Understanding Smart Cities 2017

MODULE-II
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Understanding Smart Cities
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2017
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Learning Objective
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1. What is Smart city?
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2. What are challenges in smart city development?
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3. Learning From introspection of Existing Smart cities.
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National Professional Training Certificate Course: Smart Cities Development in India 1

Understanding Smart Cities 2017
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Table of Contents
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2 Understanding Smart Cities ............................................................................................................ 3
2.1.1 Historical Perspective: Evolution and Genesis .................................................................... 3
2.1.2 Definitions across the globe ................................................................................................ 5
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2.1.3 Dimensions of Smart city .................................................................................................. 13
2.1.4 Snapshots of Smart cities across the World...................................................................... 16
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2.1.5 World Wide Smart city Initiatives ..................................................................................... 20
2.1.6 Pan-City Development and retrofiting projects ................................................................ 24

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2.1.7 Redevelopment Project .................................................................................................... 30
Greenfield Development............................................................................................................... 33
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2.2 Debates and Smart City Discourses .......................................................................................... 54
2.2.1 Smart city vs other vision of cities .................................................................................... 54

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Smart City vs Liveable and Sustainable city .................................................................................. 54
2.2.2 ICT and urban planning in Smart City................................................................................ 57

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2.2.3 Inclusion and Smart City ................................................................................................... 58

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Smart Cities Development 2

2 Understanding Smart Cities
2.1.1 Historical Perspective: Evolution and Genesis
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“The technology of telecommunications and information and the economics of a global
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economy are rapidly converging, ushering in a post-industrial age of information. In the
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wake of this convergence, all institutions, both private and public, are being forced to
reinvent themselves. Power is being realigned and wealth redefined. Old forms of
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governance are being replaced with the emergence of the City-State and the establishment
of local and regional “smart communities” that aggressively embrace the tools of this new
age.”
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—Second World Forum on Smart Communities (Eger, 1997)
Smart city evolution has its roots in smart community initiatives. Smart community was
mooted by Silicon Valley where ICT was used to integrate different sectors in 1990 (Roy,
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2001). Eventually similar initiatives were taken worldwide in development of smart
community. Smart Valley is probably the most famous smart community, stemming from its
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Silicon Valley roots. Although it has been known to cover more or less the nine counties in
the San Francisco Bay Area, it is really more “virtual” in nature. Smart Valley and the success
of the Silicon Valley area emerged as a result of an economic downturn in the region in the
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early 1990s. Its originators describe it as “serving as a real-life pilot demonstrating the
benefits of an electronic community” by working with businesses, local government, and
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community groups to create a 21st century community in Silicon Valley.

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The term “smart communities” has been used to identify those municipalities which have
adopted this paradigm. Specifically, a smart community is any group of individuals,
organizations and institutions located in the same area that have made a conscious effort to
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employ information technology to transform a major portion of their region. Cooperation

between government, industry, and academe, rather than one group acting alone, is
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preferred. Also, the technology must be transforming, rather than incremental.

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The goal of a smart community is to leverage the synergies among these institutions and the
existing community infrastructure to expand and enhance economic and social activity. The
community infrastructure consists of the institutions and services that support the needs of

the community. Examples include: expertise and training, capital resources, technology
institutions, and physical infrastructure
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The famous Silicon Valley has inspiredKnowledge Based Urban Development(KBUD) around
the world in the belief it is a royal road to competitive advantage and economic
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development. Such successful KBUD policy implementation in the US has exposed that
creative urban regions can be built by promoting knowledge-based and high-tech precinct
developments. Engineering a creative urban region is a challenging task, factors related to
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culture of a place, and government priorities might have a large influence on the economic
success.
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In view of this, Brisbane, Australia has strategized its KBUD andinitiated Smart city
development (Velibeyoglu & Tan, 2008). In Queensland, where Brisbane is the capital city,
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State Government’s ‘Smart State Strategy’ Foundation initiated a modest scale local
economic development policy basically aiming to create jobs for the future for Queensland
(Mort and Roan, 2003). The Smart brand also comprises social and urban development
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policy areas to fulfil the requirements of the global knowledge-based economy. Smart State
Strategy aims to produce a friendly investment climate, and enhance the endogenous skills
base of the residents (Wiltshire, 2003). This branding strategy also restructured economic
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activities by shifting the primary focus of production from traditional economic sectors to
knowledge intensive industries (Mort and Roan, 2003). This shift, in turn, brought a major
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move in the Smart State Strategy frameworks from a modest local economic development
policy perspective to a more ambitious KBUD policy perspective, a sustainable development
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model involving the simultaneous pursuit of economic prosperity, environmental quality and
social equity (Smyth et al. 2004). In 2007 in line with the Smart State Strategy, Brisbane has
developed its ‘Smart City Strategy’. This new strategy aims to address and promote:
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information access, lifelong learning, digital divide, social inclusion, quality of life, and
economic development in and around the city. In contrast to relatively mature Smart State
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Strategy the brand new Smart City Strategy has an intense urban focused development
perspective. Smart City Strategy accommodates KBUD policies with an aim to transform.
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2.1.2 Definitions across the globe
Citizen-focused definitions
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• UK citizens tend to consider a smart city as clean, friendly and have good transport
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connections.Other words they associate with smart cities (although less frequently)
include “technology”,“connected”, “internet” and “modern”.
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• According to the Manchester Digital Development agency, “a ‘smart city’ means
‘smart citizens’– where citizens have all the information they need to make
informed choices about their lifestyle,work and travel options”.
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Government and Institutions
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• The UK Department for Business, Innovation and Skills (BIS) considers smart cities
a processrather than a static outcome, in which increased citizen engagement, hard
infrastructure, social capitaland digital technologies make cities more liveable,
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resilient and better able to respond to challenges.

• The British Standards Institute (BSI) defines the term as “the effective integration
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of physical,digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver

sustainable, prosperous and inclusivefuture for its citizens”.
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Market- Driven Definitions

IBM defines a smart city as “one that makes optimal use of all the interconnected
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information available today to better understand and control its operations and
optimize the use of limited resources”.
Cisco defines smart cities as those who adopt “scalable solutions that take
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advantage of information and communications technology (ICT) to increase

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efficiencies, reduce costs, and enhance quality of life”.

US Smart City Council says “A smart city uses information and
communicationstechnology (ICT) to enhance its liveability,workability and
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sustainability”.
Literature

The “utilization of networked infrastructure to improve economic and political

efficiency and enable social, cultural, and urban development,” (Hollands, 2008:
308)where the term “infrastructure” indicates business services, housing,
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leisure,and lifestyle services, and ICTs (mobile and fixed phones, computer
networks,e-commerce, and Internet services). This point brings to the forefront
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the idea ofa wired city as the main development model and of connectivity as the
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sourceof growth.
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An “underlying emphasis on business-led urban development” (Hollands, 2008:
308). According to several critiques of the concept of the smart city, this idea of
neoliberal urban spaces, where business-friendly cities would aim to attract new
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businesses, would be misleading. However, although caveats on the potential risks
associated with putting an excessive weight on economic values as the sole driver of
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urban development may be worth noting, the data actually shows that business-
oriented cities are indeed among those with a satisfactory socio-economic
performance.
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“A city well performing in a forward-looking way in [economy, people, governance,

mobility,Environment and living built on the smart combination of endowments and
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activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.”

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“A city that monitors and integrates conditions of all of its critical infrastructures
including roads, bridges, tunnels, rails, subways, airports, sea-ports,
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communications, water, power, even major buildings, can better optimize its
resources, plan its preventive maintenance activities, and monitor security aspects
while maximizing services to its citizens.”
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Definition Matrix
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Many definitions of smart cities exist. A range of conceptual variants is often

obtained by replacing “smart” with alternative adjectives, for example, “intelligent”
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or “digital”. The label “smart city” is a fuzzy concept and is used in ways that are not
always consistent. There is neither a single template of framing a smart city, nor a
one-size-fits-all definition of it (O’Grady and O’Hare, 2012).

In the urban planning field, the term “smart city” is often treated as an ideological
dimension according to which being smarter entails strategic directions.
Governments and public agencies at all levels are embracing the notion of smart-
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ness to distinguish their policies and programs for targeting sustainable
development, economic growth, better quality of life for their citizens, and
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creating happiness (Ballas, 2013)
Definition Source
Smart city as a high-tech intensive and advanced city Bakıcı et al. (2012)
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that connects people, information and city elements
using new technologies in order to create a
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sustainable, greener city, competitive and innovative
commerce, and an increased life quality.
Being a smart city means using all available technology Barrionuevo et al.
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and resources in an intelligent and coordinated manner (2012)
to develop urban centers that are at once integrated,
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habitable, and sustainable.
A city is smart when investments in human and social Caragliu et al.

