S. Aquino III which includes the following major points:
 The planting of 1.5 billion trees

 Increase of the share of renewables in the energy mix
 Reducing of greenhouse gas emissions conditionally by 70 percent by 2030
 For the reclamation project the initiatives in support of the Paris Agreement will be
embodied during the Operations Phase which will include but not limited to:
 Planting of trees in open spaces

 Use of renewables (e.g. solar power units)
 Optimization of water use such as by rainwater harvest and recycling

2.3.2 Air Quality

2.3.2.1 Degradation of air quality.
Ambient Air Quality Baselines
Following are the factors considered in developing the air quality baselines:
During the construction/reclamation phase
CHARACTERIZATION OF AMBIENT AIR QUALITY TSP, PM10, SOX, NOX
 The major sources of air discharges/pollution are principally the mobile dredging/filling
vessels operating at sea; the horizontal development works involve only construction of
roads, drainage canals and the installation of WTPs and are not considered as “heavy”
works.
 The Environmentally Sensitive Receptors (ESRs) are distant from the sources of air
discharges/pollution.
 There are minimal movements of construction vehicles on road.
 The full impacts of air pollution would be experienced during the operations phase.
 The full occupancy of the reclaimed area would not occur until at least twenty-five years
from the start of the dredging/reclamation works. The locators/occupants of the reclaimed
area would be using vehicles that would generate air pollution, categorized as mobile
sources of pollution.
Ambient air quality measurements were conducted at various stations, which span the coast of Manila
Bay.
PM10 is taken as the more relevant parameter instead of TSP:
 It is the fine particles such as PM10, which are related to health issues such as respiratory
and cardiovascular illnesses.
 The major contributors to air pollution by the roadside onshore are the fine particulate
matters which are emitted by vehicles while TSP are largely from construction and area
sources which are intermittent in nature.
Table 2.3-7 provides the baseline results.
Table 2.3-6. Results of Ambient Air Quality Monitoring

Stn. LOCATION PM10 SO2 NO2 CO
No. µg / Nm3 µg / Nm3 µg / Nm3 mg / Nm3
1 Near Yacht Club 68 (113%) 3.4(4.25%) 3.4 (2.2%) 0.1 (0.2%
2 Near PICC Area 42 (70%) 2.4(3 %) 4.8 (3.2%) 0.1 (0.2%)
3 Near Sofitel Basketball Court 38 (63%) 9.9(12.3%) 7.2 (4.8%) 0.7 (2.0%)
4 Near Coastal Mall Area 52 (87%) 10.0(12.5) 36.6 (24.4%) 0.3 (0.6%)
5 Near D. Macapagal Road 44 (73%) 10.2(12.5%) 47.3 (31.5%) 0.2 (0.4%)
NAAQGV (Sec 12.a R.A. 8749) 60 (long term) 80 (long term) 150 (short term) 35 (1 hour)
Sampling Dates: January 28-29, 2013
Figures in parenthesis are the per centages of the NAAQGV
Provided in Annex 8 are the Test Results
The map of the sampling stations is provided in Figure 2.3-5.

IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT OF THE PROJECT TO THE

IDENTIFIED PARAMETERS INCLUDING VOCs AND ODOR THROUGH AIR
DISPERSION MODELING (AS MAY BE APPLICABLE)
In view of the absence of air quality generators adjacent to the ESRs during the dredging/reclamation
phase, the project will not cause significant impacts. VOCs are not included in the parameters
because these are generally related to mobile sources (vehicular movements on roads) and
stationary sources. Odor is also deemed not relevant in the absence of odor generators and due to
the distance of the project from the ESRs.
MAP OF SAMPLING SITES FOR MONITORING PURPOSES BASED ON THE ABOVE
ASSESSMENT
Figure 2.3-5 may be used as reference for monitoring purposes by the MMT.

Figure 2.3-5. The Ambient Air Sampling Stations Map

Based on Table 2.3.6, the following observations are made:
 The values of the concentrations of the criteria pollutants are well within the NAAQVs
prescribed under the Philippine Clean Air Act.
 The values for PM10 are relatively high (as percentage of the NAAQGV) in comparison
with the other pollutants. This is not surprising in the light of the contribution of area
sources such as dusts.
 Carbon Monoxide was included among the parameters in recognition of incomplete

combustion of fuels in vehicles traversing the vicinity of the project site. The observed
values were however, much lower than the NAAQGV.
2.3.3 A Mathematical Area Dispersion Modeling for Particulate Matters
The lands created for commercial, residential and mix use purposes will result in increase in vehicular
traffic. A practical assessment of the project impact on air pollution is by use of mathematical air
dispersion modeling to confirm that the project will not seriously aggravate the current/existing air
quality in the general area.
For reference and indicative purposes, the ambient air quality based on an air dispersion modeling
recently completed by an NGO (“Kaibigan ng Kaunlaran at Kalikasan”- KKK) is hereunder presented.
This modeling is considered more reflective of ambient air quality than spot monitoring and testing
because (a) data is used on annual geometric mean and thus over a longer period of time and (b) it
factors in meteorological conditions and contributions of various sources.
(The modeling work was undertaken by KKK {www.kkkphil.org} with direct assistance by Dr. Eman
Anglo and the Manila Observatory)
Further, the parameter used in this model is PM10, which is considered as a more representative air
quality/health parameter than TSP.
From the results of the modeling work shown in Figure 2.3-6, it may be gleaned that the primary air
pollutant PM10 ambient concentration values at the vicinity of the project site are still within the DENR
Standards.
A mathematical modeling specific to the project is deemed not relevant because:
The sources of air and noise pollution will not be present until the full operations phase of the project
which is estimated to be approximately twenty-five (25) years from start of project implementation.
The conditions by this time will not be same as that in the present for a mathematical modeling based
on present conditions to be valid. For example, the road networks will be changed during this time
frame of 25 years.

(Source: Kaibigan ng Kaunlaran at Kalikasan wwwkkkphil.org)
Figure 2.3-6. Predictive Assessment of Air Quality in Metro Manila

COMPARISON OF CHANGES IN AIR QUALITY OVER TIME USING STATISTICAL TOOLS E.G.
ACROSS SAMPLING SITES OVER TIME, AND TEST FOR SIGNIFICANT CHANGES
There are no adequate air quality data to compare changes using statistical methods.
Moreover, assessment as of the current period will not be relevant to the conditions during the full
operations phase, which is approximately twenty-five years from now.
IDENTIFICATION AND ASSESSMENT OF IMPACT TO AMBIENT NOISE LEVEL USING NOISE

ATTENUATION MODELING AND COMPARING IT WITH RELEVANT STANDARDS (APPLICABLE
IF ESTIMATED TOTAL NOISE LEVEL WILL EXCEED NOISE STANDARD)
Ambient Noise Quality Baselines
Provided in the table below is the Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring.
Table 2.3-7. Results of Ambient Noise Quality Monitoring

Stn. Time of MIN MAX MEAN MEDIAN DENR
Period
No. Sampling (dBA) (dBA) (dBA) (dBA) (dBA)*
1 1435H-1440H Daytime 63.8 76.7 69.1 69.0 65
2 1540H-1545H Daytime 53.1 66.7 57.0 56.4 65
3 1130H-1135H Daytime 51.6 60.8 54.5 54.2 65
Sampling Date: January 28-29, 2013
4 1505H-1510H Daytime 58.4 68.7 64.1 64.2 65
5 1820H-1825H Evening 60.3 80.5 70.1 70.2 60
Sampling Date: January 28-29, 2013
Table 2.3-8. Results of Additional Noise Monitoring

Stn. Time of
Period MIN (dBA) MAX (dBA) MEAN (dBA) MEDIAN (dBA) DENR (dBA)*
No. Sampling
Monitoring Date: April 3, 2017 Daytime
6 45.2 47 46.11 45.4 65
7 44.9 48.7 46.13 45.5 65
8 44.9 45.7 45.09 44.9 65
9 46.4 51.6 48.06 49 65
10 44.9 46.3 45.59 46.1 65
Monitoring Date: 18 August 2017
0600-0610 Morning 68.7 71.9 69.5 69.3 60
11 1010-1020 Daytime 64.7 77.1 66.7 67.1 65
2000-2010 Nighttime 59.4 64.7 61.5 60.7 60
0620-0630 Morning 64.7 73.2 66.7 67.1 60
12 1030-1040 Daytime 65.1 74.6 69.1 68.5 65
2015-2020 Nighttime 49.6 59.1 50.5 51.7 60
0645-0700 Morning 63.8 67.4 65.2 64.7 60
13 1050-1100 Daytime 55.8 65.5 60.1 61.5 65
2025-2030 Nighttime 57 64.7 60.7 61.7 60
0715-0730 Morning 59.7 63.4 60.3 59.8 60
14 1115-1130 Daytime 63.5 76.5 70.1 70 65
2035-2045 Nighttime 70.7 65.7 67.5 66 60
Noise levels were recorded using a CEM DT-805 L sound meter

The DENR limits are as follows:
Table 2.3-9. DENR Air Quality Standards

Daytime (dBA) Morning & Evening (dBA) Nighttime (dBA)
Area Classification
Class AA – Areas within 100m 50 45 40
rom school sites, hospitals
Class A – Residential Area 55 50 45
Class B – Commercial Area 65 60 55
Class C – Light Industrial Area 70 65 60
Period
Time 1000H-1700H Morning: 0600H – 0900H 2100H-2300H
Evening: 1800H – 2000H

The sampling station map is provided below.
Figure 2.3-10. Noise Sampling Station Map

Noise attenuation modeling is deemed relevant for the operations phase because at this cycle
of the project there will be daily and continuous activities of the locators, which would result
in noise generation e.g. sports activities and conventions now being experienced at the
reclaimed land in the Mall of Asia area.
2.3.5 IMPACTS/MITIGATING MEASURES AND MONITORING PLAN
During the Reclamation Phase
Machineries and Equipment are invariably required in ships for propulsion and to power the dredgers
as well as to provide smooth, safe and comfortable operation such as by operation of air conditioning
units. Diesel engines with capacities of 6.330 kW- 17,880 kW are commonly used which accordingly
discharges products of combustions principally SO 2 and NOx. These are the Air Pollution Source
Equipment (APSEs).
The management plan revolves around compliance with international operational standards for
shipping operations as spelled out in the International Marine Organization (IMO) MARPOL Standards
73/78 Annex VI as follows:
 Increased engine technologies and efficiencies

 Reduction of NOx includes introducing water into the combustion process, use of NO x
absorbers, and selective catalytic reduction.
 PM control technologies include particulate traps and exhaust scrubbers
 SOx reduction is mainly achieved by the use of low Sulfur in the fuel
 The use of biodiesel as mandated by law should be complied with.
Table 2.3-10. Key Impacts, Mitigating Measures and Monitoring Plan

ACTIVITIES/IMPACTS MITIGATION MONITORING PLAN
PRE CONSTRUCTION PHASE – Survey works; completed already
Not Significant  Not Relevant  Not Relevant
CONSTRUCTION PHASE/DREDGING AND RECLAMATION WORKS
 Highly efficient engines
 Not Relevant (Source of
Air Discharges from Trailer  Comply w MARPOL PCG as
emission is moving ship);
Hopper Suction Dredger (THSD) applicable
distant from ESRs
 Use of Biofuels
 Not Relevant (Sources of
 Highly Efficient Engines
Operation of Barges emission are moving barges);
 Use of Biofuels
distant from ESRs
CONSTRUCTION PHASE/HORIZONTAL DEVELOPMENT
 Use of light duty equipment,
CONSTRUCTION OF DRAINAGE  Short term activities only;
e.g. bulldozers, compactors
CANALS, ROADS works are located in several
 Minimal use of oil-fueled
INSTALLATION OF WTP construction sites
equipment
OPERATIONS PHASE - FOR REFERENCE PURPOSES ONLY
 Traffic Management
 Ambient Air Monitoring
Road side pollution from vehicles  New Infrastructures
(Quarterly)
(e.g..elevated roadways)
 Use of quality fuel  Ambient Air Monitoring
Generating Sets
 Stack height and diameter (Quarterly)
The appropriate monitoring stations are those at roadsides relatively adjacent to the reclaimed island.
Monitoring is more relevant during the Operations Phase of the project.

Section 2.4 PEOPLE

BACKGROUND
The Pasay City Harbor Reclamation Project is

within the territorial jurisdiction of Barangay 76 Zone
10 of the City of Pasay and will occupy an area of
about 265 hectares.
Based on the existing Comprehensive Land Use

Plan (CLUP), the host city has a total land area of
1,805.11 hectares including all reclaimed areas
along Manila Bay.
0
Pasay City is approximately at 14 32‟ and longitude
0
121 00‟. It is situated within the western coast of
Metro Manila or the National Capital Region (NCR).
Pasay City is bounded on its north by the City of
Manila, on its northeast side is the City of Makati and
the Municipalities of Taguig. Parañaque City are on
the west and south of Pasay City, respectively while
the Manila Bay is on its west.
Pasay City is the third smallest political subdivision

among the cities and municipalities of NCR. It is
composed of seven (7) districts, subdivided into
twenty (20) zones having a total of 201 barangays.
Presented in Figure 2.4-1 is the Land Area Map of
Pasay.
 Land Area
Pasay City has a total area of 1,805.11 hectares of which the city proper or Barangays 1 to 201
occupies of about 1, 399.50 hectares or 77.53 percent of the total area. The Cultural Center of the
Philippines Complex (CCP) occupies around 191.95 hectares or (10.63%). The rest of the reclaimed
area occupies 213.66 hectares (11.84%).
Provided in Table 2.4-1 is the area distribution of the City per Barangay and Figure 2.4-1 shows the
Barangay Boundaries of Pasay City.
Table 2.4-1. Area Distribution (in Hectares)

Percent Percent Percent
Percent to
Brgy. Area to Total Brgy. Area to Total Brgy. Area to Total Brgy. Area
Total (%)
(%) (%) (%)
1 1.48 0.08 51 2.26 0.13 101 1.09 0.06 151 2.94 0.16
2 4.37 0.24 52 2.37 0.13 102 1.11 0.06 152 4.10 0.23
3 1.84 0.10 53 1.01 0.06 103 1.42 0.08 153 1.64 0.09
4 2.89 0.16 54 1.94 0.11 104 2.51 0.14 154 0.94 0.05
5 1.53 0.08 55 2.25 0.12 105 0.91 0.05 155 1.52 0.08
6 1.47 0.08 56 1.01 0.06 106 1.13 0.06 156 2.23 0.12
7 2.58 0.14 57 0.91 0.05 107 2.24 0.12 157 1.93 0.11
8 1.94 0.11 58 4.31 0.24 108 2.82 0.16 158 1.93 0.11
9 1.43 0.08 59 3.79 0.21 109 0.90 0.05 159 2.95 0.16
10 2.99 0.17 60 3.55 0.20 110 1.78 0.10 160 1.69 0.09

Percent Percent Percent
Percent to
Brgy. Area to Total Brgy. Area to Total Brgy. Area to Total Brgy. Area
Total (%)
(%) (%) (%)
11 1.82 0.10 61 0.40 0.02 111 1.50 0.08 161 5.46 0.30
12 1.89 0.10 62 0.49 0.03 112 1.41 0.08 162 3.10 0.17
13 13.95 0.77 63 2.18 0.12 113 2.84 0.16 163 2.23 0.12
14 2.48 0.14 64 1.15 0.06 114 2.38 0.13 164 1.37 0.08
15 3.61 0.20 65 4.45 0.25 115 2.12 0.12 165 7.13 0.40
16 1.30 0.07 66 2.81 0.16 116 2.35 0.13 166 2.12 0.12
17 1.69 0.09 67 1.83 0.10 117 1.38 0.08 167 1.38 0.08
18 4.61 0.26 68 1.56 0.09 118 2.26 0.12 168 2.16 0.12
19 1.10 0.06 69 1.24 0.07 119 2.64 0.15 169 3.07 0.17
20 2.25 0.12 70 6.12 0.34 120 2.88 0.16 170 1.46 0.08
21 1.78 0.10 71 1.02 0.06 121 2.02 0.11 171 3.05 0.17
22 0.56 0.03 72 1.47 0.08 122 0.99 0.05 172 3.65 0.20
23 4.14 0.23 73 6.06 0.34 123 0.91 0.05 173 1.41 0.08
24 2.44 0.14 74 3.30 0.18 124 2.64 0.15 174 2.44 0.14
25 2.16 0.12 75 9.34 0.52 125 2.37 0.13 175 1.52 0.08
26 1.86 0.10 76 50.45 2.79 126 1.22 0.07 176 2.25 0.12
27 1.90 0.11 77 4.22 0.23 127 2.90 0.16 177 4.48 0.25
28 3.82 0.21 78 3.33 0.18 128 2.26 0.13 178 3.58 0.20
29 1.88 0.10 79 4.20 0.23 129 1.21 0.07 179 7.05 0.39
30 1.18 0.07 80 2.64 0.15 130 2.82 0.16 180 46.20 2.56
31 2.80 0.16 81 1.62 0.09 131 2.28 0.13 181 2.34 0.13
32 2.97 0.16 82 0.71 0.04 132 2.73 0.15 182 9.69 0.54
33 5.88 0.33 83 2.11 0.12 133 2.82 0.16 183 543.89 30.13
34 2.93 0.16 84 1.31 0.07 134 1.23 0.07 184 8.63 0.48
35 3.56 0.20 85 3.88 0.22 135 4.04 0.22 185 18.31 1.01
36 4.43 0.25 86 1.56 0.09 136 3.05 0.17 186 2.88 0.16
37 4.56 0.25 87 1.22 0.07 137 2.52 0.14 187 16.62 0.92
38 8.40 0.47 88 3.19 0.18 138 1.29 0.07 188 8.79 0.49
39 5.53 0.31 89 1.24 0.07 139 1.33 0.07 189 2.67 0.15
40 5.53 0.31 90 2.00 0.11 140 1.10 0.06 190 60.81 3.37
41 4.20 0.23 91 1.73 0.10 141 1.69 0.09 191 45.60 2.53
42 2.66 0.15 92 2.28 0.13 142 1.11 0.06 192 18.81 1.04
43 1.69 0.09 93 2.79 0.15 143 5.88 0.33 193 13.99 0.78
44 5.94 0.33 94 2.91 0.16 144 7.02 0.39 194 4.87 0.27
45 2.73 0.15 95 2.51 0.14 145 6.65 0.37 195 3.85 0.21
46 3.90 0.22 96 2.26 0.13 146 3.33 0.18 196 2.83 0.16
47 4.10 0.23 97 6.0 0.33 147 2.40 0.13 197 10.7 0.60
48 1.80 0.10 98 4.39 0.24 148 9.83 0.54 198 18.09 1.00
49 4.02 0.22 99 1.88 0.10 149 1.19 0.07 199 5.25 0.29
50 0.95 0.05 100 3.38 0.19 150 1.89 0.10 200 4.81 0.27
201 33.75 1.87
Area of Barangays 1 to 201 1,399.50 77.53
Reclamation (Existing) 213.66 11.84
Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex 191.95 10.63
TOTAL AREA 1,805.11 100.00
SOURCE: 2011 Comprehensive Land Use Plan (CLUP) of Pasay

Figure 2.4-1. Barangay Boundaries Map of Pasay City

PROJECT SITE
PROJECT SITE
Figure 2.4-2. The Manila Bay Indicating the Proposed Project Site

Demographic Profile
 Population Size
According to the 2015 Census of Population and Housing (CPH), the City of Pasay has a total
population of 416,522 as of August 2015. This is higher by 23,653 persons compared to its total
population of 392,869 counted in the May 2010 Census of Population and Housing (CPH). The
proposed reclamation project will be situated in Barangay 76, Zone 10 which has a total population of
about 4,902 persons. Table 2.4-2 indicates the population per barangay of the City of Pasay.
Table 2.4-2. Population Data of Pasay, 2015

Barangay Population Barangay Population
(as of August 1, 2015) (as of August 1, 2015)
Barangay 1 1,233 Barangay 2 1,562
Barangay 3 906 Barangay 4 1,888
Barangay 5 1,035 Barangay 6 605
Barangay 25 864 Barangay 26 659


Barangay 201 22,165
TOTAL = 416,522
SOURCE: 2015 Census of Population, Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
 Population Growth
The population growth of the City of Pasay has been unpredictable over the years. Based on the
existing CLUP, the year 2000 population is about 363, 000 total population that represents a 2.34%
reduction from its year 1995 total population. It was in the year 1903 census that Pasay‟s population
growth had been greater than the rest of Metro Manila only in the years 1918 to 1948. With regards to
the succeeding census years, Pasay City‟s population growth becomes slower than the rest of Metro
Manila. Population growth was decelerating until the year 2000 that saw an actual reduction. One
reason for the decelerating trend is the out migration. Metro Manila such as Makati City and
Paranaque became more attractive as settlement areas than Pasay City.
However, as previously mentioned, the City of Pasay has a total population of 416,522 in year 2015.
This is higher by 23,653 persons (+1.12%) compared to its total population of 392,869 in 2010 (CPH).
Table 2.4-3. Population of Pasay City 1903-2000, with Annual Growth Rates Compared
with Metro Manila
Census Year Population Annual Growth Rate (%) Metro Manila’s Annual
Growth Rate (%)
1903 8,201 - -
1918 18,697 5.65% 2.28%
1939 55,161 5.29% 3.72%
1948 88,728 5.42% 5.20%
1960 132,673 3.41% 3.83%
1970 206,283 4.51% 4.88%
1975 254,999 4.33% 4.61%
1980 287,770 2.45% 3.58%
1990 368,366 2.50% 2.98%
1995 408,610 2.10% 3.53%
2000 363,000 -2.34% 2.11%
2007 403,064 - -
2010 392,869 - -
2015 416,522 - -
SOURCE: Philippine Statistics Authority, 2015
 Population Density
Based on the 2014-2022 CLUP of Pasay, the average population density of the City was estimated at
214 persons per hectare (2010 data). The three (3) most densely populated barangays were
Barangay 182 (6,064 persons/hectare), 14 (3,375 persons/hectare) and 178 (2,829 persons/hectare)
while the least densely populated barangays were Barangays 192 *13 persons/hectare), 76 (14
persons/hectare) and 183 (64 persons/hectare). Barangays 76 and 183 consisted of the reclaimed
areas and the international airport, respectively.
 Male and Female Ratio
Based on the 2015 data of Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA), of the 416,522 total population of
Pasay, females accounted for 50.3% whiles males comprise 49.7%. See Table 2.4-4.

Table 2.4-4. Population by Gender (2015)
CITY MALE FEMALE
CITY OF PASAY 206,982 209,540
TOTAL 416,522
SOURCE: Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
 Age Distribution
In the table presented below, among the different age groups, the 20-29 years has the highest
population (96,326) while the age group 80+years has the smallest population (2,115). The age
groups from 20 to 59 years make up more than 59% of the population, which means that more than
half of the population (247,000 persons) belong to the potential work force. 144,000 or 34% is within
the dependents (minors) age and only 26,000 or 6% are seniors, both groups being consumers but
not necessarily producing/working.
Table 2.4-5. Population by Age Group (2015)

Age (year) Both Sexes
0-9 years 70,644
10-19 years 73,033
20-29 years 96,326
30-39 years 69,084
40-49 years 48,654
50-59 years 32,852
60-69 years 17,362
70-79 years 6,452
80+ years 2,115
TOTAL 416,522
SOURCE: Philippine Statistics Authority (PSA)
 Number of Households and Household Size
According to the 2011 CLUP of Pasay, the total number of household in the year 2000 is 78,180 with
an average household size of 4.53. Provided below is the table for total Population and Number of
Households of Pasay City by Barangay. Highlighted are the ten (10) barangays having the most
numbers of household population.
Table 2.4-6. Population and Number of Households of Pasay City by Barangay, 2000
Total Household Number Of Growth % Share Average
Barangay Population Population Household 1995-2000 2000 HH Size
PASAY CITY 354,908 353,798 78,180 -13% 100.00% 4.53
Barangay 1 759 759 177 18% 0.21% 4.29
Barangay 2 1,459 1,459 346 -17% 0.41% 4.22
Barangay 3 1,207 1,207 268 -3% 0.34% 4.50
Barangay 4 2,147 2,147 457 4% 0.60% 4.70
Barangay 5 1,604 1,603 365 117% 0.45% 4.39
Barangay 6 365 365 85 -35% 0.10% 4.29
Barangay 7 931 931 212 23% 0.26% 4.39
Barangay 8 1,641 1,641 390 -19% 0.46% 4.21
Barangay 9 351 350 83 -27% 0.10% 4.22
Barangay 10 1,198 1,164 260 -22% 0.34% 4.48
Barangay 11 1,784 1,784 367 487% 0.50% 4.86
Barangay 12 2,409 2,409 551 342% 0.68% 4.37
Barangay 13 1,247 1,247 231 17% 0.35% 5.40
Barangay 14 4,250 4,241 881 -34% 1.20% 4.81
Barangay 15 891 891 225 596% 0.25% 3.96

Barangay 16 284 284 66 -55% 0.08% 4.30
Barangay 17 271 271 77 489% 0.08% 3.52
Barangay 18 1,287 1,287 250 -43% 0.36% 5.15
Barangay 19 493 493 103 -17% 0.14% 4.79
Barangay 20 405 405 97 -37% 0.11% 4.18
Barangay 21 609 609 141 -38% 0.17% 4.32
Barangay 22 599 599 152 -48% 0.17% 3.94
Barangay 23 1,627 1,627 388 -12% 0.46% 4.19
Barangay 24 664 664 167 -40% 0.19% 3.98
Barangay 25 375 370 93 -66% 0.11% 3.98
Barangay 26 665 665 166 -34% 0.19% 4.01
Barangay 27 387 387 77 -40% 0.11% 5.03
Barangay 28 959 959 219 -25% 0.27% 4.38
Barangay 29 1,710 1,710 407 -30% 0.48% 4.20
Barangay 30 862 862 182 -33% 0.24% 4.74
Barangay 31 1,089 1,089 226 -41% 0.31% 4.82
Barangay 32 1,324 1,324 248 -26% 0.37% 5.34
Barangay 33 711 711 169 -1% 0.20% 4.21
Barangay 34 1,033 1,033 222 -8% 0.29% 4.65
Barangay 35 236 227 63 -27% 0.07% 3.60
Barangay 36 235 235 42 -59% 0.07% 5.60
Barangay 37 671 671 159 -45% 0.19% 4.22
Barangay 38 1,479 1,479 385 -41% 0.42% 3.84
Barangay 39 1,411 1,407 297 -7% 0.40% 4.74
Barangay 40 1,809 1,783 378 -27% 0.51% 4.72
Barangay 41 863 861 171 -27% 0.24% 5.04
Barangay 42 1,326 1,326 339 -32% 0.37% 3.91
Barangay 43 2,029 2,029 482 -15% 0.57% 4.21
Barangay 44 1,262 1,260 289 -26% 0.36% 4.36
Barangay 45 1,148 1,148 223 -8% 0.32% 5.15
Barangay 46 4,509 4,509 868 -25% 1.27% 5.19
Barangay 47 984 967 197 -21% 0.28% 4.91
Barangay 48 525 523 103 -18% 0.15% 5.08
Barangay 49 318 314 75 -37% 0.09% 4.19
Barangay 50 560 554 119 -25% 0.16% 4.66
Barangay 51 1,953 1,953 397 -24% 0.55% 4.92
Barangay 52 1,758 1,758 337 10% 0.50% 5.22
Barangay 53 689 689 134 -3% 0.19% 5.14
Barangay 54 1,437 1,436 278 -17% 0.40% 5.17
Barangay 55 664 664 182 -20% 0.19% 3.65
Barangay 56 602 602 151 -32% 0.17% 3.99
Barangay 57 1,788 1,788 373 17% 0.50% 4.79
Barangay 58 1,829 1,829 414 -16% 0.52% 4.42
Barangay 59 913 849 201 -13% 0.26% 4.22
Barangay 60 1,393 1,383 285 -8% 0.39% 4.85
Barangay 61 2,157 2,157 379 -19% 0.61% 5.69
Barangay 62 1,054 1,054 229 -16% 0.30% 4.60
Barangay 63 510 510 114 -33% 0.14% 4.47
Barangay 64 1,643 1,643 320 -11% 0.46% 5.13

Barangay 65 2,888 2,888 628 -1% 0.81% 4.60
Barangay 66 2,488 2,488 507 -20% 0.70% 4.91
Barangay 67 1,404 1,404 301 -23% 0.40% 4.66
Barangay 68 616 585 122 2% 0.17% 4.80
Barangay 69 1,146 1,106 270 23% 0.32% 4.10
Barangay 70 1,000 818 174 -5% 0.28% 4.70
Barangay 71 619 619 132 -2% 0.17% 4.69
Barangay 72 1,221 1,221 260 -25% 0.34% 4.70
Barangay 73 1,006 1,006 234 -40% 0.28% 4.30
Barangay 74 499 496 144 -27% 0.14% 3.44
Barangay 75 795 785 198 -46% 0.22% 3.96
Barangay 76 1,823 1,796 472 -78% 0.51% 3.81
Barangay 77 1,667 1,667 333 -26% 0.47% 5.01
Barangay 78 230 230 47 -60% 0.06% 4.89
Barangay 79 553 546 126 -33% 0.16% 4.33
Barangay 80 756 756 137 -20% 0.21% 5.52
Barangay 81 486 486 100 -50% 0.14% 4.86
Barangay 82 358 358 80 -39% 0.10% 4.48
Barangay 83 608 608 132 -38% 0.17% 4.61
Barangay 84 535 535 110 -28% 0.15% 4.86
Barangay 85 1,208 1,208 250 27% 0.34% 4.83
Barangay 86 702 702 155 -57% 0.20% 4.53
Barangay 87 515 515 117 0% 0.15% 4.40
Barangay 88 911 911 209 -11% 0.26% 4.36
Barangay 89 465 405 95 -45% 0.13% 4.26
Barangay 90 969 969 227 -42% 0.27% 4.27
Barangay 91 1,040 1,037 227 -11% 0.29% 4.57
Barangay 92 319 319 88 -6% 0.09% 3.63
Barangay 93 453 453 93 12% 0.13% 4.87
Barangay 94 1,685 1,685 351 -34% 0.47% 4.80
Barangay 95 1,484 1,484 309 15% 0.42% 4.80
Barangay 96 825 825 159 0% 0.23% 5.19
Barangay 97 1,230 1,230 267 -13% 0.35% 4.61
Barangay 98 847 847 185 -31% 0.24% 4.58
Barangay 99 986 986 220 -34% 0.28% 4.48
Barangay 100 835 835 202 -28% 0.24% 4.13
Barangay 101 350 350 58 36% 0.10% 6.03
Barangay 102 566 566 117 -35% 0.16% 4.84
Barangay 103 666 665 135 -13% 0.19% 4.93
Barangay 104 954 949 192 -4% 0.27% 4.94
Barangay 105 468 468 100 -23% 0.13% 4.68
Barangay 106 1,167 1,167 238 1% 0.33% 4.90
Barangay 107 1,789 1,748 411 -8% 0.50% 4.25
Barangay 108 1,893 1,893 387 -6% 0.53% 4.89
Barangay 109 1,002 1,002 218 -6% 0.28% 4.60
Barangay 110 1,853 1,853 341 -6% 0.52% 5.43
Barangay 111 1,067 1,067 215 -17% 0.30% 4.96
Barangay 112 581 581 120 10% 0.16% 4.84
Barangay 113 1,860 1,860 409 3% 0.52% 4.55
Barangay 114 712 712 157 -23% 0.20% 4.54
Barangay 115 1,248 1,248 261 12% 0.35% 4.78
Barangay 116 1,063 1,053 222 -29% 0.30% 4.74
Barangay 117 954 954 212 -38% 0.27% 4.50
Barangay 118 1,814 1,810 408 -3% 0.51% 4.44
Barangay 119 1,202 1,202 273 -29% 0.34% 4.40
Barangay 120 418 418 97 -33% 0.12% 4.31

