A H M 531 Venturi & Orifice By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

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A H M 531 Venturi & Orifice By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Objective:
Venturi:
To study the principles of Venturi meter and to determine its coefficient Cd
by comparing the measure flow rate with the ideal flow rate.

Orifice:

1- To determine the coefficient Cd of an orifice meter by comparing the

measured flow rate with the ideal flow rate.
2- To calibrate the rotameter.

Theory:

Venturi:
The Venturi meter is a device which is used for measuring the discharge of a
long pipe. The fluid flowing in the pipe is lead through a contraction section to a
throat, which has a smaller cross-sectional area than the pipe, so that the velocity of
the fluid through the throat is higher than that in the pipe. This increase of velocity
is accompanied by a fall in pressure, the magnitude of which depends on the rate of
flow, so that by measuring the pressure drop, the discharge may be calculated from
the equation:
Qtheoretical = ( A1A2 ) x √(2g(h1 – h2))
√(A12 – A22 )

= K ( h1 – h2 )( 1 / 2 )
where A1, A2 are the cross sectional area of the entry and the throat section, and h1-
h2 is the differential manometer reading across the entry and the throat of the
meter. In practice, there is some loss of the energy between sections 1 and 2, as a
result, measured values of Q usually fall a little short of coefficient Cd which is
introduced as follows:
Qac t= Cd.Qtheo
This coefficient may be established by experiment.

Orifice:
The Orifice and rota meter are devices for measuring the flow rate along a
pipe. An Orifice in a pipe line may be used as a meter in the manner as the Venturi
meter. The Orifice meter consist of a concentric square-edged circular hole in thin
plate which is clamped between the flanges of the pipe. The arrangement is cheap
compared to the cost of a Venturi meter, but there are substantial energy losses.
The theoretical floe rate can be calculated from the equation:

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A H M 531 Venturi & Orifice By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Qtheoritical = ( A1A2 ) x √(2g(h6 – h7 ))

√(A62 – A72 )

= K ( h6 – h7 )( 1 / 2 )

But the actual flow rate may be as little as tow-thrids ,of this value .A coefficient of
discharge Cd must be introduced in the same way as for the venturi meter , the
actual flow rate through as orifice meter is :
Qac t= Cd.Qtheo

Where : A6 & A7 are the cross sectional area of the pipe & orifice respectively & (h6
– h7 ) is the differantial manometer reading across the up & down stream of the
orifice & the coefficient Cd may simplest device for measuring the flow in a pipe line
.It consist of a vertical glass tube that is slightly tapered , in which the metering float
is suspended by the upward motion of the fluid around it .
Directional notches cut in the float keep it rotating & thus free of wall of wall
friction .
The rate of flow Q determine the equilibrium height of the float , the tube is
graduated to read the flow directly .

Apparatus : ( For both venturi & orifice )

At a no. of points along the length of the convergent divergent passage of venturi ,
piezometer tubes are drilled into the wall & connection are from each of there to
vertical manometer tubes .
The manometer tubes are connected at their top ends to a common reservoir in
which the amount of air may be controlled by a small air value at one end .the whole
assembly of venturi meter ,manometer tube , scale & reservoir is supported on a
base mounted on screwed feet which may be adjusted to level the equipment .

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A H M 531 Venturi & Orifice By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

CALCULATION :

Resultant of the venturi meter :

A1 = 7.91 x 10-4 m2
A2 = 1.76715 x 10 -4 m2
Rotameter Vol. Time Qactual h1 h2 h3 Qtheoritical Cd Re
(L/min.) ( L (sec.) x10-3 mm mm mm x 10-3
) m3/sec. m3/sec
5 5 80 0.0625 175 160 167 0.0931994 0.670605176 5052.669022
10 5 30.67 0.163026 212 155 185 0.181679 0.897329906 13179.46272
15 5 25.52 0.195925 256 142 211 0.256933 0.762552883 15839.10685
20 5 16.40 0.304878 305 122 244 0.325532 0.936553088 24647.16202
22 5 13.52 0.369822 335 100 264 0.368894 1.002515628 29897.41061

V
0.3536768
0.9225363
1.1087061
1.7252525
2.0927595

Sample of calculation :
For the fires reading :

Qactual = ( Vol. / Time ) = 0.0625 x 10 -3 m3/sec.

Qtheoretical = ( A1A2 ) x √(2g(h1 – h2)) = 0.0932 x 10 -3

√(A12 – A22 )

Cd = ( Qactual / Qtheoritical ) = 0.67061

V = (Qactual / A2 ) = (0.0625 x 10 -3 / 1.76715 x 10 -4 ) = 0.3537 m / sec.
Re = ( ρ x V x D2 ) / ( μ ) = ( 1000 x x0.015)/ ( 1.05 x 10-3 ) = 5052.669

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A H M 531 Venturi & Orifice By: Mu'men Al-Otoom

Resultant of the orifice meter :

Rotameter Vol. Time Qactual h6 h7 h8 Qtheoritical Cd Re

(L/min.) (L) (sec.) x10-3 mm mm mm m3/sec
m3/sec.
5 5 80 0.0625 99 93 95 0.000117 0.532588469 3791.325
10 5 30.67 0.163026 114 86 96 0.000254 0.643080328 9889.354
15 5 25.52 0.195925 135 75 93 0.000371 0.527960702 11885.05
20 5 16.40 0.304878 160 68 96 0.00046 0.663467327 18494.27
22 5 13.52 0.369822 179 61 97 0.00052 0.710622749 22433.85

V
0.199045
0.519191
0.623965
0.970949
1.177777

Sample of calculation :
For the first reading :

Qactual = ( Vol. / Time ) = 0.0625 x 10 -3 m3/sec.

Qtheoritical = ( A1A2 ) x √(2g(h6 – h7 )) = 0.000117 m3/sec.

√(A62 – A72 )

Cd = ( Qactual /Qtheoritical ) = 0.532588469

V = (Qactual / A7 ) = (0.0625 x 10 -3 /3.14 x 10-4 ) = 0.199 m / sec.

Re = ( ρ x V x D7 ) / ( μ ) = ( 1000 x 0.199 x 0.02 )/ ( 1.05 x 10-3 ) = 3790.48

☺Plot Q vs. ( h1 – h2 )( 1 / 2 )
then find K-value . ( Y-intercept point )
☺Plot Q vs. Cd .

Discussion & Conclusion :

We can see the large difference between the Cd value = 0.9 & Cd calculated .
And we can see the h1 > h3 > h2 in the venturi ……
And we can see the h6 > h8 > h7 in the orifice ……

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