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capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) (2011)

communication infrastructure fuel sustainable
economic growth and a high quality of life, with a wise
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management of natural resources, through

participatory governance.
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Smart cities will take advantage of communications Chen (2010)

and sensor capabilities sewn into the cities’ Cretu(2012)
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infrastructures to optimize electrical, transportation,

and other logistical operations supporting daily life,
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thereby improving the quality of life for everyone.
Two main streams of research ideas: 1) smart cities Eger

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should do everything related to governance and (2009)

economy using new thinking paradigms and 2) smart
cities are all about networks of sensors, smart devices,
real-time data, and ICT integration in every aspect of

human life.
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Definition Source
Smart community – a community which makes a Gartner (2011)

conscious decision to aggressively deploy
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technology as a catalyst to solving its social and
business needs – will undoubtedly focus on
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building its high-speed broadband
infrastructures, but the real opportunity is in
rebuilding and renewing a sense of place, and in
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the process a sense of civic pride. [ ... ] Smart
communities are not, at their core, exercises in
the deployment and use of technology, but in the
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promotion of economic development, job
growth, and an increased quality of life. In other
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words, technological propagation of smart
communities isn’t an end in itself, but only a
means to reinventing cities for a new economy
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and society with clear and compelling community

benefit.
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A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of Giffinger et al.

information that flow between its many different (2007)
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subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed

and translated into citizen and commercial
services. The city will act on this information flow
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to make its wider ecosystem more resource-

efficient and sustainable. The information
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exchange is based on a smart governance

operating framework designed to make cities
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sustainable.
A city well performing in a forward-looking way Guan (2012)

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in economy, people, governance, mobility,

environment, and living, built on the smart
combination of endowments and activities of

self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.

Smart city generally refers to the search and
identification of intelligent solutions which allow
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modern cities to enhance the quality of the
services provided to citizens.
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A smart city, according to ICLEI, is a city that is Hall (2000)
prepared to provide conditions for a healthy and
happy community under the challenging
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conditions that global, environmental, economic
and social trends may bring.
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A city that monitors and integrates conditions of Harrison et al.
all of its critical infrastructures, including roads, (2010)
bridges, tunnels, rails,
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subways, airports,
seaports, communications, water, power, even
major buildings, can better optimize its
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resources, plan its preventive maintenance
activities, and monitor security aspects while
maximizing services to its citizens.
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(Smart) cities as territories with high capacity Komninos

for learning and innovation, which is built-in the (2011)
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creativity of their population, their institutions

of knowledge creation, and their digital
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infrastructure for communication and

knowledge management.
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Smart cities are the result of knowledge-intensive Kourtit and

and creative strategies aiming at enhancing the Nijkamp (2012)
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socio-economic, ecological, logistic and

competitive performance of cities. Such smart
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cities are based on a promising mix of human

capital (e.g. skilled labor force), infrastructural
capital (e.g. high-tech communication facilities),
social capital (e.g. intense and open network

linkages) and entrepreneurial capital (e.g.

creative and risk-taking business activities).
Smart cities have high productivity as they Kourtit et al.
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have a relatively high share of highly educated (2012)
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people, knowledge-intensive jobs, output-
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oriented planning systems, creative activities
and sustainability-oriented initiatives.
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Smart city [refers to] a local entity - a district, IDA (2012)
city, region or small country-which takes a
holistic approach to employ[ing] information
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technologies with real-time analysis that
encourages sustainable economic development.
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A community of average technology size, Lazaroiu and
interconnected and sustainable, comfortable, Roscia (2012)
attractive and secure.
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The application of information and Lombardi et al.

communications technology (ICT) with their (2012)
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effects on human capital/education, social and

relational capital, and environmental issues is
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often indicated by the notion of smart city.
A smart city infuses information into its physical Nam and Pardo
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infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate (2011)

mobility, add efficiencies, conserve energy,
improve the quality of air and water, identify
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problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly

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from disasters, collect data to make better

decisions, deploy resources effectively, and
share data to enable collaboration across
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entities and domains.

Creative or smart city experiments [ .. . ] aimed Thite (2011)

at nurturing a creative economy through
investment in quality of life which in turn
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attracts knowledge workers to live and work in
smart cities. The nexus of competitive advantage
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has [... ] shifted to those regions that can
generate, retain, and attract the best talent.
Smart cities of the future will need sustainable Thuzar (2011)
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urban development policies where all residents,
including the poor, can live well and the
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attraction of the towns and cities is preserved. [ ..
. ] Smart cities are cities that have a high
quality of life; those that pursue sustainable
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economic development through investments in
human and social capital, and traditional and
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modern communications infrastructure
(transport and information communication
technology); and manage natural resources
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through participatory policies. Smart cities

should also be sustainable, converging economic,
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social, and environmental goals.
A smart city is understood as a certain Zygiaris (2013),

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intellectual ability that addresses several Komninos

innovative socio-technical and socio-economic (201Kourtit and
aspects of growth. These aspects lead to smart Nijkamp)
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city conceptions as “green” referring to urban

infrastructure for environment protection and
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reduction of CO2 emission, “interconnected”

related to revolution of broadband economy,
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“intelligent” declaring the capacity to produce

added value information from the processing of
city’s real-time data from sensors and

activators, whereas the terms “innovating”,

“knowledge” cities interchangeably refer to the
city’s ability to raise innovation based on
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knowledgeable and creative human capital.
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2.1.3 Dimensions of Smart city
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European context was conducted by the Centre of Regional Science at the Vienna University
of Technology (VUT)in 2007,which conceptualized six main dimensions of a ‘Smart City ’. To
assess the performance of cities as per these dimensions, VUT applied these characteristics
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to an investigation of 70 middle sized European cities (Giffinger et al., 2007). these proposed
dimensions, as shown in Figure, are: a smart economy; smart mobility; a smart environment;
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smart people; smart living; and smart governance.
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Dimensions of a smart city from different sources:
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2.1.4 Snapshots of Smart citiesacross the World
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Further to understand the type of development which smart city can bring to India, there is
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needed to look for various practices which cities followed. The complexities and dynamics of
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each city is different and there is need to assess and prioritise the infrastructure particular
city is needed. Some of examples with project, which is solution for a particular problem and
their key impact has been demonstrated.
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2.1.5 World Wide Smart city Initiatives

Beginningof2013,therewereapproximately143ongoingorcompletedself-
designatedsmart c i t y projects(Leeatal.,2014) across globe.
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Amongthese initiatives :
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1. North Americahad 35projects

2. Europe 47
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3. Asia50
4. South America10
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5. Middle East and Africa 10
In Canada, Ottawa’s‘Smart Capital’ project

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involvesenhancingbusiness,localgovernment,and communitythrough
theuseofInternetresources.Quebec Citywas acityhighly dependentuponits
provincialgovernmentbecauseofitsweak industryuntil theearly 1990s,when the city

government kicked off a public-private partnership to support a growing

multimedia sector and high-tech entrepreneurship.
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In t h e United States,Riverside,Californiahasbeenimprovingtrafficflowand
replacingaging water, s e w e r a n d electricinfrastructurethroughatech-
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basedtransformation.In San Diego and San Francisco,ICThave been major factors in
allowingthese citiestoclaimtobea‘CityoftheFuture’ forthelast15years (Leeetal.,2014).
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The EuropeanUnion has put in place smart city actions in several cities, includingin
Barcelona, Amsterdam,Berlin, Manchester,Edinburgh,and Bath.
IntheUnitedKingdom,almost
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15yearsago,Southamptonclaimedtobethecountry’sfirstsmart c i ty after
thedevelopmentofitsmulti-applicationsmartcardfor public transportation,
recreation, andleisure-related
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developeda large-scaledigital skills t r a i n i n g program, extensivee-
government,and a n award-winningsmart I D card. This cityisthe centerof economic
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developmentforallofEstonia, harnessing ICTbyfosteringhigh-tech parks.
The EuropeanCommissionhas introducedsmart cities in line 5ofthe Seventh

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Framework Program for Research and Technological Development.

Thisprogramprovidesfinancial supporttofacilitatetheimplementation
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ofaStrategicEnergyTechnologyplan (SET-Plan)throughschemesrelatedto‘Smart citiesand

communities’(Vanolo, 2014).
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AccordingtothestatisticsoftheChineseSmartCitiesForum,sixprovincesand51citieshaveinc
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ludedSmartCitiesintheirgovernmentwork reportsinChina;of these 36areundernew

concentratedconstruction(Liuand Peng, 2013).Chinese smart
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citiesaredistributeddenselyoverthePearland YangtzeRiverDeltas,BohaiRim,and
theMidwestarea.Moreover, smart citiesinitiativesspreadinallfirst-tier citiessuch
asBeijing,Shanghai,and Shenzhen.Thegeneralapproachfollowedin this
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cityistointroducesome ICTduringthe constructionofnew infrastructure,

withsomeattentiontoenvironmentalissuesbutlimitedattentiontosocialaspects.