Barangay 121 1,112 1,112 247 -14% 0.31% 4.50
Barangay 122 1,229 1,229 262 1% 0.35% 4.69
Barangay 123 1,277 1,277 256 -23% 0.36% 4.99
Barangay 124 1,423 1,423 289 -12% 0.40% 4.92
Barangay 125 1,432 1,432 317 10% 0.40% 4.52
Barangay 126 693 693 148 -37% 0.20% 4.68
Barangay 127 1,823 1,823 364 -12% 0.51% 5.01
Barangay 128 1,144 1,132 238 1% 0.32% 4.76
Barangay 129 997 997 219 14% 0.28% 4.55
Barangay 130 3,040 3,010 684 -3% 0.86% 4.40
Barangay 131 1,145 1,145 238 -23% 0.32% 4.81
Barangay 132 2,620 2,620 500 21% 0.74% 5.24
Barangay 133 2,097 2,097 447 -2% 0.59% 4.69
Barangay 134 1,776 1,742 364 -18% 0.50% 4.79
Barangay 135 2,516 2,516 638 28% 0.71% 3.94
Barangay 136 1,626 1,626 403 -23% 0.46% 4.03
Barangay 137 2,296 2,296 516 -20% 0.65% 4.45
Barangay 138 1,519 1,519 366 73% 0.43% 4.15
Barangay 139 749 746 180 -25% 0.21% 4.14
Barangay 140 613 613 142 -22% 0.17% 4.32
Barangay 141 692 692 142 -43% 0.19% 4.87
Barangay 142 652 647 146 40% 0.18% 4.43
Barangay 143 3,807 3,807 908 27% 1.07% 4.19
Barangay 144 3,200 3,173 750 -6% 0.90% 4.23
Barangay 145 7,104 7,104 1,552 -4% 2.00% 4.58
Barangay 146 619 619 140 -28% 0.17% 4.42
Barangay 147 1,824 1,824 397 -28% 0.51% 4.59
Barangay 148 3,158 3,158 656 -11% 0.89% 4.81
Barangay 149 374 368 89 -25% 0.11% 4.13
Barangay 150 605 605 165 20% 0.17% 3.67
Barangay 151 784 784 181 2% 0.22% 4.33
Barangay 152 1,147 1,147 272 12% 0.32% 4.22
Barangay 153 1,376 1,376 299 -31% 0.39% 4.60
Barangay 154 871 871 186 58% 0.25% 4.68
Barangay 155 1,090 1,085 235 32% 0.31% 4.62
Barangay 156 3,142 3,142 652 -9% 0.89% 4.82
Barangay 157 2,010 2,010 419 -27% 0.57% 4.80
Barangay 158 517 493 105 -30% 0.15% 4.70
Barangay 159 1,290 1,290 309 -17% 0.36% 4.17
Barangay 160 937 906 232 9% 0.26% 3.91
Barangay 161 2,083 2,029 524 -3% 0.59% 3.87
Barangay 162 1,278 1,278 281 -9% 0.36% 4.55
Barangay 163 897 897 203 -40% 0.25% 4.42
Barangay 164 1,525 1,525 342 -16% 0.43% 4.46
Barangay 165 3,646 3,646 803 15% 1.03% 4.54
Barangay 166 1,023 1,023 280 -23% 0.29% 3.65
Barangay 167 668 668 143 -11% 0.19% 4.67
Barangay 168 496 496 102 -11% 0.14% 4.86
Barangay 169 2,714 2,689 660 1% 0.76% 4.07
Barangay 170 1,869 1,869 382 -1% 0.53% 4.89
Barangay 171 2,969 2,969 692 -1% 0.84% 4.29
Barangay 172 4,719 4,718 1,038 -21% 1.33% 4.55
Barangay 173 1,411 1,401 309 -18% 0.40% 4.53
Barangay 174 1,299 1,295 276 -28% 0.37% 4.69
Barangay 175 1,686 1,686 383 -10% 0.48% 4.40
Barangay 176 1,532 1,532 334 -14% 0.43% 4.59

Barangay 177 4,956 4,956 1,065 0% 1.40% 4.65
Barangay 178 5,649 5,649 1,067 -21% 1.59% 5.29
Barangay 179 5,072 5,071 1,107 -8% 1.43% 4.58
Barangay 180 1,887 1,887 396 -18% 0.53% 4.77
Barangay 181 2,474 2,474 474 -6% 0.70% 5.22
Barangay 182 2,001 2,001 442 5% 0.56% 4.53
Barangay 183 29,450 29,364 6,846 -36% 8.30% 4.29
Barangay 184 9,454 9,343 2,114 -2% 2.66% 4.42
Barangay 185 4,630 4,630 1,043 -22% 1.30% 4.44
Barangay 186 4,645 4,645 959 -5% 1.31% 4.84
Barangay 187 3,971 3,951 931 1% 1.12% 4.24
Barangay 188 1,461 1,461 329 -5% 0.41% 4.44
Barangay 189 1,108 1,108 229 -17% 0.31% 4.84
Barangay 190 4,631 4,631 948 -8% 1.30% 4.89
Barangay 191 3,378 3,378 807 -30% 0.95% 4.19
Barangay 192 4,153 4,153 963 -19% 1.17% 4.31
Barangay 193 7,121 7,121 1,548 -16% 2.01% 4.60
Barangay 194 5,858 5,858 1,450 7% 1.65% 4.04
Barangay 195 1,876 1,876 414 -19% 0.53% 4.53
Barangay 196 1,653 1,653 354 2% 0.47% 4.67
Barangay 197 3,310 3,310 733 -18% 0.93% 4.52
Barangay 198 1,362 1,362 281 -1% 0.38% 4.85
Barangay 199 1,769 1,769 400 -12% 0.50% 4.42
Barangay 200 538 538 111 -31% 0.15% 4.85
Barangay 201* 14,209 14,209 3,200 4.00% 4.44
SOURCE: National Statistics Office
*Created into a barangay under City Ordinance 83-1997; ratified on June 8, 1997; taken from Barangay 183.
 Educational Facilities
The City of Pasay provides 19 public elementary schools (ES), which is divided into four (4) districts.
A total of 44% of the total enrollment for school year 2000-2001 and considered as the biggest among
the other districts is the South district. On the other hand, Villamor Air Base Elementary School that
belongs to the South district is considered as the biggest elementary school with regards to the
enrollment having a total of 6, 600 students.
Moreover, the City of Pasay has 17 private schools. St. Mary‟s Academy is considered as the largest
private elementary school with 34% of the total ES enrollment.
Maricaban and Kalayaan Elementary School are the only schools that exhibit critical shortage in
terms of adequacy of teachers. The overall city division of city school projects a total of 107 teachers
needed both public and private ES.
In terms of number of classrooms, there is no need for additional classrooms since the present ratio is
way below the standard requirements. Furthermore, the performance of Pasay City‟s elementary
schools is better than in the rest of the country. This means that the City has less drop-outs, better
transition rate, more teachers and better results though the City is poor in terms of participation rate
and achievement rate.
Table 2.4-7. Public Elementary Schools, 2000

Districts /Name of School Location Number of Enrollment Ratio
Teachers 2000-2001
North District 163 4,791 29
1 Bernabe ES Bernabe St. 18 355 20
2 Epifanio Delos Santos ES Tramo St. 41 1,211 30
3 P. Burgos ES P. Burgos St. 64 2,236 35
4 Rafael Palma ES Dominga St. 40 989 25

Districts /Name of School Location Number of Enrollment Ratio
Teachers 2000-2001
East District 326 9,458 29

1 Juan Sumulong ES M. dela Cruz St. 75 2,026 27
2 Marcela Marcelo ES Ascaño St., Malibay 71 1,800 25
3 P. Zamora ES P. Zamora St. 77 2,236 29
4 TimoteoPaez ES Apelo Cruz. St., Malibay 103 3,396 33
West District 193 5,036 26

1 A. Bonifacio ES Leveriza St., corner Buendia Avenue 49 1,275 26
2 Gotamco ES Sinciego St. 42 1,214 29
3 Jose Rizal ES Galvez St., corner Park Avenue 84 2,098 25
4 P. Villanueva ES P. Villanueva St. 18 449 25
South District 392 15,085 38

Apelo Cruz ES E. Rodriguez St., Malibay 42 1,376 33
Cuneta ES 22 753 34
Don Carlos ES - 24 59 32
Maricaban ES St. Francis St., Maricaban 15 1,010 67
Kalayaan ES Teachers Bliss Compound, Kalayaan 63 3,580 57
Village
Rivera Village ES Marigold St., Rivera Village 31 987 32
Villamor Air Base ES Villamor Air Base 195 6,620 34
Total 1,074 34,370 32
Table 2.4-8. Private Elementary Schools, 2000
Name of School Level Address Enrollment

1 Betty's Vermillon Academy PES 2447 Aurora St., Pasay City 307
2 Blessed Elena Academy PES 146 Villaruel St., Pasay City 510
Christ The King Aca. (formerly Christian PES 2562 Zamora St., Pasay City
3 Life Aca.) 72
4 Gideon Academy PES 2683F.B.HarrisonSt.,PasayCity 198
5 Golden Treasure Baptist Academy PE 2909 E. Rodriguez St., Malibay, Pasay City 74
Integrated Montessori PE E-B Jusmag Southside, Ft. Bonifacio, Pasay
6 City
Ma. Montessori Children's School PE 50 William St. cor. F.B. Harrison, Pasay City
7 Found., Inc. 177
8 Pasay City Academy ES 2059 Donada St., Pasay City 319
9 Pasay Alliance Christian School PES 533 Cementina St., Libertad Ext., Pasay City 74
10 Philippine Pasay Chung Hua Academy PES 2269 Luna St., Pasay City 792
11 Rizal City School PES M. dela Cruz St., Pasay City 100
12 St. Mary's Academy PES P.Burgos St.,Pasay City 2,486
13 St.Therese Parochial School PE Manlunas St., Villamor Air-Base, Pasay City 347
14 San Isidro Catholic School PES 1830 Taft Avenue, Pasay City 560
15 San Juan Nepomuceno School PE 826 Apelo Cruz Ext.,Malibay, Pasay City 342
St. Mary of the Steps School (Scuola PE S 92C.JoseMalibaySt.,PasayCity
16 Madonna) 219
17 Southeastern College PESCV College Road, Taft Avenue, Pasay City 830
TOTAL 7,407

 High School
For the Secondary level of education, there are four (4) schools in Pasay City having a total of 16, 600
enrollments. On the other hand, fifteen (15) private schools are offering in the City. The largest in
terms of enrollment is Jose Abad Santos HS with 21% of the enrollment.
The city has no shortage in classrooms as they remain better than the accepted ratio 1:40. Instead,
there are about 49 teachers needed for high school, both in public and private schools.
With regards to the high school‟s performance, Pasay has better participation rate, teacher-student
ratio, literacy rate, NSAT, and lower drop-out rates, though the city‟s secondary schools are worse in
transition rate, completion rate and achievement rate.
Table 2.4-9. Public High Schools, 2000

Name of School
Location Enrollment
1 Pasay City North HS Tramo St., Pasay City 2,182
PCNHS Cuneta Annex Park Avenue, Pasay City
2 Pasay City East HS Malibay, Pasay City 3,965
3 Pasay City West HS F.B. Harrision, Pasay City 5,204
4 Pasay City South HS Villamor Air Base, Pasay City 5,304
TOTAL 16,655
Table 2.4-10. Private Secondary Schools, 2000

Name of School Level Address Enrollment
1 Jose Abad Santos High School (Arellano S 3058 Taft Avenue, Pasay City 1,719
Univ.)
2 A. Mabini High School (Arellano Univ.) S Taft Avenue, Pasay City 548
3 Betty's Vermillon Academy PES 2447 Aurora St., Pasay City 51
4 Blessed Elena Academy PES 146 Villaruel St., Pasay City 421
5 Christ The King Aca. (formerly Christian Life PES 2562 Zamora St., Pasay City 55
Aca.)
6 Gideon Academy PES 2683F.B.HarrisonSt.,PasayCity 96
7 Lacson College SC 2188F.B.HarrisonSt.,PasayCity 146
8 Pasay Alliance Christian School PES 533 Cementina St., Libertad Ext., 37
Pasay City
9 Philippine Pasay Chung Hua Academy PES 2269 Luna St., Pasay City 411
10 Pasay City Academy ES 2059 Donada St., Pasay City 267
11 Rizal City School PES M. dela Cruz St., Pasay City 222
12 St. Mary's Academy PES P. Burgos St., Pasay City 1,302
13 San Isidro Catholic School PES 1830 Taft Avenue, Pasay City 259
14 Sta. Clara Parish School S 2360 P. Burgos St., Pasay City 1,300
15 St. Mary of the Steps School (Scuola PE S 92 C. Jose Malibay St., Pasay City 64
Madonna)
16 Southeastern College PESCV College Road, Taft Avenue, Pasay 1,294
City
TOTAL 8,192
Cursory indicators of Literacy Rate are shown in the table below.
Table 2.4-11. Performance Indicators of Public Schools, 1997-2000

Elementary CY- 97 CY- 98 CY- 99 CY- 2000 AVE PHIL
Enrollment 33,699 34,092 33,993 34,310 34,310
1. Participation Rate 78.06 79 94.57 93.32 86 96.34%

2. Retention Rate 94.46 93.02 94.57 84.38 94 NA
3. Drop- out Rate 1.48 1:11 1.5 1.30 1 7.98%
4. Survival Rate 70.75 71.54 90.50 91.00 91 68.56%
5. Transition Rate 92.85 96.64 96.19 96.48 96 95.25%
6. Completion Rate 92.45 92.16 97.18 93 95 68.06%
7. Graduation Rate 94.13 96.31 95.84 97.43 97 NA
8. Teacher- Student Ratio 32 32 32 32 32 34.38
9. Literacy Rate 92.20 96.99 96.64 97 97 NA
10. Achievement Rate 69.75 76.96 55.78 68.50 70 73.2%
11. Student- Textbook Ratio 1 1 1 1 1 NA
12. NEAT 58.44 61.3 53.97 N/A 58 46.86
Secondary
Enrolment 16,251 16,850 15,923 16,458 15,923
1. Participation Rate 56.02 57.70 84.49 86.28 84 64.68%
2. Retention Rate 92.62 86.26 98.99 94 93 NA
3. Drop- out Rate 8.94 7.78 7.05 6.56 7 10.59%
4. Survival Rate 83.06 74.1 89.67 91% 74 71.78%
5. Transition Rate 97.71 98.78 100% 100% 98 100.19%
6. Completion Rate 94.47 92.10 95.5 93 94 69.62%
7. Graduation Rate 80.37 93.04 95.87 95.25 80 NA
8. Teacher- Student Ratio 32 32 31 31 32 34.875
9. Literacy Rate 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 95.38
10. Achievement Rate 42.06 62.48 58.55 57.24 42 94.76%
11. Student- Textbook Ratio 1 1 1 1 1 NA
12. NSAT 58.16 53.52 58.69 - 58 46.44
 Tertiary
Lacson College and Southeastern College are the two private colleges in Pasay beside from the
public university that Pasay provides located at the back of City Hall named Pamantasan ng Pasay.
Socio-cultural Profile
 Employment- Based on the 2014-2022 CLUP of Pasay, a total of 101,148 were employed in
Pasay City in year 2011. This represented an employment rate of 89%. It is slightly higher for
males at 89% compared with females at 86%. See Table 2.4-12 and Figures 2.4-3 to 2.4-4.
Employment rate in 2005 was at 81% and this increased to 87% in 2008. It is consistently slightly
higher for males (87% in 2008 and 81% in 2005) than for females (84% in 2008 and 78% in 2005)
A comparative analysis of data on employment rate showed an increasing trend from 2005 to
2011. Employment increased by six percentage points from 2005 to 2008, and two percentage
points from 2008 to 2011.
Table 2.4-12. Employment Rates in Pasay City, Various Years

Employment Rate 2005* 2008 2011
Employed
Male 55,120 57,351 61,329
Female 32,801 34,993 39,819
Total 87,921 92,344 101,148
Unemployed
Male 12,810 8,735 7,845

Employment Rate 2005* 2008 2011
Female 9,003 6,806 6,288
Total 21,813 15,541 14,133
Employment Rate
Male 81% 87% 89%
Female 78% 84% 86%
Total 80% 86% 88%
Unemployment Rate
Male 19% 13% 11%
Female 22% 16% 14%
Total 20% 14% 12%
*Note: Employment date for 2005 is based on employment by type of industry
SOURCE: Pasay City CBMS 2005,2008,2011
SOURCE: Pasay City CBMS 2005, 2008, 2011
Figure 2.4-3. Number of Employed and Unemployed, Pasay City, Various Years

Figure 2.4-4. Employment Rate in Pasay City, Various Years
 Unemployment Rate- Provided in Figure 2.4-5 that in 2001, some 14,133 persons were
unemployed. This indicates an unemployment rate of 12% which was slightly lower among
males (11%) than females (14%).
Unemployment rates declined from 2005 to 2011. About one fourth (20%) of the labor force
was unemployed in 2005. This declined to 14% in 2008, and to 12% in 2011 as earlier
mentioned. Unemployment rates in 2005 and 2008 were three percentage points lower for
males at 19% and 13% respectively, than for their female counterparts.
Figure 2.4-5. Unemployment Rate in Pasay City, Various Years

 Income Poverty Incidence- Income poverty incidence is the proportion of households whose
annual per capita income is not able to meet the minimum food and basic requirements for
living to the total number of households.
The income poverty incidence of the City of Pasay in year 2005 was 14% with 8,898
households having income below the poverty threshold. This declined to 11% corresponding
to 7,695 households. Nonetheless, income poverty incidence creased to 14% in 2011,
involving a total of 9,601 households with incomes below the poverty threshold.
 Food Poverty Incidence- Food (or subsistence) poverty incidence is the proportion of
households whose annual per capita income falls below the annual per capita food threshold
to the total households. The same trend is observed in terms of food poverty incidence in the
City.
In year 2005, food poverty incidence was experienced in 2,491 households or about 4% of
the total number of households. This decreased to 3% (2,324 households) in year 2008, but
increased to 7% in year 2011. Further, a total of 5,245 households had household incomes
below the food threshold in 2011.
 Experienced Food Shortage- There were households that experienced food shortage in
Pasay City the last three (3) months before the CBMS survey periods. This consisted of 722
households in 2005, 312 in 2008, and 863 in 2011. These constituted about 1% of the total
number of households in the City.
Provided in Table 2.4-13 and Figures 2.4-6 to 2.4-8 is the summary of the poverty incidence
in the City of Pasay for 2005, 2008 and 2011.
Table 2.4-13. Poverty Incidence in Pasay City, Various Years (2005, 2008, 2011)
POVERTY DATA 2005 2008 2011
Total Number of Households 65,117 70,496 70,656
Households with Income Below Poverty Threshold
Magnitude 8,898 7,965 9,601
Proportion 13.67% 11.30% 13.59%
Households with Income Below Food Threshold
Magnitude 2,491 2,324 5,245
Proportion 3.83% 3.30% 7.42%
Households that Experienced Food Shortage
Magnitude 722 312 863
Proportion 1.11% 0.44% 1.22%


Figure 2.4-6. Poverty Incidence in Pasay City, Various Years
SOURCE: CBMS-NRDB
Figure 2.4-7. Household Income Poverty Map of Pasay City, 2011

SOURCE: CBMS-NRDB SOURCE: CBMS-NRDB

Figure 2.4-8. Food Poverty Map of Pasay City, 2011 Figure 2.4-9. Map of HHs who Experience Food Shortage in
Pasay City, 2011

2.4.1 Displacement of People, Livelihood and Properties

2.4.1.1 Displacement of Settlers
The proposed project will reclaim 265 hectares of land in Manila Bay. The issue on displacement of
settlers is irrelevant since the proposed project site is situated offshore, there are no current settlers in
the proposed reclamation area and there is neither any community in the coastal area that will be
affected by the reclamation activities.
On the other hand, with regards to the impacts on fishing activities and fisherfolks within and areas
nearest or adjacent to the proposed project, there are some fisherfolks who anchor their boats at the
Libertad Channel considered among the vulnerable people because they rely on small scale fishing
for their daily meals/sustenance and from which extra catches are sold as additional source of
livelihood.
Nevertheless, the fishing grounds are not at the project site or at each immediate vicinities but farther
out to the sea.
In the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), it was indicated that agriculture, fishery and forestry is only
one (1) percent of the total sectoral employment in Manila Bay in the year 1995. For reference
purposes, see graph provided.
Plate 2.4-1. Sectoral Employment in Manila Bay (1995)
SOURCE: Retrieved from http://pemsea.org/sites/default/files/manila-bay-coastal-strategy.pdf. Retrieved on August 3, 2017.
Moreover, with regards to the impacts on fishing activities and fisherfolks of San Nicholas Shoal, the
prospective source of filling materials is San Nicholas Shoal (SNS) which is under the jurisdiction and
responsibility of PRA.
Change/conflict in Right of Way and Impact on Public Access
The design and alignment of the viaduct or access to the Island(s) from the shore is under study and
engineering evaluation.
2.4.2 In–Migration/ Proliferation of Informal Settlers
The proposed project only involves the creation of land in Manila Bay. In-migration and informal
settlers will not be allowed at the reclaimed land. This can be readily managed by enforcing strict
security. Transport of people from onshore to the reclaimed land can be readily restricted and
monitored.
Moreover, there will be no in-migration of construction workers during the conduct of the reclamation
activities. The crews will be based in the various dredging vessels and sea crafts. During the period of

soil stabilization, the maintenance crew will be limited to approximately five (5) working at the
reclaimed land.
Additionally, proper consultation to be conducted regularly with vendors/small businessmen by LGU

proponent and concerned barangays through a contracted third party so as not to create traffic and
agree on safest location for the construction materials.
During the operations phase whereby the locators shall have established themselves at the
reclaimed area, the possibility of informal settlers could be effectively managed through controlled
entry of locators and visitors. Security would be a prime rationale for this control. Roving security
guards could also ensure the prevention of sidewalk dwellings. There are no evidences of informal
settlers at the existing reclaimed sites e.g. the Mall of Asia (MOA) and other immediate vicinities.
Residential units or hotels as a component of the operations phase will naturally result in in-migration.
2.4.3 Lifestyle change
There are no Indigenous People nor population /communities at the project site or at the immediately
adjacent areas. Hence, it is deemed that significant cultural / lifestyle change is not germane.
Impacts to the Lifestyle of the People / Stakeholders
An assessment of potential lifestyle changes is reckoned from the mixed development nature of the
project similar to that in the existing reclaimed land. There will arise additional buildings for offices,
residences, conventions, sports and recreation centers and for restaurants This will translate to
additional livelihood and employment opportunities especially for the impact areas. The operation of
public utility vehicles will most likely be undertaken by adjacent residents because of proximity. The
vendors and small scale establishments operating onshore near the project site will benefit from the
increased market brought about by the locators and visitors.
Affluence may change the lifestyle of these adjacent residents due to possible influx of people coming
from neighboring cities / towns which may have an effect on the culture and lifestyle of the locales as
they will be constantly expose to the culture and lifestyle of the in-migrants.
2.4.4 Impact on Physical Cultural Resources
Conduct of a “Scoping” Meeting with the National Museum on Archaeological Assessment.
The concerns of the National Museum have been articulated to the same EIS Preparer for another
project, i.e. the 419-Hectare Horizon Manila during the Public Hearing for the Project conducted on 07
December 2017 at the San Andres Gymnasium in Manila followed by a Review
Committee Meeting at the Emerald Garden Restaurant in Malate.
The National Museum representative Mr. Bautista explained the following points:
 The need for the conduct of an Archaeological Survey for Reclamation Projects;
 That such is prescribed by law (National Cultural Heritage Act of 2009);
Dr. E. G. Alabastro, EIA Preparer/Team Leader agreed to such survey but suggested that (a) the
National Museum opens the Archaeologist professional to whoever may be accredited by the
Museum without the Museum imposing on the selection of the Archaelogist to be limited to that of
their choice; and further;
That the most appropriate schedule for the conduct of the survey is at the same time that dredging
works are being conducted by the Reclamation/Dredging Contractor. This would enable the survey
team to identify more accurately the site at which the dredging works will be undertaken at which site
archaeological resources could be determined, if present.

During the Public Scoping for the Pasay Center Harbour Reclamation Project, the same position was
expressed.
It was made clear, however, by the National Museum representatives during these occasions that the
final decision on the protocol for the survey would have to be cleared/approved by the highest official
of the National Museum.
As further inputs:
 Refer to the letter sent to the National Museum and attach this as Annex 9.
 The conduct of an Archaeological Survey/Assessment is being planned and will be
coordinated
with the National Museum.
 It is deemed practical to undertake this work during the site preparation works because at this
phase of the project sea based transport vessels will be available and underwater scuba
teams will be needed by the reclamation contractor. Thus, there will be effective
synchronization/harmonization of the archaeological survey with reclamation contractor‟s own
survey The specifics/details of the site preparation works will be subject to Detailed
Engineering and Design (DED) which will be undertaken post ECC.
Noting that the requirements of the National Museum for archaeological surveys are the same
for all reclamation projects in Manila Bay, it is deemed most appropriate that a general focus
group discussion be conducted by the National Museum together with all Proponents of
Reclamation Projects as well as concerned government entities, including the DENR.
It was generally noted in the meetings that there are no policy nor regulations which involves
the DENR in so far as EIS Reports are concerned. In particular, the Screening Checklist for
Projects do not categorically require the conduct of Archaeological Surveys.
National Heritage
The proposed project site will be situated in the territorial jurisdiction of the City of Pasay. As indicated
in the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy, Manila Bay is the premier international gateway to the country‟s
political, economic and social center. The bay has been known for its strategic importance ever since
the pre-colonial times. One of the finest natural harbors in the world, Manila Bay was a focal point of
the Manila-Acapulco Galleon Trade. The bay has been a scene of many battles, and until today a
historic naval base in Cavite stands, guarding the entrance to the Bay. Thus, Manila Bay is
considered to have historical and religious values, geological and archaeological sites, cultural sites,
natural values, tourism and recreational values.
Historical and Cultural Values
 Historical and Religious Sites
Based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), Manila Bay area is a place of many striking
contrasts. Monuments and sculptured images of heroes past stand amidst glass, steel and concrete
skyscrapers. Centuries-old churches are a stone‟s throw away from big shopping malls and posh
hotels. The walled city of Intramuros – the bastion of Spanish rule, Corregidor‟s ruined barracks and
artilleries – testimony of heroism in World War II, ancestral houses, museums and historical markers
take one down along memory lane. Theater and open-air performances offer a cultural interlude.
 Geological and archaeological sites
Based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), marine fossils have been found in the mountains of
Antipolo, Rizal, indicating that this part of the Sierra Madre mountain range was once under the sea.
In Angono, Rizal, prehistoric petroglyphs or rock engravings dating back to 3000 B.C. have been
included in the World Inventory of Rock Art under the auspices of UNESCO, and nominated as one of
the „100 Most Endangered Sites of the World‟ under the World Monument Watch List. Archeological

excavations in Santa Ana, Manila, revealed habitation and burial sites of early settlers and ancient
th
data from the 12th to 13 centuries (DOT 1999).
 Cultural sites
Based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), the National Museum Complex, National Library,
Metropolitan Theatre and the Cultural Center Complex are found in Manila. Inside Intramuros, one
can find the museums of Fort Santiago and San Agustin Church. Open-air concerts and plays are
shown at the Paco Park and the Rajah Sulayman Theatre in Fort Santiago.
 President Magsaysay‟s Presidential proclamation on National Park in the Manila Bay
President Magsaysay‟s Proclamation on the National Park reads partially, but verbatim as follows:
PROCLAMATION NO. 41
RESERVING FOR NATIONAL PARK PURPOSES TO BE KNOWN AS “MANILA BAY

BEACH RESORT” A CERTAIN PARCEL OF THE PUBLIC DOMAIN SITUATED IN THE
CITIES OF MANILA AND PASAY AND THE MUNICIPALITY OF PARAÑAQUE, PROVINCE
OF RIZAL, ISLAND OF LUZON
Upon the recommendation of the Secretary of Agriculture and Natural Resources as

Chairman of the Commission on Parks and Wildlife, and pursuant to the provisions of section
one of Act Numbered Thirty-nine hundred and fifteen, as amended, and of section two of
Republic Act Numbered Eight hundred and twenty-six, I, Ramon Magsaysay, President of the
Philippines, do hereby withdraw from sale or settlement and reserve for national park
purposes to be known as “Manila Bay Beach Resort” under the administration of the
Commission on Parks and Wildlife, subject to private rights if any there be, the following
parcel of land of the public domain, situated in the cities of Manila and Pasay and the
municipality of Parañaque, Province of Rizal, Island of Luzon, and more particularly described
as follows, to wit:
Beginning at a point marked 1 on plan N. P. No. 34 being S. 40″ 48′ W., 86.24 meters from
M.B.M. 1, Pasay Cadastre 259, thence N. 12° 52′ W., 727.26 meters to point 2; thence N. 15°
10′ W., 343.48 meters to point 3; thence N. 17° 34′ W., 238.63 meters to point 4; thence N.
21° 36′ W., 224.00. meters to point 5; thence N. 27° 37′ W., 216.00 meters to point 6; thence
S. 61° 24′ W., 1,028.00 meters to point 7; thence S, 14° 15′ E., 1,200.00 meters to point 8;
thence S. 14° 04′ E.„ 718.00 meters to point 9; thence S. 9° 02,‟ E., 1,200.00 meters to point
10; thence S. 8° 00′ E. 344.00 meters to point 11; thence S. 2° 14′ E., 728.00 meters to point
12; thence S. 87° 26′ E., 1,019.99 meters to point 13; thence N. 0° 24′ W., 352.00 meters to
point 14; thence N. 7° 06′ W., 1,200.00 meters to point 15; thence N. 6° 36′ W., 867.00 meters
to point 16; thence „ N. 9° 14′ W., 586.42 meters to the point of beginning. Bounded on the
North, by Manila Bay; on the east, by Dewey Boulevard; and on time south and west, by
Manila Bay. Containing an approximate area of 4,646,612 square meters, more or less.

When the above-cited coordinates in the cadastral map is plotted, the resulting coverage of the
Presidential Proclamation is shown in Figure 2.4-10.
Figure 2.4-10. Boundaries of Presidential Proclamation 41
It is therefore obvious that the Project is not within the boundaries of Presidential Proclamation 41.

