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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
human reproductive health has been explained and disseminated throughout the
refers to a whole physical, mental and social well-being in all matters concerning
knowledge about the issue and the absence of proper propagation of information
about effective, safe, affordable and acceptable contraception methods that are
available. On 2014, the United Nations Population Fund reported that 225 million
women in the developing countries are not using effectual contraceptive method
since many changes in human body occur during the teenage years. This also
means that a teenager’s reproductive system becomes fully active during this
the early years which can also teach them how to be responsible sexually active
A Comparative Study… 2
teaching and learning about broad assortment of topics affiliated to sex and
sexuality, digging into the values and beliefs about those topics and gaining the
skills that are demanded to manage an individual’s sexual health and navigate
have not yet been developed by the Department of Education (Geronimo, 2016).
Given the information, the purpose of this study is to determine and compare the
reproductive health awareness of grade 11 students who came from public and
Review of Literature
and systems at all stages of life. It indicates that people should have a
responsible, satisfying and safe sex life and that they can reproduce and have
affects the functions of the male and female reproductive systems. Reproduction
disorders involve birth defects, developmental disorders, preterm birth, low birth
important during adulthood, it sets the stage for health further the reproductive
years for both men and women and affects the health of the next generation.
The health of an infant is mostly a function of the mother’s health and nutrition
concern but is most important for women specifically during reproductive years.
Men too have reproductive health concerns and needs though their health is
(POPIN, 2010).
regulate their fertility practice and enjoy sexual relationships apart from the
health. Inter alia, the HIV pandemic, increasing global rates of sexually
importance of issues such as violence against women and girls are later results
addition, unsafe sex was identified by the World Health Organization as the
second most important risk factor for disease, disability, or death in the poorest
communities and the ninth in developed countries (Glassier et. al., 2006).
central role in a women’s health while in men, they have a different case. It is a
A Comparative Study… 4
problems that age worldwide. Family planning, maternal health care and HIV
prevention are some services that some women still have no access to. Every
year there are 287, 000 women die from complications during pregnancy or
childbirth and more than 225 million women want to avoid pregnancy but are not
Reproductive health is one issue that needs attention in our country. The
ones responsible for one third of health issues for women between the ages of
Philippines, unsafe sex is a huge risk factor especially for women. (PCHRD,
2008)
that a woman achieves a state of mental, physical, and social well-being during
all stages of her reproductive life. According to United Nations, some 114 Filipino
mothers die for every 100,000 live births. These deaths occur due to
CNN Philippines reported that several programs aim for the maintenance
promoting safe sexual habits and awareness about various sexually transmitted
diseases are some efforts of the Filipino government and NGOs to achieve a
Almost two out of three Filipinas prevented to use any form of birth control and
one in four women gets pregnant within a year because they prefer using
traditional over modern contraception. Klaus Beck said that 78 percent among
the females who had their first sexual encounter is unprotected. Unfounded fear
of side effects, opposition from religious groups, lack of knowledge, and lightly
taking the risk of pregnancy are some reasons for some who does not choose
modern contraception that the World Health Organization cited. Medical facilities
must be provided to help deal with problems like infertility, STDs, and other
reproductive problems. However, there are still some practices that are related to
percent. In addition, 2 percent of female youth aged 15-24 have had sex before
age 15 and 30 percent in the 18-24 age brackets have had sex. Females had
their sexual debut at the age of 19 in 1994, but it has become younger today at
the age of 17. The region of Davao also placed as the third highest in the
number of youths who engage in pre-marital sex in 2013 with 38.5 percent or
A Comparative Study… 6
370, 000, a figure higher by 15. 3 points from 23.2 percent in 2002. Moreover, 8
in 10 or 295, 000, participated in their first pre-marital sex encounter without any
adapt to family planning methods and other reproductive health issues. Officer-
in-charge of the Population Division of the City Health Office (CHO), Jeff
clarify that they are not promoting pre-marital sex or any form immoralities. This
is due to fact that Davao region ranks fifth in the highest number of HIV cases
nationwide. Davao Region had 475 cases of HIV-Aids that was recorder by the
(Revita, 2016).