MasdarCity is o n e of themost well-knownexamplesofnew citiesbuilt accordingtotheeco-

cityparadigm.
Althoughthiscitywasplannedaroundtheconceptofsustainabledevelopment,
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itpromisedtobestronglygroundedineconomicconcerns.Several peoplelooked
atthisasanexampleofafree-economichigh-techmarketinanareaconnecting Asiaand
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Europe. Economic criseshave slowedthisinitiative,which washighly
criticizedforitscorporate-pushedapproach.Socialrequestsanddreamsof
thelocalpopulationsarehidden behindformal designsofthecity,which
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unfortunatelyseemsunabletoovercomethelimits ofnew plannedcities.
SeveralSoutheastAsiancitiessuchasSingapore,Taiwan,andHongKongare followinga
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similarapproach,promotingeconomicgrowththroughsmartcitypro-
grams.Singapore’sIT2000planwasdesignedtocreatean‘intelligentisland’with
informationtechnologytransforming
ica work,life,andplay.Morerecently,Singapore has
extensivelybeen dedicatedtoimplementits Master Plan iN2015and has
alreadycompletedtheWireless@SGgoalofprovidingfreemobile Internetaccess
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anywhereinthecity(IDA,2012).TaoyuaninTaiwanissupportingitseconomy
toimprovethequalityofliving throughaseries ofgovernmentprojects suchasE-
TaoyuanandU-Taoyuanforcreatinge-governanceandubiquitouspossibilities.
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Anothercountrythatistrying extensivelytoimplementsmart cityprojects

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isKorea( Yigitcanlarand L e e , 2014).The largest smart city initiativein Korea is Songdo,

anewtown built fromthegroundinthelastdecadeand which plans to house
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75,000inhabitantswith an originalestimatedcostof$35billion. Theplan

includesinstallingatele-presencein
everyapartmentinordertocreateanurbanspaceinwhicheveryresidentcantransmitinform
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ationusingvariousdevices,whereasa citycentralbrainshouldmanage thehuge

amountofinformation(Shwayri,2013,Halpernetal.,2013).Atpresent, there are
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1 3 projectsin progresstowards the smart city initiatives of New Songdo.

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Thisproject suffersallthecontradictionsindicatedinMasdar,and some peoplecriticize

theseexamplesasrealestate initiatives,
wherethesmartlabelisincludedasaconsequenceofthesimple a d o p t i o n of
somemodernICT.Surely,thesecitiesshowastrong

linktoneoliberalurbandevelopmentpolicies wheretheconstructionofasmart c ity image

becomesuseful t o attract investments,leadingsectorprofessionals,and
workers(Vanolo,2014).
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Smart Initiatives and Global Good Practices:
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1. City : Seattle, US
• Seattle.gov portal with 20+ language support data.seatle.gov allows open data and open
government Community Technology Planner
• Equitable Justice Delivery System
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• Communities Online Puget Sound-Off Smart Grid
• Automated Metering Infrastructure
• Pacific Northwest Regional Demonstration Project
• Fiber to the premise
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• GigU seeks to accelerate the deployment of ultra-high-speed networks to leading U.S.
universities and their surrounding communities
• Supervisory Control and Data Acquisition
• Drainage and Waste Water System
• Rain Watch Program
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• Field Operations Management System
• Common Operating Picture
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• IT Cloud
• Electronic Plan Review System
• Digital Evidence Management System
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2. Quebec City, Canada

• Zap Quebec providing Wi-Fi internet access
• Text messaging service of snow cleaning information
• Snow cleaning management project: providing sensors at each snow cleaning machine
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• Inter-cities network: connecting with major cities of the province of Quebec Mobile
homepage: developing a mobile version of the city’s website Infrastructure management
system: integrating different information systems to coordinate activities related to
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infrastructure management
• Open data initiative: making city data open
• Online transportation control system
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3. Friedrichshafen, Germany
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• GPS distress signal, in an emergency, people can send a signal by touching their cell
phone
• Mobile Clinic system enables the interactive remote monitoring of patients with chronic
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heart conditions
• KatCard E-ticketing project enables the non-cash purchase of tickets
• Edunex is a web-based educational platform for schools
• Secured EduKey allows secure access to Edunex biometrically
• Smart Metering provides customers with information about their electricity and gas
consumption.

• Digital picture frame has an integrated wireless module and receives digital photos via
the Deutsche Telekom network
• CityInfo allows requesting short info on various topics via the SMS information
• service.
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• Multimedia Stations provide information and services free of charge in the areas of city
• Hearing impaired telephones for deaf people access to a sign language interpreting service,
using special video telephones
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• SZ News adds a local dimension to the Internet Protocol Television information services.
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• Tourism portal www.friedrichshafen.info compiles all important information required for a
stay in Friedrichshafen.
• With G/On, employees can access their work stations securely from anywhere in
• the world.
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• dDesk allows applications and data are stored on the cloud on a central server. T-Mobile
emergency number supports the coordination of rescue services in Friedrichshafen.
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2.1.6 Pan-City Development and retrofitting projects already in practice
2.1.6.1 Hyderabad: Soliciting Citizen Feedback to Improve Service Delivery

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The Problem
Citizens were reporting problems with garbage delivery, road maintenance, and street
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lighting to the Greater Hyderabad Municipal Corporation (GHMC), but the city encountered
difficulties responding to all citizen complaints in a timely manner.
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The Solution
The GMHC established an online complaints and reviews system to improve services
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available to citizens. The system includes 4,687 citizen service centres, a 48-hour response
deadline and an additional crowd complaint option that allows multiple people to escalate a
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complaint by contacting local officials and lodging any grievances. The government also
makes 12 monitoring vehicles responsible for monitoring 2,000 kilometres of Hyderabad.
These vehicles gather photographic and video evidence to help government identify and
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address local problems.

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The Results
The complaints system enabled the GHMC commissioner and other senior officials to closely
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monitor services including garbage delivery, manhole coverage, street lighting, stray dogs,
toilet facilities, potholes and illegal constructions. Today, 30% of complaints to GHMC are
made online, and the government has also launched a mobile app in partnership with the
private sector that will make reporting grievances even easier.

2.1.6.2 Mumbai: Bringing Sanitation Solutions to Urban Slums

The Problem
In 2011, more than 50% of homes in Mumbai did not have toilets, meaning a large
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proportion of the population depended on public toilets. The result: toxic bacteria in the air
and the water, which spreads disease.
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The Solution
The Municipal Corporation of Greater Mumbai (MCGM) and community-based agencies
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worked together with communities to install 330 modern and technological “toilet blocks”
— including 5,100 toilet seats.
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The Results
Mumbai’s Slum Sanitation Programme created enough sanitary facilities to serve 400,000
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people in the slums of Mumbai, improving the health of citizens and infrastructure of the
city. The new facilities received a 15% higher approval rating from citizens than the contract-
run toilets they replaced.
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2.1.6.3 Rajkot: Increasing Transparency to Improve Transportation Service

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The Problem
When a rickshaw driver was both rude to him and overcharged him for his trip, an
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entrepreneur in Rajkot sprung into action. The encounter highlighted a set of common
problems in Indian transportation — the lack of good customer service and transparent,
standard fees.
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The Solution
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G-Auto was developed to ensure better customer and driver experiences. The initiative
allows customers to use an online or mobile app to book an auto rickshaw. G-Auto has also
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created a transparent, metered payment system, and an online feedback form. This solution
would not have flourished without city support. In Rajkot, the city government played a key
role in enabling the solution by introducing reforms by working with various city
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stakeholders, such as the regional transport office, traffic police, driver unions and service
providers.
The Results

G-Auto, which was launched in 2009, has built a network of 15,000 drivers across
Ahmedabad, Gandhinagar, Rajkot, Surat, and Delhi. It offers customers multiple services,
including a door-to-door service, a tourist service, a daily commuter service, and an out-of-
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town service. The Government of India has endorsed the project and recommended the
adoption of similar platforms.
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2.1.6.4 Surat: Upgrading Sanitation Standards to Improve Public Health
The Problem
Surat suffered an outbreak of bubonic plague in 1994. The plague claimed 56 lives and many
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citizens fled the city. Surat’s narrow streets,dense settlements and poor drainage systems
made cleansing the city and preventing the further spread of disease a significant challenge.
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The Solution
The Surat local authority and the municipal commissioner at the time ensured that major
roads and markets were cleaned twice a day; enacted strict hygiene and sanitation
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standards in eating houses, sweetshops, fruit and vegetable shops; fined people for littering;
improved solid waste management; and divided the city into 52 “sanitary wards,” each of
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which had its own cleanliness inspector. The city also launched public-private partnerships to
improve waste collection.
The Results
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Results were visible within weeks, and today, Surat is seen as one of India’s cleanest cities.
Surat also built upon its early successes. It has set an example with its computerised water
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distribution and drainage system and modern sewage treatment plants. Surat's policies and
solutions have become a national model for other cities to follow.
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2.1.6.5 Bangkok: Improving Neighbourhoods through Citizen-Led Planning

The Problem
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In the early 2000s, many of Thailand’s poorest citizens were living in rundown slums that
lacked sufficient homes and basic infrastructure. With an increasing population, the health
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and welfare of citizens in these neighbourhoods was in danger.