 Manila Bay is a National Historical Landmark as declared by this Commission

through NHCP Board Resolution No. 19 of 2012. :Declaring the Manila Bay and
Waterfront from Del Pan Bridge to the Cultural Center of the Philippines a National
Historical Landmark and amended by the NHCP Board Resolution No. 1 S 2018
Extending the Shoreline to the Horizon
The same issue was raised during Manila GoldCoast Development Corporation (MGDC) ECC
application for an ECC. Nevertheless, MGDC was issued an ECC dated 11 November 2014 under
ECC No.: ECC-CO-1312 – 0041. Board Resolution No. 19 of 2012, “Declaring the Manila Bay and
waterfront from Del Pan Bridge to the Cultural Center of the Philippines a National Historical
Landmark” identifies the coverage of the historical landmark.
With respect to the above and based on the attached map, the proposed 265 Hectare Pasay
Reclamation Project is not covered .
Del Pan Bridge
Proposed Site
Figure 2.4-11. Map Showing the Del Pan Bridge and Proposed Project Site
However, the NHCP Board Resolution No.1 2018 stipulated… “Extending the Scope of Resolution
No. 19, s.2012, to include the Waters of Manila Bay from the Shoreline to the Horizon. …
The foregoing resolution does not restrict nor prohibit the undertaking of the proposed project.
Impacts of the Proposed Project - Historical and Cultural Values
The possibility that the site may contain physical cultural and archaeological resources will be subject
to survey and verification during the first stages of the project, which is the underwater investigation of
the seabed. Coordination with the National Historical Commission and other concerned agencies will
be made prior to the survey.
Moreover, the areas in Manila Bay declared as Historical Zone extend only from Del Pan Bridge up to
the CCP complex. Thus, the Pasay City Harbor Center reclamation project is deemed not within the
boundaries of the National Historical Landmarks in Manila Bay. In addition, it is highly relevant to note
that the adjacent reclamation project, also in the waters of Manila Bay, underwent through
consultations with the National Heritage Commission and did not encounter conflicts.

Nevertheless, since enhancement of tourism is one of the rationale of the project support of or
direct plans for the restoration of historical sites and buildings, when feasible could be studied
and discussed with the NHCP during the implementation phase of the Project.
Natural Values
Ecological
 Mangroves
Based on the Manila Bay Coastal Strategy (2001), mangroves are among the most productive
ecosystems. They provide nursery function to various species of fish. They serve as a pollutant „sink‟
by filtering certain types of waste, and provide shoreline defense against floods and erosion. At the
turn of the 20th century, there were about 54,000 hectares of mangrove around the Bay. By 1990,
only 2,000 hectares were recorded, and in 1995, only about 794 hectares remained (BFAR, 1995).
 Wetlands
Manila Bay has wetlands covering about 4,600 hectares (BFAR, 1995). Some of the important values
of wetlands include: providing food and habitat of fish, shorebirds and wildlife; maintaining and
improving water quality of rivers, lakes and estuaries, acting as reservoir for watersheds, and
protecting adjacent and downstream properties of the area from potential flood damage. Wetlands in
Manila Bay include mudflats, sand flats, swamps, beaches, mangroves and rocky shores.
Millions of shorebirds rest and feed in wetlands of Manila Bay area when flying South from their
breeding grounds in the arctic tundra during September to April, and returning North during the short
northern hemisphere summer of May to August.
Mudflats are found along the coast of Bataan and Pampanga -areas suitable for shellfisheries.
 Coral reefs and seagrass beds
Coral reefs can be found at the mouth of Manila Bay. While there have been significant decline over
time, coral reefs are still considered important habitats for fish and in the functioning of the Manila Bay
ecosystem.
Based on the study conducted by BFAR (1995), seagrass beds are found in the mouth of the Bay,
particularly in Orion and Mariveles, Bataan and Corregidor areas.
Impacts of the Proposed Project - Natural Values
As previously discussed in other section, there are no significant fisheries resources and resource use
practices present in the project site, the project will have very insignificant effects on capture fisheries
as fishers will simply move farther past the boundary of the reclamation project. The provision of
seawater channels should ensure that plankton communities will continue to enrich near shore fishing
grounds where sardines and other small pelagic fishes graze. Lift nets are too far off to be
contaminated by silt disturbance emanating from reclamation activities. Effects on fishing catch rate
will be minimal as present fishery operations are already unproductive and fishers can move offshore
fishing grounds where catch rates are allegedly better. The schools of mullet observed during the
survey will simply move to new grazing grounds past the reclamation area. Likewise, pelagic species
of sardines will continue to move to areas close to the shore and their seasonal movement into the
coastal seas surrounding the reclamation project will be sustained.
It is noted that there are no permanent or stationary fishing gears within the proposed reclamation site
specifically mussel farms, „baklads‟ and stationary lift nets (“sapra”). The few sapras located close to
the proposed reclamation area will not be disturbed or dislocated.

Assessment of the impairment of the Manila Bay Sunset View
Although viewing of the world-renowned Manila Bay Sunset is a key aspect of the aesthetic value of
the project, the proposed development highlight within the Pasay Harbor City will have height
restriction limit around the waterfront area to allow those located deep into the reclaimed area to have
a visual corridor to the world famous Manila Bay Sunset. Also, the location of the reclamation islands
do not block the viewing spots as may be seen from the Figure and photograph provided in the
succeeding page.

Plate 2.4-1. Current sunset viewing from

the baywalk
VIEWING POINT OF THE

MANILA BAY SUNSET
SOURCE: Arch. Alcazaren, Paulo (2013). Philippine Star:

Reclaiming Manila’s Sunset
Figure 2.4-12. Map of the Viewing Spot of the Manila Bay Sunset

2.4.5 Threat to delivery of basic services /resource competition.
Availability of public service in terms of:
 Water Supply
Water in the City is primarily sourced through the piped water supply system operated and maintained
by Maynilad Water Services, Inc. – a distribution concessionaire of the Metropolitan Water and
Sewerage System (MWSS) which covers the western portion of Metro Manila. All 201 barangays in
Pasay City are served by Maynilad.
According to the 2011 CLUP of Pasay, the City has a total active water service connection of 32,326
while the inactive water service connection is 9,055, servicing a total of 201 barangays in Pasay City
consisting of domestic/residential, commercial/industrial and institutional connections.
Table 2.4.14 illustrates for access to safe water indicator based from the 2008-2009 report of
Community-Based Monitoring System (CBMS), Philippines.
Table 2.4-14. CBMS Core Indicators, Pasay City, 2008-2009 Access to Safe Water
INDICATOR HOUSEHOLDS
Households living without access to safe water Magnitude Proportion
87 0.1
SOURCE:http://pepnet.org/fileadmin/medias/pdf/CBMS_country_proj_profiles/Philippines/poverty_maps/PasayCity.pdf retrieved on June 4, 2013
Table 2.4-15. Water Supply Coverage Targets in the Service Area West Zone (%)
City/Municipality 2001 2006 2011 2016 2021
NCR
Manila* 100 100 100 100 100
Pasay 100 100 100 100 100
Caloocan 100 100 100 100 100
Las Piṅas 58 91 93 95 98
Malabon 84 100 100 100 100
Valenzuela 84 100 100 100 99
Muntinlupa 53 86 88 90 95
Navotas 92 100 100 100 100
Paranaque 76 100 100 100 100
Cavite
Cavite City 100 100 100 100 100
Bacoor 58 90 92 93 95
Imus 36 61 63 65 72
Kawit 84 100 100 100 100
Noveleta 60 100 100 100 100
Rosario 42 90 90 90 90
Total area* 87 97 97 98 98
SOURCE: http://www3.pids.gov.ph/ris/dps/pidsdps0014.pdf retrieved on June 4, 2013
 Expressed as a percentage of the total population in the designated city or municipality at the
time of the target.
 The Concessionaire (West) shall also be responsible for meeting the new water supply
coverage targets (but not the corresponding sewerage targets), in the percentages set out in
the Table as it appears in the Other Operator‟s (East) Concession Agreement, for parts of the
following cities or municipalities in service area east: Quezon City, San Mateo, Makati,
Marikina and Rodriguez.

Figure 2.4-12. Households without Access to Safe Water Supply, by Barangay, 2008-2009
At this stage, the engineering work activities are dry in nature. Moreover, during reclamation works, no
water will be used except by the construction crews for domestic purposes. The water supply for the
construction crew is from purchase of bottled water onshore, thus there will not be any water resource
competition.
During the operations phase, water will be required for the operation of the various establishments,
commercial centers, and by the locators. Water will be sourced from a concessionaire who will supply
the requirements without depriving the users outside of the reclamation project with their water needs.

 Power supply
Electricity is distributed by the Manila Electric Company (MERALCO) which covers the entire Metro
Manila Area and adjacent cities and town. The sources of bulk power supply are the state-owned
National Power Corporation (NPC) and Independed Power Procedures (IPP). In 2012, a total of
979,381,489 kWh of electricity was used to power the City. Commercial establishments accounted for
77% of the consumption, residential users, about 18% industries, about 5% and street lights, less
than 1%. All barangays are electrified and 95% of households are being served. Those not served
include informal settlements which could not be connected to the grid due to lack of proper
documentation.
Distribution lines and facilities are periodically monitored and maintained by the MERALCO to ensure
continuous and reliable service.
The Proposed Project will not create competition on power supply. The power requirements
during the reclamation/dredging works will be sourced from on-board power generators for
the obvious reason that the sea vessels will not be able to connect to the power lines on
shore. Hence, there will be no competition with the communities.
During the operations phase, power will most likely be sourced from Manila Electric Company
which will provide the requirements without depriving the communities with their own energy
needs.
 Communications
Fixed line telephone and mobile phone services are available in the City. Internet service is also
available and more than adequate for the purposes of the general paying public. Internet access is
also available through internet shops spread all over the city.
There are five (5) radio stations – four (4) FM and one (1) AM – with broadcasting frequencies
covering Metro Manila and its fringes. Broadcasts of other radio stations operating elsewhere in Metro
Manila, are captured in Pasay. There are no television stations based in Pasay but broadcasts of local
channels operating in the NCR are captured in the City of Pasay.
Furthermore, the Proposed project will not pose threat on the above. During the
reclamation/dredging activities, communications will largely be via radio on-board the sea
vessels. Hence, no competition with the communities will arise.
There will be adequate communications systems from the various service providers such as
Smart Communications, Globelines, Sun, PLDT, Bayantel, etc. Land line and mobile systems
will be adequately available in the project area.
2.4.6 Threat to public health and safety
 Peace and Order / Crime
Based on the 2014-2020 CLUP of the City of Pasay, the City has eleven (11) Police Community
Precincts (PCP) equipped with patrol cars and motorcycles for mobility of the police force within the
City. Fire protection services, on the other hand are provided by the Pasay City Central Fire Stations,
four (4) Fire Sub-Stations and Philippine Air Force (PAF) Crash and Rescue Unit, all based in the
City.
The Proposed Reclamation Project does not pose a threat on the existing peace and order / crime
because the personnel and the activities of the proposed reclamation during construction phase will
be confined in water. It will be managed by the City of Pasay, its private partner and third party
contractor which will be hired during the reclamation works. The proponent will set safety and control
measures and restrictions to prevent any situations that can trigger crime. This means that the hired
workers during construction and operations phase will be restricted on carrying firearms or any deadly

weapons, Moreover, drunkenness and unruly conducts on the part of the personnel and guests is also
restricted.
During the operations phase, the reclaimed land will be populated. Nevertheless, the various activities
will still be confined to the reclaimed land thereby creating some degree of isolation from the general
public.
The management organization for the locators will provide full security and safeguards within
reclaimed land and the immediate vicinity to ensure that the people will be least exposed to public
safety risks.
Furthermore, even if the LGU proponent has established its own crime indices, it is better to revisit
these indices and improve if needed. Regular consultations will also be conducted.
 Public Health
Based on the 2014-2022 CLUP of the City of Pasay, the health services are delivered through four (4)
hospitals and fourteen (14) health centers in the City. Of the four (4) hospitals, two (2) are
government-owned with a combined bed capacity of 300 and two (2) are privately-owned with a
combined bed capacity of 350.
Provided in the table below is the Health indicators of the City of Pasay.
Table 2.4-16. Health Indicators, 1996-2000 (per 1,000 population)

Indicators 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 Average Philippines
Crude Birth Rate (live births) 23.6 22.5 20.1 21 23 22.0 26.2
Crude Death Rate 4.6 4.7 4.4 4.5 5 4.6 5.8
Infant Mortality Rate (live births) 17.1 18.6 18.3 18.1 15 17.4 17.0
Maternal Mortality Rate (live births) 0.2 0.2 0.24 0.2 0.3 0.2 0.9
Note: Philippine figures for CBR and CDR is year 2001, for IMR and MMR is year 1997
SOURCE: City Health Office and Department of Health
Mortality and Morbidity- The leading cause of diseases of Pasay City is dermatologic followed by
EENT sicknesses and nutritional deficiency. The City also has a high number of pulmonary
tuberculosis, suggesting problems of City on air pollution.
The leading cause of death is diseases of the heart followed by vascular diseases, pneumonia and
accidents have higher morbidity rates than the country. The city also has a high cancer rate,
hypertension diseases and septicemia.
Table 2.4-17. Leading Causes of Morbidity, 5-Year Average, 1996-2000

Diseases Number Rate/ 10,000
1. Dermatologic 5,388 138.5
2. EENT 3,399 87.4
3. Nutritional Deficiency 3,362 86.4
4. Respiratory 2,867 73.7
5. Gastro- intestinal 2,648 68.1
6. Genito- urinary 2,357 60.6
7. Muscoloskeletal 1,222 31.4
8. Pulmonary Tuberculosis 1,087 27.9
9. Other Acute Viral Illness 396 10.2
10. Other Infectious Diseases 307 7.9

Table 2.4-18. Leading Causes of Mortality, 5 Year Average, 1996-2000
Diseases Number Rate/ 10,000

1. Diseases of Heart 272 6.9
2. Vascular Diseases 236 6.1
3. Pnuemonia 230 5.9
4. Cancer 152 3.9
5. Accidents 133 3.4
6. TB all Forms 105 2.7
7. Hypertension Diseases 102 2.6
8. Septicemia 49 1.3
9. Unknown/ undetermined 42 1
10. Diabetes 25 0.7
11. Bronchial asthma 25 0.7
Common Illness in the City- The above data on morbidity and mortality also reflects common
diseases in the project area considering that (a) the City of Pasay is small both in land area and
population and thus the data would reflect that in the general parts of the city and (b) There are no
permanent population within the project site and instead the population is mostly transient, i.e. guests
in hotel and in business/commercial establishments, conventions and tourists.
During the reclamation/dredging phase, there will be minimal impact on public health because the
activities and the small number of persons (the construction crews) involved will be based on the sea
vessels.
The impacts of the project as maybe aggravated by climate change is deemed insignificant for the
same reason as given immediately above. Moreover, the construction phase should be completed
well before 2025 the reference year for medium term climate change scenarios.
During the operations phase, the population at the reclaimed land (i.e. in establishments, commercial
centers, hotels) is mostly transient. Competition with the health facilities will therefore be minimized.
2.4.7 Generation of Local Benefits from the Project. Enhancement of employment and livelihood
opportunities. Increased business opportunities and associated economic activities. Increased
revenue of LGUs
 Main Sources of Income and Livelihood
Based on the household perception survey conducted, the main source of income of the
respondents is mostly Regular Private/Government Employee, family business and through
contractual job/ sub-contractor. On the other hand, 43.48% of the respondents stated that the
husband is the primary earner in the household while 19.57% has the wife as the primary
earner. See Table 2.4-24 and 2.4-25.
In terms of monthly income, most of the respondents or 34.78% are earning between Php
10,001-Php 20,000, while respondents earning Php 5,001-Php 10,000 make up 28.26%
followed by 6.52% earning Php 1,001-5,000 and Php 21,000 above.
 Positive impacts determined
Socio-Economic Benefits From the Project Envisioned by the City – The proposed 265-
hectare reclamation project will bring about meaningful progress to Pasay City and its people,
and shall kick-start the favorable transformation of that section of the Manila Bay, instead of
the area‟s further degradation.
Furthermore, the proposed reclamation project shall enable the City to expand and continually
provide for its existing and future projects as indicated in its Comprehensive Development

Plan (CDP) such as (i) school and healthcare facilities and services; (ii) medical, burial,
educational assistance; (iii) financial assistance to barangays and to victims of fire and other
calamities; (iv) balik-probinsya program; (v) social pension and senior citizens‟ welfare; (vi)
cash gifts and financial and emergency relief assistance; (vii) medical missions and
emergency relief programs; (viii) livelihood programs and so on.
Construction Phase
The construction phase will not significantly bring about local benefits will be generated in terms of:
 Opportunities for employment

 Opportunities for livelihood
 Increased revenue taxes paid to the City of Pasay and its multiplier effects in terms of
resulting benefits
During this phase, only few construction workers will be hired and since the activities involve highly
specialized tasks, the opportunity for hiring local residents is not highly significant. Thus, the LGU
proponent must thoroughly conduct IEC on manpower requirement during and after construction
activities with concerned barangays so as not to create false hopes.
In terms to the construction materials needed for the proposed project, the identification of possible
market construction materials will be discussed by the LGU proponent and third party contractors with
the appropriate authorities, Coast Guard, etc.,
Operations Phase (For informational purposes only; not part of the application for ECC)
During the operations phase whereby the locators will be conducting their individual businesses,
employment and livelihood will be significantly experienced. Based on projections, it will create a more
than a million potential jobs and enhanced employment opportunity for the residents of Pasay City
and adjoining Cities. Livelihood opportunities will surface out not only at the reclaimed land but at the
vicinities such as along Roxas Boulevard and the establishments adjacent to the project site. The
vendors / small scale businesses will still benefit from the increased market brought about by the
locators. Business competition might be stiffed between and among MOA locators and Roxas
Boulevard vendors / small scale businesses. Hence, proper and regular consultation will be
conducted to address the economic concern. Tariff rates maybe one scheme.
Livelihood for the Youth- The youth sector shall be given special focus in its SDP. To ensure that the
youth will be well-equipped to compete in the professional world when they become adults, programs
for education is given emphasis in the program. The projects could include scholarship grants,
Brigada Eskwela, and distribution of free school supplies, among others. Education shall be their
foundation for a better future.
Capability enhancement shall likewise be provided to out-of-school youth through skills trainings,
which shall be part of the scholarship grants. TESDA is a potential partner being looked at for this
program.
For a well-rounded youth development, sports programs shall also be implemented.
The junior/younger members of the labor force of the city shall have more job opportunities that will be
brought in by new businesses such as BPOs, IT companies, restaurants, shops, etc., during the
operations phase of the project. These will include both professional and skilled workers. Having the
opportunity to work near their homes will translate to higher take home pay because of lower
transportation costs.
Increased business opportunities and associated economic activities. - This can be measured
qualitatively if the increased of businesses are related to cater to Filipino food, Filipino novelty items /
pasalubong and through the preservation of Filipino Culture.

Moreover, if businesses are related to Filipino food and entertainment / music business, it is perceived
that this will be a good opportunity for the locals. However, regular consultation with these
stakeholders will be conducted to address implementation problems that may arise.
Increased revenue of LGUs- This can also be measured quantitatively through the increase of
business, increase of taxes to LGU proponent. The additional jobs and better employment opportunity
brings about active forward and backward economic activities such as higher disposable income and
higher taxes collected for the City. More Social Development Project to direct and indirect impact
communities. Moreover, some business can apply for holiday taxes if the type of business gives
income to the LGU proponent. Nevertheless, tax incentives can also be given to resident‟s real
property tax.
Economic-Socio Benefits From the Project Envisioned by the City of Pasay
During the Public Scoping the Honourable Mayor highligtened the benefits that the Project will bring to
the City/Communities (Annex 2) which include among others:
 Adoption of ordnance such that at least 50% of income from the reclaimed area for social
services, livelihood, & pro-poor programs
 At least 25% of income to environmental projects, including the cleanup of Manila

Bay
2.4.8 Traffic congestion
Traffic congestion is a key concern in urban cities. Metro Manila has been cited in the media as one of
the worst cities in the world in terms of traffic. For this project, the issue is more germane during the
Operations Phase but is discussed in this Report to serve as guidelines for this Phase of the
Project.
Baseline/Existing Transportation/Traffic Situation in the City of Pasay
With regards to the mode of transportation in the City, the public transport service is composed of
diverse modes that include mass rail transport, buses, jeepneys, UV/GT express, tricycles and
pedicabs. These public transport systems enrich the mobility choices of the people in Pasay.
Oftentimes, cutthroat competition exists between modes, e.g. rail, jeepneys and buses compete, UV
Express compete with jeepneys, GT Express compete with buses, and tricycles with pedicabs.
Major traffic generators in the city include the high-density residential and commercial developments
in the existing reclamation area and along major arteries.
One of the roads that have the highest traffic volume outside the airport area is Roxas Avenue. The
characteristics of traffic differ according to roads such as those leading to business centers in the
metropolitan, i.e. Sen. Gil Puyat Ave., and Roxas Boulevard.
Roxas Boulevard is characterized as having one of the considered highest traffic volumes recorded in
the city. It has also one of the highest public utility vehicle traffic, i.e. UV express and public utility
jeepney (PUJ) in the city.
From 2010 to 2011, where comparable data are available, traffic grew 6 to 7 percent.
The Volume Capacity Ratio (VCR) of the road is an index that determines the level of service of the
road. A VCR of 1.0 means that the volume of traffic on the road already equaled the capacity and
indicates deterioration in the roads level of service. (See Table 2.4-19)
Roxas Boulevard
The project site is situated near Roxas Boulevard. Roxas Boulevard, also referred to as the Radial
Road 1 (R-1), provides north-south intra-metropolitan connections extending from the city of Manila to

the Alabang-Zapote Road/ R-1 junction in Muntinlupa City. It has eight lanes (24 meters) with traffic
that is predominantly composed of passenger cars, public utility vehicles, and buses. The Roxas
Boulevard East Service Road fronts the commercial establishments east of Roxas Boulevard and
has a road right of way (RROW) of six meters from with the City of Manila to EDSA intersection; the
RROW increase to 12 meters from EDSA to the Redemptorist Road intersection.
Roads in the Reclamation Area
Provided in the table below is the access and the vicinity roads of the reclamation area. All these rods
have concrete pavements and are in good passable condition.
Table 2.4-19. Inventory of Roads in the Bay City (in km), length and width, 2011
Road name Concrete Asphalt Total length (in km.) Width (in meters)
President Diosdado Macapagal 2.300 - 2.3 20
Blvd.
Jose. W. Diokno Avenue 1.400 - 1.4 15
Seaside Boulevard 3.100 - 3.1 12
Coral Way 1.200 - 1.2 10
Ocean Drive 1.200 - 1.2 10
Pacific Dive .800 - 0.8 10
Marina Way .380 - 0.38 10
SOURCE: CEO
Current Traffic Volume at the Vicinity of the Project Site
The baseline is provided by the MMDA Office of Traffic Engineering as requested on August 2017.
The data provided by MMDA was dated on September 2016. Peak Hour is at 0700-0800 hr in the
morning and 1700-1800 hr in the afternoon.







Traffic Management is handled by multi-resource persons and entities and is reported below.
With the traffic data presented, it is important to note that even without the proposed project, traffic
congestion has been a persistent major problem in Metro Manila particularly along Roxas Boulevard
with specific areas such as President Quirino Avenue. Over the years, traffic congestion problem has
been aggravating with the increase in volume of vehicles and population in the metropolis. Thus,
impacts on traffic congestion of the proposed project is vital to the existing problems on traffic. The
said possible impact is expected only during the Operations Phase of the proposed reclamation
project.
During the Operations Phase following is the framework for traffic management:
BASIS :
1. MMDA‟s Major Traffic and Transport Management Programs (Ref. MMDA Website)
2. PRELIMINARY MASTER DEVELOPMENT PLAN OF ARCH A. ALLI
3. PRELIMINARY CONSULTATION WITH MMDA
4. CONSULTATION WITH FDC (An Engineering Firm with Expertise in Traffic Management) on
generic management plan.
Major issues to consider
Major Issues on Traffic (Basis : MMDA Item 1 above)

Major Issues / Problems For the Project Affected
Roadways For the Project Affected Roadways
(MMDA Management Program)
Obstructions & illegal structures along carriageways Nil to Minimal
Traffic signals & road geometry Already in place
Public transport Not common in the traffic study area except for
taxicabs, Grab and Uber
Perception of corruption Education of motorists to avoid bribe giving
Vehicular accidents/traffic safety Educational campaign
Law enforcement and motorist’s education & awareness Strengthen as part of City’s
Program Non-contact apprehension
A. PURPOSE
The main objective of this traffic management plan is to define the policies and procedures for the
elimination of vehicles and pedestrian conflicts, promote safety to the general public and prevention of
destruction of properties with the Project Area.
B. IDENTIFICATION OF PROJECT REPRESENTATIVES
The implementation of the proposed traffic management during operation requires the assignment of
competent and qualified personnel to ensure that traffic movement along the project area is not
hampered drastically, traffic congestion is minimized especially during peak periods and that
adequate traffic controls are provided to preclude traffic safety hazards within the public access areas.
Representatives from the Project Management Office
1. Traffic Management Officer

2. Traffic Manager
3. Traffic Monitoring / Surveillance Manager
4. Traffic Control Crews
Representatives from the LGU‟s Traffic Safety Office

C. RESPONSIBILITIES
1. Traffic Management Officer
a. Overall in charge of the implementation of the Project‟s Traffic Management Plans; and
b. Manages, directs and coordinates activities of the Traffic Management Team to ensure
that road safety, traffic engineering and traffic management systems are implemented in
accordance with the Plans;
2. Traffic Manager
a. Provides support in the planning and coordination of traffic management activities in a

timely and efficient fashion;
b. Manages the development, amendments, finalization and approvals of the Traffic
Management Plans and Traffic Control Plans including their implementation;
c. Ensures that all traffic management measures are planned, executed implemented and
maintained in accordance with best practice, including all relevant safety regulations
and standards;
d. Liaises, coordinates and maintains a productive relationship with the LGU Traffic
Management Office, LGU Police Unit, Hospitals and Trauma Centers emergencies
service agencies, and other stakeholders on all traffic and incident related issues;
e. Assists the LGUs with the dissemination of changed traffic condition information to
potentially affected parties, including road users, local communities and transport
sectors.
f. Monitors and evaluates the effectiveness of the ongoing traffic management activities
including trip and travel delays, and where necessary implement corrective actions to
rectify any deficiencies in the traffic management system; and
g. Investigates traffic related incidents/hazards, identify preventative measures, and
manage the implementation of actions to mitigate future occurrences;
h. Manages the Area‟s road safety audit and inspection process, implements corrective
actions and maintains detailed records of traffic related situations
3. Traffic Monitoring / Surveillance Manager
a. Provides support and assistance in the planning, coordinating and monitoring of traffic
management activities in a timely and efficient manner;
b. Provides assistance in the planning, development, execution, implementation, and
amendments of Traffic Control Plans;
c. Provides assistance to the Traffic Manager to ensure that all traffic management
measures and solutions are planned, executed, implemented and maintained in
accordance with best practice, including all relevant safety policies, guidelines,
regulations and standards;
d. Conducts field inspections of the road network, with the aim to identify unusual
congestion, incidents, non-conforming traffic control and unsafe road conditions;
e. Participates actively in responding to unplanned incidents/hazards, and other critical
traffic situations, task incident management teams accordingly;
f. Formulates and develops solutions in consultation with the Traffic Manager, to ensure
that safe conditions for road users are maintained;
g. Liaises with construction and traffic control teams in the planning, coordination, and
monitoring of traffic operations, and to facilitate the implementation of corrective actions;
h. In conjunction with the Traffic Manager, investigate traffic-related incidents/hazards,
identify preventative measures, and manage the implementation of actions to mitigate
future occurrences;
i. Provides assistance to the Traffic Manager, and with the Project‟s road safety audit and
inspection process, implements corrective actions and maintains detailed records; and
j. Performs investigations of temporary traffic control schemes, prepares necessary
reports, and maintains records and inspections logs of all traffic incidents and other
related traffic situations.