million girls aged 15 to 19 and some 1 million girls under 15 give birth every
year. Childbirth and pregnancy complications are the second cause of death for
unsafe abortions every year and babies born to teenage mothers face a greater
common worldwide. HPV has more than 100 types, at least 13 of which are
cause cervical cancer. Two HPV types causes 70% of cervical cancers and
precancerous cervical lesions. Evidences also links HPV with cancers of the
Health Survey show that 29% of married adolescent Filipinas have an unmet
need for contraception, which is higher than that among women in all other age-
manage the high level of unmet need among Filipina adolescents, it is important
to develop access to family planning counseling and to provide the full range of
for delaying the initiation of sexual activity. A school is the only institution in
regular connection with a fairly large proportion of the teenage population with all
youth attending it before they begin sexual risk-taking behavior. Programs that
raise abstinence have become popular with school systems in the US and with
belief that through sufficient instruction, adolescents will be more prepared to act
Sex education is likely one of the most sensitive topics in the Philippines.
It has been a subject of debate until now whether to incorporate this in the
sex and teenage pregnancies among youths, and to check the dissemination of
schools, especially to middle school and high school students because they
belong to the age group that are considered vulnerable (Ronquillo, 2017).
that the Department of Education has not yet developed the minimum standards
reduces risky behavior of young people who are sexually active (Geronimo,
2016).
Theoretical Framework
attitudes, and behavior in a way that facilitates health. Disease prevention aims
centers on legal controls and policies and voluntary codes of practice that
intends to prevent ill health and enhancing well-being (Jones and Bartlett, 2005).
This theory claims that a person become more aware and understanding of the
things and concepts more intricately and in a more developed way as they go
This study also used Social Cognitive Theory (SCT) by Albert Bandura. It
states that, learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal
relation to the person, environment, and behavior. The unique feature of Social
Cognitive Theory (SCT) is its emphasis on social influence and on external and
internal social reinforcement. SCT considers the unique way in which individuals
acquire and maintain behavior, while also considering the social environment in
maintenance of behavior, and not just initiation of behavior, is the true goal in
public health. The goal of SCT is to explain how people regulate their behavior
Conceptual Framework
variables are the Grade 11 Senior High School Students who came from Public
and Private Junior High School. The Dependent Variable is the level of
who came from both public and private Junior High School. These were
The main objective of this study is to determine and compare the level of
coming from public and private Junior high schools who is currently enrolled in
graduated from?
school?
private school?
Hypothesis
health awareness among Grade 11 students who came from public and private
CHAPTER II
METHOD
Research Design
accurate way. It exhibits relationships that are not existing, practices that are
present, attitudes and beliefs that are contrast, ways and methods that are
practiced (Kowalczyk, 2003). Descriptive method was used to identify the level of
health awareness of students from the public and private junior high schools.
Research Locale
This study was conducted at the Senior High School Department of San
Pedro College, wherein the respondents were the Grade 11 students enrolled in
Research Participants
The total population of the respondents is 166. Eighty three (83) respondents are
from public schools and another eighty three (83) respondents are from private
schools. Both groups of participants were officially enrolled in the Senior High
Research Instruments
the questionnaire that explains the purpose of the study for ethical
Somewhat aware, 2- Slightly aware, 1- Not at all aware. Ordered intervals of the
Research Procedures
The following are the procedures that the researchers have followed to
health awareness.
The first step was asking of permission for the conduct of the study. The
researchers wrote a letter to the Department head of the Senior High School,
Pedro College.
The second step the asking of permission from the author to use the
standardized test questionnaire from the study entitled “An Assessment of the
HIV and AIDS in Malaysia.” by Verma, et., al. The researchers used a
The third step was asking permission to the respondents of the study
The fourth step was the retrieving and the gathering of data. The
unchecked data of the respondents was handed by the researchers to the hired
A Comparative Study… 15
statistician. The selected test questionnaires were checked, and the results were
The last step was the analyzation and interpretation of data gathered.
After the tabulation and calculation of data, the researchers have deliberated,
analyzed and interpreted the results accordingly to come up with the conclusions
and recommendation.