The Solution
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Central and local government officials called on affected citizens and communities to offer
solutions, and a pilot was launched within the informal settlements along the Bang Bua
Canal in Bangkok. Instead of just building houses, the Baan Mankong project empowered

some of the poorest people in Thailand to be directly involved in shaping their whole
community and encouraged people to see informal settlements as part of the wider city.
The Results
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Through the scaling of Baan Mankong, more than 1,000 communities innovated and
implemented projects in 226 towns and cities, improving 54,000 households. The United
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Nations commended the initiative for using community action to upgrade slums.
2.1.6.6 Barcelona: Promoting Solar Energy to Increase Sustainability

The Problem
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Barcelona, which has the second largest metropolitan population in Spain, was heavily
dependent on costly and environmentally damaging fossil fuels. The city was pushed to
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identify a different solution to take the city's energy policy in a new direction.
The Solution
The city government of Barcelona issued a Solar Thermal Ordinance in 1999. The ordinance
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set targets for public and private buildings, making it compulsory to use solar energy to
supply 60% of running hot water in all new or renovated buildings. It also put solar powered
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bus stops on Barcelona’s streets.
The Results
Barcelona has reduced its energy consumption by 25,000 MWh annually compared to 2000
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usage levels. It has achieved this by creating a more environmentally friendly energy supply,
including more solar and more photovoltaic energy. More than 70 other Spanish cities have
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followed Barcelona’s example.
2.1.6.7 Curitiba: Increasing Recycling Through Citizen Incentives

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The Problem
In the early 1990s, the city had limited capacity to routinely pick up trash, which left garbage
piled up on the streets. The city desperately needed better methods of picking up garbage
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and to reduce its production of waste.

The Solution
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Curitiba pioneered a series of environmental protection efforts, including a new recycling

plan, “Garbage that is not garbage,” which encouraged recycling. The city also began
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rewarding citizens with food, books, or bus tickets when they separated their organic and
non-organic waste.
The Results

Within five years, 70% of households in Curitiba had become active participants in the waste
reduction strategy, preventing tens of thousands of tons of waste from being sent to
landfills.
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2.1.6.8 Hangzhou: Bike Sharing to Improve Public Mobility
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The Problem
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Traffic congestion in Hangzhou, the capital of China’s Zhejiang province, made commuting a
challenge; it was also harming the environment and public health. Studies showed that 40%
of air pollution in Hangzhou was the result of vehicle emissions.
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The Solution
Hangzhou’s government invested 180 million Yuan to create a bike sharing system that
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connected to the public transport network.
The Results
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The bike share program includes 66,000 bicycles and 2,700 sharing stations. Officials plan for
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the program to include 175,000 bicycles by 2020. The initiative has improved Hangzhou’s
environment, making it more attractive to tourists. It has also created a more affordable way
for people to get around the city.
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2.1.6.9 Istanbul: Pedestrianizing Streets to Improve Public Mobility

The Problem
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Istanbul's car-dominated roads were dangerous for pedestrians and detrimental to the city’s
air quality. The constant congestion also made the city less accessible.
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The Solution
In 2010, Instanbul's Faith Municipality engaged in a robust public-private partnership to
facilitate the pedestrianization project to improve and expand mobility options and create a
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more accessible area in Istanbul’s Historic Peninsula.

The Results
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Since 2011, Istanbul has pedestrianized 295 streets — through infrastructure upgrades and
by making it easier for people to use trains, ferries, buses, and bicycles rather than cars. A
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survey of local students, residents, and business owners found that 80% of the local
community feels safer and approves of the changes. Residents surveyed noted the changes
improved the ease of commuting, made neighbourhoods quieter, and improved air quality.

2.1.6.10 Porto Alegre: Improving City Life through Participatory Budgeting
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The Problem
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A third of Porto Alegre, Brazil’s citizens lived in isolated slums with inadequate facilities, and
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citizens had very little involvement in identifying solutions that would make their lives
better.
The Solution
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Starting in 1989, community members in Porto Alegre were encouraged to identify their
spending priorities, select budget delegates who had the support of various experts, develop
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spending proposals, vote on proposals and then forward them to local government
authorities for implementation.
The Results ica
Participatory budgeting reprioritized government spending, helping to quadruple the
number of schools across the city, tackle poverty, and reduce corruption. Overall, Porto
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Alegre became more equitable, more transparent, and more accountable. This approach
also empowered citizens and gave them an opportunity ot address their concerns. The
World Bank credited the initiative for increasing the number of homes linked to sewage and
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water systems to nearly 100%.
2.1.6.11 New York: Transforming Streets to Increase Mobility and Public Safety
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The Problem
Between 2001 and 2009, motorists killed 3,774 people on New York City Streets. In addition
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to the deaths, roughly 4,000 New Yorkers suffered serious injuries in road accidents each
year.
The Solution
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Using smart data modelling techniques to analyze traffic and pedestrian patterns, New York
City’s Department of Transportation (NYCDOT) proposed removing motor vehicles from
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some New York City’s busiest roads so the space could be converted into public spaces for
pedestrians and cyclists. NYCDOT also oversaw the creation of miles of segregated bicycle
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lanes and created a bicycle sharing program, which made cycling a viable transportation
option for citizens.
The Results

Almost instantaneously, average travel times improved and injuries to pedestrians fell by as
much as 35%. Cycling became an easier transport option, and 74% of New Yorkers surveyed
by the Times Square Alliance — one of the neighbourhoods affected by the transformations
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— said that Times Square had dramatically improved.
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2.1.7 Redevelopment Projects already in practice (as per GoI 100 Smart Cities
Policy Redevelopment is one of the three area based development model)
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2.1.7.1 Bhendi Bazaar, Mumbai
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Bhendi Bazaar is one of the densest localities in Mumbai and is an important commercial
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centre. Due to its proximity to Crawford Market, an elite commercial centre in the early days
of the city, Bhendi Bazaar developed in the chawl fashion providing housing to the
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manpower aiding trade and commerce. These later developed in a closed organically
developed neighbourhood.

Despite the hustle bustle and the full-of-life ambience of the area, it remains one of the
most under-developed and neglected areas in the city. The area is serviced by an
infrastructure that is nearly a hundred years old.
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Many buildings made of wood and brick are seriously affected by structural weaknesses. Size
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and state of the roads makes it almost impossible for vehicular traffic to move. Lack of
footpaths and congestion makes it a challenging prospect to even walk. Out-dated sanitation
and inadequate fire & safety measures leave the population very vulnerable to natural and
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man-made calamities. Visitors are met with heaps of rubbish and rodents scurrying around.
The Dawoodi Bohra community, which is concentrated in this pocket, plans to redevelop it
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as per the State government’s cluster development policy. This ambitious project involves
pulling down 250 buildings and 1,250 shops, and building 17 towers across nine sub-clusters.
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As the 3,200 houses of Bhendi Bazaar go vertical, more open spaces will be available for
parks, parking and other amenities. Residents will get better housing facility and surrounding
environment.
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The project also proposes widening of roads from the current width of six to eight metres to
up to 16 metres to accommodate tree lined footpaths that will allow for smooth flow of
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vehicular traffic which will help the commercial area to prosper.