4. Traffic Control Crews
a. Execute the provisions of the traffic management plans and ensure that all affected
areas are manned during critical periods;
b. Ensure that adequate equipment, sufficient materials and other resources are available
at all times for the effective execution of all traffic management and control procedures;
c. Protect construction crews and the motoring public by regulating traffic flow and to stop
traffic whenever required by the progress of work – otherwise to keep traffic moving at
reduced speeds to avoid tie-ups and delays;
d. Allow business operations to proceed safely and efficiently; and
D. TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLANS (GENERAL)
a. Pedestrians and Vehicles Separation – provision of barriers, refuge islands and

guardrails or roadside fences to prevent pedestrians from crossing anywhere on the
streets.
b. Traffic Routes – provision of directional Signs, pavement markings, speed reducing
devices. Continuous monitoring of traffic volumes to ensure that adequate capacities are
provided in all areas and for formulation of adequate measures to reduce traffic
congestion.
c. Pedestrian Access System – provision of adequate pedestrian lanes, and traffic control
devices
d. Parking Areas and Facilities – provision of properly designed parking facilities in
accordance with the DPWH‟s standards and guidelines including consideration for
adequate space for PWD, Senior Citizens.
e. Signs and Road Markings – provision of traffic signs and pavement markings in
accordance with the DPWH guidelines and standards for traffic safety.
f. Road / Street Lighting System – provision of road street lighting system to guide
motorists during nighttime
g. Control of Pollution - establishment of policies and regulations for all vehicles and
equipment accessing the developed areas from creating unnecessary noise and emitting
smoke pollutants.
h. Road Maintenance System – provision of well-maintained road surfaces to ensure
smooth flow of traffic and elimination of traffic safety hazards.
i. Incident Management – establishment of effective incident management system for the
proper reporting of road incidents and other similar situations.
j. Emergency Response and Preparedness – development of Site Specific Emergency
Procedure Manual and Evacuation Plan.
k. Training and Competency – all staff and crew involved in the traffic management system
shall be subjected appropriate training and competency assessment and evaluation to
ensure only qualified personnel shall be allowed to perform the required duties and
responsibilities related to the traffic management system.
Traffic Management Measures Applicable to the Project During Operations Phase
 Efficient Traffic Circulation Within the Reclaimed Area – to prevent resulting bottleneck at
shore
 Traffic Control Center at the point of the causeway connecting to Island 1. This will be
manned by trained traffic personnel/officers. CCTV system will be installed for real time traffic
management.
 Provision for Towing Service. A tow vehicle will be stationed near the point which connects
the viaduct to Island. Stalled vehicles which could create traffic congestion in the viaduct and
in President Quirino Avenue will be served.
 Rerouting of traffic along President Quirino especially during peak hours

The roads in bold yellow and red lines perpendicular to President Quirino and parallel to Roxas
Boulevard may be rerouted as determined with the MMDA and the City of Pasay.
IT IS NOTED THAT THE TRAFFIC MANAGEMENT PLAN FOR RECLAMATION PROJECTS IN

THE CITIES OF PASAY AND OF MANILA IS INHERENTLY SIMILAR BECAUSE THE ROADS
FRONTING THE RECLAMATION PROJECTS ARE CONTIGUOUS AND THE VEHICLES PLYING
THESE ROADS ARE ESSENTIALLY THE SAME.
2.4.9. Perception Survey
 Public Perception Survey
The discussions below are based on the households perception survey conducted last January 31 to
March 6, 2018 to assess the socio-cultural economic situation of the communities that are to be
affected by the proposed reclamation, particularly Barangay 76 Zone 10, Pasay City which is closest
to the project site. Sample Perception Survey is provided in Annex 15.
Results of the Survey
 Sex Distribution –The respondents were composed of 36.96% males and 63.04% females.
Table 2.4-20. Impact Barangay: Sex Distribution
Barangay 76 Zone 10
GENDER
# of HH surveyed %
Male 17 36.96
Female 29 63.04
No Answer 0 0
Total 46 100
Data Source: EIA Perception Survey 2018
 Civil Status – data coming from the EIA survey are used to present baseline condition of the
impact barangay residents where majority or 52.17% of the respondents are single (or 24 out
of 46 respondents) followed by married 39.13% and the rest are widower and separated.
Table 2.4-21. Impact Barangay: Civil Status

Barangay 76 Zone 10
CIVIL STATUS
# of HH surveyed %
Single 24 52.17
Married 18 39.13
Widower 0 0
Separated 2 4.35
Atbp 0 0
No Answer 2 4.35
Total 46 100
 Religious Affiliations – Results of the conducted survey indicated that 82.61% of the total
respondents interviewed are Roman Catholic followed by 8.70%, which are Protestants and
followed by Iglesia Ni Cristo and Christian.
Table 2.4-22. Impact Barangay: Religious Affiliation

Barangay 76 Zone 10
Religious Affiliation
# of HH surveyed %
Catholic 38 82.61
Protestant 4 8.70
Aglipayan 0 0
INC 1 2.17
Others 1 2.17

Barangay 76 Zone 10
Religious Affiliation
# of HH surveyed %
No Answer 2 4.35
Total 46 100
 Ethnicity - The City‟s dialect is mostly Tagalog (82.61%), there are migrants from other
provinces that are also Tagalog speaking. Others are Visayan and Ilocano.
Table 2.4-23. Impact Barangay: Ethnicity

Barangay 76 Zone 10
Ethnicity
# of HH surveyed %
Tagalog 38 82.61
Cebuano 0 0
Hiligaynon 0 0
Waray 0 0
Visayan 7 15.22
Others 1 2.17
No Answer 0 0
Total 46 100
 Income, Livelihood and Employment - The main source of income of the respondents is
mostly Regular Private/Government Employee, family business and through contractual job/
sub-contractor. On the other hand, 43.48% of the respondents stated that the husband is the
primary earner in the household while 19.57% has the wife as the primary earner. See 2.4-25
2.4-26.
In terms of monthly income, Table 2.4-26 shows that most of the respondents or 34.78% are
earning between Php 10,001-Php 20,000, while respondents earning Php 5,001-Php 10,000
make up 28.26% followed by 6.52% earning Php 1,001-5,000 and Php 21,000 above.
Table 2.4-24. Impact Barangay: Main Source of Livelihood of Respondents

Barangay 76 Zone 10
Source of Income
# of HH surveyed %
Fishing 2 4.35
Regular Private/Govt Employee 19 41.30
Contractual Job/Sub-Contractor 0 0
Family Business 4 8.70
Others 0 0
No Answer 21 45.65
Total 46 100
Table 2.4-25. Impact Barangay: Primary Earner in the Household

Barangay 76 Zone 10
Primary Earner
# of HH surveyed %
Husband 20 43.48
Wife 9 19.57
Son 8 17.39
Daughter 2 4.35
Others 2 4.35
No Answer 5 10.87
Total 46 100

Table 2.4-26. Impact Barangay: Monthly Income of the Respondents
Barangay 76 Zone 10
Monthly Income
# of HH surveyed %
P1,000 below 2 4.35
P1,001-P5,000 3 6.52
P5,001-P10,000 13 28.26
P10,001-P20,000 16 34.78
P21,001 Above 3 6.52
No Answer 9 19.57
Total 46 100
 Educational Attainment - Table 2.4-27 shows that the largest percentage or 43.48% of the
respondents are high school graduate and college graduate respectively followed by
vocational course graduates.
Table 2.4-27. Impact Barangay: Educational Attainment

Barangay 76 Zone 10
Educational Attainment
# of HH surveyed %
Wala (None) 0 0
Elementary 2 4.35
High School 20 43.48
Vocational 3 6.52
College 20 43.48
No Answer 1 2.17
Total 46 100
Health
Sickness in the Family – Based on the survey conducted, 23.91% of the household respondents
have experienced two (2) sick family members for the past five years. 15.22% of the household
respondents have experienced one (1) sick family member for the past five years. Common sickness
in the barangay as indicated by the household respondents are fever, cold, skin disease and heart
disease.
Please refer to Table 2.4-28. Sickness in the Family for the Past Years.
Where do they Consult? - Based from the result of the conducted survey, 34.78% of the household
respondents opted to consult in the existing Barangay Health Center while17.39% opted to consult in
Government Hospitals.
See Table 2.4-30 on Where They Consult, for the survey data.
Table 2.4-28. Impact Barangay: Number of Family Member Who Got Sick for the Past 5
Years
Number Of Family Member Who Got Barangay 76 Zone 10
Sick For The Past 5 Years # of HH surveyed %
1 7 15.22
2 11 23.91
3 2 4.35
4 1 2.17
5 0 0
No Answer 25 54.35
Total 46 100

Table 2.4-29. Impact Barangay: Common Illness in the Community
Barangay 76 Zone 10
Common Illness in the Community
# of HH surveyed %
Gastrointestinal Disease 0 0
Cold 11 23.91
Fever 18 39.13
Others 7 15.22
No Answer 10 21.74
Total 46 100
Table 2.4-30. Impact Barangay: Source of Treatment for Illness of Respondents

Source of treatment for Illness of Barangay 76 Zone 10
Respondents # of HH surveyed %
House 1 2.17
Barangay Health Center 16 34.78
Government Hospital 8 17.39
Private Clinic 4 8.70
Herbalist 1 2.17
Others 0 0
No Answer 16 34.78
Total 46 100
Perception of the Community
 Knowledge About the Proposed Project
Table 2.4-31 shows the frequency of the respondents who answered that they did not had prior
knowledge and idea about the Proposed 265 Hectare Pasay Harbour City Reclamation Project. Out of
the 46 respondents, 14 or 30.43% of them answered No, while 9 or 19.57% answered Yes, and the
remaining 23 or 50% had no responses.
Table 2.4-31. Impact Barangay: Household Knowledge about the Proposed Project
Barangay 76 Zone 10
Knowledge about the Project
# of HH surveyed %
Yes 9 19.57
No 14 30.43
No Answer 23 50
Total 46 100
Majority of the respondents answered that their source of information about the Proposed
Reclamation Project was learned from the barangay with a frequency of 13 or 28.26% while 1
respondent or 2.17% answered that they heard the project from their neighbor and media, and the
remaining 31 respondents or 67.39% had no response. See Table 2.4-32.
Table 2.4-32. Impact Barangay: Household Source of Information about the Proposed
Project
Barangay 76 Zone 10
Source of Information
# of HH surveyed %
Neighbor 1 2.17
Barangay 13 28.26
IEC by Proponent 0 0
Media 1 2.17
No Answer 31 67.39
Total 46 100

 Perceived Impacts
The respondents were also asked on their view on the possible beneficial and adverse impacts of the
proposed Pasay City Harbor Center Reclamation Project. As far as the perceived benefits is
concerned, top answers are on livelihood and business opportunities, improvement of roads and other
infrastructure, additional tax, good service of the government and water services. On the other hand,
perceived adverse impacts are traffic, water pollution, loss of job, tsunami, corruption, loss of fresh air
from the Manila Bay, flood, death of marine species and loss of view.
Table 2.4-33. Possible beneficial impacts of the proposed Pasay City Harbor Center
Reclamation Project
1. Livelihood and business opportunities
2. Improvement of roads and other infrastructure
Answers 3. Land taxes
4. Improvement of government services
5. Improvement of water services
Table 2.4-34. Adverse Impacts of the Proposed Pasay City Harbor Center Reclamation Project
1. Increased traffic
2. Flooding
Answers 3. Health and safety hazard
4. Air, water and land pollution
5. Generation of wastes
6. Loss of plants, trees and other infrastructure
7. Loss of existing livelihood
2.4.10 IMPACTS ON TOURISM
The impacts on tourism will be delineated and discussed in the course of the request for Letter of No
Objection from the DOT (and other government agencies).
Focus Group Discussion with Government Entities
A FGD was convened by the Proponent City of Pasay on 04 May 2018 to discuss the Project with
Government Entity stakeholders in connection with the requirement for Letters of No Objection
(LONO) in support of an application for Area Clearance.
Photograph of the FGD and the attendance sheet are shown in page 2.4-52 to 2.4-53.



SECTION 3. IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP)
Explanatory Notes:
The following explanatory notes are deemed necessary for the following reasons:
 The paradigm that an EIS/ECC is a “Planning Tool” and not a Permit is expounded.
 The Scope/Coverage of the ECC explanation is the Construction Phase only
 This emphasis is useful when seeking the LONOs from the various agencies to impress on
them that they can still exercise their respective mandates even if the ECC shall have been
secured.
 It also impresses on the PRA, which has the mandate to issue the NTP to allow project
implementation that it can still prescribe other requirements during the conduct of the Design
and Engineering Details (DED).
 Equally important, in cases of challenges from the Court, this explanation will serve as an
important basis for any court intervention.
 Similarly when/should challenges or issues arise in the future concerning the ECC, this
discussion will become relevant.
 For Reclamation Projects, the Impacts Management Plan (IMP) declared in the EIS Report are
further validated by government authorities post ECC in contrast with other ECPs whereby
project implementation may proceed after the securing of their ECCs.
 The EIS Report and the ECC are only planning tools. Environmental protection is more firmly
assured in the activities post ECC such as the conduct of Detailed Engineering Design (DED).
 For other ECPs, projects may be implemented (i.e. construction could start) after securing of
the ECC, undertaking an internal (by the Proponent) DED and securing construction permits
from authorities.
 In the case of Reclamation Projects, there are still two (2) levels of approvals prior to actual
construction works. These involve (1) the validation of the IMP prior to the signing of a MOA
involving the project developer and (2) another stage which is the securing of Letters of No
Objection (LONO) from concerned agencies. Thus, environmental protection is planned in
the EIS/ECC and further enhanced post ECC by agencies other than the DENR/EMB.
 Even after the securing of an ECC, changes may be imposed on the master plan for a
reclamation project. e.g. the case of the reclamation project in Las Piñas-Parañaque whereby
the configuration of the islands was changed to allow for better water circulation.

Table 3-1. IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN (IMP)

Project Phase /
Environmental Aspect
Environmental Potential Impact
(Project Activity Likely Options for Prevention or Guarantee / Financial
Component Likely to be Residual Effects (When Responsible Entity Cost
to Impact the Mitigation* or Enhancement Arrangements
Affected applicable)
Environmental
Component
I. PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Site Clearing Authority of the Not Relevant : Issues attendant during Pre-Construction Phase will be resolved accordingly
Proposed Project
II. CONSTRUCTION PHASE:
Dredging and A. Land Impacts on ECA Avoidance Proponent/Contractor Part of Project MOA among
Reclamation Phase Development Cost Consortium, which will
include Project
Developer
Solid waste generation (debris Domestic garbage from Third Party Disposal Part of Project EIS / ECC Commitment
and garbage) during construction crews segregated Contractor Development Cost
construction phase and collected onboard ship and
disposed onshore per RA
9003. No garbage disposal to
Manila Bay.
B. Water Changes in Seabed properties Reclamation technology to Proponent/Engineering Included in Php 800 M Engineering Contract
minimize seabed soil removal Consultant Engineering cost
Perceived Permanent loss of e.g. by maximum reuse of
265 Hectare Manila Bay Water, existing through surcharges
Change in Bathymetry derived from SNS; possible use
of sand bag technology, etc.
Change in water circulation Final design and alignment of Proponent through Part of Project Not Applicable
landform to be based on the Engineering Consultants Development Cost
mathematical modeling for the

Project Phase /
Environmental
Component
Disruption in water circulation landform layout. Will include in
pattern and coastal erosion and modeling other approved
deposition projects
Overall impact on whole Manila

Bay circulation pattern and
dispersion behaviours of
existing outfalls and discharges
Degradation of marine water Silt curtains and containment Proponent/ Reclamation Part of Project EIA / ECC Commitment
quality structures Contractor Development Cost MMT
Threat to existence and/or loss Pre-screening of filling
of important local species and materials; most possible source
habitat is from Manila Bay (San
Nicolas Shoal) itself
Potential Conflict with PPA Relocation of anchorage Barging Part of Project Phil Coast Guard
Dredging Contractor Development Cost ECC Conditions
Close coordination with PPA
Potential accidents and  Sea-worthy vessels
damages to marine  Navigational Devices
ecosystems during transport of  Proper training
dredging vessel  Avoid transport during
inclement weather
Compliance with PCG and
International regulations
Land Stabilization A. Land Inducement of natural hazards Reclamation Platform itself with Proponent/Contractor Part of Project MOA among
such as floods, subsidence, wave deflector gives sheltering Development Cost Consortium which will
liquefaction, tsunami, storm effect. include Project
surge, land subsidence Developer
Appropriate structure to be Proponent/Contractor Part of Project MOA among
selected in DED stage. Current Development Cost Consortium which will

Project Phase /
Environmental
Component
best option is the use of wave include Project
deflector for tsunamis/storm Developer
waves; soil
compaction/stabilization for
liquefaction & subsidence;
sufficient drainage system &
retention/storage areas for
floodwaters, among others.
Structural defense options are: Proponent/Contractor Part of Project MOA among
seawalls at breakwaters, wave Development Cost Consortium which will
deflectors, other similar include Project
defenses such as revetment; Developer
angled bypass walls.
Monitoring of ground level will Proponent/Contractor Part of Project MOA among
be done during the period of Development Cost Consortium which will
soil stabilization (before vertical include Project
development) to determine Developer
quantitative surface
movements with respect to
both spatial and temporal rates.
Design of evacuation routes Proponent/Contractor Part of Project MOA among
Development Cost Consortium which will
include Project
Developer
Public education, awareness Proponent Part of Project ECC commitment
and preparedness campaign to Development Cost MMT
include each of the known
hazards. This will include
evacuation drills, placing of
signage, and establishing alert
systems. This will be done in

Project Phase /
Environmental
Component
coordination with agencies like
NDRRMC, PHIVOLCS,
PAGASA, Project NOAH, etc.
vis-a-vis the Disaster/Risk
Reduction and Management
Plan of the government
Erosion/sedimentation To prevent erosion on the Proponent through Part of Project Not Applicable
seaward portion of the project, Engineering Consultants Development Cost
the construction of the seawalls
shall be implemented in the
initial phase of the reclamation.
Consideration shall be given to
forming a bund after the
construction of the sea wall and
placement of filter material,
using selected granular
material where possible, along
the line of and immediately
behind the seawall. Such a
bund assists in stabilizing the
seawall and its foundation if
mud waves occur during filling.

Project Phase /
Environmental
Component
Earthquake The proponent is fully aware of Engineering Consultant Included in Php 800 M ECC commitment
the tectonic condition within the Cost MMT
project site and will definitely
incorporate several redundant
engineering interventions in
compliance to the strict
requirements as stipulated in
the country‟s National Building
Code and its IRR.
B. Water Sea Level Rise Elevated platform is a Proponent / Not Applicable Not Applicable
mitigating measure Reclamation Contractor
D. People Livelihood and employment Positive effects of the proposed Proponent / Contractor Not Applicable EIA / ECC Commitment
opportunity project
Horizontal Development C. Air Increase of Ambient Air and  Construction works distant Reclamation Contractor Part of Project EIA / ECC Commitment
Noise Quality from ESRs Development Cost
 Short term only
 Sea is buffer zone itself to
population onshore
Air Emissions if power  Proper preventive Reclamation Contractor Part of Project EIA / ECC Commitment
generating sets used and fossil maintenance of gensets; Development Cost
fuel using equipment replace leaking valves,
fittings, etc.
OPERATIONS PHASE
 The operations phase is not applicable because the project only involves horizontal development i.e., the Reclamation Project.
 The operations phase will be subject to separate and relevant laws governing the PEISS.

3.2 Public participation was observed through the Pre-Public Scoping IEC, the Public Scoping proper and perception surveys.
 Pre-IEC and other Related Activities - Discussed in Section ES and Annex 2.0.
 Initial Perception Survey- Discussed in Section 2.4.9
 Public Scoping - As discussed in Section ES, the Public Scoping conducted on 30 April 2018 was attended by participants from different sectors. The
concerned stakeholders, as well as those located in the Impact Areas were invited to participate. The objective of the conducted Public Scoping Activity is
to ensure that the Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) will address the relevant issues and concerns of the stakeholders and that it will be consistent
with the Philippine Environmental Impact Statement System (PEISS).
A matrix summary of issues/suggestions raised during the Public Participation Activities and how it was addressed in the EIS Study is
presented in the succeeding tables.
Table 3-2. List of Issues and Concerns Raised during the IEC Activity (30 January 2018)
Proponent’s Response During the IEC
EIA Module NAME/AFFILIATION ISSUES/CONCERNS How it was addressed in the EIS Study
Activity
Project Description Kagawad Danilo San When will the project We are still on the planning stage. No definite Section ES: Executive Summary
Miguel start? year or date has been set for the start of the
We hope we are still construction. Within approximately five (5) years
here when it
materializes.
Kagawad Danilo San What are the planned The proposed reclamation is for mixed-used Section 1: Project Description
Miguel developments after the development. To date, no definite plan yet.
reclamation? Malls, Preliminary Land Use of Reclamation Activity
condos, etc? Area %
Entertainment Complex 333,498 sqm 15%
Mixed Use Commercial 105,193 sqm 5%
Mixed Use Residential (PUD) 624,681 sqm 29%
Institutional (Commercial Spaces 8,465 sqm 3%
intended for Consolidated &
Integrated Government Offices
including Museums and Civic
Centers)
Rotunda & Linear Parks 104,612 sqm 5%
Roads and Other Open Spaces 539,674 sqm 25%
See Figure 1-16.

Activity
Kagawad Danilo San Where is the exact Nearest site onshore is Sofitel Important landmarks nearest the project site include:
Miguel location? Near Sofitel?
 Cultural Center of the Philippines (CCP) Complex;
 Coconut Palace;
 Philippine Sofitel Hotel;
 The Philippine Senate;
 J.W. Diokno Blvd.;
 Mall of Asia;
 Okada Resorts Club;
 Solaire Resorts Club;
 Diosdado Macapagal Blvd.;
 Manila Yacht Club;
 Baywalk;
 Asean Garden;
 Harbour Square;
 Liwasang Ulalim;
 Folk Arts Theater;
 Sky Garden, Star City;
 CCP Urban Forest;
 Philippine International Convention Center (PICC);
 Sofitel Philippines;
 Boom na Boom Complex;
 Seaside Village Manila;
 Manila Film Center;
 HK Sun Plaza;
 Senate Fire Station;
 Government Service Insurance System (GSIS);
 Hobbies of Asia, Hyundai Auto Manila Bay;
 World Trade Center;
 PNB Financial Center;
 Center for International Trade Explosion and Mission (CITEM);
 Southeast Integrated Provincial Terminal; and
Activity
Water Kagawad Danilo San Isn‟t the proposed area Initial study shows that the proposed area is Section 1: Project Description
Miguel too shallow? suitable for reclamation. The proposed site is
adjacent to the 360 hectare reclamation project Applying the criteria in Section 1, the determination of the site, landform
(with ECC). configuration/number of islands are guided by the following considerations and
summarized in Table 1-5.
With respect to siting:
 Project site must be in the territorial jurisdiction of the Proponent City

of Pasay;
 Must not be in or conflict with ECAs principally the LPPCHE
 Must not be in or cause disturbance of significant marine resources
including mangroves
 Must not conflict with existing settlers, if any.
 Must not be in very deep waters otherwise dredging and reclamation
costs would be prohibitive
 Must be in reasonable distance from the source of filling materials
i.e. the San Nicholas Shoal
 Environmental impacts associated with the site must be minimal
and/or readily manageable

 Configuration must not conflict with existing and future reclamation
plans of the City
 Compliant with the restrictions of the Civil Aeronautics regulations on
building heights
 Site and configuration must be acceptable to concerned other
government entities, e.g. the PPA as would be established during
the securing of the Letters of No Objection (LONOs)
 The Master Plan and the configuration should be in harmony
 In particular, the design of the viaduct will be influenced by the
Activity
configuration and site inasmuch as the viaduct must connect to the
shore and must be feasible in terms of length.
Impacts Kagawad Jean Roxas What are the possible As an EIA Consultant, we are trying to avoid See various Sections such as Section 2.1 Land, Section 2.2 Water, Section
Management Plan negative impacts of the any negative impacts on all of our projects, that 2.3 and Section 2.4, Section 3 and Section 4
project? You only is why, we are conducting a thorough study in
discussed the positive all aspects to avoid the negative impacts. In
ones. cases where impacts cannot be avoided, we
make sure that the proponent will apply proper
mitigating measures.
Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) Report 3 - 10

Table 3-3. List of Issues and Concerns Raised during the IEC Activity List of Issues and Concerns Raised During the FGD Activity
(10 April 2018)
Issues/Suggestions Proponent’s Response During the Focus
EIA Module Issues and Concerns How it was addressed in the EIS Study
Raised by Stakeholder Group Discussion Activity
LAND Ronald Ray. Taperla of Are issues on climate Yes, climate change issues will be included in Section 5: Social Development Plan
National Economic change included in the the study.
Development Authority EIS? DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION
(NEDA) (CCA)
It is well recognized that the Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in
the world to disasters especially those induced by climate change. The following
framework will be adopted.
For the DRR, the types of disasters may be generally classified into two:
 Natural disasters which are Climate Change independent e.g.

earthquakes, liquefaction, land subsidence and
 Those which may be categorized as “met-ocean” type of disasters
such as floods, storm surges, and sea level rise, the latter being related
to the global Climate Change phenomenon. (Full report provided in
Section 5)
Daniel Jose Buhay of Did you consider We have Section 2.1 Land and it includes Section 2.1: Land
PHILVOCS tsunami effects? seismicity, tsunami sea level rise, etc., We also
have an Engineering, Geological And Landslide hazard in the vicinity is nil as it has a flat to gently rolling topography.
Geohazard Assessment Report (EGGAR)
Reclaimed lands in general, are considered prone to liquefaction unless
engineering and reclamation interventions are applied.
Ground Rupture- This hazard is seemingly absent in the project area since the
nearest active fault, the West Valley Fault, is about 10.9-kilometers to the east.
Tsunami- The project site, being located along the coast of Manila Bay, is
susceptible to this hazard due to the presence of an active subduction zone –
Manila Trench located west of the area and other active faults and or earthquake
generators.

(10 April 2018)
Settlement/Subsidence- The reclamation project site would be underlain by fill
materials that are highly compressible which makes it prone to this hazard.
Flooding- The project area falls within the delineated low to moderate flood prone
areas as shown in the flood hazard map (Figures 2.1-51 to 2.1-54) by MGB
(2001) indicating that the project could experience flooding if sea level rises by <5
meters. Considering its flat terrain and average elevation of about two (2) masl,
the project site could experience localized flooding especially if the drainage
systems are inadequate.
Storm Surge- The location of the reclaimed land will be such that it will be the
nearest to the waterfront relative to pre-existing sites. This makes it most
vulnerable to storm surge and flooding.
Full report provided in Section 2.1.2.1

Mark Angelo V. When you will apply for Atty. Madrona, City Legal of Pasay: Yes, we Section 2.1: Land
Cagampan of Manila the Area Clearance? are happy to say that the proposed project is
Bay Coordinating Office included in our CLUP. The HLURB approved DISCUSSION ON AREA CLEARANCE
(MBCO) Is the proposed project our CLUP last year.
included in the existing The Area Clearance will be formally secured post ECC based from the following:
Comprehensive Land With regards to Area Clearance, everything
Use Plan (CLUP) of the should be clear. We will apply for both Area  Based on precedent cases, e.g. the ECC (ECC-CO-1601-0003 dated
City of Pasay? Clearance and ECC. The process is chicken 24 October 2017(for the Pasay City 360 – hectare reclamation project
and egg. In our past experience, after we were which stipulates, to wit:
done with our ECC, we embarked on the
process of acquiring the Area Clearance. Thus, “B RESTRICTIONS…
rest assured that we will apply for both.
14. No activity shall be undertaken unless the following documents are
submitted to this Office within one hundred twenty (12) days prior to project
implementation;
a. Clearance/notice to proceed (NTP) duly issued by the Philippine

Reclamation Authority (PRA);
(10 April 2018)
c. Approval from the National Economic and Development Authority in
accordance with Executive Order No. 146 and the Implementing Rules
and Regulation thereof.
From a legal perspective.
An Area Clearance (formerly called Reclamation Permit) from the DENR

Secretary is not a prior requirement for the issuance of an ECC for a
reclamation project.
This is clear under Section 9.7 of DENR Administrative Order No. 2007-20
(Rules & Regulations Governing the Issuance of Permit Over Reclamation
Projects and Special Patents Over Reclaimed Lands), which provides that
the DENR reclamation permit shall be issued only after the approval of the
ECC.
In the subsequent DENR Administrative Order No. 2009-07, amending

Section 4.1 and Section 5 of DAO 2007-20, it was clarified that the
“reclamation permit” shall be interpreted as “area clearance.” “Area
Clearance” has been defined as a document issued by the DENR
Secretary providing authorization or permit to an applicant to undertake
reclamation project over an applied area subject to certain conditions
including environmental mitigation and enhancement measures."
Thus, as it stands under Section 9.7 of DAO 2007-20 as amended by DAO

2009-07, the reclamation permit, now called area clearance, shall be
issued only after approval of the ECC.
Similarly, under DENR Administrative Order No. 2003- 30 (Implementing

Rules and Regulations (IRR) for the Philippine Environmental Impact
Statement [EIS] System), there is no requirement of an Area Clearance
from the DENR before the issuance of an ECC.
(10 April 2018)
These rules are only reasonable and based on sound practice. Indeed,
how can the DENR Secretary issue the Area Clearance (formerly called
Reclamation Permit), if he has not yet even fully considered the
environmental impact of the reclamation project?
Finally, an Area Clearance is a requirement only for prior approval by the

Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) of a reclamation project under
Section 2 of Executive Order No. 672, (Defining and Clarifying the
Responsibilities of the DENR and the Philippine Reclamation Authority in
the Approval and Implementation of Reclamation Projects Nationwide) and
Section 3.1. of NEDA-PRA Joint Order No. 01-2015 (Implementing Rules
& Regulations of Executive Order 146).
PEOPLE Giovanni G. Bautista of Virtual Underwater EIA Preparer: As a preparer, we commit to Section 2.4: People
National Museum of the Heritage concerns RA conduct this survey.
Philippines 1066, which requires Conduct of a “Scoping” Meeting with the National Museum on
archaeological Mayor Calixto: Sunken vessels nationwide are Archaeological Assessment.
assessment. owned by the government. National Steel Corp
(NASCO) has the record. I did not see any The concerns of the National Museum have been articulated to the same EIS
sunken vessel within this area but if there is, Preparer for another project, i.e. the 419-Hectare Horizon Manila during the Public
PPA will ask to remove it. For the past 70 Hearing for the Project conducted on 07 December 2017 at the San Andres
years in Pasay, no ship wreck has been found Gymnasium in Manila followed by a Review
because Pasay waters is shallow. I was Committee Meeting at the Emerald Garden Restaurant in Malate.
personally involved in NASCO‟s search for
sunken vessels, cargoes etc. We can ask The National Museum representative Mr. Bautista explained the following points:
assistance from NASCO for data.
Giovanni G. Bautista of We would like to EIA Preparer: We will do it but will be limited  The need for the conduct of an Archaeological Survey for Reclamation
National Museum of the search for historical to impact areas Projects;
Philippines artifacts, etc., as this
was a trading area in  That such is prescribed by law (National Cultural Heritage Act o2 2009);
the past.
Dr. E. G. Alabastro, EIA Preparer/Team Leader agreed to such survey but
suggested that (a) the National Museum opens the Archaeologist professional to

(10 April 2018)
whoever may be accredited by the Museum without the Museum imposing on the
selection of the Archaelogist to be limited to that of their choice; and further;
That the most appropriate schedule for the conduct of the survey is at the same
time that dredging works are being conducted by the Reclamation/Dredging
Contractor. This would enable the survey team to identify more accurately the site
at which the dredging works will be undertaken at which site archaeological
resources could be determined, if present.
During the Public Scoping for the Pasay Center Harbour Reclamation Project, the
same position was expressed.
It was made clear, however, by the National Museum representatives during these
occasions that the final decision on the protocol for the survey would have to be
cleared/approved by the highest official of the National Museum.
As further inputs:
 Refer to the letter sent to the National Museum and attach this as
Annex 9.
 The conduct of an Archaeological Survey/Assessment is being planned
and will be coordinated with the Office of the National Museum.
 It is deemed practical to undertake this work during the site preparation
works because at this phase of the project sea-based transport vessels
will be available and underwater scuba teams will be needed by the
reclamation contractor. Thus, there will be effective
synchronization/harmonization of the archaeological survey with
reclamation contractor‟s own survey The specifics/details of the site
preparation works will be subject to Detailed Engineering and Design
(DED) which will be undertaken post ECC.

(10 April 2018)
Noting that the requirements of the National Museum for archaeological
surveys are the same for all reclamation projects in Manila Bay, it is deemed
most appropriate that a general focus group discussion be conducted by
the National Museum together with all Proponents of Reclamation Projects
as well as concerned government entities, including the DENR.
It was generally noted in the meetings that there are no policy nor
regulations which involves the DENR in so far as EIS Reports are
concerned. In particular, the Screening Checklist for Projects do not
categorically require the conduct of Archaeological Surveys.
Fr. Soc Montaelto of Our Pasay is the Mayor Calixto: The new developed casinos Section 1: Project Description
Lady of Sorrows Church Philippines‟ Las Vegas. are in Paranaque. No casinos were built here
They are creating a sin in Pasay since after the time of Mayor Cuneta. Preliminary Land Use of Reclamation Activity
city of so many casinos I myself have not approved any casino project Area %
around. With the in the past. I will remember your concern that
proposed project, we no new additional casinos in Pasay should be Entertainment Complex 333,498 sqm 15%
should not create more developed. Mixed Use Commercial 105,193 sqm 5%
casinos. Dutuerte Mixed Use Residential (PUD) 624,681 sqm 29%
actually said no casino Institutional (Commercial Spaces intended 8,465 sqm 3%
in Boracay. I hope you for Consolidated & Integrated Government
will not create another Offices including Museums and Civic
Centers)
casino in Pasay. Rotunda & Linear Parks 104,612 sqm 5%
Developments are Roads and Other Open Spaces 539,674 sqm 25%
good but there are
problems with casino See Figure 1-16.
addiction.
Project Ronald Ray Taperla of Target Date for NEDA Atty. Madrona, City Legal of Pasay: It may Section 1: Project Description
Description National Economic endorsement? take 1 to 2 years depending on what we
Development Authority accomplish. We can‟t say the exact timeframe See Section 1.7 Development Plan
(NEDA) for the clearances from agencies pursuant to
NEDA requirements.
Alnie Hayudino of Access route from We are still starting and we will have our Section 1: Project Description

(10 April 2018)
National Commission of existing reclaimed studies. There will also be inter-island bridge 1.1.1 The Access Ways
Culture and Arts (NCAA) areas and we will include both in the report.
The access way from the shore, i.e. the viaduct (shown as “B” in Figure 1-5) is
still subject to ongoing studies with the following aspects duly considered:
a. The location of the entrance to the viaduct
b. Clearance from the concerned LGU if this location is from a public road
c. Clearance/approval from the DPWH if it will have jurisdiction over the
construction of the viaduct; also from other government entities as may
be applicable.
d. Engineering design
e. A separate and distinct ECC as may be applicable under the Philippine
EIS System
The viaduct is estimated to be a 6-lane bridge approximately 27 m wide and 594

m long.
1.1.2 The Internal Bridge

The internal bridge is planned to connect Islands A and B. The architectural
sketch is shown in Plate 1-1 above.
1.1.3 The Internal Road Network

An architectural sketch is shown in Plate 1-2 for illustration purposes.