Statistical Treatment
1. Population Mean
Mean could measure the best value that represents the whole population
or the sample under study. The mean or average that is used to derive the
CHAPTER III
Results
Presented in this chapter are the results of the data gathered on the level
respondents are from public schools and another 50% are from private schools.
Table 1. Profile of Grade 11 students from public and private high schools
Count %
School Graduated Public 83 50.0%
From Private 83 50.0%
awareness of Grade 11 students coming from Public and Private junior high
both public and private schools, this range was used; 1.0-1.7 not at all aware,
1.8-2.5 slightly aware, 2.6-3.3 somewhat aware, 3.4-4.1 moderately aware and
4.2-5.0 extremely aware. The mean of public junior high schools was 3.79 which
falls under moderately aware. Furthermore, the private junior high schools have
the mean of 3.78 which also falls under moderately aware. This shows that both
A Comparative Study… 17
Grade 11 students coming from public and private junior high schools are both
Table 2. Awareness level of Grade 11 Students from Public and Private Junior
high schools
School Graduated Mean Description Interpretations
From
As presented in Table 4, the p-value of 0.958, was greater than the level
of significance of 0.05. Therefore, the null hypothesis was accepted. There was
11 students who came from public and private junior high schools.
CHAPTER IV
DISCUSSIONS
In this chapter, the data are presented to answer the question posed in
the study. The data gathered were reproductive health awareness level of the
The test results showed that Grade 11 students from public junior high
schools has a slightly greater mean than the students from private junior high
schools. This implies that Grade 11 students from public junior high schools are
slightly more aware of reproductive health than the students from private junior
high schools and both mean of the groups of respondents are described as
moderately aware. This supports what La Bella (2013) mentioned that there
Filipino public-school system. The Reproductive Health bill in the Philippines was
and other learning facilities should comply with has not yet developed
(Geronimo, 2016).
states that learning occurs in a social context with a dynamic and reciprocal
Bella (2013), Applying SLT is assumed that the more individuals change their
A Comparative Study… 19
sexual behavior, the more people around them will also change their sexual
behavior. Thus, this may explain why the respondents were moderately aware
about the matter even though comprehensive sex education here in the
health awareness of Grade 11 students coming from public and private junior
high schools. This implies that the level of reproductive health awareness among
Development Theory assumes that individuals become more aware and can
stages of their development. Thus, this theory explains why both grade 11
students from public and private junior high school have close level of
awareness because they are in the stage of development wherein, they can
Model, which states that health education is designed to change the knowledge,
beliefs, attitudes and behavior in a way that facilitates health which will lead to
disease prevention and health protection that aims to lessen risk factors and the
This study stressed that Grade 11 Students from public and private junior
high schools have adequate knowledge about reproductive health. Despite the
fact that the sexuality education which schools and other learning facilities
A Comparative Study… 20
should comply with has not yet developed, the students have already acquired
health awareness of the Grade 11 Senior high school students from public and
private junior high schools who were officially enrolled in the academic year
2017-2018, at San Pedro College The results of this investigation may provide
information on the level of reproductive health awareness, which may also serve
CHAPTER V
Summary
The mean of the students from the public junior high schools was 3.79,
and the mean of private junior high schools’ students was 3.78. In addition, due
to their slight difference the results show that the students from public junior high
schools are more aware than those students from private junior high schools.
Moreover, the null hypothesis was accepted because the p-value of 0.958 is
greater than the level of significance of 0.05. The level of awareness regarding
reproductive health among grade 11 students who came from public and private
Conclusion
Based on the findings of this research, the researchers conclude that the
mean of public junior high schools students was 3.79 and the mean of the
private junior high schools students was 3.78.The following ranges was used to
obtain the mean level of reproductive health awareness of both public and
private schools; 1.0-1.7 not at all aware, 1.8-2.5 slightly aware, 2.6-3.3
A Comparative Study… 22
addition, this concludes that the mean of both public and private junior high
schools falls under moderately aware. However, based on their slight difference
it only indicates that public junior high schools are more aware than private junior
high schools. Furthermore, the p-value of 0.958 is greater than the level of
the level of reproductive health awareness among Grade 11 students who came
Recommendations
that:
3. The future researchers can use age and gender as their basis for
research.
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