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The area will have its own environment-friendly and efficient sewage treatment plant, solar
panels, rainwater harvesting, and garbage disposal units. Each of the 9 planned sub-clusters
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will be independent with provisions for their own solid waste and sewage management,
power provision and open spaces. The project aims to be resource neutral.
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This project which is initiative by the local community has backing of the resident. Those
affected by the redevelopment are provided residence and commercial facility in the vicinity
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till the time they get their permanent space after redevelopment. Thus this project aims to
transform a decaying neighbourhood to a modern, vibrant and thriving urban space.
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2.1.7.2 Los Angeles: Retrofitting Buildings to Facilitate Private Investment

The Problem

Downtown Los Angeles had a plethora of unused buildings — most of which were former
office spaces. Because of outdated city regulations, the unused buildings became
economically obsolete. It was often easier for developers to build from scratch rather than
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convert old buildings to serve modern purposes.
The Solution
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The Los Angeles Adaptive Reuse Program was created in 1999 to jumpstart private
investment into the city’s downtown area. The program exempted older and historic
buildings from select zoning and code requirements and gave them expedited planning
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permission.
The Results
The program was originally approved in 1999 for downtown Los Angeles and was extended
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into additional neighbourhoods in 2003. It prompted a revitalization of downtown LA —
attracting more than $17 billion in private investments and leading to the creation of more
than 31,000 housing units.
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2.1.7.3 Barcelona: 22@ Innovation District

The Problem
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22@ – also known as Districte de la Innovació (Innovation District) – is a central business

district in Poblenou, a former industrial area of Barcelona, and one of Europe’s largest urban
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regeneration schemes. 22@ aims to convert Poblenou into the city’s centre of technology
and innovation, as well as to increase leisure and residential spaces.
Originally launched in 2000 by the Barcelona City Council, 22@ encourages landowners to
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update obsolete urban planning elements from the end of the 19th and beginning of the
20th centuries while maintaining economic activity — a different approach from a traditional
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re-zoning from industrial to residential designation.

The Solution
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The 22@Barcelona district brings together cutting-edge companies, universities and training
centres, and centres of research and transfer of technology – and facilitates interaction and
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communication among them. This cluster model allows firms to work in conjunction with
each other, encouraging sustainability in their businesses and the district itself. This business
model spurs economic growth by bringing together companies that can work in tandem to
be the most productive, and through their close proximity, increase innovation altogether.
The 22@Network, for instance, is composed of companies and institutions within the district

that count innovation and knowledge as key components of their business models. The
district also hosts the monthly 22@ Update Breakfast to bring together professionals to
exchange ideas and experiences regarding innovation. Since 2009, the 22@ Urban Cluster
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Day symposium has brought together 700 executives and representatives from companies
within the 22@District. To generate a sense of community, the 22@Volunteer programme
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allows members of the 22@Network to help others through volunteer work such as Spanish
or Catalan tutoring for newcomers.
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The Results
This project is one of the most ambitious regeneration projects in Europe, which explains a
€180 million public investment in infrastructure. Nevertheless, the renovation of the district
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was also highly supported by the private sector: as of December 2009, renovation has begun
on approximately 65 percent of the Poblenou industrial areas through 117 approved plans,
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of which 78 (66.7 percent) were promoted by the private sector. Upon completion, the
project will create 4 million square metres of constructed floor space, 3.2 million of which
will be used for economic activities and 800,000 for housing and services. So far,
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regeneration has begun on approximately 68 percent of the industrial areas in Poblenou.

Favouring social cohesion and fostering balanced and sustainable urban and economic
development, the 22@ model is already being applied in other areas of the city and is
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considered a benchmark in urban, economic and social transformation in cities like Rio de
Janeiro, Boston, Istanbul, and Cape Town.
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2.1.8 Greenfield Development

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2.1.8.1 New Town, West Bengal

New Town is being developed on the north-eastern fringes of Kolkata as a new IT and
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residential hub. It is built on the two erstwhile villages Rajarhat and Bhangar, which is now a
statutory planned development area. The area mainly consisted of huge acres of cultivable
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lands and water bodies, which have been acquired and developed in a planned manner. It
was built as a satellite town for dual purpose:
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• establishing new business centre to reduce the mounting pressure on the existing Central
Business Districts (CBD) and increasing housing stock supply by creating new residential units
• Being a planned township, New Town has been divided into three areas: Action Area - I,
mainly consisting of malls, a Sub-CBD, and planned residential and commercial plots; Action

Area - II is supposedly planned to have a main central business district (CBD), institutional
plots, IT Parks and plots for large apartment complexes, it will also house the Kolkata
Museum of Modern Art, an open landscape with an Eco park built around a water body;
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Action Area III has many residential housing projects and mainly consists of high-rise
residential complexes and mini sub-townships. It also has campuses set-up by various
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educational institution. This town-ship is planned with state of the art infrastructure
facilities.
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2.1.8.2 GIFT City, Gandhinagar
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1.1.1.1 Introduction
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GIFT City is the most ambitious project by Government of Gujarat in partnership with IL&FS
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to be designed as a Global Financial centre by providing best Infrastructure facilities at par

with globally benchmarked financial centers such as Shinjuku, Tokyo, Lujiazui, Shanghai, La
Defense, Paris, London Dockyards etc. GIFT is planned as a financial Central Business District
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(CBD) between Ahmedabad and Gandhinagar as a Greenfield development. It is located at 8

Kms to the international airport and will be connected to Ahmedabad by a Metro line.

Gujarat International Finance Tech-City or GIFT is an under-construction city in the Indian

state of Gujarat which is about 12 kms from Ahmedabad International Airport. It will be built
on 500 acres (2.0 km2) of land. Its main purpose is to provide high quality physical
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infrastructure (electricity, water, gas, district cooling, roads, telecoms and broadband), so
that finance and tech firms can relocate their operations there from Mumbai, Bangalore,
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Gurgaon etc. where infrastructure is either inadequate or very expensive.
It will have a special economic zone (SEZ), international education zone, integrated
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townships, an entertainment zone, hotels, a convention center, an international techno
park, Software Technology Parks of India (STPI) units, shopping malls, stock exchanges and
service units. GIFT aims at providing transportation network which ensures accessibility, easy
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& fast mobility and zero road accidental deaths. This would be achieved by:
• 1. Using a multimodal mix of Transport systems (MRTS/LRTS/BRT, etc.) for both inter
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region (Ahmedabad, Airport, Gandhinagar and the City) and intra-city.
• 2. Using walk-to-work concept as part of urban planning with a nodal split of 10:90
between private and public transport.
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• 3. Use of electric Personnel Rapid Transport systems within the City. In future, City will be
linked with Ahmedabad BRTS, operated by Ahmedabad JanMarg Ltd Currently,
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Two commercial towers, each of 29 floors each are under construction, while the work on a
third residential tower of 33 floors will start soon. Tendering for the next bunch of towers is
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going on. GIFT is conceptualized as a global financial and IT services hub, a first of its kind in
India, designed to be at or above par with globally benchmarked financial centers such as
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Shinjuku, Tokyo, Lujiazui, Shanghai, La Defense, Paris, London Dockyards etc.
Its Target Business Segments are: • Financial Services Operations (Back-office of banking,
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Insurance and Asset • Management Companies) • IT services (Software Application

development and maintenance) • Capital Markets & Trading •ITeS• BPO Services • KPO
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Services Project Phases: First Phase: As of now, proposed GIFT city’s land leveling work is
finished. Two commercial towers, each of 29 floors are under construction. They are slated
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to be completed by 2012 end. Second Phase: The second phase's construction of roads and
bases of buildings - 2011-2013 Third Phase: The third phase's planned period for
construction and commencement - 2013-2017.

Project Component
ASPECTS OF SMARTNESS IN THE CASE
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EXTERNAL TRANSPORTATION MLP LOCATION AUTOMATED S.W.M.
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WATER INFRASTRUCTURE RWPS & TRANSMISSION MAINS
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ASPECTS OF SMARTNESS IN THE CASE

DISTRICT COOLING SYSTEM SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT
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POWER SYSTEM UTLITY TRENCH DETAIL

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2.1.8.3 Lavasa: India’s First Fully Planned Hill City(self claimed Smart City)
Total Area:
Introduction & Justification Total hill city area – 25000 acres
Present Master Plan area – 12500 acres
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Great dreams are realised only by planning. Lavasa, a planned hill station in Maharashtra, is
one such. Billed as India's first hill city since Independence, it is developed primarily by
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Hindustan Construction Company(HCC) India and is set amidst 7 hills and 60 km of lakefront
and spread over 25,000 acres. It is a convenient 3 hours drive from Mumbai, an hour’s drive
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from Pune and is a whopping quarter size of Mumbai Lavasa is planned across four town
centers. Lavasa city will have a wide range of residences, from sprawling hillside villas, to up
to 3 BHK homes and will offer homes which fit budgets across socio-economic classes. It is
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expected to provide abundant opportunities as global leaders in Hospitality, Health and

Wellness, Education. Lavasa Tourism will be setting up their institutions. Added to this, this
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hill station in Maharashtra has diverse work possibilities appealing to the IT and biotech
industry, KPOs and R&D companies, and the world of art, fashion and animation. One of the
largest private infrastructure projects in India, Lavasa city is planned for a permanent
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population of 0.2 million residents and a Lavasa Tourism inflow envisaged at 2 million per
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annum.
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2.1.8.4 SMARTCITY KOCHI Smart City Kochi (SCK),
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A joint venture between SmartCity Dubai and the Kerala government has approved the
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concept master plan of the project. The first phase of the project is expected to be
operational within 18 months which includes a building spread over 3.5lakh sq.ft. The
project will enjoy a single special economic zone (SEZ) status due to the revision of
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guidelines for SEZs being initiated by the Union government. The project will be considered
single even though there is a water body seperating the land into two parts. With the
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notification of the revised guidelines, the entire 246 acres will recieve a single SEZ status.
This stage includes final detailed master plan, environmental and sustainability study, urban
design landscape guidelines, traffic impact study and plot development guidelines. The
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project, sprawling over 246 acres at Edachira, Kakkanad is expected to generate 90,000
direct jobs.
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2.1.8.5 Masdar City

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Introduction
Construction on the world’s first zerocarbon, zero-waste, car-free city began in April 2007 in
Abu Dhabi. Named “Masdar”, which means “source” in Arabic, the Masdar Initiative will
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create a sustainable city designed as a model for eco-design worldwide.