Table 3-4. Issues and Concerns Raised during the Public Scoping Activity
(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Representative Who Issues/Suggestions Raised by Proponent’s Response During the Public
EIA Module How it was addressed in the EIS Study
Raised the Issue/ Stakeholder Scoping Activity
Suggestion
LAND Representative from Issue on boundary of Manila and Atty. Madrona (City Legal of Pasay): We Section 1: Project Description
Philippine Reclamation Pasay, the City Ordinance affected assure ourselves that we have legal basis to
Authority (PRA) the boundary of the City of Manila assure our municipal waters. We also inform Authority Over Project Site
the PRA about it and our municipal waters is
included it in our Comprehensive Land Use Political Boundaries of the Site
Plan (CLUP).
A most basic requirement in an application for an ECC is to show
technical and legal proof of “Authority Over the Project Site”.
The political boundaries/territorial jurisdiction serves as the basis for

“Authority Over Project Site” a most basic requirement for ECC
applications for all projects.
The authority for the Project is established with the delineation of the
political boundaries of the City of Pasay and the location of the site within
these boundaries.
The boundaries of the Pasay City Waters are shown in Table 1-1.
The City of Pasay Ordinance No. 5768 Series of 2016 is provided in

Annex 3A.
Mr. Paul of Save Island Will the reclamation project help Mayor Calixto (Pasay City Mayor): 25% will SECTION 2.2. WATER
Movement the rehabilitation of Manila Bay? be set to the rehabilitation of Manila Bay. Our
aim before there was no reclamation is to The Project Proponent commits that it will not contribute to the water
increase our earnings from more than 1 quality degradation of Manila Bay and would thus be compliant with the
billion pesos but when there was reclamation SC “Mandamus”.
our aim is 5 billion. Thus, this increase can
help and can do a lot for Manila Bay.

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Representative from We stand on the issuance of ECC Atty. Madrona: Actually we applied for Area Section 2.1: Land
Manila Bay Coordination and Area Clearance. There are Clearance and I that believe we are
Office (MBCO) Executive Orders (EOs) and DAOs complying. DISCUSSION ON AREA CLEARANCE
that needs to secure Area
Clearance before ECC. The Area Clearance will be formally secured post ECC based from the
following:
 Based on precedent cases, e.g. the ECC (ECC-CO-1601-
0003 dated 24 October 2017(for the Pasay City 360 – hectare
reclamation project which stipulates, to wit:
“B RESTRICTIONS…
14. No activity shall be undertaken unless the following documents are
submitted to this Office within one hundred twenty (12) days prior
to project implementation;
a. Clearance/notice to proceed (NTP) duly issued by the Philippine

Reclamation Authority (PRA);
c. Approval from the National Economic and Development Authority
in accordance with Executive Order No. 146 and the
Implementing Rules and Regulation thereof.
FULL TEXT PROVIDED IN SECTION 2.1
Finally, an Area Clearance is a requirement only for prior approval by

the Philippine Reclamation Authority (PRA) of a reclamation project
under Section 2 of Executive Order No. 672, (Defining and Clarifying the
Responsibilities of the DENR and the Philippine Reclamation Authority in
the Approval and Implementation of Reclamation Projects Nationwide)
and Section 3.1. of NEDA-PRA Joint Order No. 01-2015 (Implementing
Rules & Regulations of Executive Order 146).

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Representative from It was mentioned that there are Mr. Santiago (DENR-EIA): We will still have SECTION 1. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
Earth Island Institute environmental impacts identified, is our Public Hearing, there will be posting in
the data be accessible particularly the newspaper under DAO 2017-15. The The initially identified burrow area for this project is the SNS, which is
impacts on your filling materials? draft EIS wherein the identified impacts is more than 21.46 km from the project site. The quarrying in SNS for the
included is accessible in the website during fill materials needed for the Project is covered by an EIS Report and an
that time. After Public Hearing the full ECC application by the PRA. The environmental concerns and
documentation is also posted in the DENR mitigation and legal responsibilities therefore fall on the PRA. When
website and your issues and concerns raised the reclamation contractor undertakes dredging at the SNS, it will
should be included in the report which you have to observe the rules of PRA in respect of environmental
can access in the website. concerns. The Project recognizes the environmental concerns at the
Separate marine study of San Dr. Alabastro (EIA Preparer): San Nicholas SNS and commits to faithfully comply with the requirements of the
Nicholas Shoal, there are livelihood Shoal is applying for an ECC. Whatever PRA. As one requirement to secure permit from the PRA, the Contractor
for fishers in Cavite and other project, the filling materials for a proposed will need to submit an Environmental Protection and Enhancement Plan
adjacent city such as Las Piñas. reclamation will undergo to process. (EPEP) approved by the MGB.
Representative from Distance of island to the shoreline? Dr. Alabastro: Approximately 1.1 km. SECTION 2.1 LAND
Philippine Navy
The footprint area of the reclamation project is about 1.7 kilometers west
of the current Philippine Navy Headquarters along Roxas Boulevard.
With roughly a triangular outline, the site will have a maximum length of
4.12 km to the west and 1.31 km at its widest to the south. The site is
west of the Cultural Center of the Philippines Complex which also
occupies a reclaimed land. (C. Dayanghirang 2018)
The Navy, CCP and PICC areas Mayor Calixto: We will have our MOA and Section 2.1 Land
before are property of the this MOA will be a great help to our project.
Philippine Navy. Now only the With regards to the passage and duct of Compliance to SOLAS Requirements:
Manila Yacht Club. Our issue is on vessels, I believe this is not part of Pasay,
the notice for the navigational The waters of Pasay is shallow. I will The International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS) in its
safety of our ships and vessels. coordinate with our City Administrator to get successive forms is generally regarded as the most important of all

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Sooner or later we will have our the necessary information from you. international treaties concerning the safety of merchant ships. The first
submarines and you will need to version was adopted in 1914, in response to the Titanic disaster, the
extract and transport your filling second in 1929, the third in 1948, and the fourth in 1960. The 1974
maters, maybe we can have our version includes the tacit acceptance procedure - which provides that an
MOA? amendment shall enter into force on a specified date unless, before that
Representative from The proposed project will not Mayor Calixto: Rest assured that we will get date, objections to the amendment are received from an agreed number
Philippine Ports Authority extend to the City of Manila but will the necessary permits from PPA. We will look of Parties. As a result, the 1974 Convention has been updated and
(PPA) this obstruct vessels? into all aspects in order not to affect our amended on numerous occasions. The Convention in force today is
adjacent city. referred to as SOLAS, 1974, as amended.
Port Zone delineation and Route of
ships and permits to be acquired. The Philippines being a signatory of SOLAS, is strengthening its port
facility and ships security and safety through a series of linked initiatives
that was implemented progressively as embodied under several
Philippine laws and domestic policy issuances. Under existing Philippine
Law and the SOLAS Convention, all ships of 300 gross tonnage and
upwards and passenger ships irrespective of size shall be compliant to
SOLAS regulation. Since the proponent will employ barges, dredgers
and suction cutters of more than 300 gross tonnage, they are required by
law to comply with SOLAS.

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Primarily, SOLAS are being implemented by the Philippine Coast Guard
under RA 9993 (PCG Law of 2009). Likewise, the Philippine Ports
Authority (PPA) is also mandated by law to establish, maintain and
operate port infrastructure design to enhance the safety of ships entering
and leaving port environs and adjacent sea lanes such as the Vessel
Traffic Management Systems (VTMS) at the Port District of Manila and
Port of Batangas as part of the Philippine commitment to enforce
SOLAS. However, under a Memorandum of Agreement signed
between PCG and PPA in 07 January 2014, enforcement of SOLAS
within Manila Bay and approaches is , enforcement of SOLAS within
Manila Bay and approaches is now under PCG control. Therefore, prior
the start of the reclamation activities, the proponent committed to
enforce all existing SOLAS requirements by requiring all
contractors that will employ ships and barges to submit SOLAS
compliance certification issued by the Philippine Coast Guard as
part of the mandatory documents of the contract of engagement.

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Representative from What will be the effect of the Dr. Alabastro: Part of our EIS Report is to Section 2.1. LAND
Senate of the Philippines Proposed Project to Las Piñas- include the Environmental Critical Areas
Parañaque wetlands, which is (ECA). The LPPCHEA is distant to the  Impact of the Proposed Project on LPPCHEA
included in the RAMSAR. proposed project but this will be included and
an important entry on our EIS report. The project proponent and its private sector consortium members are
well aware and respectful of the LPPCHEA, However, the distance from
LPPCHEA is far to cause concern on potential impacts of the project;
seen in Figure 2.1-4.
The activities and potential impacts/lack of impacts on LPPCHEA

are summarized below:
Activities Remarks
Dredging at Site No impacts; dredging confined

to site
Reclamation/Filling No impacts; filling confined to
site
Containment structures to be
constructed
Transport of TSHD No impacts; navigational lane
outside of LPPCHEA
Soil Stabilization Confined to the reclaimed land
Horizontal Development Confined to the reclaimed land

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
WATER Representative from There is a Mandamus to clean-up Mayor Calixto: The City of Pasay is also Comprehensive Marine study provided in See Section 2.2.5 -Marine
Society for the the Manila Bay. I would to suggest preparing for programs such a Ecology
Conservation of to have a comprehensive baseline livelihood programs to further
Philippines Wetlands data because if the rehabilitation utilize the Manila Bay as a
will be successful, the Manila Bay source of income and not to
will be productive. destroy, that is why we want to
comply.
Dr. Alabastro (EIA Preparer): As EIA

Preparer we will have in-depth
study for Marine ecology.
Representative from the In the previous years we Mayor Calixto: Sometimes drainage system SEE SECTION 2.1.3.3: FLOODING
Senate of the Philippines experienced flooding in our area is the cause of flooding due to siltation.
considering that our vicinity is not Maybe our City Engineer needs to inspect the Flooding- The project area falls within the delineated low to moderate
surrounded by informal settlers. drainage in your area to ensure the flood prone areas as shown in the flood hazard map (Figures 2.1-34 to
What will happen more if the 360 continuous flow of water so as not to cause 2.1-37) by MGB (2001) indicating that the project could experience
Pasay reclamation and Proposed flood. flooding if sea level rises by <5 meters. Considering its flat terrain and
265 project will be erected, flooding average elevation of about two (2) masl, the project site could
is an social problem. experience localized flooding especially if the drainage systems are
inadequate.
See also Section 2.2.3- Oceanography

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
PEOPLE Representative from The City Mayor has a very active Mayor Calixto: There is a big improvement Section 1. Project Description
Department of Tourism congruence. The City is one of the in Pasay City Government. The city is
destination for tourism and # 1 in considered as “Best Improved City” in the The proponent believes that the proposed 265-hectare reclamation
MICE because the city has their country and so this year we are planning to project will bring about meaningful progress to Pasay City and its people,
own convention facilities, CCP etc., put a tourism police because of number of and shall kick-start the favorable transformation of that section of the
We will abide to the development tourist destinations such as the Mall of Asa Manila Bay, instead of the area‟s further degradation. The proponent
market, inclusive growth and (MOA), hotels, MOA Arena, bus terminals cites the mega success of its past reclamation projects – the CCP
sustainability and we would like to and airport. After this reclamation project, Complex and the Mall of Asia areas – as proof and blueprint for success
develop a larger and stable income Pasay City will be #1. When I started my term of similar undertaking. In 2015 alone, the City Government of Pasay was
and with that thank you Pasay City! in 2010 the budget of Pasay City grew over able to collect about PhP3.2 billion in real property taxes, and business
the years hence we give monthly financial and work permits from the existing MOA reclamation area. With the
assistance to number of beneficiaries and we proposed project, the proponent could derive double, or even triple that
can give more assistance because of the amount, which will definitely translate to more and better services for the
reclamation project. This will be a great help people of Pasay.
and Pasay City becoming as World Class
area.
OTHERS Representative from For PRA or MBCO, what is the Mr. Santiago (DENR-EIA): For the threshold Not Applicable. The concern is for PRA or MBCO.
Society for the threshold of reclamation in Manila in Manila Bay, there are certain laws who can
Conservation of Bay apply for the project and the Programmatic
Philippines Wetlands Environmental Impact Statement (PEISS)
was raised and this differs because of the
memorandum of PRA.

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Who will be the developer for the Atty. Madrona: The reclamation project will Section 1: Project Description
Proposed Project? Is it the City of be developed by the City of Pasay together
Pasay or Private Developer? with our joint venture partner. Brief Background about the Proposed Project
Dr. Alabastro: The second phase which is Among the relevant Agreements / Instrumentalities covering the
the operations phase is not covered by this Project are as follows:
ECC application.
 The Memorandum of Understanding (MOU) dated 13th
December 2017 between the Philippine Reclamation Authority
and the City of Pasay, provided as Annex 3.
 Sangguniang Panlungsod Resolution No. 4182, S 2017

concurring in and ratifying the Joint Venture Agreement
between the City of Pasay and the Pasay Harbor City
Corporation.

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Representative form How will you set-up your Atty. Madrona: It will be the jurisdiction of Section 1: Project Description
DENR- EMB NCR monitoring? For instance Pasay City because the proponent of the
wastewater pollution, will it be project is the LGU, hence the LGU will hire Sewerage- Separate sewerage system for the handling of treated
directly go to a STP? Will each third party service provider and this third wastewater effluents will be constructed and will involve underground
locator have separate STP? party will hire other service providers and we concrete pipes.
will assess this third party contractor.
The Detailed Engineering Design (DED) to be submitted to the PRA for
Engr. Lagmay (CPDO head of Pasay): The the purpose of securing an NTP shall include consideration of the storm
monitoring is part of our framework in our run-off and wastewater/sewage along the following basis:
2014 CLUP, the timeframe is until 2022. We  Location must allow for flow by gravity to the discharge channels/canals
have a proposed framework and we will have  The population of the various land use locators
a detailed master plan for effluent and STP.  The City‟s own land use planning for the share of land it will get at no cost
to the government
Dr. Alabastro: What we do is to include this  Use of rainfall intensities in the Rational Formula based on Climate
and implement through the CLUP. We think Change Projections
that this is a sectionalized treatment and the
project will have own wastewater treatment. Types of Collection System
Mayor Calixto: Actually, this is included in These are separate sewers, combined sewers, pressurized sewers and
the national laws hence we will have no vacuum sewers.
problem. a. Separate Sewers
These sewers receive domestic sewage and such industrial wastes pre-
treated to the discharge standards as per the DENR regulations and
given the consent to discharge into sewers by the local pollution control
administration.
b. Combined Sewers
These sewers receive storm water in addition and have some
advantages in locations of intermittent rainfall almost throughout the year
and with a terrain permitting gravitated collection and obviously being
confined to a very small region as a whole. As otherwise,

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
in regions of seasonal rainfall like in monsoons, the combined system will
have serious problems in achieving self-cleansing velocities during dry
seasons and necessitating complicated egg-shaped sewers etc. to
sustain velocities at such times plus the treatment plant to be designed
to manage strong sewage in dry season and dilute sewage in monsoon
season as also the hydraulics there for. These sewers are also ideally
suited for resorts and private development.
c. Pressurized Sewers
Pressure sewers are for collecting sewage from multiple sources to deliver to an
existing collection sewer, and/or to the STP and are not dependent on gravity
and thus topography is not a challenge. Typically, sewage from establishments in
the vicinity is collected in a basin fitted with submersible pump to lift and inject
the sewage to a sewer on the shoulder of the roadway thus sparing the riding
surface from the infamous digging for initial repairs and often for repairs.
The principle advantages are the ability to sewer areas with undulating terrain,
rocky soil conditions and high groundwater tables as pressurized sewers can be
laid close to the ground and anchored well besides there cannot be infiltration
and exfiltration is quickly detected and set right and essentially smaller diameter
pipes and above all obviating the cumbersome deep manholes as also road
crossings by CI or DI pipes with trenchless technology laid inside a casing pipe
and installation without disrupting traffic, opening trenches across paved
roadways, or moving existing utilities etc. An important issue is for each plot to
have a grinder pump set and each commercial plot to have its own grease
interceptors to remove excessive fats, oils & grease before the grinder pump.
Obviously, this system is not suitable for continuous building area. A
disadvantage is the need to ensure unfailing power supply to the grinder pump
and hence this is perhaps limited to high profile condominiums and not the public
sewer system.

(30 April 2018)
Sector or
Suggestion
Who will manage the island? Is it Following key points are noted in respect of the organizational scheme:
the City Government?
Institutions Responsibilities
The City of Pasay  Monitor compliance to EMP by
contractors
 Coordinate and participate in monitoring
compliance
Philippine Reclamation  The government agency with overall
Authority/National
Development Authority
mandate over reclamation projects
Private Sector  The private sector member of this
Project Developer consortium is expected to take
responsibility for the reclamation
phase in accordance with the
agreements that will be made among
the members of the consortium.
 The Project Developer will be awarding
the reclamation/dredging works to
qualified contractor(s). The manpower
complement of the contractors will be
determined by the Contractors
themselves. The line of command will be
directly from the Project Developer
through its Project Manager to the
Contractor through the latter‟s
Construction Manager.

Table 3-5. Miscellaneous Position Papers

Sector or
Representative Who
EIA Module Issues/Suggestions Raised by Stakeholder How it was addressed in the EIS Study
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
People National Heritage Manila Bay is a National Historical Landmark as declared by Section 2.4. People
this Commission through NHCP Board Resolution No. 19 of
2012. :Declaring the Manila Bay and Waterfront from Del Pan The same issue was raised during Manila GoldCoast Development Corporation (MGDC) ECC
Bridge to the Cultural Center of the Philippines a National application for an ECC. Nevertheless, MGDC was issued an ECC dated 11 November 2014 under
Historical Landmark and amended by the NHCP Board ECC No.: ECC-CO-1312 – 0041. Board Resolution No. 19 of 2012, “Declaring the Manila Bay and
Resolution No. 1 S 2018 Extending the Shoreline to the waterfront from Del Pan Bridge to the Cultural Center of the Philippines a National Historical
Horizon. Thus, the Manila Bay must be preserved and Landmark” identifies the coverage of the historical landmark.
protected in line with the existing laws.
With respect to the above and based on the attached map, the proposed 265 Hectare Pasay
Reclamation Project is not covered . (See Section 2.4)
However, the NHCP Board Resolution No.1 2018 stipulated… “Extending the Scope of Resolution
No. 19, s.2012, to include the Waters of Manila Bay from the Shoreline to the Horizon. …
The foregoing resolution does not restrict nor prohibit the undertaking of the proposed project.
Water Letter of Senator Villar What is the impact of the proposed development to the flow of Section 2.2 Water
Wetlands International water from Laguna de Bay? Section 2.3 Air
What is the impact of the proposed development to flooding The project is distant from the outfall of the Laguna de Bay, shown in Figure 2.2-1 and therefore
after rainfall? During monsoons? does not disturb, impeded or obstruct the flow of water from Laguna Lake.
What is the impact of the proposed development with climate Rainfalls which flow are impeded by clogged esteros are the major contributors to flooding. The
change? reclaimed lands will not contribute to flooding and will in fact provide “sheltering” effect. Moreover,
as illustrated in Figure 2.2-27 and 2.2-28 the circulation patterns are not toward the shore.
The generation of CO2 a GHG from use of fossil fuels largely by the TSHD vessel will only
contribute an estimated 0.00015 % of the global inventory; page 2.3-9.
What is the impact of the proposed development to the Section 2.1 Land
longshore current? Section 2.2 Water
Will it cause flooding, erosion, accretion, subsidence? Where? As discussed in Section 2.2. Water- Oceanography the net changes in flow patterns as a result of
the project are not only minimal in magnitude but are not to the longshore, exemplified in Figure 2-


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
How will this impact on the existing reclaimed areas or future 27 and 2-28.
reclamation? Has a hydrology model been prepared? What are
the predicted impacts of the proposed project to the As discussed in Sections 2.1 and 2.2 the project itself will not cause flooding. Numerical modelings
oceanography of Manila Bay and the coastal zone (Roxas of particle dispersion indicate that erosion/accretion will not be contributed by the project.
Boulevard and beyond)? Subsidence in Metro Manila is not germane to the project as discussed in Section 2.1.
Hydrodynamics modelings are presented in Section 2.2 which discusses impacts on the existing
and potentially future reclamation projects, whereby it is predicted that the project will only result in
marginal effects.
What is the fate of solid/waste-water from land with the Inasmuch as the scope of the EIA report and the application for an ECC are focused only on
proposed project? Will it impound solid/waste-water in the activities through the horizontal development works, and there are minimal population for the
adjacent area? activities involved involving only vessel crew and construction workers the matter of improper solid
waste management is not germane. Instead this will be a significant concern during the Operations
Phase of the Project.
 Existing solid waste management and related scheme in the area

 Impacts of the estimated generation of solid wastes in terms of amount and
characteristics (hazardous of domestic) and other related issues on the existing
management scenarios
Devaluation of land value as a result of improper solid waste management and other related
impacts is not perceived. Solid wastes are generated by the population near the project site and
solid wastes to be generated by the proposed project are specific to the type and site of activities
such as:
 The use of construction equipment will necessarily involve fossil fuels and products such
as lubricating oil and generate spent oil wastes. These wastes will not be disposed to the
bay waters and instead be disposed to DENR-accredited third party TSD entities.
 On the other hand, maintenance works on the machinery and equipment, which would
generate wastes e.g. oil filters will be confined to the maintenance shop(s) onshore.
 Seabed silts are the solid wastes from the dredging of undesired seabed materials. Silt
curtains will be used as waste management facility to contain the dispersal of these


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
materials. The unwanted solid wastes will be disposed outside the project site by a third
party accredited disposal firm. Alternatively, these silts may still be usable as fill materials
and compressed on site thus avoiding disposal outside the reclamation site.
 Domestic wastes from workers during the construction stage will be monitored weekly
through visual count weekly; the garbage will either be picked up by the garbage disposal
unit of the City or transported to its garbage dumpsite.
Moreover, the contractor for the proposed project will be required to comply with the applicable
environmental laws and provide the appropriate mitigating measures at their expense.
Estimation of the amount of solid waste generation, characterization and management

scheme during the Construction Phase.
Solid wastes/garbage will be generated by the vessel crew. These are non-toxic and non-
hazardous wastes being of domestic origin. Management/ disposal will be by disposal at land
through a third-party solid waste disposal entity.
During the horizontal works at the reclaimed land, the construction workers will also generate
domestic garbage and construction scraps. Assuming a peak number of construction workers of
250 persons, domestic wastes may be projected to be at 75 kg/day which is relatively minimal.
Management will be by observance of RA 9003 which includes among others the 3 Rs: Reduce,
Reuse and Recycling
What is the impact of the proposed project on migration of See Section 2.2. Water- Oceanography
species to and from Laguna de Bay? See Section 2.2. Water- Marine
How will the proposed site impact on important feeding grounds As discussed on Section 2.2 there will be no impacts because of distance of site from Laguna Lake
of migratory birds? Manila Bay water does not normally flow to the Lake and neither does it contain significant species
that can migrate.
How will the proposed site impact on the nursery sites of fishes
and invertebrates? The LPPCHEA which host the migratory birds‟ feeding grounds is distant from the site, seen in
Figure 2.1-4. Further, the navigational lane of the TSHD which transport the filling materials is
How will the proposed project on the aquaculture of mussels in outside the area of influence of LPPCHEA, shown in Figure 1-23.


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
Cavite?
As discussed in Section 2.2- “Marine Ecology” there are no significant marine species at the site
and neither is the site hospitable for marine life.
As discussed in Section 4 - ERA, the mussel and aquaculture farms in Cavite is distant from the
site and are not in the navigational lane.
PEOPLE Letter of Senator Villar How many fisherfolk will be displaced? Section 2.2- Water
Wetlands International
Fisheries and fishing practices
In the absence of benthic habitats, no demersal fish populations were observed in twenty manta
tow pathways. In the absence of reef-associated fish assemblages, identification of pelagic fish
species present in the area at the time of survey was undertaken through boat-based surveillance
and opportunistic observations of species of fish during boat navigation for manta tows and
bathymetry. Unproductive fisheries has caused fishers to fish farther offshore and only two fishing
boats employing illegal trawls were encountered in the vicinity of the proposed reclamation area.
Farther offshore, some 35 fishing boats were counted fishing in the horizon approximately 3
kilometers away from the site. Catch rate and catch composition were investigated through
observation of actual fishing operations of the two fishing boats that were targeting seasonal squid
populations entering Manila Bay (Plate 2.2-4). Fisheries profiling was reinforced with Key
Informant (KI) interviews and a review of results of previous reclamation surveys to determine
dominant fisheries resource practices, catch composition and indicative productivity of fishing
gears.
In addition, dense aggregation of the stationary lift net, known as sapra, were observed in the
southern horizon but all were outside of the proposed reclamation project site. The coordinates of
the actual fishing encounters and fish observations, as well as the nearest „sapra‟ structures are
listed in Table 2.2-13 and shown in Figure 2.2-50. Also please Plate 2.2-4 and Plate 2.2-5.
How many boating enthusiasts or yacht men/women be Section 1. Project Description
affected?
The vicinity map shown in Figure 1-11 indicates that the site is distant from the Manila Yacht club.


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
The Manila Yacht Club will be among the stakeholders to be invited when the Public Hearing for
the Project is conducted.
Section 2.1. Land
The project does not conflict with the use or access to waterways and rivers within the site and its
immediate vicinity (See Figure 2.1-6). Based on the figure, the site is not located in the alignments
of and is distant from these waterways and water bodies, hence the said impact is not perceived.
The nearest river channels are: the Pasig River located 5 km to the northwest, Libertad Channel
found 2 km to the southeast, and Paranaque River located 6 km to the southeast
What is the impact of the proposed project on land –based During the reclamation/dredging through the horizontal development phase which is the subject of
sources of pollution (solid and waste-water) on the health of the the ECC application, there will be minimal impact on public health because the activities and the
residents and business sector along Roxas Boulevard? small number of persons (the sea vessel crews) involved will be confined at sea. The soil
stabilization and horizontal development works will also involve small number of construction
workers whose activities are confined to the formed land distant from the population centers.
The business sectors and location thereof will also be distant from the activities during this phase.
Moreover the activities during this phase of the project are only short lived as shown in Table 1-12,
the project timetable.
Discussed in Sections 1 and 2.1.
See Section 1: Project Description (Land Based Sources of Pollution)

See Section 2.1 Land (Land Based Sources of Pollution)
What ecosystems will be covered up by the proposed project? See Section 2.2. Water- Marine wherein is discussed the marine ecology covered by the
What ecosystem services will be lost forever? How much it will impact areas of the proposed project.
cost this and future generations?
In the absence of significant marine species at the impact areas there will be no loss of
Will the loss of benefits affect the goals of Ambisyon Natin significant marine species and in the ecosystem services for which there are no known
2040 in having a healthy environment? services at this time.


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
What are the results for other options? No project; proposed Benefits: See Section 1 principally on the Rationale of the Project. The mission and vision of
project located in other sites the City of Pasay as articulated in public by Mayor Calixto supports not only the economic
goals but also environmental stewardship. 40 % of the revenues from the project are
intended for environmental projects.
The increasing demand for readily developable lands for urban expansion areas has pushed the
real estate market in Metro Manila to its highest since the 1997 Asian financial crisis. Since the
other urban centers of Mega Manila has no other way to expand their existing inventory of land, the
increasing requirements for areas to accommodate and satisfy the demand for rapid commercial
and residential growth falls on the coastal LGUs. This therefore necessitates the creation of more
lands for economic activities through reclamation developments along the coastal areas of Manila
Bay. Among the Metro Manila LGUs, Pasay City is one of the smallest in terms of land area.
However, it has the potential to expand its land through sea reclamation activities.
The proposed Pasay City land reclamation project along the coast of Manila Bay, near the current
SM Mall of Asia complex, can produce some 2,650,000 square meters of additional
buildable/developable space. This could be translated into about 1,855,000 square meters of
building gross floor area, based on the existing 70% buildable vis-à-vis to 30% open space/public
area ratio. The additional 1,855,000 square meters of building gross floor area can be allocated for
tourism, office, residential, commercial, and other non-industrial mixed uses in a master planned
community including an integrated port facility complex for cruise ships visiting Manila.
The proposed 2,650,000 square meters of reclaimed land is in line with Pasay City Ordinance No.
5768 (Series of 2016), which calls for the reclamation activities covering the identified areas
located offshore of the current SM Mall of Asia Complex in Pasay City. The project will provide
expansion of the City‟s current land area for economic activities.
The allocation of the land created (the reclaimed land) by the Project is shown in Table 1-4.
Table 1-1. Land Use Allocation

A. Private Sector Area Allocated Percentage
1. Share of the private proponent 129.85 hectares 49%
B. Government (Public) Share


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
1. Pasay City Share (inclusive of the share of the
55.65 hectares 21%
National Government which the PRA may require)
2. Roads, Public Parks & Open Spaces (has.) 79.50 hectares 30%
Total (has.) 265 hectares 100%
The proponent believes that the proposed 265-hectare reclamation project will bring about
meaningful progress to Pasay City and its people, and shall kick-start the favorable transformation
of that section of the Manila Bay, instead of the area‟s further degradation. The proponent cites the
mega success of its past reclamation projects – the CCP Complex and the Mall of Asia areas – as
proof and blueprint for success of similar undertaking. In 2015 alone, the City Government of
Pasay was able to collect about PhP3.2 billion in real property taxes, and business and work
permits from the existing MOA reclamation area. With the proposed project, the proponent could
derive double, or even triple that amount, which will definitely translate to more and better services
for the people of Pasay.
The 265-hectare reclamation project is an expansion of the original 360-hectare project and is
intended to enhance further the visions embodied in the original project, i.e.:
 Further promote the well-being of the people of the City of Pasay especially in terms
of employment and livelihood;
 Stimulate city growth by providing a basic infrastructure – land to investors;
 Help solve congestion problems; and
 Actualize the vision of government through the PRA.
Thus, this proposed 265-hectare Pasay Harbor City will satisfy the current and future
demands of lands for tourism and commercial activities in accordance with Pasay City
Ordinance No. 5768 (Series of 2016) and in support of the “build-build-build” developmental
concept in Pasay City and in Metro Manila as envisioned by the current administration of
President Rodrigo Duterte.
Other Options: See Section 1 –Project Alternatives

Will the loss of benefits also affect the Philippine standing in the The project rationale does not involve the loss of benefit nor of conflicts with Conventions
international community, particularly in the Conventions and and Agreements.


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
Agreements that we have signed (e.g., Convention on Convention on Wetlands
Wetlands, Convention on Biodiversity, Sendal Framework for
Disaster Risk Reduction, Paris Agreement, national Adaptation This is taken to refer to:
Plan)? What is the impact on our privilege to avail of funds from
the Green Climate Fund? Convention on Wetlands of International Importance especially as Waterfowl Habitat
Ramsar, Iran, 2.2.1971 as amended by the Protocol of 3.12.1982 and the Amendments of
28.5.1987 Paris, 13 July 1994 Director, Office of International Standards and Legal Affairs
United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
With the following provisions among others:
2. The continuing bureau duties shall be, inter alia: a) to assist in the convening and organizing of
Conferences specified in Article 6; b) to maintain the List of Wetlands of International Importance
and to be informed by the Contracting Parties of any additions, extensions, deletions or restrictions
concerning wetlands included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 5 of Article 2; c) to
be informed by the Contracting Parties of any changes in the ecological character of wetlands
included in the List provided in accordance with paragraph 2 of Article 3; d) to forward notification
of any alterations to the List, or changes in character of wetlands included therein, to all
Contracting Parties and to arrange for these matters to be discussed at the next Conference; e) to
make known to the Contracting Party concerned, the recommendations of the Conferences in
respect of such alterations to the List or of changes in the character of wetlands included
therein…..
The Proponent for the Reclamation Project will participate through the Philippine
Government or its designated official representative to the Convention in the actualization
of the visions embodied in the Convention.
Convention on Biodiversity
 The domain of biodiversity relevant to the Project is the LPPCHEA.

 The project site is distant from the LPPCHEA (as well as from ECAs); the
navigational lane of the TSHD which transport the fill materials are distant from the


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
LPPCHEA.
Framework for DRR

 The City of Pasay has a unit on DRR which is coordinated with the NDRMC and
accordingly will include the project in its continuing enhancement of the DRR
policies and implementation guidelines.
The Paris Agreement (Page 2.3-11)
The Phil government commitment in the Paris Agreement is embodied in the NDC as pronounced
by then President Benigno S. Aquino III which includes the following major points:
The planting of 1.5 billion trees

Increase of the share of renewables in the energy mix
Reducing of greenhouse gas emissions conditionally by 70 percent by 2030
With specific relevance to the reclamation project following points are to be noted:
The generation of CO2 a GHG from use of fossil fuels largely by the TSHD vessel will only
contribute an estimated 0.00015 % of the global inventory; page 2.3-9.
The conditional reduction of GHG by 70 % largely relates to the use of coal as feed for power
plants
For the reclamation project the initiatives in support of the Paris Agreement will be
embodied during the Operations Phase which will include but not limited to:
Planting of trees in open spaces

Use of renewables (e.g. solar power units)
Optimization of water use such as by rainwater harvest and recycling


Sector or
Representative Who
Raised the Issue/
Suggestion
The Green Climate Fund
Upon project implementation, the Proponent will participate in this initiative defined in
general terms as follows (Source: Wikipedia)
The Green Climate Fund (GCF) is a fund established within the framework of the UNFCCC to
assist developing countries in adaptation and mitigation practices to counter climate change.
The GCF is based in the new Songdo district of Incheon, South Korea. It is governed by a
Board of 24 members and initially supported by a Secretariat.
The objective of the Green Climate Fund is to "support projects, programmes, policies and
other activities in developing country Parties using thematic funding windows".[1] It is intended
that the Green Climate Fund be the centerpiece of efforts to raise Climate Finance under
the UNFCCC.

SECTION 4. ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA)
INTRODUCTORY NOTES:
The term “risk” is not clearly explicitly defined because the word may have two distinct meanings.
It can mean in one context a hazard or a danger of an exposure to an accident, mischance or peril.
In another context, risk is interpreted more narrowly to mean the probability or chance of suffering
an adverse consequence from a fortuitous event. To illustrate, “flood risk” can refer to the presence
of a danger of flooding while a “flood hazard” to a specific probability that such a flood event may
occur and can be expressed in quantitative terms such as for example a “0.10% probability”.
Environmental risk refers to actual or potential threats of adverse effects on living organisms (man,
plants, animals, marine resources (e.g. fish), etc.) and the environment caused by effluents,
emissions, wastes, resource depletion, etc., arising out of activities involved in a project (Martin et
al., 1977).
Risk assessment is a systematic method of identifying and analyzing the hazards associated with
an activity and establishing a level of risk for each hazard. The hazards cannot be completely
eliminated, and thus, there is a need to define and estimate an accident risk level that can be
presented either in quantitative or qualitative way.
Figure 4-1 is an illustration of the risk assessment process.
HAZARD IDENTIFICATION
INCIDENT CHARACTERIZATION
CONSEQUENCE ANALYSIS FREQUENCY ANALYSIS
RISK ASSESSMENT
RISK MANAGEMENT
Figure 4-1. An Illustration of the Risk Assessment Process
 Hazard identification involves the identification of all possible events or processes that could
lead to disastrous or fatal incidents including potential hazards from substances, chemicals
and materials (both physical and biological) used in the project process that could result in
adverse effects on personnel/people and the environment. As an example for the project,
“materials” could include the fills sourced from other sites which will be examined and
screened for presence of harmful chemicals such as metals which if present could present
risk of contamination of the sea.
 Consequence analysis involves the assessment of the adverse or unacceptable effects or

results of an incident or episode from a project activity. When applicable mathematical
models may be employed for consequence analysis. An inherent limitation, however, of

mathematical modeling is the absence or incompleteness of statistical data which serve as

input to modeling.
 Frequency analysis is the estimation of the likelihood of number of occurrences of the

identified hazard and/or the time occurrences of such.
 Risk management refers to the overall process of prevention and reduction, of the evaluated
hazards, containment of the actual incident/episode, instituting response measures and the
monitoring and communicating of the risks to stakeholders and project proponent/developer.
The main objective of this section is to identify and analyse hazards, the event sequences leading
to hazards, the risk of hazardous events and the management of the elements of risks, particular
to this Project especially to the Reclamation Phase.
The discussions below are based on of the Revised Procedural Manual of DAO 03-30 in particular
Annex 2-7e. As stated in the RPM an ERA, within the context of Philippine EIS System, is
concerned primarily with safety risks (characterized by low probability, high consequence,
accidental nature and acute effects associated and focused on human safety).
As discussed in previous sections this EIS Report and the ECC application being made is
for the reclamation works (Construction Phase of the EIS cycle through the creation of land
and the horizontal development works) while the Operations Phase will be subject to
separate requirements of the PEISS. Thus, focus is made on the horizontal developments
only.
The ERA is focused on the sea movement of vessels, dredging and related activities. Once
the land is created, the ensuing period of at least one (1) year will no longer require the use
of the vessels and dredging equipment such as the TSHD and dredgers and will instead
involve land/soil stabilization and horizontal works only.
4.1 Level of Coverage of the ERA

Reference is made to Annex 2-7e of the RPM for DAO 2003-30
I. LEVELS OF COVERAGE AND SCOPING REQUIREMENTS
The requirement for the conduct of ERA shall be defined at three (3) levels:
a) Level 2 – for facilities that will use, manufacture, process or store hazardous materials in
excess of Level 2 threshold inventory shall be required to conduct a Quantitative Risk
Assessment (QRA) and prepare an Emergency/Contingency Plan based on the results of
the QRA.
b) Level 1 – for facilities that will use, manufacture, process or store hazardous materials in
excess of Level 1 threshold inventory shall be required to prepare an
Emergency/Contingency Plan based on the worst case scenario. The Plan shall be
based on a Hazard Analysis study.
c) Risk Screening Level – specific facilities or the use of certain processes shall require the
conduct of a risk screening study even if the projected or estimated inventory does not
reach the threshold levels.
II. TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR THE CONDUCT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RISK

ASSESSMENT
A. Determination of Risk Levels

Levels of Coverage and Requirements
a. Risk Screening Level. The following activities are required to undertake a risk
screening exercise:
1) Facilities for the production or processing of organic or inorganic chemicals using:

a) alkylation
b) amination by ammonolysis
c) carbonylation
d) condensation
e) dehydrogenation
f) esterification
g) halogenation and manufacture of halogens
h) hydrogenation
i) hydrolysis
j) oxidation
k) polymerization
l) sulphonation
m) desulphurization, manufacture and transformation of sulphur-containing
compounds
n) nitration and manufacture of nitrogen-containing compounds
o) manufacture of phosphorus-containing compounds
p) formulation of pesticides and of pharmaceutical products.
q) distillation
r) extraction
s) Solvation
2) Installations for distillation, refining or other processing of petroleum products.

3) Installations for the total or partial disposal of solid or liquid substances by
incineration or chemical decomposition.
4) Installations for the production or processing of energy gases, for example, LPG,
LNG, SNG.
5) Installations for the dry distillation of coal or lignite.
6) Installations for the production of metals or non-metals by a wet process or by
means of electrical energy.
7) Installations for the loading/unloading of hazardous materials as defined by RA
6969 (or DAO 29)
b. Levels 1 and Level 2 Threshold Inventory. The following threshold levels shall be
used to determine whether a proposed project or undertaking shall be required to
prepare a QRA and/or an emergency/contingency plan:
CATEGORY LEVEL 1 (tons) LEVEL 2 (tons)

Explosives 10 50
Flammable substances 5,000 50,000
Highly flammable substances 50 200
Extremely flammable substances 10 50
Oxidizing substances 50 200
Toxic substances (low) 50 200
Toxic substances (medium) 10 50
Toxic substances (high) 5 20
Toxic substances (very high) 0.2 1
Toxic substances (extreme) 0.001 0.1
Unclassified (Type A) 100 500
Unclassified (Type B) 50 200

Definition of different categories of hazardous materials:
Category Definition
A. Explosives 1. A substance or preparation, which creates the risk of an explosion by shock, friction, fire, or
(Reactivity) other sources of ignition.
2. A pyrotechnic substance (or mixture of substances) designed to produce heat, light, sound,
gas, or smoke or a combination of such effects through non-detonating self-sustained
exothermic chemical reactions.
B. Flammable 1. Flammable substances are substances and preparations having a flash point equal to or
Substances greater than 21*C and less than or equal to 55*C, capable of supporting combustion.
2. Highly flammable substances are substances and preparations which may become hot and
(Highly flammable finally catch fire in contact with air at ambient temperature without any input of energy, or
and extremely substances which have a flash point lower than 55*C and which remain liquid under
flammable pressure, where particular processing conditions, such as high pressure or high
substances) temperature, may create major-accident hazards.
3. Extremely flammable substances are liquid substances and preparations which have a
flash point lower than 0*C and the boiling point (or, in the case of a boiling range, the initial
boiling point) of which at normal pressure is less than or equal to 35*C; gaseous
substances and preparations which are flammable when in contact with air at ambient
temperature and pressure, whether or not kept in the gaseous or liquid state under
pressure; or, liquid substances or preparations maintained at a temperature above their
boiling point.
C. Oxidizing Substances which give rise to highly exothermic reaction when in contact with other
substances substances, particularly flammable substances.
D. Toxic Substances Low, medium, high, very high and extreme toxicity of substances or preparation are
classified as follows:
1. A substance shall be considered as a liquid if vapor pressure is less than 1 bar at 20*C.
2. A substance shall be considered as a gas if vapor pressure is greater than 1 bar at 20*C.
3. The sum of (a) and (b) as provided in Tables 2 and 3 shall determine the toxicity class as
contained in Table 1.
E. Unclassified Substances or preparations that react violently with water (Type A), and substances or
Substances preparations, which release or liberate toxic gas in contact with water (Type B).
Moreover, the guideline for Societal Risk is reflected in Figure 4-2.

–3
10
Intolerable
–4
10
Frequency of N or more Fatalities per year (F)
–5
10
ALARP
–6
10
–7
10
–8
Acceptable
10
1 10 100 1,000 10,000
Number of Fatalities (N)
Source: Figure 1 of Annex 2-7 e
Figure 4-2. Societal Risk Criteria

The following information relevant to the Reclamation Phase of the project is used in the assessment.
Environmental Risks are most relevant to and associated with the operations of the TSHD.
Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) is the fuel used which possess the following key properties:
0
Flash point est at 60 C
Max Volume Carried by TSHD 1 000 cu.m. HSFO
An Assessment
With respect to the guidelines stipulated in Annex 2-7 e of the Revised Procedural Manual, titled
“Procedural Guidelines for Scoping of Environmental Risk Assessment (ERA)”, the following
conclusions are thereby made:
 Under the criterion of processes, the project does not fall in any of the
guidelines/criteria
 Under the “hazardous” classification the fuel does not fall under the Categories on
“Explosivity, Flammability and Toxicity”.
 Under the Threshold Inventory guidelines, the type of fuel oil does not fall in the
category and thus the volume criterion is not relevant.
 The project is also outside the “Societal Risk” Criteria because the number of people
who may be affected by risks is only approximately less than fifty (50) who are the crew
and officers of the TSHD.
It may be cited that one of the prospective reclamation and dredging contractors stated that they did
not experience any risk or safety incidents such as fire, vessel collision, oil spills or vessel sinking in
the last five (5) years of their operations in the international waters.
4.2 Safety Risks
Focus is herein made on “safety risks” rather than on “impacts” the latter being potential results of
regular activities while the former is a result of probabilistic events or episodes.
The key aspects of risks for the construction phase are:
 Fire
 Explosion
 Release of toxic substances
4.2.1 Description of conditions, events and circumstances, which could be significant in

bringing about identified safety risks
Table 4-1 summarizes the identified safety risks from which it may be stated that such are remotely
identified with the reclamation/dredging activities.
Table 4-1. Summary Matrix of Safety Risks (Reclamation and Dredging Works)
Activities Safety Risks Probability of Incident Prevention/Control
Measures/Remarks
Dredging Fire Nil to Minimal Marine Diesel Oil (MDO)
used has high Flash Point
(At site and at source of fill, > 600 C
i.e,. San Nicholas Shoal) Explosion Nil MDO not explosive
Release of hazardous Nil to insignificant Bilge water treatment
substances Spent oil or on board leaks No HAPs (Hazardous Air
discharged to bilge not Pollutants) from exhaust of
overboard engines


Measures/Remarks
Filling at Site Fire Same as for Dredging Same as for dredging
Explosion Same as for Dredging Same as for dredging
Release of hazardous Same as for Dredging Same as for dredging
substances
Operation of Heavy Fire Same as for dredging Same as for dredging
Equipment Explosion Same as for dredging Same as for dredging
(e.g. pumps, pile drivers) Release of hazardous Oil sludge generated at Not discharged to bay,
substances vessel instead to onshore
Fire No Relevant Activity Not Relevant
Land Stabilization Explosion Involves only land
Soil stabilization Release of hazardous compaction; placement of
substances wick drains and allowing
land to settle
Based from the above table, there is no significant safety risks involved with the proposed project.
The activities involved are confined to the vessels at sea, away from population centers, thus there
are no societal risks associated.
It is noted, however, that the construction crew would be preparing meals and using LPG - a fire and
explosive substance. Cooking is confined to a designated place and the LPG used is a standard
cooking fuel. The LPG inventory however, does not classify this activity as a safety and risk
undertaking.
The possibility that bombs/ordnance from World War II may be present in the sea bed will not be
overlooked. The preparatory works to dredging will be on the lookout for these explosive materials.
During the Horizontal Work
The summary matrix for this cycle of the project is shown in Table 4-2.
Table 4-2. Summary Matrix of Safety Risks (Horizontal Development Phase)

Measures/Remarks
Road Construction Fire Nil to Minimal Heavy Diesel used has high
Flash Point
> 600 C
Explosion Nil Heavy Oil not explosive
Release of hazardous Nil to insignificant No activities involving
substances Spent oil or on board leaks release of hazardous
discharged to bilge not chemicals to the
overboard environment
Construction of Drainage Fire Same as for road Same as for road
System and of Explosion construction construction
Waste Water Treatment Release of hazardous
Units substances
Electrical distribution works; Fire Same as above Same as above
water distribution system; Explosion
communication system Release of hazardous
substances
Explosion
Release of hazardous
substances

4.2.2 Description & assessment of the possible accident scenarios posing risk to the
environment
4.2.2.1 Potential Accidents Involving Fishing Operations Along the Navigational Lane of the
TSHD
The risks to and accidents involving fisher folks are noted but are deemed not highly significant
because:
 There are no major fishing activities within or adjacent the reclamation site
 The work area at the site will be cordoned to avoid ingress of fisher folks and persons
not involved with the reclamation works.
The environmental resources that could potentially be at risk in a possible accident scenario are the
fish lifts in Bacoor, Cavite. During the travel of the TSHD to/from the San Nicholas Shoal, there could
exist potential risks of the vessel drifting towards the fish lifts such as during stormy weathers.
The mangrove communities were also considered but are deemed essentially free from risk because
of its distance from the navigational lane.
A baseline survey was made to establish the presence of stationary fishing gears, which may be
along the navigation path of the dredging vessel, and thus, could be subject to damage in case of
accidents.
The presence of stationary fishing gears was observed. However, there are no fish pens in the outer
seas, but only inside Bacoor Bay and boundary with Paranaque. The fishing gears encountered are
called “Sapra” or lift nets that are lighted at night, lifted every 3 to 4 hours for the capture of mostly
Tilapia, Ponyfish, Anchovies and Sardines. A total of 12 of these structures in the sea were
encountered, as shown in Section 2.2. These are located in the outer, deeper waters. Another
impact of a vessel accident (e.g. collision) is on the water quality of Manila Bay, which could
potentially affect the continuing mandamus “to clean-up, rehabilitate, and preserve Manila Bay,
and restore and maintain its waters to SB level”.
Table 4-3. The survey pathway

Station number and description Coordinates Notes
N 14 27 47.9
1-Starting point
E 120 55 56.1
N 14 30 04.4
2-Sangley point Cavite bend
E 120 55 03.2
Brgy. Siniguelasan, Bacoor
N 14 30 07.2
3-San Antonio going towards shoal;
E 120 54 16.0
N 14 33.012
4- end; Manila Yacht Club
E 120 56.775
Location of the Fish Lifts
These are defined by the coordinates below and shown in the Figures below
Table 4-4. Inventory of Lift Nets between Reclamation Site and San Nicholas Shoal
Lift Net No. Coordinates
1 N 14°31.009
E 120°55
2 N 14°30.936
E 120°55.930
3 N 14°30.854
E 120°56.247

Lift Net No. Coordinates

4 N 14°31.042
E 120°56.060
5 N 14°31.037
E 120°56.296
6 N 14°31. 210
E 120°56. 291
7 N 14°31. 389
E 120°56.300
8 N 14°31.545
E 120°56. 422
9 N 14°31. 291
E 120°56.461
10 N 14°31.240
E 120°56.702
11 N 14°31.178
E 120°57.261
12 N 14°31. 197
E 120°57.480

Figure 4-3. Location of the Fish Lifts and the straight-line alignment from the project site to the SNS

Figure 4-4. Relative Location of the Fish Lifts, the project site, and the existing and proposed navigational lanes

Photo Documentation of the Survey of the Navigational Lane
Plate 4-1. Survey boat in Brgy. Siniguelasan, Bacoor City
Plate 4-2. Oyster stakes in Bacoor Bay

Plate 4-3. Lift nets (“Sapra”) and mussel stakes in outer Bacoor Bay
There are no more fishing structures at this point and all throughout the navigational lane going to
San Nicolas shoal.
Plate 4-4. Brgy. San Antonio in Cavite City

Plate 4-5. The lift net line in the outer rim, deeper waters
Assessment
It may be concluded that the fisherolks and fish lifts are comfortably safe from risks of harm/damage
from the dredging vessels for the following reasons:
 The fish lifts are distant from the navigational lane at about 3 km away.
 There will be adequate time from typhoon or storm surge warnings to enable the vessel to
dock at safe pier and not proceed to its voyage. The sailing time from project site to the point
of the navigational lane is only 1 hour thus allowing sufficient time for the ship to be warned.
Mitigation/Preventive Measures
Simple preventive measures that will be observed are:
 Avoidance of possible damage to the fish pens/lift nets by cruising strictly along the
navigational lane, which is distant from these pens/lift nets.
 Strict observance of the protocol/requirements of the Philippine Coast Guard such as “no
shipping/travel” policy during inclement weather conditions.
 The prohibition of no shipping during inclement weather essentially renders the risk at zero.
 Consideration by the PCG of setting up navigational lanes which are regularly patrolled

4.2.2.2 Potential Oil Spills from the TSHD Vessel
The fact that the TSHD will carry Marine Diesel Oil (MDO) suggests that risks be considered on
potential oil spills.
Preventive Measures
These consist of
a. Assurance of sea worthiness of the sea vessel (TSHD) through:
 Compliance with international and local (PCG) standards

 Training of vessel crew and personnel
 Possession of adequate navigational aids
 These features of the vessel are discussed in Section 1
b. Inspection by the PCG of the integrity of the oil storage tank in the vessel
Record of last inspection of the tank
Checking of safety instruments of the oil system e.g. valves, fittings
c. Provision for on board oil spill containment and recovery equipment e.g.
Oil Spill Boom

Approved oil spill dispersant
Oil recovery equipment e.g. oil pump
d. Oil spills collected must not be discharged at sea but on shore through an accredited third
party TSD
e. Proper training and accreditation of the Vessel crew
4.2.3 Description of the hazards, both immediate (acute effects) and delayed (chronic effects)
for man and the environment posed by the release of toxic substance, as applicable. The
safety policy and emergency preparedness guidelines consistent with the regulatory
requirements. Emergency Preparedness should also consider natural hazards to the
infrastructures and facilities
By way of reference, typical classification of hazardous wastes is provided in Table 4-5.
Table 4-5. Typical Classification of Hazardous Wastes and Relevance to

Reclamation Works
Classification Under DAO 36 Proposed Revisions Remarks
Putrescible Organic Wastes Grease trap wastes From food preparation of vessel crew
Collected separately and disposed on
Used or Waste Oils from operation of shore or discharged to the bilge
on board equipment Collected separately and disposed on
shore or discharged to the bilge
Inks/Dyes/Pigments, etc. Resinous Materials Not involved in reclamation
Containers Waste containers previously Hazwastes involved are minimal
containing hazwastes quantities of spent lighting bulbs and
computer parts
Organic Chemicals Wastes containing halogenated Not involved in reclamation works
chemicals
Miscellaneous Wastes Containing Pathogens Not involved in reclamation works
Not specified Waste electrical and electronic Computer system only WEEE aspect
equipment (WEEE) of project
SOURCE: Public Consultation on MMT Organized by the EMB dated April 12-13, 2016 at Hotel Jen, Manila

It may be deduced from Table 4-5 that the project does not involve hazardous wastes based on
present classification (DAO 36) and prospective reclassification.
4.2.3.1 Chronic Risks. Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances (i.e. cyanide, mercury,

etc.) in Water
The generation of significant quantities of toxic and hazardous substances is considered nil in the
proposed project as this is not included in the activities during the reclamation/ construction phase.
The risk factor that needs to be carefully identified during the construction phase is the potential
contamination of the Bay with toxic and hazardous substance that may be present in the filling
materials.
If the filling materials would be sourced from Manila Bay itself, this risk is greatly reduced or would be
absent. Pre-screening of any filing materials to be used would be mandatory; complete chemical
analysis for toxic elements, e.g.: cyanide, mercury, lead, chromium, etc. must be necessarily
undertaken.
The use of and sourcing of the filling materials from its likely source, i.e., the San Nicholas Shoal in
Cavite, is to be subject to prior permits and clearances from the Philippine Reclamation Authority. One
of the requirements for securing such permits/clearances is an ECC.
Notwithstanding that the import of filling/burrows are to undergo strict screening and evaluation,
mitigation measures will nevertheless will put in place for dispersal of silts/disturbed sea beds. The
use of containment sheet piles along the perimeter of the project will further ensure that any
toxic/hazardous substances will not disperse beyond the reclamation area.
4.2.3.2 Concentrations of Toxic/Hazardous Substances (i.e., cyanide, mercury, etc.) in Air and
Land
The substances/materials listed below are not considered as highly significant considering the low
quantities involved with the nature of the project, which involves the construction phase only.
Table 4-6. Initial Listing of Potential Toxic and Hazardous Substances Involved in
the Reclamation Activities
Nature of Substance Source Estimated Inventory
Oil Waste From Use of Diesel Oil in Dredging ≈ 10-20 drums
Vessel
Spent Lighting Fixtures From Dredging Vessel 10-20 units
From street lighting during soil 25 units
stabilization phase
Computer Parts Scraps From onsite office 100 kg
Spoiled Food Wastes From construction workers abroad Minimal (regular on shore disposal)
dredging vessel
The potential presence of toxic/hazardous substances in the fill materials is not included in the above
list because the fill materials may be sourced from Manila Bay itself, i.e., the San Nicholas Shoal. All
fill materials will be subject first to prescreening, which will include tests of the presence of toxic and
hazardous substances.
During the operations phase, the common materials designated under RA 6969 as being hazardous
will be generated. These will include the following:
a. Spent lighting fixtures which may contain metallic elements
These are disposed through third-party accredited TSD (Treatment, Storage and
Disposal) companies accredited with the EMB.

b. Mobile Source Air Toxics (MSATs)
These are generated by vehicles and may include benzene, aromatics, aldehydes,
polycyclic aromatic benzenes, and other hydrocarbons inherently present in fossil fuels.
The reclamation works will not involve use of land-based vehicles.
The use of clean fuel such as Euro IV P gasoline or diesel oil should be encouraged. The
specification for marine fuels is dictated by International Standards, e.g. the “MARPOL”
or International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships, the US EPA and
others.
4.2.4 Dangerous Substances/Organisms with Risk of being released into the environment
Various Issues / Concerns on dangerous substances/organisms are explained below
 How dangerous are the substances/organisms that risk being released into the
environment?
The basic information on the Project discussed in several sections of the EIS is herein reiterated to
give a good appreciation of the responses:
Nature and Scope of the Project includes only the construction phase or the reclamation activities the
components of which are the following:
Table 4-7. Summary of Project Components

Potential Dangerous Substances or Organisms
Components
that Risk Release
Islands (2)
Total Land Area
Not Applicable
 Platform elevation
 Water Channels Not Applicable
 Vertical Containment Not Applicable
Structure
 Wave Deflector Not Applicable
 Drainage System Not Applicable
 Electricity, water and Not Applicable
communications systems
 Wastewater treatment units Not Applicable
 Water supply system (During Not Applicable
Reclamation Phase)
 Street Lighting Not Applicable
4.3 Physical Risks- Failure of Structure which could endanger life, property and/or the
environment
4.3.1 Description of conditions, events and “trigger”, which could be significant in bringing
about identified physical risks
4.3.2 Description & assessment of the possible accident scenarios posing risk to the
environment
4.3.3 Description of the hazards both immediate (acute effects) and delayed (chronic effects)
for man and the environment posed by the failure of structure, as applicable
The “failure of structure” referred to in this Phase is the collapse of the reclaimed land. There will be
no vertical structures to be constructed during this Phase.

Although highly unlikely because of engineering and design interventions, use of internationally-
accepted construction technology and methodology, the use of sound fill materials and rocks and the
employ of proven Contractor, a discussion is nevertheless made on this potential physical risk.
The environment that will be at risk is the Direct Impact Area of the project, i.e. the boundaries of the
landform including the islands.
The immediate remedial activity is to deploy silt curtains to the boundaries of the landform to prevent
dispersal of silt.
Temporary containment structures, e.g. sheet piles or armor rocks will be imbedded to prevent
dispersal of other heavier materials from the collapsed landform.
Table 4-8. Summary Matrix of Physical Risks

Activities Physical Risks Probability of Prevention/Control Measures
Incident
Dredging Accidents to Construction Personnel Nil to insignificant  Safety Training of Construction Crews
 Safe worthy equipment
Filling Accidents to Construction Personnel Nil to insignificant  Safety Training of Construction Crews
 Safe worthy equipment
Operation of Heavy Accidents to Construction Personnel Nil to insignificant  Safety Training of Construction Crews
Equipment  Safe worthy equipment
It is thus concluded that there exists no significant safety risks, further since the activities are confined
to the reclamation area and away from population centers there are no societal risks associated.
Risks of Collapse of Land Created
While recognized these risks are considered of no serious concerns because:
The reclamation/dredging contractor to the selected will necessarily satisfy all the
requirements for the work and must possess and be backed up by long years of successful
similar work experiences.
4.4 Emergency Response Policy and Generic Guidelines
Policies on HSE
Inasmuch as the direct responsibility for Health, Safety and Environmental concerns rest on the
Dredging/Reclamation Contractor, a judicious selection process for the Contractor will necessarily be
made. The formal award of the Contract cannot be made until after the securing of an ECC. However,
provided below are basic policies and guidelines on HSE of an international reclamation practitioner.
4.4.1 General
All vessels working / sailing for the project have to comply with the local and international maritime
requirements or protocol such as that prescribed by the Philippine Coast Guard and under the
MARPOL. Some of the requirements are:
 Communication procedures with Port Authorities;

 Anchoring;
 Towing;
 Speed limitation within port;
 Etc.
All vessels / barges must have valid harbour craft license or equivalent. Official inspections on the
vessel regarding its construction and required safety appliances must be carried as per regulations.

Prior to commencement of operations, all relevant notices (e.g. Notifications to Mariners; Port Marine
Notices) shall be provided to the Master, who will verify them for implementation.
4.4.2 Responsibilities and Duties
All personnel are responsible for the safety of themselves and those they work with. They have a duty
to take action to prevent accidents at all times, in accordance with accountability for HSE.
 The Master of a vessel is responsible for the safety of the vessel and all those on board
at all times. He has the authority to decide whether any operations affecting the vessel
should proceed or be terminated, and should question any instructions issued to him that
create a hazard to the vessel and all those on board.
 Emergency response on an ISM certified vessel takes place in accordance with the
Master Roll. The Master Roll shall show the duties assigned to the different members of
the ship's crew.
4.4.3 Onboard HSE Inductions
All personnel joining the vessel for the first time or who have not been on board within the previous 6
months will be required to undergo HSE induction training („Information at recruitment‟ resp.
„Familiarization‟) from the Captain or Chief Engineer. Training shall include but not be limited to
aspects of living and working on board a vessel or barge:
 Layout of the vessel

 Housekeeping rules
 Muster Stations
 Emergency Alarms
 Safety Equipment
 PPE
 Emergency Escape Routes
 HSE Management
 Environmental Awareness
Signed function descriptions and records of familiarization / information at recruitment shall be
available onboard.
After boarding a vessel, visitors shall report to the Master who shall give a small induction on the
particular dangers and rules on the vessel. Visitors shall always be guided during visits on deck.
4.5 Site Basic Safety Rules
The vessels shall make the necessary communication, depending on the type and operations of the
vessel, with other vessels and/or with the Radio Room by means of the VHF channel that has been
set up for the project.
Approaching or leaving a jetty or another vessel shall be done at a low speed, avoiding high waves
and thus allowing safe boarding. Life jackets of the inflatable type or work vest type shall be worn in
following situations:
 when boarding / deboarding a vessel / jetty;

 when working near or over the sides of a vessel;
 when there is a danger of falling into the water;
 when working on other locations as specified by the supervisor or safety officer.
Other rules include:
 Reference is made to the specific SWP for PPE.

 Standards for housekeeping on the vessel (e.g. deck, galley, accommodation, etc.) shall
be followed.
 The crew shall be competent and shall be made familiar with various emergency situations
and hazardous applications through toolbox meetings and drills.
 Regular inspections shall be held by the Master, Safety Officer or Chief Engineer. The
inspection and the frequency shall depend on the type of vessel.
 Mooring to other vessels or to jetties shall be done safely and with correct and sound
mooring ropes.
 Fishing is not allowed on site.
 Smoking is only permitted in designated smoking areas.
 Drugs are not permitted on board. Persons taking medication are to advise the medic of
their medical condition and show the prescription drugs they are taking.
 All crew shall be in possession of a valid medical fitness certificate, correct seaman‟s book
and correct STCW95 certificates for the function they have.
During periods of rough weather the following rules are to be observed:
 Crew shall not work in external areas of the vessel unaccompanied.