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The 3 E’s of Sustainability: Economy, Environment & Equity Sustainable developers recognize
that a holistic approach is necessary in designing a city to meet the needs of its people and
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the environment in which it exists. We will use Wheeler’s three criteria of economy,
environment and equity to evaluate the overall sustainability of the Masdar initiative
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(Wheeler, 2004).
Economy Abu Dhabi’s economy is heavily dependent on its vast reserves of oil and gas. The
UAE is the 11th largest oil producing country in the world and nearly 40% of the country’s
GDP is directly based on oil and gas output (CIA, 2008). The UAE and Abu Dhabi realize that
economic growth based on fossil fuel production is unsustainable in the long term due to

limited fossil fuel reserves and growing international concern about climate change. If
countries around the world make a significant shift away from fossil fuels to renewable
sources of energy to combat global climate change, the economy in Abu Dhabi as it is
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currently structured will suffer significantly.
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Environment One of Masdar’s greatest strengths is its environmental sustainability
components. The Abu Dhabi Future Energy Company (ADFEC) has spared no expense in
hiring two of the world’s most prominent green architecture (Foster + Partners) and
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engineering (CH2M) firms to design and construct Masdar, and unarguably, these firms have
delivered (Sustainable Business, 2008; ENS, 2008). Masdar employs the most cutting edge
renewable technologies and sustainable design elements which vastly reduce Masdar’s
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ecological footprint (Masdar Initiative, 2008). In fact, compared to the average urban city,
Masdar’s net energy demand is reduced 70% (McGrath, 2008), net water demand reduced
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300% and net waste production reduced 400% (Sustainable Business, 2007). Below, we
provide a brief description of how Masdar meets or exceeds each of the One Planet Living
initiative’s goals for environmentally sustainable communities.
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Equity Developers have minimal plans to promote equity in the design of Masdar City. Other
than pledging to pay all employees fair wages in accordance with international labor
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standards, the city does little else to account for differences in equality. One reason for this
omission may be that Abu Dhabi is one of the wealthiest areas in the world. The emirate had
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a per capita GDP of $63,000 in 2006, which is the third highest in the world behind
Luxembourg and Norway (AME, 2007). Abu Dhabi nationals, who control one-tenth of the
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world’s oil, are worth an average of $17 million each (Gimbel, 2007).
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Project Components
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COMMENTS & VISION &
CRITICISM MISSION
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LIVING CITY PLAN
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MASDAR
CITY
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RESEARCH & GOVERNANCE
TECHNOLOGY
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SUSTAINABILITY TRANSPORTATION
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Based on the current practices at Masdar, Six themes have been identified to achieve
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Masdar’s sustainability goals. They are:

1. Workforce
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• Ensuring a safe, secure, healthy and rewarding workplace

• help them reach their full potential through employee empowerment
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2. Economic Development
• Redefining the term ‘profitability’
• stimulating local economies
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3. Products and Services

• Developing safe and responsible products and services, by ensuring that what is designed,
built, sold, or invested

4. Environment
• innovate and implement leading environmental management practices to proactively
understand, manage and mitigate negative environmental impacts
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5. Supply Chain
• Improvement in the quality, cost effectiveness and sustainability of the goods and services
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purchased
• Can be achieved by holistic lifecycle considerations, ethical and fair business practices, and
responsible procurement policies and programs
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6. Community Involvement
• Fostering meaningful and lasting relationships with local citizens, civil society organizations,
academia and government entities I
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• Promoting self-development, skill building and contributing knowledge to solving some of
our most pressing social concerns
7. Smart Transportation Network
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• Walkable and pedestrian friendly, with shaded walkways
• A smart network of transportation options to create an accessible, liveable community
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• Designed to encourage and promote zero-carbon public transportation options

• Most private vehicles will be kept at the city’s edge in parking lots, linked by public
transportation to the rest of the city.
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• Transportation options will include:

- A driverless, point-to-point personal rapid transit (PRT) system
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- An electric vehicle ride-share program

- Accessible and strategically positioned car parks
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- Exploring electric bus options, light rails, metro lines and building a centralized zero-
carbon, automated public transportation network.
8. Personal rapid transit (PRT)
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• Driverless vehicles
• Controlled by an advanced navigation system
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• Magnets embedded in the corridor to know their position

• A wireless connection keeps them linked to the central computer for route
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9. ENERGY
• 100% powered by renewable energy
• 170mw from photovoltaic
• <30 kwh per capita per day energy usage (9x less than USA)

10. Electrical
• Photovoltaic (PV)
• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
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• Wind turbines
• Waste to Energy
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• Smart Grid
11. Thermal
• Geothermal
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• Concentrated Solar Power (CSP)
• Electric Chillers
12. Wind turbines
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The London Array will be one of the world’s largest offshore wind farms.
When fully operational, London Array will make a substantial contribution to the UK
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Government’s target of providing 15.4 percent of all electricity supply from renewable
sources by 2015
London Array – Quick Facts
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• Site Area: 245km2

• 175 Siemens 3.6MW turbines installed
• Installed capacity (Phase 1): 630Mw
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• Over 400km of cables (array and export)

• 400,000 homes powered at total capacity
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13. Photovoltaic Power Generation

The 10MW solar photovoltaic (PV) power plant was inaugurated at Masdar City in June 2009.
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10Mw Solar PV Plant - Quick Facts

Largest solar power plant in the region
Land Area: 210,000m2
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87,780 Individual PV panels installed

• Centralized PV
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- Bank of PV cells for citywide supply

• Distributed PV
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- Rooftop
- Shading
- Supply to meet local demands
- Excess back to grid

• Worldwide Commercial Viability

- Efficiency and costs are improving
14. Masdar Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS) Program
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Masdar has completed the front end engineering and design of the Abu Dhabi CCS Network
and the first element of this Network, the Emirates Steel Industries (ESI) Carbon Capture
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Facility, will commence operations by 2015.
Masdar Carbon Capture and Storage Quick Facts
• One of the world’s first integrated CCUS networks for capture, use and storage of CO2.
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• Aims by 2017 to capture 5mil. tons per annum of CO2.
• Efficiently utilizing CO2 instead of natural gas in support of oil and gas production
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2.1.8.6 City Wide Implementations ica
1.1.2 Amsterdam Smart City (ASC)
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1.1.2.1 Introduction

Amsterdam Smart City (ASC) is a programme that facilitates business, governments and
academics. The programme bureau consists of a dedicated team who believe that by
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combining knowledge, competences and partners, the city will develop and precipitate a
higher quality of life and more business opportunities. ASC does not just believe in a top-
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down approach; there is a strong belief at ASC that bottom-up ideas can contribute greatly
to our city, especially when it comes to the development of new products and services.
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Amsterdam as creating open infrastructures where companies and users have access to and
can deploy new products and services. The model of Google Market is perhaps the best
comparison, where the city is the platform. To develop Amsterdam as a smart city there are
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two lines of action:
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1. Stimulate the development of new products and services that improve the quality of life
of the people who live and work in the city and contribute to solving societal challenges
2. Ensure infrastructures are open and state-of-the-art to enable the requested services and
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products.
1.1.2.2 Project Components
The ASC project enables its partners to apply innovative technologies and stimulate
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behavioural change with end users in the program's sustainability projects. The sustainability
initiatives are organized in four main domains:
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● Sustainable living:Creating awareness and reducing energy consumption in households