 Watertight closures are to be secured and shall be kept clear of obstructions.
 Watertight doors shall always be secured after passing through them (this should be
observed in good weather conditions also).
 On vessels with low freeboard working decks such as anchor handlers and tugs where
decks are easily awash the following precautions will be taken:
o Personnel shall not work in external areas of the vessel unaccompanied.
o Personnel working on external decks shall wear a work vest.
When entering a Port, the vessel shall adhere to the specific Port Regulations, which could handle:
 Pilotage, navigation
 Anchorage, berth, mooring, bunkering
 Security measures
 Arrival and departure procedures
Prior to arrival at a Port, the SOPEP contact list must be available on the bridge. Reference is made
to other SWP that could be applicable to vessel operations:
 Dredging and reclamation

 PPE
 Hot Work
 Lifting
During lifting operations on a vessel, particular attention should be paid to the following factors:
 Wind speed
 Vessel motion
 Visibility
 Suitability, certification and Safe Working Load (SWL) of equipment and rigging to be used
All crane operators shall be competent and authorized. Rules for cabins:
 Keep your cabin clean.

 Clean your toilet and shower area at regularly.
 Clean the drains very good on regular times.
 Use Biotal 2000 (or similar product) for your toilet and drains.
 When furniture is broken tell Captain or Chief mate.
 Do not smoke a cigarette on bed, and always use an iron ashtray.
 Do not keep food in your refrigerator.

4.6 Standard safe work operations
4.6.1 Mooring and Unmooring
General
The deckhands shall be fully acquainted with the mooring procedure and the equipment. The
deckhands shall check if the equipment is operational and tested. Mooring wires and ropes shall be
replaced when they are damaged to a certain grade (i.e. when damage is more than 10% of the
diameter; when a wire is badly kinked; etc.). The decks shall be well illuminated.
The deckhands that handle the ropes / wires shall always wear a hardhat, gloves and safety shoes.
They shall be aware that standing in bights or near wires / ropes under tension is not allowed.
The crew shall be aware that, when working over / near water, a life vest needs to be worn. Means of
communication shall be available during mooring activities.
Mooring of Barges alongside dredger, crane barges or anchored pontoons
Captains of barges approaching alongside dredger, crane barges or anchored pontoons shall be
aware of treacherous currents and movements of the other vessel. Only EXPERIENCED skippers
shall operate/sail the barges.
For the fastening of barge to the dredger, crane barges or anchored pontoons, the deckhands shall
prepare at least 4 m of slack in the wire or use a pendant wire in order to prevent the deckhands on
the other vessel from heavy pulling/lifting.
Stepping over wires or ropes when the barge is alongside, especially during rough weather
conditions, must be avoided at all times.
Towing
The towing operation shall be in the charge of a competent tow Master and shall be properly planned
and prepared in order that the voyage may be made in a safe and efficient manner without presenting
a hazard to other shipping or offshore installations.
The selection of a towing vessel is based on its adequacy for the tow in the worst weather conditions
to be encountered in the proposed area of operation. The type, specification and bollard pull (BP) of
the vessel for a specific tow operation shall be defined. Prior to selection, a tow vessel will undergo
suitability audit carried out by the technical department in order to ensure that the vessel is fit for the
intended work scope.
If required, a Marine Warranty Surveyor shall check the sea fastening of cargo and the setup of the
towing arrangements.
4.6.2 Engine and machinery room safety
Some procedures for safe working practices in engine and machinery rooms are defined below.
Mechanics, engineers and wipers shall be made familiar with these basic rules.
General:
 Think safety, try to predict, avoid and eradicate hazards.

 The following protection must be worn prior to entering a machine space: skin protection;
protective clothing; footwear with slip and oil resistant soles; ear defenders; and if
applicable, protective gloves and hard hat.
 Check where repair and maintenance work is in progress and ensure correct warning
signs are in position.
 Do not run in a machinery space.

 Ensure visitors are suitably dressed, protected and familiar with E.R. procedures. Officers
in charge must be informed of their presence.
 Asbestos holding items are removed from the vessel. Alternatively, possible asbestos
holding items (of a none-dangerous type) are identified and crew is made aware of
correct procedures regarding working with these items.
Unmanned E.R. and machinery spaces:
 Do not enter alone and always notify the officer in charge or the bridge.
 Before entering, ensure reporting and communication procedures are clearly understood.
 Safety procedures must be displayed at all entrances.
 Ensure adequate illumination is provided.
 Be aware that machinery may start and stop automatically.
 Do not attempt to rescue casualties alone, call for the Emergency Team.
 Be aware of toxic and explosive risks in certain machinery spaces.
Main engines and auxiliaries:
 When checking machinery, beware of moving parts and high temperatures.

 Be particularly observant in checking for oil and fuel leaks. These give the highest
potential for fire.
 Be aware that some machines start and stop automatically.
 Ensure that all machinery is guarded correctly, especially after maintenance.
 During maintenance of machinery, ensure that all loose parts are securely stored.
 Engine room deck plates, grids and handrails must be securely fixed, clean and free from
debris.
 All bilges and mud boxes must be kept clean and free from obstruction.
Boilers:
 All manufacturers‟ operating procedures must be clearly displayed and observed.

 Correct flashing up procedure must be followed to avoid risk of blowback.
 All escape routes from boiler fronts and firing spaces must be kept clear.
 Ensure uptakes are maintained free from gas leaks.
Workshop and stores:
 All loose items of equipment and spare gear must be securely stored.
 Workshop machinery must be suitably guarded with specific protective equipment
available and mandatory signs displayed.
 All consumables must be correctly stored in accordance with suppliers‟ instructions and
ship safety procedures.
 All wastes to be correctly packaged for disposal in accordance with MARPOL Annex V or
project requirements.
 When using pneumatic or hydraulic equipment, ensure they are set at the correct working
pressure and have been checked for serviceability.
 Use welding screens and head shields when arc welding and do not leave hot items
unattended.
 Only trained personnel should use metal working machinery.
 Grinding wheel regulations must be observed.
4.6.3 Hatches and doors closed at sea
The risks of open doors:
 unwanted water flow could occur during sailing and stormy weather;
 the compartmentalization is no longer guaranteed during a calamity or collision.
Prevention:
 all watertight doors on deck must be closed and locked during sailing and working;
 doors shall be checked regularly during safety rounds;
 the importance of the closure and locking of doors shall be emphasised during toolbox-
meetings.
The risk of open horizontal hatches on deck an inside the ship:
 because of overflow when dredging, water, silt and other (polluted) spoil could flow in
rooms, resulting in major damage and pollution;
 unwanted water flow could occur during sailing and stormy weather;
the compartmentalization is no longer guaranteed during a calamity or collision.
Prevention:
 all hatches must be closed and locked during sailing and working;
 check regularly during safety rounds;
 emphasize the importance of the closure and locking of hatches during toolbox-meetings.
Furthermore, condition of all automatic doors and hatches shall be checked regularly. As a minimum,
the following items should be checked:
 warning signal (when opening/closing bell and/or revolving light);
 alarm signal to bridge or to engine room;
 availability operating instructions near the door;
 doors and hatches can be easily opened;
 emergency stop; and
 condition and watertight function of seals of doors and hatches.
4.6.4 Shipboard food and hygiene
Recommended procedures for health and safety in pantries, galleys and freezers are described
below. Cooks and stewards shall be made familiar with these basic rules. Only authorized persons
who have undergone food hygiene training and specific medical checks and vaccination shall carry
out the preparation and handling of food.
Health and hygiene:
 Hands and fingernails must be kept clean at all times using hot water and anti-bacterial
soap.
 Wash hands between handling meat, fish, fruit and vegetables or visiting the toilet or
blowing your nose.
 Cuts, burns and abrasions must be covered with a suitably colored waterproof dressing.
 All illnesses to be reported immediately. If dysentery or diarrhea is suspected, stop work
at once.
 No smoking, eating or drinking in food handling areas.
 Clean protective clothing and head covering must be worn at all times to protect food and
handler.
 Do not cough or sneeze near food.
Food preparation:
 Do not use the same knife, chopping board or preparation surface for raw meat, fish,
cooked food, fresh vegetables and fruit.
 Never use cracked or broken utensils.

 Use cleaning materials in accordance with manufacturer‟s instructions and never allow
them to come into contact with food.
 All food must be thoroughly cooked to a safe internal temperature.
 Separate storage compartments must be used for raw and cooked foods.
 Do not handle food unnecessarily.
 Food must be washed properly where necessary.
Galley and pantry equipment:
 Extreme care must be taken when turning on stoves or deep-fat fryers, especially if oil of
gas fired.
 Range guards must be used in rough weather.
 Microwaves must be used in accordance with manufacturer‟s instructions.
 Deep-fat fryers must have safety lids, which can smother a fire. Never use water to
extinguish a fat fire.
 Knives, saws and choppers should be kept sharp and housed in secure racks or safely
sheathed. Don not mix with other items when washing-up.
 Do not grab a falling knife.
 Faulty appliances must be reported and taken out of service. A „do not use‟ notice must
be displayed.
 When cleaning or unblocking, ensure equipment is switched off and isolated. All parts in
contact with food must be washed, rinsed, sanitized and air-dried.
 Food wastes and other garbage must be immediately stored in designated containers and
disposed of in accordance with MARPOL Annex V and with the project specific
requirements.
Temperature control:
 It is the temperature of the food and not the air temperature of the holding unit that must
be maintained.
 Always load the refrigerator in accordance with the manufacturer‟s instructions.
 Keep the thermometer in the coldest part of the fridge and check regularly that the
temperature is between 0°C and 5°C.
 The coldest part of the fridge should contain the most perishable foods such as cold
meats.
 All raw or uncooked food must be wrapped.
 Do not overload or put hot food in the fridge.
Slips, halls and trip hazards:
 Wear slip resistant footwear, which offers protection from hot fat or boiling water.
 Decks and gratings must be kept free of grease.
 All spills and breakages must be cleaned-up immediately.
 When using stairs and companionways, keep one hand free to use the handrail.
 Do not carry items in such a way as to obscure your view.
 Wherever possible, ensure all deck coverings are of the anti-slip type, especially outside
refrigeration rooms.
Refrigeration, freezer and store rooms:
 All doors must be fitted with both means of opening and sounding alarm from inside.
 The alarm should be tested weekly.
 Personnel using refrigerated rooms must be familiar with operating alarms and handles in
darkness.
 Always inform others when entering their areas and take the padlock and key with you.

 Refrigerant leaks must be reported immediately and warning notices posted on outside
doors.
 Stores must be stowed securely to prevent movement in rough weather.
4.6.5 Navigation
General
 Masters shall ensure that their vessels are navigated in full compliance with the
International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea, 1972 (COLREG), without
exception.
 Prior to commencing any voyage Masters must ensure that a passage plan for the
voyage has been developed and all Watch keeping / Navigating Officers are familiarized
with it.
 Masters must ensure that all necessary charts and nautical publications for the area of
operation are carried on board the vessel and that they are up to date with all the latest
amendments and corrections. Where the area of operation will include subsea assets and
platforms, the Master must also ensure that he has the latest field charts on board the
vessel.
 Unless advised to the contrary or for safety reasons, vessels shall make best safe
economical speed at all times.
 Vessels involved will be equipped with bathymetry maps showing areas of sensitivities.
Furthermore, these areas will be marked in the dredge survey computer.
 Vessels shall anchor at anchoring areas indicated by the port. Alternatively, JAN DE NUL
shall define designated safe anchoring zones outside sensitive areas. Vessels will not
anchor outside designated anchoring areas unless in an emergency situation.
 Latest admiralty charts (ECDIS) will be provided of the working and sailing area to ensure
that exclusion zones and subsea obstructions and installations are known to the officers.
Bridge Watch keeping:
 A safe navigational watch must be kept at all times and every opportunity must be taken
to physically check the vessel‟s electronic position referencing systems against visual
observation and charts.
 A proper visual lookout shall be maintained at all times and the Officer of the Watch shall
be responsible for taking timely action in order to avoid collision, grounding or close
quarter situations.
 During periods of reduced visibility, Master‟s shall ensure that additional lookouts are
posted, appropriate sound signals are made and a radar watch is maintained on both
long range (12 nm) and short range (6 nm or less).
Preparing bridge before sailing
 Check compass error

 Compare gyro compass-reading with magnetic compass-reading
 Ascertain deviation by either adding or subtracting the variation and check outcome with
deviation-table
 Put radars on stand by
 Start two steering-pumps
 Check if rudders are free of obstacles and then turn rudders full to SB and PS and check
rudder-indicators
 Do this also with only SB and PS pump running
 Switch the Doppler-log on
 Check scanners of both radars and run the “Nucleus” radar and align gyro course, set the
speed to log speed and adjust the screen brilliance / contrast. If the visibility is poor, then
also do this with the second radar
 Test the ship‟s air whistle and its automatic signal blasting device

 Check if the bottom doors are fully closed and if the hydraulic pressure switch is set to
“high”
 Check navigation-lights (including NUC-lights and X-mass tree) and leave the sailing
lights burning
 Check communication with engine room by telephoning two ways with them and test the
telegraph (you must go to the “engine room-control to do this) after this return to “bridge-
control”
 Check portable radio sets on allowed channels only and hand them out to the fore- and
aft mooring party or anchor hewing party
 Check if propellers are clear and when the control is the engine is on bridge-control than
try to adjust the pitch slightly ahead and astern prior to unmooring the ship
 Switch on the VHF‟s on the correct frequencies
 Put the correct nautical charts on the chart table
 Check if the DGPS position readout is correct
 Check if the echo sounder is operational and if the reading make sense
 Check the bow thruster by running it slowly PS/SB after you checked if there are no
polypro ropes or rubble floating next to you
 Check window wipers
 Make sure standing orders are available
 Check on the navtex and check if anything important is on the printout
 Check searchlights and torches
 Check if everything is secured on the bridge and check with the dredge master if this is
the case on deck
 Check if the pilot ladder is stowed away correctly or lowered to the correct height. In the
latter case check if there is a life buoy and a deck light available
 Check the GMDSS radio equipment
 Place minimal two binoculars on the bridge console
 Hoist the appropriate flags for instance the “H” (Pilot on board) or show the appropriate
lights if required by harbour rules and regulations (ask the pilot!)
4.6.6 Weather
The Master and/or the Superintendent shall continuously monitor the weather conditions and shall
restrict or even interrupt certain works when safe work is not possible.
Adverse Weather
Adverse Weather is defined as environmental conditions that may affect people, equipment or
facilities, to such an extent those precautionary measures must be taken to safeguard the vessel or to
maintain a safe system of work. Adverse weather includes, fog, hail, lightning, heavy rain, high winds,
low cloud base, poor visibility, severe sea states and strong currents. In certain circumstances low/no
wind can also be adverse weather. Weather conditions can change quickly and the effects of short-
term variations such as wind gusts must be considered.
Weather Limits
Weather limits must take into account the location and type of worksite, the nature of the work to be
carried out, and the time required to secure the worksite before the onset of adverse weather.
Weather limits should be identified in terms of the following categories as appropriate:
 Wind Speed
 Wind Direction
 Sea State
 Air Temperature
 Humidity
 Rainfall
 Visibility

Weather Forecasts
Weather forecasts should be obtained on a regular and frequent basis, at least every 12 hours and
with a minimum coverage of 36 hours and a 5-day outlook. The forecasts as a minimum should
provide the following information:
 Wind speed and direction

 Sig and max wave height, wave period and wave direction
 Swell direction, period and height
 Visibility
 Humidity
 Rainfall
 Significant temperature change
 Barometric pressure and tendency
 Risk of weather phenomena such as fog, thunderstorms, etc.
Movement Of Personnel During Adverse Weather
Site supervisors should carry out an assessment of the risk to personnel during adverse weather. In
addition, supervisors responsible for the area should continue to frequently monitor external and other
vulnerable areas throughout periods of adverse weather and put in place any necessary control
measures to minimize risk to individuals. They should advise management of the need to review all
other work in progress, to assess the impact of the adverse weather, and in particular access to and
from modules and worksites. Personnel movement in external areas affected by adverse weather
should be limited to the covered, sheltered or leeward areas of the location. Emergency Exit doors
may have to be used for access to the leeward side of accommodation modules. Personnel should be
made aware of restrictions or the alternatives to normal access routes, by the public address system
and by the erection of safety barriers. Provision of guard/restraining lines may be necessary at areas
such as walkway corners where wind effects are particularly severe, when such routes have to be
used in adverse weather.
In severe weather, there may be occasions when all personnel will have to remain inside. Any
operations, which cannot be continued without personnel access to weather affected areas, shall be
suspended. 'Weather Watch Inspections' to look for loose items, carry out damage assessment, or
perform meteorological observations should only be performed when it is safe to do so and should not
be carried out by an unaccompanied individual.
4.7 Basic Safety Equipment
General
In essence, the safety equipment that is required to be onboard a vessel is reflected in the vessel‟s
safety plan. This safety plan depends on the vessel‟s class, in compliance with SOLAS regulations,
and is required to be approved by the Class surveyor. A copy of the safety plan can be found on
various locations on the vessel.
ISM certified vessels have specific procedures and instruction regarding safety equipment within their
ISM system. This project procedure provides some information on essential safety equipment
onboard of vessels since not all vessels comply with SOLAS / ISM requirements, e.g. small or not
self-propelled vessels, which are not sailing/working in international waters.
Inspection of life-saving and safety equipment
The Captain/Senior Dredge Master must make a monthly inspection of all life-saving and safety
equipment that it is compulsory to have on board ensuring that it is in the correct location and in good
working order. If the equipment is found to be defective, corrective action must be taken. All
inspections must be recorded in the ship's log.

Safety equipment to be checked:
 All life rafts and lifeboats with their equipment. The engines of the motor lifeboats must be
in good working order.
 All lifebuoys and attachments, such as flares and smoke signals.
 Line throwing appliances.
 Rockets for sending distress signals.
 Pilot ladder.
 Navigation lights.
 Safety lamps and signal lamps.
 Emergency shut-off valves on fuel lines.
 All fire extinguishing appliances and compressed-air breathing apparatus.
Survival and/or MOB craft
 The survival craft (lifeboat) will be used in case of an abandon ship emergency. The MOB
boat will be used for rescuing a Man over Board victim. The crafts contain survival
equipment as specified by the SOLAS convention.
 The master will ensure that the crafts are maintained in a fully operational condition. A
regular inspection and maintenance schedule shall be executed and records kept for
each craft. All officers and crew members shall be familiar with the operation of the crafts
in accordance with their function as stipulated on the Muster List. Visitors must be
informed on the location of the crafts by the master during their introduction.
 Launching, boarding and sailing have to be done following procedures which are defined
in the Emergency Procedures Manual and the Vessel Operating Manual.
 The use of equipment on board of the lifeboat will be explained in Training Courses and
safety briefings.
Life rafts
 In some emergency cases, it will be impossible to launch the lifeboats. In these cases life
rafts will be used to abandon the ship. The SOLAS convention regulates the construction
and the launching equipment of the rafts.
 A sufficient number of inflatable life rafts are mounted at convenient locations on the
vessels. All officers and crew shall make themselves aware of the locations and
operations of the rafts. Visitors must be informed to the master after boarding the vessel.
 Launching and boarding has to be done according the procedures which are defined in
the Emergency Procedures Manual and Vessel Operating Manual.
Emergency Life jackets
 In every cabin there will be at least one SOLAS approved emergency life jacket (type:
block vest) for each person staying in that cabin. Near the muster station there will be
additional life jackets available.
 The SOLAS Convention defines the requirements for the amount of jackets, the type and
their location on board.
 This type of life jackets must be worn when an emergency alarm sounds (e.g. Abandon
Ship or Fire).
 Everybody on board shall be made familiar with the use of the jacket.
Work life jackets (work vest)
 In normal conditions, a work vest shall be worn when work is being performed near the
water side outside the protected area. However, in certain work conditions it is not
practical to wear a work life jacket since it can hamper normal work. In this case, other
means of protection (life line, net …) shall be in place.
 Sufficient work life jackets shall be available on board.
Life buoys
 Life buoys are constructed in accordance with the regulations stipulated by the SOLAS
Convention.
 Location, configuration (i.e. with smoke, light and/or life line) shall conform to the safety
plan.
Gangways, Accommodation ladders and Rope ladders
 Gangways and accommodation ladders are used for safe access of the vessel in normal
conditions or at berth.
 The crew shall adhere to the rules of safe rigging and use of the gangway and
accommodation ladder.
 The purpose of rope ladders is to provide means to board and deboard ships, even in
difficult circumstances. When using the rope ladders, a life jacket shall be worn. A
crewmember must be on standby below / above the rope ladder in order to assist for a
safe transfer to and from the vessel.
 Places of boarding / deboarding shall be well lit at night.
Fire Fighting Equipment
Fire fighting equipment shall be available in accordance with the SOLAS regulations. The type of fire
fighting equipment and the location is shown on the safety plan and fire plan. The equipment is
subject to regular maintenance and inspection. The crew is trained in using the equipment through
their STCW95 training as well as by regular drills.
The following firefighting equipment will be onboard:

 fixed fire fighting system (CO2) in engine rooms
 fire flaps
 fire extinguishers
 fire reels and hoses
 hydrants
 fire pump & generator
 fireman‟s outfit
 emergency escape breathing devices
 fire / heat / smoke alarms
 fire axe
Lifesaving signals
Lifesaving signals shall be available in accordance with the SOLAS regulations. The type of life
saving signals and the location is shown on the safety plan and fire plan. The equipment is subject to
regular inspections. Officers are trained in using this equipment.
The following lifesaving signals shall be onboard:
 EPIRB
 Radar transponder
 VHF radio
 Pyrotechnics
 Signal lamp
 Flags

Safety signs
Safety signs shall be posted in accordance with the SOLAS regulations. Crew shall be familiar with
the signs and adhere to them. The most important signs shall be explained to visitors during their
introduction.
The following types of safety signs are posted onboard:
 Prohibition signs (e.g. „no smoking‟)

 Mandatory signs (e.g. „emergency exit: keep free‟)
 Direction signs (e.g. „exit‟ or „escape route‟)
 Hazard signs (e.g. „danger: overhead working‟)
 Fire control / equipment signs (e.g. „fire alarm‟)
 Space indicating signs (e.g. „paint store‟)
 ISPS signs (e.g. „restricted area‟)
Compressed-air breathing apparatus
How compressed-air breathing apparatus is to be tested:
Monthly:
 Open the bottle(s) a half turn and read the pressure on the gauge (must be at least 95%
full).
 Close off the bottle(s) again.
 Wait one minute. Meanwhile affix the bracket.
 After one minute there should not have been an appreciable drop in the pressure; if there
is, it means there is a leakage somewhere; trace the cause and solve the problem!
 Carefully reduce the pressure in the apparatus.
 Check that the (low pressure) withdrawal alarm is working
Every six months:

 Check the apparatus in accordance with the manufacturer's instructions;
 Pay special attention to all rubber components.
 Recharge the bottles with fresh air.
Entrances and emergency exits
 Escape routes and emergency exits must be clearly marked and well lit.
 Escape hatches and emergency exits must be marked on both sides with the words
'EMERGENCY EXIT - KEEP CLEAR'.
 Escape hatches and emergency exits must never be locked.
 Keep all means of access and emergency exits, all passageways, workshop floors,
platforms, stairways and stairwells, gangways and scaffolding free from obstacles,
grease, oil, snow, ice and mud. Never leave tools, ropes, wires and rubbish around but
clear up immediately.
 Ensure (if possible) that provision is made for a second escape route wherever men are
working.
 Paint all permanent fittings in a conspicuous color (black/yellow). Be mindful of
obstructions such as eye plates on deck, lashing points, projections, raised edges and
low ceilings.
 Raised work areas, (such as platforms), must be provided with railings.
Tanks Soundings
 The Captain or Chief Officer must ensure that all compartments and buoyancy tanks,
including fore- and after- peaks, are sounded regularly.

 These soundings must be recorded in the ship's log and in the engine logbook (by the
Chief Engineer)
Ballast tanks
 Ballast tanks must not be emptied or filled without prior permission from the Captain or
Chief Officer.
 Adherence to the international ballast water requirements (IMO)
Fuel tanks
 Fuel tanks must be marked with the warning that naked flames and heat are dangerous
and there must be safety devices in place to prevent 'overfill'.
 Engine exhausts in the vicinity must be fitted with spark arrestors.
Hatches and tank openings
 Hatches and tank openings must be clearly marked.

 A hatch that is open must be cordoned off.
 All permanent hatches must be fitted with safety devices to prevent them from closing of
their own accord.
The following protocols of the prospective Contractor Jan de Nul will be observed
 SWP General Marine Operations

 Training Requirements
 Navigational Aids and Equipment
 Adequate Personnel and Manpower
4.8 Oil Spills
Oil Spills are considered the primary focus for Prevention and Emergency Responses. The following
protocols related to this concern are provided as follows:
 Annex 10A The Manila Bay Oil Spill Contingency Plan

 Annex 10B Oil Pollution Prevention and Response Plan
 Annex 10C Equipment, Devices and Materials for Containment of Oil Pollution
4.9 Natural Risks and Hazards
 Seismic Risks
 Hydrological Risks
 Met Ocean Risks
These are discussed in Section 2.1. The mitigation measures for natural risks and hazards are
through:
Engineering Intervention- By design and engineering using the applicable local and international
building codes.
Reclamation Methodology- Application of the most appropriate technology and methodology.

Complete and adequate soil stabilizations
Section 1 provides discussions of the “Process Technology” indicating therein the various
engineering and construction methodology to address natural risks.

4.10 Considerations of DRR and CCA
The discussions on DRR and CCA made in Section 5 similarly apply to this Section.

PROPOSED PASAY CITY HARBOUR CENTER RECLAMATION PROJECT
SECTION 5. SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK (SDP) AND INFORMATION EDUCATION AND COMMUNICATION
(IEC)
FRAMEWORK
5.1 Social Development Plan (SDP). Community development or livelihood programs/activities, projected beneficiaries, partner institutions, timeframe of
implementation as well as source and amount allotted per activity/component
The Social Development Plan / Framework is based on the Public Participation activities conducted for the proposed project such as Perception
Survey, Information, Education and Communication (IEC), Focus Group Discussions (FGD) specifically conducted within the impact barangay for the
Proposed Project which is Barangay 76 Zone 10, Pasay City, other concerns of mandated government agencies and the programs and projects to
be undertaken through the proposed project reclamation as stated by Mayor Calixto.
Table 5-1. Social Development Program

Government Agency/ Non- Indicative
CONCERN Community Member / Beneficiary PROPONENT Source of fund
government Agency and Services Timeline
HEALTH
1. Medical missions and  Barangay Chairman Local Government Unit (LGU) City Health Office -Operation Private Partner
emergency relief programs  Barangay Kagawad for Health  Pasay City Health Office (CHO)/ Community
 Barangay Health Workers (BHWs)  Barangay Health Unit Relations Officer
 Residents of Brgy 76 Zone 10 (CRO)
2. Medical assistance  Barangay Chairman Local Government Unit (LGU) CHO / CRO -Operation Private Partner
 Barangay Kagawad for Health  Pasay City Health Office
 Barangay Health Workers (BHWs)  Barangay Health Unit
 Residents of Brgy 76 Zone 10
3. Healthcare facilities and services  Barangay Chairman Local Government Unit (LGU) CHO / CRO -Construction Private Partner
 Barangay Kagawad for Health  Pasay City Health Office -Operation
 Barangay Health Workers (BHWs)  Barangay Health Unit
 Residents of Brgy 76 Zone 10
HOUSING / URBAN SETTLEMENT
4. Financial assistance to barangays  Barangay Chairman  Social Welfare Office Social Welfare Office -Construction Private Partner
and to victims of fire and other  Residents of Brgy 76 Zone 10)  Barangay 76 Zone 10
calamities  Social Welfare Office

Government Agency/ Non- Indicative

CONCERN Community Member / Beneficiary PROPONENT Source of fund
government Agency and Services Timeline
5. Balik-probinsya program  Barangay Chairman  CPDO CDPO Operations Private Partner

 Residents of Brgy 76 Zone 10  City Engineering Phase
 Social Welfare Office  Barangay
EDUCATION
6. School facilities and services  Barangay Kagawad for Education  DepEd Council member for -Pre-construction Private Partner
 Teacher and/or Principal  Barangay Education/ / CRO -Construction
-Operation
7. Educational assistance  Barangay Kagawad for Education  Dep Ed Council member for -Pre-construction Private Partner
 PTA  Barangay education / CRO -Construction
 Qualified Students of Brgy 76 Zone 10 -Operation
EMPLOYMENT AND LIVELIHOOD
8. Social pension and senior citizen’s  Qualified Students of Brgy 76 Zone 10  City LGU City of Pasay Pre-Construction Private Partner
welfare  CSWD Construction
 Barangay Operation
9. Cash gifts and financial and  Qualified Students of Brgy 76 Zone 10  City LGU City of Pasay Pre-Construction Private Partner
emergency relief assistance  CSWD Construction
Operation
10. Livelihood programs  Qualified Students of Brgy 76 Zone 10  CPDO City of Pasay Pre-Construction Private Partner
 City LGU Construction
 Barangays Operation
 TESDA
SPIRITUAL
11. Assistance to the Church  Representative from different religious  Parish Priest CROs Pre-Construction Private Partner
groups  Religious Sector Construction
Operation

Table 5-2. Programs and Project That Benefits Pasayeños (0 to 2 Years Old)
A. Programs and Projects That Benefits Pasayeños Who are 0 to 2 Years Old
Programs Projects Relevance / Responsiveness to Community Needs
MATERNAL NEWBORN AND CHILD HEALTH
Training of Barangay Nutrition Scholars (BNS) on Infant and The City targets a “zero” mortality rate among children.
Young Child Feeding (Pagsasanay ng Gumagabay sa
Tamang Pagpapasuso) The programs aim to respond to inadequate safe
motherhood services. It includes provision of equipment and
Communication for Behavioral Impact – Breast feeding drugs, training and supervision, IEC, etc.
TSEK!
- It is a DOH campaign on executive breastfeeding
implemented in the City. This activity aims to
establish and sustain a supportive environmental
for mothers to exclusively breastfeed their babies
for at least six months.
Training on Community Health Team (CHT) – This is

conducted to enhance the knowledge and skills of the
identified CHT members in effectively and efficiently
performing the functions as transformers of health needs as
first links of family to health service delivery and referrals,
and as facilitators in enrolling and availing Phil health benefit
packages of families especially the poor.
NUTRITION EDUCATION
 Cooking Demonstrations / Livelihood Seminars These programs aim to: 1) improve nutritional status of
among mothers with underweight and severely children by transforming locally available products into low
underweight preschool children. cost nutrient-dense food, 2) improve household income by
training mothers for alternative income-generating activities,
 Promotion of Nutritional Guidelines for Filipinos and 3) increase and strengthen women’s participation in
through community assembles and dialogues. general health and nutritional status improvement.
 Infant and Young Child Feeding Counselling

among pregnant women and lactating mothers.
 Conduct of Pabasa sa Nutrisyon (Nutrition

Education classes among Mothers)
LIGTAS TIGDAS AND PASAY INTEGRATED The city targets a “zero” mortality rate among children.
MANAGEMENT OF CHILD IMMUNIZATION
This initiative is a measles-rubella supplemental The programs aim to respond to inadequate safe
immunization intended for children 9 to 95 months. This motherhood services. Those include provision of equipment
includes monitoring and registration of birth and completion and drugs, training and supervision, IEC, etc.
of immunization series for the prevention of TB, pertussis,
neonatal tetanus, measles, poliomyelitis, hepatitis B, etc.
B. Programs and Projects That Benefits Pasayeños Who are 3 to 5 Years Old
EARLY CHILDHOOD EDUCATION This ensures that all children aged four and five years old
are enrolled in any pre-school class and provided with free
tuition and materials.
Given that Kindergarten for five years old children in
elementary schools is now mandatory, the City believes in
intensifying Early Childhood Education which will help
children succeed in Kindergarten.