(with smart meters, energy display devices, energy advice, distributed generation, etc.)
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● Sustainable working:Creating awareness and reducing energy consumption in office

buildings (with smart buildings, energy advice, smart working, smart lighting, etc.)
● Sustainable public space:Creating awareness and reducing energy consumption in
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municipal buildings and public areas (with waste collection, smart lighting, smart meters,
energy displays, energy advice, EVs, etc.)
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● Sustainable transport:Creating awareness and reducing CO2 emissions in transport (with

EVs, charge-points, new logistic solutions, etc.)
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2.1.8.7 Singapore
Introduction
From transportation and public housing, to energy management and water treatment,
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Singapore has developed and adapted some of the world’s most advanced urban solutions.
Backed by a progressive leadership and firm commitment to sustainable development, the
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city has managed to turn the challenges of urban development into rewarding economic
opportunities. Some of those solutions have been replicated and implemented successfully
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in other cities. Even though Singapore can already be regarded as a ‘smart’ city, the
government is actively exploring ways to make the city even smarter. Key elements in this
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approach are the integration of policies, the intelligent use of ICT, and the focus on
‘liveability’; i.e. czeating cities in which people are happy to live.
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SMART CITY ELEMENTS
RESIDENTIAL BUSINESS EDUCATION FINANCIALS
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PUBLIC SAFETY TRANSPORT UTILITIES HEALTHCARE
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ELEMENTS - SINGAPORE
WATER
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PHYSICAL INFRA
SOLID WASTE
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TRANSPORTATION
INFOCOMM ICT
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Project Component
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1. Smart Home
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Integrating audio control technology, intelligent house system, home and building
automation systems into a smart home system enhances the convenience and comfort of
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common households.
2 Smart Grid
Modern sensors and ICT integrated into the grid construction provide users with reliable and
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cost-efficient power supply. The renewable energy will be integrated into the grid to drive
district cooling and heating system.
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3 Smart Government Administration

Latest ICT convergence technology is utilised to develop a smart government administration
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system offering one-stop and non-stop streamlined services to enterprises as well as the
general public.
4 Smart Security

Smart sensing technology is used to monitor households, communities and other required
areas for safety and security.
5 Smart Transportation
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ICT, electronic sensor and modulation technology will be employed for a smart
transportation system to ease traffic congestion and support safe, speedy and hassle-free
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travel.
6 Smart Education
Innovative course design and a smart learning environment to promote long-distance e-
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learning and other pedagogical methods towards life-long learning.
7 Smart Building
Intelligent sensor and control technology will be deployed to optimise the energy
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consumption of homes, buildings and communities to foster a people-oriented environment.
Buildings in SSGKC will be green certified some of which will be LEED compliant.
8 Smart Utility Service
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SSGKC will exploit the Internet of Things (IoT) to optimise water, electricity and gas
management to respond to real time needs.
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9 Smart Medical Care

Through IoT and system integration, medical care service providers can utilise a smart
medical care system which will integrate interaction between patients, medical services
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providers, institutions and equipment
2.1.8.8 Barcelona
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Introduction
Smart City Barcelona seeks to efficiently provide city services at multiple levels to all citizens
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by harnessing information and communications technology (ICT) through development and

implementation of the Barcelona Smart City Model. The model identifies 12 areas under
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which Smart City projects are initiated: environmental, ICT, mobility, water, energy, matter
(waste), nature, built domain, public space, open government, information flows, and
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services. Currently, the city has 22 major programs and 83 separate projects that fit into one
or more of these 12 areas. Some of these projects include smart lighting, smart parking,
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smart water management, and smart waste management.

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ica
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Barcelona’s model is one where an existing relationship between the City Council and a local
university has had both significant and controversial outcomes. “FabLab City” was a
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programme announced by The Institute for Advanced Architecture of Catalonia (IAAC) in

March 2012. A FabLab is an MIT-born project opening up small-scale manufacturing facilities
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to the general public on a membership basis. The project was initially targeted at building a
large number of FabLabs and has only been able to build 2 so far, so there are clearly
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limitations to the model.

at
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Project Component
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1. New Telecommunications Network
2. Urban Platform (CityOS, Barcelona Sensors Platform)
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3. Intelligent data (Open Data, iCity, Situation Room)
4. Municipal WiFi
5. Telemanagement irrigation
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6. Master illumination plan
7. Self-sufficient islands
8. Promotion of electric vehicle
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9. Orthogonal Bus Network
10. Urban Transformation (RemodelingPasseig de Gràcia, PasseigSant Joan)
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11. Barcelona pocket (Barcelona Contactless and mobile apps)
12. European projects
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2.1.8.9 Smart Cities Seoul:

Introduction
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A smart city has been defined as a ‘knowledge’, ‘digital’, and ‘cyber’ or ‘eco’ city;
representing a concept open to a variety of interpretations, depending on the goals set out
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by a smart city’s planners. We might refer to a smart city as an improvement on today’s city
both functionally and structurally, using information and communication technology (ICT) as
an infrastructure.
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One may generally classify smart cities in three types:

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1. New cities, built smart from the start: these cities are designed to attract businesses and
residents with a master plan that uses ICT to deliver efficient citizen benefit services.
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2. Existing cities made smart, smartization: This partial approach (step by step; with retrofits
and upgrades) is followed by most cities.
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3. Purpose-driven cities: These are cities established with special purposes, e.g., industrial
cities, science towns, etc.
• The First Phase, or the individual service level, applies ICT to improve individual city
operations such as transportation, safety, environment and culture. The majority of 2012’s

smart city projects lie in this phase, an example being the addition of real-time bus schedule
information to public transportation services, or using closed-circuit television (CCTV) to a
greater extent in maintaining public safety. • The Second Phase, or the vertical service level,
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integrates related processes and services by smart technology within major sectors of a city,
enabling the provision of more advanced services. Taking the transportation sector as an
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example, citizens are offered information on the public transportation system’s real-time
activity as well as emergencies, road conditions, road repairs and subsequent detours. Smart
city services are not yet integrated across sectors, but people will experience leaps forward
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in the quality of service provided by each sector. • The Third Phase, or the horizontal service
level, is the point of smart city development at which there is no longer a distinction
between different services areas, with all parts now seamlessly integrated within an efficient
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smart city ecosystem.
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Cities set out their own unique priorities when planning a smart city, but all smart cities must
display three essential traits: • ICT Infrastructure: Securing next-generation ICT
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infrastructure is critical to the success of emerging smart-city services. Efforts to develop ICT
infrastructure must anticipate future service demands, rather than respond only to those
most apparent. • Integrated City-management Framework: A well-defined ‘integrated city-
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management framework’ is essential. The many integrated subsystems, meta-systems and

individual, building-block systems of a smart city will work in harmony only through the
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strictest adherence to common standards. • Smart Users: ICTs are the tools to enable a
smart city, but are of no use without smart-tech users able to interact with smart services.
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Increasing access to smart devices and education on their use, across income levels and age
groups, must remain one of a smart city’s highest priorities.
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Project Components
1. Smart Devices for All
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A smart city relies on an inclusive network of smart device users, with the city’s inhabitants
demanding or creating the services they most value. The inclusive network in Seoul
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encompasses high-speed broadband optical wire and wireless networks (including Wi-Fi,
NFC technology, etc.). All citizens’ voices should be heard in this effort, and a key pillar of
Smart Seoul 2015 is to increase access to smart devices and to educate new users on their
operation (see Box 2).

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2. Device Donation ica
In 2012, Seoul began distributing second-hand smart devices to low-income families and
others in need. The ICT market moves rapidly and typical smart device users buy new
products well within the useful lives of the devices they are replacing. Citizens are
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encouraged to donate their old devices when buying new ones, and after these donated
devices have been inspected and repaired by manufacturers they are distributed free of
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charge to vulnerable populations, such as beneficiaries of Korea’s National Basic Living

Security. Smart devices donators are incentivized by tax deduction in the range of USD 50 to
USD 100 per device donated.
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3. Smart Capability for All

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ITU-T Technology Watch Smart devices have the potential to give voice to vulnerable groups,
whether impaired financially, physically, or by the effects of ageing. Dialing 120 reaches
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“120 Dasan Call Center” which consolidates the call centers of 25 district offices. Those with
hearing impairments are able to call the call center through a video-call system which is
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today available as a mobile device application.
4. Seoul Net
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Establishing a communication network dedicated to smart services has been a priority to

Smart Seoul. An administrative optical network called “e-Seoul Net” was established in 2003,
embedding fibre-optic cable along Seoul’s subway tunnels to connect the city’s main public
buildings, its affiliated offices and municipalities.

5. Smart Work Center

Seoul Metropolitan Government is piloting a “Smart Work Center” project, allowing the
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government’s employees to work from 10 offices – Smart Work Centers – located much
closer to their homes (Figure 3). As employees check-in to a Smart Work Center for their
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shifts they are permitted access to sophisticated groupware and teleconferencing systems,
ensuring their absence from City Hall in no way impedes their job performance.
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6. Community Mapping
ITU-T Technology Watch Seoul’s open governance model seeks to extend citizens the
opportunity to participate in the administration of the city, and “Community Mapping” was
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born with this pursuit in mind. Using ICTs such as geographical-information systems, the
m.Seoul platform and social networks, citizens will be able to raise the issues of greatest
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concern to their neighborhood or community.
7. Smart Metering Project

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Seoul’s Smart Metering Project aims to reduce the city’s total energy use by 10 per cent, and
in 2012, Seoul is piloting a program installing smart meters in 1,000 households. Smart
meters provide home, office and factory owners with real-time reports of their electricity,
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water and gas consumption. This information is presented in monetary units, and is
accompanied by detailed information on a household’s energy-consumption patterns and
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means of adjusting those patterns to reduce energy costs.

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8. U-Seoul Safety Service

U-Seoul Safety Service has been in operation since April 2008, utilizing state-of-the-art
Location Based Services and CCTV technologies to notify authorities and family members of
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emergencies involving children, the disabled, the elderly, and those suffering from
Alzheimer’s disease. Seoul has developed a smart device dedicated to this purpose and
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when its holder leaves a designated safe zone or pushes its emergency button, an
emergency alert is sent to guardians, police, fire departments and CCTV Control Centers.
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2.2 Smart City Discourses
2.2.1 Smart city vs other vision of cities
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2.2.1.1 Smart City vs Liveable and Sustainable city
Let’s have a look into definition of smart Cities
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Agency Vision
UK Department for Business, Innovation liveable, resilient
and Skills (BIS)
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British Standards Institute (BSI) sustainable, prosperous and inclusive
Cisco enhance quality of life
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These definitions even others are emphasising on quality of life, prosperity and liveable city.
This is kind of indication that the notion of liveable city is built into smart city discourse and
is prioritised as well in vision. Lets move on to next level of understanding and analyse
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whether the quality of life which is very integral part of liveable city is addressed in smart
city performance measurement frameworks especially by Tu-Delft and US- Smart city
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Council.
SCC
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Economy
15
10
Governance Quality of life
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0 SCC
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Society Environment
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Infrastructure
SCC: US Smart City Council

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Economy
14
12
10
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Governance 8 Quality of life
6
4
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2 Tu Delft
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0
SCC
Society Environment
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Infrastructure
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The analysis has shown that Smart city council and Tu Delft have considered the Quality of Life and
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Environment. Talking in terms of number of indicators these two has account as the highest in all
conventional dimension of development.
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These two cases give a broader understanding that the concepts of liveable and sustainable cities
has been taken into account.
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ch
Te
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jar
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ica
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Te
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• As Smart city Frameworks have considered the livability and sustainability as integral part of
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their systems, which implies that smart city do considered what previous urban metaphors
or paradigms have defined for cities.
• Smart City Indicators even considered the values in livability and sustainability which have
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been evolved over the time and have contemporary relevance. In that case the smart city
assessment is much comprehensive than what has been followed in livability and
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sustainability.
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2.2.2 ICT and urban planning in Smart City

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Definitely it is known that smart cities are more or less looking for solutions in terms of
optimization of process. They have to go with their usual concerns about providing basic
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services; building housing stocks cope up with new challenges. But Smart city is more or less
depends upon how u can optimise these process in terms of time as well as resources and
bend whole process in towards the citizen responsive attitude. One this is quite clear ICT
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based solutions will lead to transparency and accountability of local bodies, but question is
at what level of ICT should be adopted when we are struggling with conventional problems
like providing universal water and sanitation.

In such cases urban planning should provide a platform in order to prioritise the services and
expenditure in city wide infrastructure. ICT can serve city better but urban planning have
imperative towards the inclusion, basically bottom 30% of population. As in figure the one of
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the important pillar of smart city development is People-Resource and Capacity where
Digital literacy is one of very important aspects. Not only digital literacy even affordability of
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ICT should be seen as key indicators while cities adopt while planning their cities as smart.
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ica
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2.2.3 Inclusion and Smart City

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The city of the future will be one that grows, evolves and responds according to the needs of its
inhabitants. ICTs can open new opportunities for citizens to more actively shape the future of their
cities by sparking new forms of civic participation, increasing social inclusion and accessibility for
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persons with disabilities, reducing infrastructural barriers, sharing resources, accessing relevant
information and enabling a real-time dialogue in which city administrators and citizens can learn
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from one another. Technology-enabled solutions like e-government and 24-hour government help
reduce administration, increase access and improve coordination. This in turn helps free up
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resources that can be used to increase quality and add value to public services. Mobile banking can
improve inclusion by banking the unbanked, and foster social inclusion in informal settlements.
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As ICT transforms society, it is also has the potential to transform way that participatory planning
and management processes are carried out. By putting effort into strengthening collaborative
capabilities, cities can be more prepared for collaboration with groups that are focused on
responding to social issues and urban development. Virtual communities, gamification, e-petitioning

and e-panels provide potential of enhancing and complementing existing community participation
processes as well as developing new ways of reaching previously hard-to-reach groups. Collaborative
government institutions, citizens, companies and industries can work together to further democracy
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and human rights and improve urban planning.
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In last discussion the inclusion is part of urban planning in cities rather than Digital planning. Digital
Mater Plan of cities should be based on base line prepared through conventional planning and
overlapping the community priorities on them. Question is still Smart cities for whom how we
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goanna face the challenge of Digital Inclusion, do civil society themselves will be able to solve the
problems or we have to search for more innovative way to address them.
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ica
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ch
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Understanding Smart Cities 2017

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Understanding Smart Cities 2017

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MODULE-II

National Professional Training Certificate Course: Smart Cities Development in India 1

2.1.1 Historical Perspective: Evolution and Genesis .................................................................... 3

2.1.2 Definitions across the globe ................................................................................................ 5

2.1.4 Snapshots of Smart cities across the World...................................................................... 16

2.1.6 Pan-City Development and retrofiting projects ................................................................ 24

2.2 Debates and Smart City Discourses .......................................................................................... 54

2.2.1 Smart city vs other vision of cities .................................................................................... 54

Smart City vs Liveable and Sustainable city .................................................................................. 54

2.2.2 ICT and urban planning in Smart City................................................................................ 57

2.2.3 Inclusion and Smart City ................................................................................................... 58

Smart Cities Development 2

2 Understanding Smart Cities

2.1.1 Historical Perspective: Evolution and Genesis

community groups to create a 21st century community in Silicon Valley.

employ information technology to transform a major portion of their region. Cooperation

preferred. Also, the technology must be transforming, rather than incremental.

Smart Cities Development 3

Smart Cities Development 4

2.1.2 Definitions across the globe

resilient and better able to respond to challenges.

of physical,digital and human systems in the built environment to deliver

Market- Driven Definitions

advantage of information and communications technology (ICT) to increase

efficiencies, reduce costs, and enhance quality of life”.

Smart Cities Development 5

The “utilization of networked infrastructure to improve economic and political

“A city well performing in a forward-looking way in [economy, people, governance,

activities of self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.”

Many definitions of smart cities exist. A range of conceptual variants is often

Smart Cities Development 6

A city is smart when investments in human and social Caragliu et al.

capital and traditional (transport) and modern (ICT) (2011)

management of natural resources, through

Smart cities will take advantage of communications Chen (2010)

infrastructures to optimize electrical, transportation,

thereby improving the quality of life for everyone.

Two main streams of research ideas: 1) smart cities Eger

should do everything related to governance and (2009)

Smart Cities Development 7

Smart Cities Development 8

Smart community – a community which makes a Gartner (2011)

and society with clear and compelling community

A smart city is based on intelligent exchanges of Giffinger et al.

subsystems. This flow of information is analyzed

to make its wider ecosystem more resource-

exchange is based on a smart governance

A city well performing in a forward-looking way Guan (2012)

in economy, people, governance, mobility,

Smart Cities Development 9

self-decisive, independent and aware citizens.

(Smart) cities as territories with high capacity Komninos

creativity of their population, their institutions

infrastructure for communication and

Smart cities are the result of knowledge-intensive Kourtit and

socio-economic, ecological, logistic and

cities are based on a promising mix of human

Smart Cities Development 10

linkages) and entrepreneurial capital (e.g.

Smart cities have high productivity as they Kourtit et al.

The application of information and Lombardi et al.

effects on human capital/education, social and

often indicated by the notion of smart city.

infrastructure to improve conveniences, facilitate (2011)

problems and fix them quickly, recover rapidly

from disasters, collect data to make better

entities and domains.