C. Programs and Projects That Benefits Pasayeños Who are 6 to 17 Years Old
E-LEARNING PROGRAM A City-based initiative of Pasay that gives impetus on
information technology and enhancement of the skills in the
prescribed curriculum for public academic institutions.
REMEDIAL READING PROGRAM This program is implemented in all elementary schools in
Pasay which caters to and purports to improve the reading
competencies of 1,450 learners in all grade levels who are
diagnosed as non/slow readers.
PARA SA’YO BATANG PASAY This is an initiative of the Pasay City Health Office to guide
the youth and prevent teenage pregnancies. Part of the
program is the establishment of Counselling Centers for
youth. Fertility Awareness and Protected Sex lectures are
also given to public elementary and high schools in Malibay.
LITERACY FOR DIFFERENTLY-ABLED PERSONS The City recognizes the role and contribution of persons with
disability in our society. In doing so, the City support special
schools (Pasay SPED Center, School for the Blind, School
for the Deaf) in providing programs and activities designed
to meet full potential of PWDs with the end goal of
maximizing their capacity to contribute to nation building.
FINANCIAL ASSISTANCE PROGRAM FOR SECONDARY The City targets a 100% attendance for students in the
STUDENTS, ALS AND SPED LEARNERS secondary level, ALS and SPED programs. This initiative
aims to increase participation rate and completion rate in the
secondary level.
EDUCATIONAL ASSISTANCE FOR STREET CHILDREN The objective of the program is to bring street children back
AND CHILD LABORERS to the schools. Educational Assistance in the form of cash
and supplies that are provided to the children are also the
target of ALS/Livelihood activities.
PROGRAM FOR CHILDREN IN CONFLICT WITH LAW This program provides basic business management skills,
skills development and capital assistance for CICL and
Pasay City Youth Home.
PASAY HOPES The programs implements behaviour intervention that seeks
to change the knowledge, skills and attitude of adolescents
to directly address the prevention of increasing HIV
prevalence and apply structural interventions. This also
addresses broader societal issues that serve as either risk
or protective factors of reproductive health towards
decreasing vulnerability to the risk behaviours.
TRAVEL CITY SCHOLARS The project aims to support parents who are striving hard to
(for students in private school) send their children to private schools. Php 4,000 is granted
to qualified high school and college students currently
enrolled in private schools.
PAMANTASAN NG LUNGSOD NG PASAY This is the City’s response to the national challenge of
increasing number of students who enter tertiary level.
Table 5-5. Programs and Project That Benefits Pasayeños (18 Years Old and Above)
D. Programs and Projects That Benefits Pasayeños Who are 18 Years Old and Above
PASAY CITY BAYANIHAN BANKING PROGRAM This is the City’s pooled savings/micro finance/cooperative
development program for the urban poor, depressed
barangays, woman and their families. Its mission is to
establish a uniform and compatible savings-based financial
intermediation system among the urban poor in the
economic and social development of their community.
PASAY CITY PUBLIC EMPLOYMENT SERVICES The Pasay City Public Employment Services Office (PESO)

D. Programs and Projects That Benefits Pasayeños Who are 18 Years Old and Above
has been conducting livelihood trainings and seminars, and
life skills trainings which include world class animation
training.
PEACE AND ORDDER AND ANTI-DRUG ABUSE The program response for the realization of the City’s target
PROGRAM of a lesser or zero crime in all of its 201 barangays.
LIAISON SERVICES FOR SENIOR CITIZENS This involves some livelihood, special education and
trainings. This program assists them to sustain their
productivity in order to help their families and communities.
LIBRENG SECURITY GUARD TRAINING, PATI This program is the City’s response to the security needs of
LISENSYA SAGOT NA DIN! public schools, hospitals and offices. Over 4,000 guards
have been hired by various companies.
SPORTS CLINIC This project helps the schools produce winner-athletes in all
sport competitions/athletic meets.
5.2 The IEC Framework. Target sector, key messages, scheme/strategy/methods, Information
medium, timelines and frequency, cost (Annex 2-19 of RPM for DAO 2003-30)
The Information, Education and Communication (IEC) campaign will provide information
through the use of different media. This will provide to the stakeholders information on the
proposed project, which will give the proponent vital feedbacks from the stakeholders of the
proposed project and include it to the plans and programs of the City and the proposed
project. The SDP and IEC frameworks herein discussed relate to the
Reclamation/Construction Works (Phase 1). For the Operations Phase (Phase 2), these shall
be established at the appropriate and later date when more details are determined for this
phase.
For the proposed project, the IEC will be a continuing process and has been initially
undertaken.
The generic IEC Plan/Framework is shown in Table 5-6.
Table 5-6. Generic IEC Plan/Framework

Target Sector Major Topic/s of concern IEC Scheme/ Information Indicative Indicative
in Relation to Project Strategy/ Method Medium Time/ Cost
Frequency
Barangay  Disaster Risk City wide IEC Visual From start of To be
Council/association and Reduction and Emergency Drills Actual Drills construction determined
City Officials Management/ Participation by (Fire, Semi-annual
Emergency Plan NDRRMC and Earthquake, or as decided
PHIVOLCS storm surges)
Barangay and City  Project Description Group Method Roundtable After receipt of To be
council members Cities  Impacts on Consultations with Discussion NTP from PRA determined
of Manila and of Pasay environment and Stakeholders in Both Focus Group
health Cities Discussion /
 Risks Power Point
 Socio-Economic Presentation
benefits Printed
 Socio-Economic Materials
impacts particularly to Media releases
fisher folks and
vendors along Roxas
Boulevard
 Climate Change
Mitigation/Adaptation

Target Sector Major Topic/s of concern IEC Scheme/ Information Indicative Indicative
in Relation to Project Strategy/ Method Medium Time/ Cost
Frequency
Impact Barangays  Health and Safety Group Method Roundtable Before start of To be
Senior Citizens  Locally prevalent Consultations Discussions construction determined
diseases
General Public  Drugs Awareness Public Discussions Roundtable Before start of To be
PNP as guest Discussions construction determined
Barangays On the  Garbage Management Technical Invite experts on Before start of To be
Coast of Manila Bay  Plastic wastes Discussions solid wastes construction determined
Printed Materials
NGOs and Religious  Nature of the Group Method Focus Group Before Printing of IEC
Groups Proposed Project Consultations Discussion / construction Materials
 Impacts on  Send invitations Phase
environment to various Power Point
o Floods barangay council Presentation
o Liquefaction members and Printed
o Marine Ecology impact sectors Materials
 Impacts on health
 Socio-Economic  Continuous
impacts and benefits discussion and
to existing consultation with
establishments the stakeholders
to know their
issues and
concerns
Professional society and Continuing consultation Group Method Focus Group To be To be
individuals Discussion determined determined
Power Point
Presentation
Prospective MMT Environment and Health Group Method Focus Group Same Same
Members (if formed) Discussion
PENRO Power Point
Presentation
MMT Members (if The Project EIA Group method Printed materials Same To be
formed) Water and Marine Ecology Individual Focus Group determined
Quality Management Discussions
HOLISTIC IEC AND SDP OF THE PROPONENT CITY OF PASAY
Considering that the Proponent is also embarking on a separate 360-hectare reclamation project
which will have a separate private sector private developer/consortium partner it would be in order to
develop a holistic IEC and SDP for the two (2) reclamation projects of the City.
EMBEDDING DDR AND CCA INTO THE HOLISTIC IEC AND SDP OF THE CITY
DISASTER RISK REDUCTION (DRR) AND CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (CCA)
It is well recognized that the Philippines is one of the most vulnerable countries in the world to
disasters especially those induced by climate change. The following framework will be adopted.
For the DRR the types of disasters may be generally classified into two:
 Natural disasters which are Climate Change independent e.g. earthquakes, liquefaction, land
subsidence and

 Those which may be categorized as “met-ocean” type of disasters such as floods, storm
surges, sea and level rise the latter being related to the global Climate Change phenomenon.
DRR on the National Level
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) which is tasked with disaster management
has set its vision as diagrammatically illustrated in Figure 5-1.
Figure 5-1. Diagrammatic Illustration of the Disaster Management Vision of the NDMC
The levels of Disaster Management are generally categorized into four (4) thematic areas,
i.e.
 Disaster Prevention
 Disaster Preparedness and
 Disaster Response
 Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
Multi-sectoral groups including government entities, LGUs and probably most importantly the
communities are involved in the programmes.
 At the Community/Barangay/City Level and in relation to the Reclamation Project
 Up to 25 % of the revenues from the Project is planned to be earmarked for SDPs of

which a vital component is DDR and CCA.
In general terms following are the envisaged action plans for the Project Consortium
 Disaster Prevention
Through Design and Engineering Intervention

Sound foundations and reclaimed land structure through reclamation and dredging
technologies that will be specific to the site, i.e. in consideration of the geological and
geotechnical properties of the site.
Containment walls/structures (cited in Section 1.5)
Soil/Reclaimed land consolidation prior to construction of vertical structures (cited in

Section 1.5)
Use of wick drains

Soil Compaction by mechanical and natural means
Installation of storm surge arrestors/protectors (cited in Section 1.5).
Elevation of the finished platform to 4 m above MWLL as an engineering barrier to storm

surges and/or sea level or water level rises.
Other engineering methods and technologies that will be offered by the Contractor.
 Disaster Preparedness
This will be community/barangay based under the leadership and guidance of the City’s
Chief Executive, i.e. the Mayor and his Council.
IECs will be continuing activities which will include imparting knowledge to the potentially-
affected population.
The assistance/intercession of government entities/institutions will be enhanced, e.g.
1. The PHILVOCS for training on earthquake-related disasters

2. Project NOAH for met-ocean related disasters
Disaster Response
The communities/barangays/City will enhance its programme for disaster response. It will take
lesson from disasters from other parts of the country more especially the Yolanda-type disaster in
the City of Tacloban.
An important component of the disaster response is the early identification of evacuation centers
which for the City may include as an example the Cuneta Astrodome. Logistical support to
evacuees in terms of food, clothing and medical supplies will be worked out with concerned
citizens and government agencies.
Disaster Rehabilitation and Recovery
This will be responsive to the specific disaster events that may occur. The assistance from other
government agencies, e.g. the DSWD, the DPWH, the DOH, etc. will be solicited as necessary
under the leadership of the City Mayor.
In all of the above-envisaged plans/programmes the cooperation and assistance both financial,
manpower and logistical from the private sector member of the project consortium will be ensure.
CLIMATE CHANGE ADAPTATION (CCA)
In general terms Climate change Adaptation refers to the “response to global

warming and climate change, that seeks to reduce the vulnerability of social and biological
”
systems to relatively sudden change and thus offset the effects of global warming. The Adaptive
capacity is closely linked to social and economic development according to the IPCC and is
therefore delineated better at the community/barangay levels.
The UNFCC Strategies (Ref: https://unfccc.int/resource/docs/2009/smsn/igo/054.pdf) may be
effectively used as guidelines for the impact communities/barangays of the Project to wit:

“……..
1. Prioritize adaptation efforts in communities where vulnerabilities are highest and
where the need for safety and resilience is greatest.
2. Build projected climate change related trends in today’s risk and vulnerability
assessment based on current climate variability.
3. Fully integrate adaptation into longerterm national and local sustainable development
and poverty reduction strategies.
4. Prioritize the strengthening of existing capacities – among local authorities, civil
society organizations, and the private sector – to lay the foundations for the robust
management of climate risk and the rapid scaling up of adaptation through community-
based risk reduction and effective local governance.
5. Develop robust resource mobilization mechanisms for adaptation that ensure the flow
of both financial and technical support to local actors.
6. Leverage the opportunities in disaster prevention and response, through improved
early warning systems, contingency planning and integrated response, to promote
effective community-based adaptation and risk reduction.
…..”
The US EPA (https://www.epa.gov/arc-x/strategies-climate-change-adaptation) suggests that
strategies be focused on various categories, i.e. air, water, public health, etc. as specific and
applicable to a community.
Given the above considerations, it is clear that the SDP and IEC campaigns of the Project
Proponent City of Pasay should be strengthened for DRR and CCA as part of the post ECC
conditions for the Project. A holistic SDP and IEC for both the Proposed Pasay City Harbor
Center as well as the Proposed 360-hectare reclamation project is in order inasmuch as the
Proponent and the site (the waters of Pasay City) are the same.

SECTION 6. ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING

6.1 Self-Monitoring Plan
Provided in Table 6-1 is the Environmental Monitoring Plan (EMoP) with Environmental Quality Performance Levels (EQPLs) consistent with Annex 2-20 of
the RPM for DAO 2003-30.
From this, the definition of EQPL-Environmental Quality Performance Level is as follows:
 Alert or Red Flag: early warning

 Action Level: point where management measures must be employed so as not to reach the regulated threshold or limit level, or to reduce
deterioration of affected environmental component to pre-impact or optimum environmental quality
 Limit Level: regulated threshold of pollutant (standard that must not be exceeded); point where emergency response measures must be employed to
reduce pollutants to lower than standard limit.
Table 6-1. Summary of the ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING PLAN (EMoP) with ENVIRONMENTAL QUALITY PERFORMANCE LEVELS (EQPLs)
For the Reclamation Phase
Key Sampling & Measurement Plan EQPL MANAGEMENT SCHEME
Potential
Environmental Parameter Annual
Impacts Per Lead
Aspects per to be Location Estimated EQPL RANGE MANAGEMENT MEASURE
Environmental Method Frequency Person
Project Phase Monitored Note 1 Cost
Sector ALERT ACTION LIMIT ALERT ACTION LIMIT
Activities
I. PRE-CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Potential disturbance of corals and marine ecology during the geotechnical survey of the seabed; mitigation is by avoidance through appropriate selection of test sites
Deemed not applicable inasmuch as the pre-construction phase activities are essentially completed.
II. CONSTRUCTION PHASE
Project
Monitoring will be through weekly visual count of the number of garbage cans/containers picked up and
A. Land Solid Waste Visual Weekly Onboard Manager
coordinated to Pasay Solid Waste Management Office.
(PM)
Dredging B. Water Total Gravimetric Quarterly Downstream Project Php 2000 >50 mg/L >55 mg/L >60 mg/L Inspection of Increase Temporary
and Suspended (Dried at 103- During of Manager < 55 mg/L < 60 mg/L dredging & Silt traps, stoppage until
Reclamation Solids 105o C) reclamatio reclamation (PM) filling for silt issues
Phase (TSS) (USEPA n works activities corrective curtains, resolved
method 3010) action, e.g. move
O&G Std Method At strategic PM Php 1000 >2 mg/L < >2.5 mg/L >2.5 mg/L slow down closer to
points 2.5 <2.5 mg/L dredging rate dredging


Potential
Impacts Per Lead
Activities
Arsenic SDDC, at/near work PM Included in >0.01 mg/L >0.015 mg /L >0.02 mg/L area
Spectrophotom area Php 50.000 <0.015 <0.02 Tighten Same
etric est annual performance
budget for of onboard Zero
Chromium Flame AAS PM >0.05 mg / >0.06 mg/L >0.075
heavy metals OWS discharge
L <0.075 mg/L
tests to sea of
<0.06
Slow down bilge water Same
Lead Flame AAS PM >0.01 mg / >0.015 mg/L >0.025 dredging/ &
L <0.02 mg/L filling rates Increase
<0.015 surcharge
Mercury Manual Cold PM >0.001 >0.0015 mg/L >0.002 volume
Vapor AAS mg/L <0.002 mg/L
<0.0015
Marine Underwater PM Php 200,000 10% 15% decrease 20%
species survey decrease of of significant decrease of
significant Marine Species significant
Marine Marine
Species Species
Fecal Coliform Count Quarterly Same as Reclamati Php 10,000 >100 >200 MPN/100 .>500 Tighten No Temporary
Coliform above on Project MPN/100 ML MPN/ 100 operation of discharge stoppage until
Manager mL <200 <500 mL onboard of bilge corrections
wastewater water to made
treatment sea
Quantity of Ocular Accident- scene of Dredging Part of 1 Recorded Potential Accident / potential PCG action and recommendations to be
fish inspection Worst accident Contracto dredging damage to fish lifts complied with in the absence of quantitative
resource Audit of case r contract parameters
incident scenario
only
Safety Implementa observation Daily Reclamation PM Php 100,000 No injuries or deaths Progressive restrictions as Temporary
tion of /construction No regulatory framework for quantitative imposed by the PCG and stoppage of
safety site evaluation other concerned agencies work until
guidelines corrective
actions
complied with


Potential
Impacts Per Lead
Activities
III. OPERATIONS PHASE NOT PART OF THE APPLICATION FOR ECC - FOR INFORMATIONAL PURPOSES ONLY
Vertical Water pollution BOD, COD, Effluent Weekly Individual PCO Php 200,000 >100 % >150 % > 200 % Adjustment Modify or Adopt a
Development DO, TSS, sampling in Effluent <150 % of < 200 % of in operation replace completely
pH, accordance discharge individual individual of WWTP to WWTP new WWTP
O/G, total & with DAO points of effluent effluent address System system better
fecal 34/35 WWTP standards standards for individual than
coliform, for Class Class SB exceedances employed
phosphate, SB under “Action”
MBAS,
nitrate,
ammonia,

6.2 The Multi-Partite Monitoring Team (MMT)
Based on DAO 2017-15 and in compliance with the ECC conditions, during the implementation
of the project (i.e., the constructions phase), it is imperative to ensure the effective actualization
of the Environmental Management Plan (EMP). The function of monitoring through public
participation is enshrined in the MMT as stipulated in DAO 2017-13. The key functions of the
MMT are:
 Conduct quarterly ocular site visit to validate the proponent’s compliance with the ECC
conditions and the Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan including the
requirement to conduct self-monitoring and submit corresponding reports regularly.
 Discuss findings with the proponent.
 Observe sampling activities conducted by the project proponent.
 Prepare and submit report to EMB-CO and EMB-RO concerned using EMB-prescribed
format.
 Institute an environmental emergency and complaints receiving and management

mechanism, which shall include systems for transmitting recommendations for necessary
regulatory action to EMB in a timely manner to prevent adverse environmental impacts.
The preliminary and proposed list of stakeholder members of the MMT, the basis of selection and
proposed role is given in the Table 6-2.
Table 6-2. List of MMT Stakeholders/Basis of Selection /Proposed Roles

Stakeholder Member Basis of Selection Proposed Roles
EMB NCR (Note 1) Per Annex 3.4 of RPM  Ensure adherence to policies and IRR of the MMT
body
 When necessary, refer items in conflict to EMB CO
for resolution
Project Proponent Same as above  Provide funds
(City of Pasay) Main Responsible entity  Provide relevant project information
Host City  Allow MMT inspection of site and of pollution
(Note 1) abatement facilities
 Participate in monitoring
 Assist and sign MMT Report
 Provide MMT with related City Policies
Host Barangay (District 76) Same as Above  Participate in monitoring
 Assist and sign MMT Report
NGO or PO registered and Most vulnerable group(s)  Assist in monitoring
accredited in the City of  Assist in MMT report
Pasay Must be accredited in the  Provide relevant inputs on the sector represented
City
Philippine Reclamation Authority for all  Ensure compliance with the internal guidelines of the
Authority reclamation projects PRA
 Ensure compliance with Agreements with PRA
Department of Tourism Tourism enhancement  Ensure project aligned to Tourism
 Policy and Objectives
Philippine Coast Guard In charge of Philippine  Ensure compliance with rules of PCG relative to
Coasts marine environment
Manila Bay Council Policy Making for Manila  Ensure harmony with the MBC policies
Bay
*The above table was based on the MMT Stakeholders of the Pasay 360 Hectares Reclamation Project

Note 1:
It should be noted that based on DAO 2017-15, EMB-DENR and the proponent shall no longer
be members of the MMT. The EMB-DENR shall provide oversight guidance to the MMT and
consider its reports and recommendations in its impact and compliance evaluation. Moreover,
the proponent shall provide funds for the MMT activities based on the Annual Work and Financial
Plan approved by the EMB.
These stipulations are deemed to raise questions especially with the proponent during the formal
formation of the MMT and the raising of the funds in support thereof.
6.3 Proposed Amount of the EGF
1. Proposed EGF trust fund- minimum Php 10,000,000
2. Proposed EGF cash fund- minimum Php 10,000,000
3. Proposed EMF cash fund- minimum Php 1,000,000
The above will be discussed with the MMT upon its formation taking due note of DAO 2017-15.
Basis of the estimate
Annex 3-6 of the Revised Procedural Manual provides the guidelines for the determination of
the EGF and is summarized hereunder with the more relevant provisions written in boldface.
There is no explicit provision under DAO 2003-30 requiring valuation of potential impacts that
may arise as a result of changes in the use of natural and environmental resources.
Procedures for arriving at such estimates in a more rational and systematic manner will have to
be based on experiences that shall have been generated on Philippine examples and other
developing countries.
In the absence of such information, more recent experiences of projects of similar nature with
provisions for EGF may be utilized. The amount to be allocated for the EGF shall be
determined through discussions between the proponent and the EMB (EMB-CO or EMB-
RO).
It should take into consideration the following factors in determining the appropriate amount for
specific projects:
 The EIS committed programs

 The degree of environmental risks involved (based on number and extent of potential
damage)
 Valuation of resources that would most likely to be affected
 The proponent’s ability to provide funds for the EGF
At the end of the project life, a sufficient amount should be left from the EGF to ensure that
rehabilitation, restoration, decommissioning, or abandonment shall be adequately financed.
Such amount may be increased during the project life span to insure that the balance shall be
sufficient for the abandonment phase. In such case, the EGF Committee may require an
adjustment of such amount to cover inflation and other factors. The required submission to the
DENR-EMB of the project’s Abandonment Plan shall have a corresponding fund commitment
subject to the approval of the DENR or the lead government agency with direct approving
authority on the Abandonment/Decommissioning Plan of the project.
Draft MMT, EGF and EMF Memorandum Agreement is provided in Annex 11.

NOTES TO 6.2 AND 6.3
 MMT AGREEMENTS AND THE DETAILS INVOLVING EGF EMF ARE DEVELOPED
POST ECC FOR PROJECTS OF ALL TYPES
 MOREOVER THERE HAVE ARISEN ISSUES RAISED BY THE REGULATED

INDUSTRIAL SECTOR ON DAO 2017-15 PARTICULARLY ON THE FOLLOWING
PROVISIONS APPERTAINING TO MMT.
Section 16.2 of DAO 2017-15:
“The project proponents and EMB-DENR shall no longer be member of the MMT. The EMB-
DENR shall provide oversight guidance to the MMT and consider its reports and
recommendations in its impact and compliance evaluation. It shall conduct regular
performance audit of the MMTs. The project proponent shall provide funds for the MMT
activities based on the Annual Work and Financial approved by the EMB.”
 ACCORDINGLY, THE MOST APPROPRIATE TIME TO PROVIDE MORE MEANINGFUL

ENTRIES IS POST ECC WHEN THE MMT SHALL HAVE BEEN FORMALLY ORGANIZED
Other Commitments
 The Proponent for the Reclamation Project will participate through the Philippine
Government or its designated official representative to the Convention on Wetlands in the
actualization of the visions embodied in the Convention.
 For the reclamation project the initiatives in support of the Paris Agreement will be embodied
during the Operations Phase which will include but not limited to:
 Planting of trees in open spaces
 Use of renewables (e.g. solar power units)
 Optimization of water use such as by rainwater harvest and recycling
 The Green Climate Fund- Upon project implementation, the Proponent will participate in this
initiative

SECTION 7. ABANDONMENT/DECOMMISSIONING/REHABILITATION POLICY

7.1 Statement on Proponent’s policies and generic procedures for Rehabilitation/
Decommissioning/Abandonment will be submitted post-ECC, within a timeframe
specified in the ECC.
 This refers to the permanent cessation of all activities involved through the formation of stable
landforms.
 Remediation of the site if relevant.
Demobilization of Equipment- the following generic procedures will be observed:
 Under this scenario, all the dredging / reclamation vessels and the horizontal development
equipment shall be returned to the contractor.
7.2 General Demobilization of Equipment Scenario
The proposed decommissioning plan is envisaged in terms of the following:
 Procedures for the decommissioning of the project components;
The project components are largely the reclaimed land including the infrastructures therein
constructed e.g. roads open spaces, drainage culverts, electrical and water lines, etc.
 Transport/disposal of equipment and other materials used in the operation;
The equipment and other materials used in the reclamation and dredging works would have
been returned or claimed back by the contractors.
 Remediation of contaminated soil and water resources due to spills and

leakage of chemicals and other materials used in the operation;
Remediation is unlikely because there are no perceived permanent residual effects on the
receiving body resulting from dredging, reclamation and horizontal works.
7.3 General Decommissioning Phase Scenario
The proposed project is only intended for reclamation and horizontal development, thus
decommissioning is only perceived as cessation of reclaimed land in which will be prepared before
vertical development (construction of buildings etc.,) or the establishment of the locators in which is
not included in this ECC application. Once this Environmental Site Assessment (ESA) shall have
been contemplated, it will be the responsibility of the proponent and project to coordinate with the
EMB for the latter’s guidelines on what are the needed activities including more in depth monitoring
as well as the decommissioning procedure. Hence, by means of cessation of reclaimed land
activities to be undertaken are:
 Sampling test for water to ensure that there are no leak oil and greases and more
importantly metallic contamination and other substances that can affect the
existing water quality of Manila Bay.
 General Demobilization of Equipment

SECTION 8. INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION
8.1 Discussion of the organizational scheme of the proponent including line of command and
reporting procedures as well as manpower complement and relationships with other operating
departments, contractors and management of other linked projects.
During the Construction Phase
Following key points are noted in respect of the organizational scheme:
Institutions Responsibilities
The City of Pasay  Monitor compliance to EMP by contractors

 Coordinate and participate in monitoring
compliance
Philippine Reclamation Authority/National Development  The government agency with overall mandate over
Authority reclamation projects
Private Sector Project Developer  The private sector member of this consortium is
expected to take responsibility for the reclamation
phase in accordance with the agreements that will
be made among the members of the consortium.
 The Project Developer will be awarding the

reclamation/dredging works to qualified
contractor(s). The manpower complement of the
contractors will be determined by the Contractors
themselves. The line of command will be directly
from the Project Developer through its Project
Manager to the Contractor through the latter’s
Construction Manager.
The Metropolitan Manila Development Authority Involvement in addressing common problems such as
floods and traffic congestion.
The Department of Works and Highways Involvement in providing infrastructure support to the
various projects
The Philippine Coast Guard Stewardship of the Philippine marine waters
Others as may be determined and agreed to with the To be developed

Project Consortium members
Figure 8-1 is an illustration of the Institutional Plan that may likely be adopted by the Project
Consortium.

Similar to the Pasay 360 Hectares Reclamation Project
Figure 8-1. Institutional Plan for Project Implementation
During the Operations Phase
The locators are expected to be organizing themselves into an Association which function involves
among others the management of pollution abatement facilities.
The waste water treatment plant will be operated by the Association which will be responsible to the
Project Proponent.

EIS Pasay Harbor Reclamation

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EIS Pasay Harbor Reclamation

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PROPOSED PASAY CITY HARBOR CENTER RECLAMATION PROJECT

Pasay City Government

SECTION 1 PROJECT DESCRIPTION 1-1

2.1 THE LAND 2.1-1

2.2 THE WATER 2.2-1

2.3 THE AIR 2.3-1

2.4 THE PEOPLE 2.4-1

SECTION 3 IMPACT MANAGEMENT PLAN (EMP) 3-1

SECTION 4 ENVIRONMENTAL RISK ASSESSMENT (ERA) 4-1

SECTION 5 SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT PLAN FRAMEWORK (SDP) AND INFORMATION 5-1

SECTION 6 ENVIRONMENTAL COMPLIANCE MONITORING 6-1

SECTION 7 ABANDONMENT/DECOMISSIONING/REHABILITATION POLICY 7-1

SECTION 8 INSTITUTIONAL PLAN FOR EMP IMPLEMENTATION 8-1

1-1 Project Site in NAMRIA Map 1-6

2.1-1 Official Zoning Map of Pasay City 2.1-2

2.3-1 Map Showing the Distances of the Project to ESRs 2.3-1

2.4-1 Barangay Boundaries Map of Pasay City 2.4-3

3-1 Post ECC Implementation of the IMP 3-1

4-1 An Illustration of the Risk Assessment Process 4-1

8-1 Institutional Plan for Project Implementation 8-2

1-1 Technical Description/Coordinates of the Boundaries of Pasay City Waters 1-2

2.1-1 Summary of ECA‟s Applicability 2.1-3

2.4-1 Area Distribution (in Hectares) 2.4-1

3-1 Impact Management Plan (IMP) 3-2

5-1 Social Development Program 5-1

2.2-1 The Libertad Channel 2.2-1

2.4-1 Current sunset viewing from the baywalk 2.4-29

4-1 Survey boat in Brgy. Siniguelasan, Bacoor City 4-11

SECTION ES. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

ES. 1.1. Project Fact Sheet

Table ES–1. Project Fact Sheet

Internal Road 30 m wide Variable Lengths

Storm Surge By design

Access Way Viaduct System Under Design

Environmental Impact Statement ES- 1

Table ES–1. Project Fact Sheet

ES 1.2. Brief Project Background

ES 1.2.1. Location and Political Boundaries

Environmental Impact Statement ES- 2

Environmental Impact Statement ES- 3

ES 1.3. Process Documentation of the Conduct of EIA

Environmental Impact Statement ES- 4

d. Moreover, the details of a project are established post-ECC, as stipulated in page 10 of

ES 1.3.1. Document Type for ECC Application and Generic Contents

For the Operations Phase a Programmatic EIS (PEISS) is an option.

The table showing the list of EIA Preparers is shown below.

Table ES-2. List of EIA Preparers

Team Member Module Company Registration No.

ES. 1.5. EIA Study Schedule

Table ES-3. EIA Study Schedule and Public Participation Activities

Environmental Impact Statement ES- 6

ACTIVITY DATE AREAS COVERED

Environmental Impact Statement ES- 7

ACTIVITY DATE AREAS COVERED

ES 1.6. EIA Methodologies

Table ES – 4. EIA Methodology

Primary data: Borehole drilling/geotechnical Project EGGAR used as primary

Water Body Classification: DENR Class SB

Environmental Impact Statement ES- 8

Module / Section Baseline Methodology

Presence of pollution indicator

Parameters Considered: TSP, PM10, Sox,

ES 1.7. Public Participation Activities